Data Handling

Data:- Data is nothing but a collection of numerical figures

which will give us some particular type of information.
Ex:- The weight (in kg) of 8 students in a school
are:31,30,25,20,42,45,50,30
Raw Data or Ungrouped data:- The original form of the data is
called “Raw data”
Ex:- The weight (in kg) of 8 students in a school
are:31,30,25,20,42,45,50,30
Observation:- Each numerical figure in a data is called an
“observation”
Array:- Arranging the numerical figures of a data in ascending
(Least to the highest)or descending (Highest to the least) order
is called an “Array”
Ex:- The weight (in kg) of 8 students in a school
are:31,30,25,20,42,45,50,30
Ascending order:- 20,25,30,30,31,42,45,50 (Lowest to Highest)
Descending order:- 50,45,42,31,30,30,25,20 (Highest to Lowest)
Observation:- Each numerical figure in the given data is called
an “Observation”
Ex:- The weight (in kg) of 8 students in a school
are:31,30,25,20,42,45,50,30
The observations in the above data are:-31,30,25,20,42,45,50

Frequency of an observation:-
The number of times, a particular observation occurs in a data
is called its frequency.
Eg:- 31,30,25,20,42,45,50,30
Frequency of 31 is 1 |
Frequency of 30 is 2 ||
Frequency of 50 is 1 |
Tally marks:- When data is large, a frequency distribution table
is made with the help of Tally Marks where as for a particular
observation; a vertical line | (tally mark) is put against the
observation. When we have to put the fifth tally marks, we put
in the manner |||| and then repeat the same procedure for the
particular observation occurring such number of time. Thus,
tally are in bunches of five each
Frequency table/ Frequency distribution table:-
Frequency table is a method to present raw data in the form
from which one can easily understand the information
contained in the raw data. Frequency table has three columns,
first is for observations, second is for tally marks and the third is
for frequency of the observations.

Eg:- The weights of 16 students in a class are given below

43,42,43,42,42,43,44,45,44,45,45,46,44,42,43,43.
Arrange data in descending order and prepare the frequency
table.
Ans:- Descending order
46,45,45,45,44,44,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,42,42
Frequency distribution table:
Observation Frequency
(weight in (kgs)
46 1
45 3
44 3
43 5
42 4

Home work Question:-

The number of women in 25 families is given below
1,3,3,2,1,1,2,3,4,3,2,5,6,5,2,1,5,5,6,6,2,1,3,4,4.
Arrange the data in ascending order and prepare
frequency table.

Arithmetic mean (Mean) or Average

Mode
Median
In your family(Mother , father, two children) , there
are 4 persons. The consumption of milk by these 4
persons is 2 liters per day.
If grandparents (grand mother and grandfather)
came to your house
Now, we require 3 liters of milk per day
∑ of observations
Arithematic Mean= No . of observations

The time spent by Rajender for practice in terms of

time spent per day=
∑ of observations
Arithematic Mean= No . of observations
20+35+40+ 30+25+45+ 15
7
= 210
7

=30 min

Home work: Solve Example 1 and 2 and

Exercise1 from state text book

The observations are :16/-,17/-, 21/-

16+17+21 54
The mean expenditure= 3 = 3 =18/-
If they spend three times, then the observations:
48,51,63
48+51+63 162
Then, the means expenditure= 3 = 3 =54/-(18X3)
If the manager offers 50% of discount then the
observations: 8,8.5,10,5
8+8.5+10.5 27
The mean= 3 = 3 =9/-
Properties of Arithematic mean:-
(i) If each observation is increased/ decreased
by a number k≠0, then means also
increases/ decreases by the same number
(ii) If each observation is multiplied by a non-
zero number k, then the mean is also
multiplied by k
(iii) If each observation is divided by a non-zero
k, then the mean also divided by it
Range:- The difference between the highest and
lowest observation of a given data is called the
Range of the data.
Let the four integers be x1,x2,x3 and x4 (in decreasing
order)
The average of two smallest integers=102
x3 + x 4
2
=102

x3+x4=102X2=204
The average of three smallest integers=103
x2 + x 3 + x 4
3
=103
x 2+ x3 + x 4 =103 X 3=309

The average of all four integers=104

x¿ + x3 + x 4
4
¿ =104
x ¿ + x 3 + x 4=104 X 4=416 ¿

x1+309=416
x1=416-309=107

Arithmetic Mean (A.M) of Grouped Data(x):-

Let there be n observations of a given data.
Consider the observations as x1,x2,x3,x4,….. , xn
whose frequencies are f1,f2,f3,…..,fn respectively.
f 1 x1 + f 2 x 2 + f 3 x 3+… …+f ∑f i x i
We define, the mean= f 1+ f 2 +f 3+ … …+f n
n xn
= ∑fi

Where ∑ (sigma) stands for summation

Eg:- The weights of 16 students in a class are given below

43,42,43,42,42,43,44,45,44,45,45,46,44,42,43,43.
Arrange data in descending order and prepare the frequency
table.

42,43,44,45,46- Distinct values

But, the total number of observations is 16
Descending order:-
46,45,45,45,44,44,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,42,42
Frequency distribution table:
Observations (xi) (fixi)
Frequency (fi)
(weight in (kgs)
46(x1) 1(f1) 46x1=46
45(x2) 3(f2) 45x3=135
44 3 44x3=132
43 5 43x5=215
42 4 42x4=168
∑fi=f1+f2+f3+f4+f5=16 ∑fixi= 696

f 1 x1 + f 2 x 2 + f 3 x 3+… …+f ∑ f i xi 696

Mean= f 1+ f 2 +f 3+ … …+f n
n xn
= ∑fi = 16 =43.5
 ∑ f i xi 0 X 154+1 X 95+2 X 36+3 X 7+ 4 X 6+5 X 2
Mean= ∑fi = 154 +95+36+ 7+6+2

222
= 300 =0.74

Mode:- Mode is the observation which occurs most

frequently in a set of observations
Median:- After arranging the given data in
ascending or descending order of magnitude, the
value of the middle most observation is called the
median of the given data.
The ages (in years) of 7 students of a school are:
The no.of observations=n=7
7,8,4,5,9,10,15
Ascending order:- 4,5,7,8,9,10,15
1
The value of the median= 2 (n+1)th observation
1
= 2 (7+1)th observation=4th observation=8
(ii) Find the median of the data
5,7,6,8,10,12,15,14,13,16
Ascending order:-5,6,7,8,10,12,13,14,15,16
The no.of observations=n=10
The median of the given data=
2 {( 2 ) } 12
thobsevation+ ( +1) th observatio n = (10+12)=11
1 n n
2
 Frequency
35

30

25

20 Frequency

15

10

0
Ground nut Sunflower oil Palmolien
Do the above sums in state note book
And do the following in phase note book
The mean of 25 numbers it been given that the
mean of 15 of them is 18 and the mean of
remaining 10 numbers is 13
The mean of 15 numbers is 18
The sum of 15 numbers 18X15=270
The sum of last 10 numbers=13X10=130
The sum of 25 observations=270+130=400
Mean of 25 observations=400/25=16
Mode=3(median)-2(mean)

∑ of observations x+ x +1+2+3+ 4−x+1−x+ 4

Mean= no . of observations = 7

a+b+ c+ d +e
=28=¿
5

a+ b+c +d +e=28 X 5=140 ----(i)

a+c +e
3
=24=¿ a+ c+ e=72 ----(ii)

From (i) and (ii)

b+d+72=140=> b+d=140-72=68

b+d
2
= 682 =34
Home work(05/08/20):- Write the given notes and
Complete the given work sheets
Probability (chance, possibility):-
Most probably the vaccine for covid-19 will be
released by 15th August.
Probability of in terms mathematics
If I toss a coin. What is the chance of getting head?
Possible results: Head, Tail
50 1
50%= 100 = 2
Experiment:- An activity which has some well
defined results is called an Experiment. The results
then obtained are known as outcomes.
Eg:- Tossing a coin is an experiment and the
possible outcomes of the experiment are Head and
Tail
Random experiment:- An experiment is called the
random experiment if its satisfies two conditions
(i) If it has more than one outcome
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome in
advance
Eg:- Tossing a coin is a random experiment
Drawing a ball from a bag contains three balls at
random (Green, Red, Yellow)
Drawing a ball from a bag contains one ball is not a
random experiment
Rolling a dice (which has 6 faces and each face is
numbered from 1 to 6 and the outcome is the
number on the face which turns up) is a random
experiment
Event:- An event associated to a random
experiment is the collection of some outcomes of
the experiment.
Eg:- In rolling a dice, getting an even number is an
event.
Probability:- Let n be the total number of outcomes.
Then, the probability of en event of E is denoted by
No . of favourable outcomes
P(E) = total number of outcomes
What is the probability of getting an even number in
rolling a dice.
The possible out comes: 1,2,3,4,5,6
The total number of outcomes=6
The favourable outcomes of getting even number:
2,4,6
The no.of favourable outcomes=3
Probability of getting an even number=
No . of favourable outcomes 3 1
= total number of outcomes
= =
6 2
What is the probability of getting a number less
than 6
Total outcomes=1, 2, 3,4,5,6
Favorable outcomes=1,2,3,4,5
5
The probability= 6
What is the probability of getting a multiple of 3
2 1
Probability= 6 = 3
What is the probability of getting a number less
than 7?(Rolling a dice)
All possible outcomes=1,2,3,4,5,6
No.of total outcomes=6
Favorable outcomes=1,2,3,4,5,6
No.of outcomes favourable to the given event=6The
probability of the event=
6
Total no . of outcomes = 6 =1
The no . of outcomes favorable ¿ the givenevent ¿

What is the probability of getting a number greater

than 7
No.of Favourable outcomes=0
Total no.of outcomes=6
0
Probability= 6 =0
0≤ Probability of any event ≤1
If the probability of an event is zero then it is
called “Impossible event”
Eg:- The probability of getting a number which is
greater than 10 in rolling dice
If the probability of an event is one then it is called
“Sure event”
Eg:-The probability of getting a number which is
less than or equals to 6
The first four odd number are 1,3,5,7
The possible outcomes are (1,3),(1,5),(1,7),(3,5),
(3,7),(5,7)
The total no.of possible outcomes=6
Favorable outcomes are= (3,7),(5,7)
The no.of favorable outcomes=2
2 1
Probability= 6 = 3
Coprimes= any two integers whose HCF is 1 are
called coprimes
Twin primes:- A pair of prime numbers whose
difference is 2
Eg:-(3,5), (5,7),(11,13)……
Throwing two dice
If a dice is thrown then the no.of possible
outcome=6
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
The total no.of possible = 36
The no.of favorable outcomes=2 i.e.(3,5), (5,3)
2 1
Probability= 36 = 18
If two dice thrown at a time or rolling a dice twice=
62= 36
If a coin is tossed, then the no.of possible outcomes
=2
If two coins are tossed=22=4
Test will be conducted on 10/08/2020 i.e. Monday
and maths syllabus is Integers, Exponents and
Powers
Home work: Revise the topic “Exponents”