Tyler Mangum

Psyc 1133 Notes

Video : Week 1 Introduction

Four goals of Psychology

 Describe – to describe human thought and behavior
 Explain – to explain why these behaviors occur
 Predict – to predict how, why, and when these behaviors will occur again
 Modify – to modify and improve behaviors to better the lives of individuals and
society as a whole

-Biological Perspective – explores how biology (nerves, hormones, and genetic makeup)
impact development and behavior.
-Psychodynamic Approach – Sigmund Froud developed ( he is known as the father of
modern psychology ) Impulses based on sex and childhood experiences affect many
aspects in our lives. This was the first theory that followed someone from birth to death.
- Behavioral Approach – learning takes place through a system of reinforcement and
punishment. Behavior is seen as a product of one’s environment and the interactions with
the environment. This idea moved us back towards the thought of free will.
- Humanistic Approach – The 3rd/4ths, people are truly good, and their motivation is to
find their full potential. This focuses on individual empowerment. Freewill is huge part in
this theory.

Approach assignments from a Christian world view.

Introduction to Psychology : Introduction to Psychology

The word psyche means souls and is often represented by a butterfly. Psychology
refers to the study of the mind. Since science can only cover what is seen, and we cannot
see the brain, we also include behavior in the definition.

Science deals with only things that can be measured. One of the reasons we have
limited understanding of the mind is due to thoughts being neither matter nor energy. An
empirical method is acquiring knowledge based on observation, rather than based only
on logical argument or previous authorities.

In summary, psychology derives from the roots psyche (meaning soul) and -ology
(meaning scientific study of). Thus, psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind
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and behavior. Students of psychology develop critical thinking skills, become familiar
with the scientific method, and recognize the complexity of behavior

History of Psychology

Before the 19th century, exploring issues related to the mind was generally done in
a philosophical context. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are the two men who are
credited as being the founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline.

Wundt was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist and he viewed

psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience. He used Introspection to allow
people to examine their life as objectively as possible. While he did study the mind as a
science, his efforts to train individuals in the process of introspection failed due to having
little agreement between individuals.

James introduced Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection into the

equation by stating that natural selection leads to organisms adapting to their
environment. James saw that psychology’s purpose to study the function of behavior in
the world and called this functionalism. Functionalism studied how mental activities
helped an organism fit into its environment and the operation of the whole mind, rather
than individual parts. James also believed in introspection and believed that someone
might study mental activities, but he relied on more objective measures so there were
more concrete results.

Freud and Psychanalytic Theory – Sigmund Freud was fascinated by patients suffering
from hysteria and neurosis. He thought that many of his patient’s problems arose from
the unconscious mind that was a repository of feelings and urges that no one knew about.
Freud thought this part of the mind could be accessed by dream analysis, the first words
that come to people’s minds, and slips of the tongue. The Psychanalytic theory focuses
on a person’s unconscious and childhood experiences.

Wertheimer, Koffaka, Köhler, and Gestalt Psychology – These three men are credited
with introducing psychologists in the United States to Gestalt principles which can be
defined as the understanding that although a sensory experience can be broken down into
individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what individuals
respond to. This was never very popular in the US though due to the rise of behaviorism
and these ideas being from Germany.

Structuralism, Freud, and gestalt psychologists were all concerned with the inner
experience, but other believed that this could not be a serious area of study and thought to
study behavior as an observable outcome of mental process.
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Behaviorism is another theory that impacted psychology. This theory focused on

making psychology an objective science by studying overt behavior and not paying as
close of attention to the unobservable mental processes. This theory was fathered by John
Watson and BF Skinner’s contributions.
As behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory took hold of so many aspects of
psychology, some began to become dissatisfied with psychology’s picture of human
nature. Thus, a humanistic movement within psychology began to take hold. Humanism
focuses on the potential of all people for good. Both Maslow and Rogers were influential
in shaping humanistic psychology.

During the 1950s, the landscape of psychology began to change. A science of

behavior began to shift back to its roots of focus on mental processes. The emergence of
neuroscience and computer science aided this transition. Ultimately, the cognitive
revolution took hold, and people came to realize that cognition was crucial to a true
appreciation and understanding of behavior.

Contemporary Psychology

Contemporary Psychology is all of the theories stated above put together in one
category. APA (American Psychological Association) was formed in 1988 and seeks to
advance the scientific orientation of psychology.

Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology – This section explores how biology

influences our behavior. Many people in this field want to understand how the structure
of function of the nervous system is related to behavior.

Biological Psychologist cover domains that have to do with human biology such
as motor systems, reproductive behavior, plasticity of the nervous system, sleep, etc. This
section is usually referred to as neuroscience. Biopsychology focuses on the immediate
causes of behavior based in humans or other animals, while evolutionary psychology
seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior. Most evolutionary
psychologists try to predict the outcome of a behavior in situations based on evolutionary
theory and then see if the behaviors match their theory. These are not always accurate due
to behavior being adaptive, so proving this theory can be very difficult to prove.

Another drawback of this theory is that we have do not have the same traits that
we did in history, and we have a pour understanding of what conditions were like before
our time. There are areas thought that human behavior can be pointed back to evolution.
Predictions such as mate, memory, friendships, etc. can be due to the evolution of human
behavior.

Sensation and Perception –

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Class – 8/12/20
Quiz prep
What is replicate – You repeat an experiment using different samples to determine the
researcher’s reliability. (Chapter 2)
Biopsychosocial Model – Looks at the bio, pscy, and social factor to determine an
individual’s health.
Observer Bias – Looking at a result that may not be completely correct due to the
researcher
Theory – a set of ideas that explains something
Applied Psychology – Aims to solve practical problems
Psychology – Study of the mind and behavior
Peer reviewed journal article – article that is read by other scientists with experience in
the area of the article.
Know the Psychologist
 William Wundt
 Sig Frued
 BF Skinner
Psychoanalytic Theory – how it affects the unconscious
Biopsychology Model – how our biology influences our behavior
Survey – collecting data based on a group of individuals response
Developmental Psychology – development across a lifespan
Naturalist Observation – Observation of behavior
Social Psychology – looking at a person’s thoughts, theories, and behaviors and how they
are affected by those around them
Statistical something – ask Haley
Validity – the accuracy of a result
Inductive reasoning – conclusions from observations
Empirical method – method for inquiring knowledge from experiments

1 Timothy 6:11-14 (Study this scripture and come to class ready to discuss)

Class – 8/17/20
Worked on class assignment and discussed week 2

Zoom – 8/19/20
Definitions for Quiz
1. Genes – What make a person themselves, there can be genetic mutations, but these
are what define what a person looks like.
2. Homeostasis – the balance of the body
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3. Neurotransmitters – chemical transmitters that cross the synapse gap between

neuros
4. Central Nervous System – Brain and spinal cord, the control cneter of everything
in the body
5. Cerebral Cortex – The surface of the brain, highest mental capaitbity’s
6. Endocrine System – Biopsychol Systems in book, chemical communicates system,
gland that give off chemicals to balance the body
7. Neurons – the basic building block of the nervous system
8. Latent Content – the context of your dreams that your body wants you to
remember
9. Portion of the cerebral cortex that receives stimi from the vision field
10. Sleep apnea – not being able to breathe while you sleep
Cells of the Nervous system section
Synapse
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by
diffusion of a neurotransmitter. 
Brain and Spine Cord
Consciousness
the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings. This awareness is subjective and
unique to you. There are four levels of consciousness being aware of the interal and
external
*Unconscious Incompetent.
 Unconscious Competent.
 Conscious Incompetent.
 Conscious Competent.
Tolerance 
the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular, the existence of opinions or
behavior that one does not necessarily agree with. Deal with an acceptance of the behavior,
beliefs and values of other
Zoom Class 9.2.20
Mid-term Review (multichoice)
 Contemporary Psy
 William T
 What are the main psychological domains?
 Biopsychosocial
 Cognitive
 Behavioral
 Psychoanalytical
 Basic steps of scientific method
 Example : theory and hypothesis, predication / experiment, hypothesis / theory, or
experiment / predication
 Case study
 Experiment
 Naturalistic observation
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 Survey
 Correlational Research
 Psychological Events
 Chemical Messengers that are released between spaceual junctions and neurons
 What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
 Endocrine System
 Medulla
 Amygdala
 Hippocampus
 Hypothallus
 Occipital Lobe
 Temporal Lobes
 Thalamus
 Cerebral Cortex
 Corpus Callosum
 What is consciousness
 What did research on dreams?
 REM Sleep
 Circadian Rhythm
 Semantics
 Annelitcal Intelligence
 Divergent Thinking
 Emotional intelligence
 Factor analysis
 Narcolepsy
 Insomnia
 Sleep Apnema
 Night Terrors
 What are chemical substances that alternate mood and presepcttion
 Addiction
 Tolerance
 Dependence
 Withdrawal
 Depressants
 Sensation and perception
 Transduction
 Webber’s Law
 Accommodation
 Sensory Adaptation
 Volley principal
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 Inententionall Blindness
 Signal Detection Theory
 Trichromatic theory of color vision
 Figure ground relationship (the law of similarity)
 Shaping extersice motivation
 Classical Conditioning
 Oberservational Learning
 Conditioned stimus
 Modeling and punishment
 Positive reinforcement
 Reinforcement
 Oberate Condidtioning
 Respondent Behavior
 Oberservational learning
 Spontanius recovery
 The modeling process
 The amplicate memory
 The neural center
 What does language mean?
 Novel Ideas
 What is confirmation Bias
 Framing
 Belif perseverance
 Universal Grammer
 Remembering
 When doing a mulutple choice test what kind of learning is that : recall
 Memeory trance
 Iconic memory
 Spacing affect
 Retrieval cue

Week 5 Quiz Prep (chp 9 and 10)

 Set point theory
 Sensorimotor stage
 Cannon-bard theory of emotion
 Emotion
 Motivation
 Drive theory
 Secondary sexual charactierists (chp 9)
 Nurture – the environment and culture
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 Psychosocial development
 Satiation
 James Lang theory of emotion
 Self-efficacy
 Hospice
 Accommodation
 Developmental milestone
 Temperament
 Yerkes-Dodson Law
 Secure attachment
 Hiarchy of needs
 Authoritative parenting style

Final Notes
 What do development pshologists study as far as age ranges
 Cohlberg’s Theory
 Erickson theory sense of identity
 Strange situation experiment (aviodent, seure, restiatnt, anbibilent)
 Positive psychological outcomes for children. Which parenting style has good
outcomes?
 What is motivation
 Look for information around arousal theory, instinct theory, drive-reduction
theory, incentive theory
 What is the Yerkes/Dodson Law
 Maslow talked about the need for fulfillment of one’s talents.
 James Lang Thoery
 Theories of emotion (Master’s of johnson theory, cannon bard theory, sachachter-
singer theory)
 7 universal emotions
 A person’s charactist pattern of thinking
 What does frund say about the unconesious
 Parental and society rules What part of the personality is developed here
 Repression
 Carl Rodgers – something essiental in the personality
 Interal locust of control and external locust of control
 5 traits measured in the 5 factor measure of society
 Unconious processes
 What branch of psychology is more focused on the study of how people think
about and relate to others
 Milgram study of obiencene
 Group think
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 Confirmation prejudice, confirmation discrimination

 Agression Theory
 What is the good kind of stress?
 General adaption syndrome
 Diodfksdpowifhsiuop I missed this one lol
 Predictor of positive health outcomes
 What defines general eniexty disorder
 If someone has bad nightmares or flashbacks what is this called
 What theaurptic approach of patients learning how to dael with their difficulties
