RP 44-6

AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15
June 1992

Copyright © The British Petroleum Company p.l.c.

Copyright © The British Petroleum Company p.l.c.

All rights reserved. The information contained in this document is

subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement or contract under
which the document was supplied to the recipient's organisation. None
of the information contained in this document shall be disclosed outside
the recipient's own organisation without the prior written permission of
Manager, Standards, BP International Limited, unless the terms of such
agreement or contract expressly allow.
 BP GROUP RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING

Issue Date June 1992

Doc. No. RP 44-6 Latest Amendment Date
Document Title

AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15

(Replaces BP Engineering CP 39)

APPLICABILITY
Regional Applicability: International
Business Applicability: All Businesses
SCOPE AND PURPOSE

This Recommended Practice specifies BP general requirements for area classification around
equipment producing or handling flammable fluids. It supplements the Institute of
Petroleum Model Code of Safe Practice Part 15 Area Classification Code for Petroleum
Installations (March, 1990). It provides detailed guidance for petroleum fluids and for
flammable fluids similar in physical characteristics to petroleum fluids.

AMENDMENTS
Amd Date Page(s) Description
___________________________________________________________________

CUSTODIAN (See Quarterly Status List for Contact)

Chemical Engineering, BPE
Issued by:-
Engineering Practices Group, BP International Limited, Research & Engineering Centre
Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, TW16 7LN, UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +44 1932 76 4067 Fax: +44 1932 76 4077 Telex: 296041
 CONTENTS

Section Page

FOREWORD .................................................................................................................. iv

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 1.................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Safety Principles Fundamental to Area Classification.............................................. 1
1.3.2 Good Standard of Design and Operation .......................................................... 1
1.4 The Management of Area Classification ................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2.................................................................................................................... 2
THE TECHNIQUE OF HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATION ........................... 2
2.12 The Application of the IP Flashpoint Classification.............................................. 2
2.12.3 Class II(1) or III(1) .......................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................... 4
THE CLASSIFICATION OF STORAGE TANKAGE, BULK LOADING AND
UNLOADING BY ROAD AND RAIL, PETROLEUM JETTIES AND BULK
DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING FACILITIES BY THE METHOD OF
DIRECT EXAMPLE .................................................................................................. 4
3.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 4
3.1.2 Class of Petroleum ........................................................................................... 4
3.2 Storage Tanks (Fixed and Floating Roof) in Open Air Ventilation - Classes I,
II(2) and III(2) - General ............................................................................................. 4
3.2.1 Fixed Roof Tankage - Classes I, II(2) and III(2)............................................... 4
3.3 Road Tanker Loading - Classes I, II(2) and III(2) .................................................. 5
3.3.4 The Classification for the Top Loading of Road Tankers - Classes I, II(2)
and III(2) .................................................................................................................. 5
3.3.4.1 Classification of the Gantry - No Vehicle Present ............................................. 5

CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................... 5
THE CLASSIFICATION OF DRILLING RIGS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT
SYSTEMS USED IN WELL OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION
WELLHEAD AREAS................................................................................................. 5
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Classification for Drilling, Workover and Wireline Operations in Open Areas........ 6
4.2.3 Rig Upperworks .............................................................................................. 6
4.2.5 Operations in Situations where the Rig and/or its Wellhead Area are not
'Open' .................................................................................................................. 6
4.5 Surface Mud Systems ............................................................................................ 6
4.7 Other Spaces ......................................................................................................... 8
4.9 Producing Oil and Gas Wells on Land.................................................................... 8
4.9.3 Pumping Wells................................................................................................. 8

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE i
CHAPTER 5.................................................................................................................... 9
ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFICATION OF AN UPSTREAM
OR DOWNSTREAM SECTOR FACILITY BY CONSIDERATION OF THE
INDIVIDUAL POINT SOURCE ................................................................................ 9
5.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 9
5.5 Determination of the Extent of a Hazardous Zone.................................................. 9
5.5.5 Procedure to Assess the Dimensions of the Hazard Zone around the Point
Source by Hazard Radius/Fluid Capacity ..................................................................... 9
5.6 Pumps .................................................................................................................. 11
5.7 Equipment Drains and Liquid Sample Points.......................................................... 13
5.9 Instrument and Process Vents to Atmosphere ........................................................ 13
5.11 Liquid Pools Due to Spillage............................................................................... 13
5.12 Sumps, Interceptors and Separators .................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 6.................................................................................................................... 14
VARIATION IN VENTILATION CONDITIONS...................................................... 14
6.2 The Classification of an 'Open Area'....................................................................... 14
6.4 Sheltered Areas ..................................................................................................... 15
6.4.3 The Area Classification of Sheltered Areas....................................................... 15
6.5 Enclosed Areas...................................................................................................... 15
6.5.4 Adequate Ventilation of an Enclosed Area ....................................................... 15
6.5.8 Overpressure Ventilation (Pressurisation)......................................................... 16
6.6 The Effect of Loss of Ventilation on the Area Classification of an Enclosure......... 17
6.6.1 Provisions for Loss of Adequate Ventilation..................................................... 17
6.6.2 Provisions for the Loss of Dilution Ventilation ................................................. 17
6.6.3 Provision for the Loss of Overpressure Ventilation........................................... 17

CHAPTER 7.................................................................................................................... 18
APPLICATION TO THE SELECTION AND LOCATION OF ELECTRICAL
FACILITIES ............................................................................................................... 18
7.19 Battery Rooms.................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER 8.................................................................................................................... 19
APPLICATION TO THE CONTROL AND LOCATION OF IGNITION
SOURCES OTHER THAN ELECTRICAL ................................................................ 19
FIGURE 1 20
STANDARD DATA PAGE ........................................................................................ 20

APPENDIX A.................................................................................................................. 21
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................. 21

APPENDIX B.................................................................................................................. 22
LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS................................................................... 22

APPENDIX C.................................................................................................................. 24
SUPPLEMENTARY COMMENTARY ...................................................................... 24
C1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 24
C2 Surface Mud Systems ............................................................................................ 25

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AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE ii
C3 Piping Systems ...................................................................................................... 25

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE iii
 FOREWORD

Introduction to BP Group Recommended Practices and Specifications for Engineering

The Introductory volume contains a series of documents that provide an introduction to the
BP Group Recommended Practices and Specifications for Engineering (RPSEs). In
particular, the 'General Foreword' sets out the philosophy of the RPSEs. Other documents in
the Introductory volume provide general guidance on using the RPSEs and background
information to Engineering Standards in BP. There are also recommendations for specific
definitions and requirements.

Value of this Recommended Practice

It clarifies certain of the IP 15 requirements and lists those additional BP requirements, e.g.
onshore pumping wells, not fully detailed in IP 15.

Application

This Recommended Practice is a transparent supplement to the Institute of Petroleum Model

Code of Safe Practice Part 15 Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations (March,
1990) subsequently referred to as IP 15. The titles and numbering of the text of this BP
Group Recommended Practice after Introduction follow those of IP 15. All text is cross
referenced and qualifies, modifies or adds to the requirements of IP 15.

Text in italics is Commentary. Commentary provides background information which supports

the requirements of the Recommended Practice, and may discuss alternative options. It also
gives guidance on the implementation of any 'Specification' or 'Approval' actions; specific
actions are indicated by an asterisk (*) preceding a paragraph number.

This document may refer to certain local, national or international regulations but the
responsibility to ensure compliance with legislation and any other statutory requirements lies
with the user. The user should adapt or supplement this document to ensure compliance for
the specific application.

Principal Changes from Previous Edition

Now supplemental to IP 15.

Feedback and Further Information

Users are invited to feed back any comments and detail experiences in the application of BP
RPSEs to assist in the process of their continuous improvement.

For feedback and further information, please contact Standards Group, BP Engineering or the
Custodian. See Quarterly Status List for contacts.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE iv
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope

This Recommended Practice specifies BP general requirements for Area

Classification around equipment producing or handling flammable fluids
and has the same scope as the Institute of Petroleum Model Code of
Safe Practice Part 15, except where noted otherwise at the head of each
Chapter in this Recommended Practice. It provides detailed guidance
for petroleum fluids and for flammable fluids similar in physical
characteristics to petroleum fluids.

See Appendix C1 for Commentary.

(NOTE. THE CHAPTERS AND PARAGRAPH NUMBERING

REFER TO THE NUMBERING IN IP 15)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.3 Safety Principles Fundamental to Area Classification

1.3.2 Good Standard of Design and Operation

* The area classification technique described here and the distances

recommended assume that the facility to which they are applied is
designed, constructed, maintained and operated generally in accordance
with good industry practice. This means that installations should be
designed to BP Group Recommended Practices and Specifications for
Engineering or to other codes and standards approved by BP as
technically acceptable alternatives.
(Substitution for IP 15 1.3.2)

1.4 The Management of Area Classification

* A person, normally a senior manager, shall be identified and appointed

to be responsible for area classification. The responsible person shall
approve the classification but may delegate authority for the work to
others. The work, which requires an interdisciplinary approach, should
be carried out by engineers who have knowledge of the process systems
and equipment, in consultation with safety and electrical engineering
personnel as appropriate. Agreements reached on area classification
shall be recorded formally. The form shown in Figure 1 may be used.
Such records, whether drawings or tabulated data sheets, shall include
the extent of the hazardous area, both horizontally and vertically, and

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 1
 details of the apparatus sub group and temperature class appropriate to
the area. There is no requirement to include details of the type of
protection. Area classification carried out for BP by a third party, i.e.
contractor or consultant, shall be approved by BP.

(Substitution for to IP 15 1.4 first para)

On management, this amendment requires that the person responsible for area
classification has sufficient authority and seniority to select a competent team but
there is no requirement for him/her to be involved in the detail work.

The responsible person will vary depending on the Business and whether the
classification is for an existing site or a Project.

On an operating site the responsible person could be, for example, the site
Operations Manager who would be responsible for ensuring that classification was
complete and updated as required.

On a Project, it could be the Project or Engineering Manager depending on the

size. With a Contractor involved, the initial work will normally be carried out by
the Contractor, preferably with BP involvement as the classification is developed.
Depending on the Project organisation, it may be necessary for both Contractor and
BP to appoint a responsible person.

The composition of the team recognises that area classification itself (but not
equipment selection) is primarily a process rather than an electrical engineering
function.

CHAPTER 2

THE TECHNIQUE OF HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATION

2.12 The Application of the IP Flashpoint Classification

2.12.3 Class II(1) or III(1)

(a) The recommendation in the footnote to the first paragraph shall

be followed.

(b) The following shall be added to the third paragraph:

In other locations, the maximum ambient temperature may be

assumed to be that temperature which meteorological records
show is unlikely to be exceeded for more than 90 hours/year.

For a liquid to be regarded as below the flash point there shall

be a gap of at least 8°C between the maximum ambient
temperature and the specified minimum flash point of the
product.

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AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 2
 (Addition to IP 15 2.12.3)

(c) The first paragraph shall be replaced by:

A flammable mist can be produced from Class II(1) and Class

III(1) liquids and even from unclassified liquids if the release
were from a high pressure system through a small diameter
orifice. For the purposes of area classification there is no
general requirement to classify as hazardous high flash point
liquids handled below the flash point. However, it must be
appreciated that such liquids can be hazardous under certain
conditions.

Within processing areas liquids with flash points below 200°C

should normally be considered as hazardous. BP may specify an
exception to this if it can be confirmed that the liquid cannot be
atomised or raised above the flash point on release.

Outdside processing areas, pumps, other than glandless pumps,

and piping systems shall be regarded as sources of release when
the pump discharge pressure or the piping system operating
pressure is 5 bar g or above and the liquid flash point is below
150°C.

Classification of storage tanks should be in accordance with

Chapter 3 of IP 15 as amended by this document.

(Substitution for IP 15 2.12.3 first para)

This amendment provides additional information on mist formation and when liquids
with flashpoints above ambient temperature shall be considered hazardous. As
written, IP 15 would include hydraulic oils as hazardous because they can produce
under certain conditions a mist which can be ignited by an ignition source with
sufficient energy.

Such conditions are unlikely and there is no indication from operations that
classification of hydraulic system is necessary. The tighter requirements for
processing areas do take account of the fact that processing areas normally contain
hot lines.

The exception should only be made if the area is free of hot lines and the fluid
viscosity and operating pressure are such that mist formation is unlikely. Higher
viscosity liquids are less likely to form a mist. Conversely, processing them on a
plant free from steam lines is abnormal.

The pressure of 5 bar g is probably the minimum required to produce a mist with a
low viscosity oil.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 3
 CHAPTER 3

THE CLASSIFICATION OF STORAGE TANKAGE, BULK LOADING AND

UNLOADING BY ROAD AND RAIL, PETROLEUM JETTIES AND BULK
DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING FACILITIES BY THE METHOD OF
DIRECT EXAMPLE

3.1 Scope

3.1.2 Class of Petroleum

* Class II(1) and III(1) liquids should be considered as Class II(2) and
III(2) respectively if they receive material direct from a process unit or
if the tanks are heated. Any exception to this shall be subject to
approval by BP.

(Addition to IP 15 3.1.2)

Material received direct from a process unit can be of a significantly lower flash
point than desired because of plant upset or abnormal operation. Any exception to
classifying liquids from a process unit as Class II(1) or III(1) should be considered
only when :

(a) the unit feed is from tankage, tested for flash point before processing

(b) the process is such that the feed flash point cannot be reduced.

3.2 Storage Tanks (Fixed and Floating Roof) in Open Air Ventilation
- Classes I, II(2) and III(2) - General

3.2.1 Fixed Roof Tankage - Classes I, II(2) and III(2)

Where the bund is less than 15 m from the tank then the Zone 2 area
shall extend to 15 m from the tank. For tanks of diameter 10m or less,
the distance may be reduced to 7.5 m.

Tanks with a nitrogen or fuel gas blanket which do not vent to

atmosphere, e.g. venting to an incinerator, may be classified as
secondary grade release. The area shown as Zone 1 in Figure 3.1 may
be classified as Zone 2.

Fixed roof tanks with a nitrogen blanket and venting to atmosphere

shall be classed as a primary grade source of release.

(Addition to IP 15 3.2.1)

This amendment provides guidance for cases not considered in IP 15.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 4
3.3 Road Tanker Loading - Classes I, II(2) and III(2)

3.3.4 The Classification for the Top Loading of Road Tankers - Classes I,
II(2) and III(2)

3.3.4.1 Classification of the Gantry - No Vehicle Present

Because of the frequency they should be regarded as a primary grade

release. The resulting Zone 1 should extend vertically from the island
base to 2 m above the walkway. The horizontal extent should cover the
total area of the island and should extend at least 2 m from the loading
arm in the parked position. (The dimensions shown in IP 15 Figure 3.6
shall be amended).

(Amendment to IP 15 3.3.4.1 2nd para)

3.4.3 A different situation from that in 3.4.1.......

(correction of typographical error in IP 15 3.4.3)

Figure 3.12 Road Tanker Parked for Unloading - Classes I, II(2) and III(2)

The Zone 2 area shall extend 1m above the loading point. The area
around any coupling should be classified as Zone 1 when there is a high
frequency of unloading and spilt liquid (small in volume) is likely to be
present for more than about 10 hours/year. Classification as Zone 1
should be considered when more than three vehicles a day unload at a
specific point.

(Amendment to IP 15 Figure 3.12)

No dimensions for the height are shown on the IP figure.

CHAPTER 4

THE CLASSIFICATION OF DRILLING RIGS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT

SYSTEMS USED IN WELL OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION
WELLHEAD AREAS

4.1 Introduction

During drilling and workover within the UK Continental Shelf, the requirement of
Section 10 of Department of Energy Guidance (4th Edition) on SI 289 must be
complied with.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 5
4.2 Classification for Drilling, Workover and Wireline Operations in
Open Areas

4.2.3 Rig Upperworks

Add to the second paragraph:-

With an open area derrick (non enclosed) and an open area substructure
it is good practice to classify all of the space within the derrick as Zone
2.

4.2.5 Operations in Situations where the Rig and/or its Wellhead Area are not
'Open'

If the substructure is totally enclosed the internal space shall be

classified as Zone 1. There shall be a Zone 2 area extending 7.5 m
horizontally, 3 m vertically upwards and down to ground level or for 9
m, whichever is less, from all apertures.

(Substitution for IP 15 4.2.5 3rd para)

This amendment provides additional guidance related to electrical sources and

brings the extent of the hazardous area into line with the other parts of the IP code.

4.5 Surface Mud Systems

4.5.1 See Appendix C2 for Commentary.

4.5.3 The second paragraph shall be replaced with:-

Onshore, it is the preferred practice for mud tanks to be located in an

open area. Offshore and in onshore areas with severe weather
conditions this can be impracticable. In accordance with Table 6.1 an
enclosed area containing mud tanks shall be classified Zone 1 if
inadequately ventilated and Zone 2 if adequately ventilated. There shall
be a Zone 2 hazardous area extending from all apertures in accordance
with Figure 6.7 using a hazard radius of 7.5 m.

A sheltered area containing mud tanks should be classified as Zone 2.

The Zone 2 hazardous area shall extend outside any apertures with the
extent based on Figure 6.6 assuming a hazard radius of 7.5 m.

The volume within the tank shell above the mud shall be Zone 1 for
adequately and inadequately enclosed areas and for sheltered areas.

In enclosed areas, mud tanks are often fitted with local extraction
ventilation above the tanks. In such cases the air flow may be sufficient
to classify the volume within the tank shell as Zone 2. Typically, this

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 6
would require an air flow of 1800 m3/hour/ m2 of tank cross-sectional
area. Each case should be considered individually.

Drilling mud normally flows between equipment in an open or loosely

covered ditch. With a hazardous mud the ditch will be a primary grade
source of release and therefore should preferably be in an open area. In
this case there shall be a Zone 1 hazardous area extending 3 m
horizontally and vertically upwards from the ditch and vertically
downwards to a solid floor, or for 9 m, whichever is less.

Again this can be impracticable offshore and in onshore areas with

severe weather conditions. The effect of a primary grade source in an
enclosed area is considered in Table 6.1. With local extraction
ventilation, the ventilation rate can be high enough to prevent the
primary grade source influencing the whole module (see Note 6 of
Table 6.1).

The local ventilation can be sufficient to classify the area around the
ditch as Zone 2. Again each case should be considered individually.

(Substitution for IP 15 4.5.3 2nd para)

This amendment amplifies the guidance in IP 15. It removes anomalies with other
parts of the IP code and provides guidance applicable to mud tanks not in an open
area, a common offshore situation.

Local extraction ventilation is often fitted to mud tanks in enclosed areas to

improve the working environment. With a correctly designed system with a hood the
flow of air will almost certainly be sufficient to avoid classifying the volume within
the tank as Zone 1.

The rate of vapour production from a non boiling liquid in a tank can be estimated
from:-

Po 0.82
G = 0.343 l l2 m3/sec
t 1

where Po is the liquid vapour pressure in bar abs.

t is tank temperature Kelvin (°C + 273).

l1 and l2 are the tank length and breadth in m.

(For a circular tank l1= l2 = diameter)

(This equation is derived from Equation 15.2.1 of 'Loss Prevention in the Process
Industry' by F.P. Lees)

100 G 3
The required total air rate is m /sec
0.25 L

where L is the lower flammable limit (% vol.).

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 7
4.5.4 Replace the second paragraph with:-

In accordance with Table 6.1 an enclosed area containing shale shakers

shall be classified Zone 1 if inadequately ventilated and Zone 2 if
adequately ventilated.

There shall be a Zone 2 hazardous area extending from all apertures in

accordance with Figure 6.7 using a hazard radius of 7.5 m.

A sheltered area containing shale shakers should be classified as Zone 2.

The Zone 2 hazardous area shall extend outside any apertures with the
extent based on Figure 6.6. assuming a hazard radius of 7.5 m.

In adequately ventilated and sheltered areas the area in and around the
shaker shall be Zone 1 (see Figure 4.6 of IP 15).

Shale shakers are also often fitted with local extraction ventilation. In
such cases the air flow may be sufficient to allow the Zone 1 area to be
classified as Zone 2. Each case shall be considered individually.

(Substitution for IP 15 4.5.4 2nd para)

This amendment provides additional guidance.

The air rate required may be estimated from the information in 4.5.3.

On shale shakers, there can be significant gas release from associated gas which
could be the major factor in estimating the air rate required.

4.5.7 Delete. This is covered in the amendments to 4.5.3 and 4.5.4.

(Deletion of IP 15 4.5.7)

4.7 Other Spaces

Note (a) shall be replaced with:-

(a) Any enclosures which do not themselves contain a source of

release but which fall within and with openings to an external
hazardous area. In such a case the internal space should be
classified in accordance with Table 6.2 of IP 15. There need be
no hazardous area drawn from apertures in the enclosure
beyond that covered by the area within which the enclosures lie.

(Substitution for IP 15 4.7 Note (a))

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 8
 The amendment corrects an anomaly between Note(a) and Table 6.2.

4.9 Producing Oil and Gas Wells on Land

4.9.3 Pumping Wells

The third paragraph shall be replaced with:-

In the case of a beam pumping well, the stuffing box of the pump shall
be considered a secondary source of release, in addition to any vents,
drains, valves, flanges and filters/strainers. There shall be a Zone 2
hazardous area extending from the periphery of the pump with a hazard
radius of 7.5 m. There shall be a Zone 1 area extending 0.3 m from the
stuffing box.

(Substitution for IP 15 4.9.3 3rd para)

The amendment removes an anomaly between beam pumps and other pumps. All
pumps are now classified in a consistent manner.

CHAPTER 5

ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFICATION OF AN UPSTREAM

OR DOWNSTREAM SECTOR FACILITY BY CONSIDERATION OF THE
INDIVIDUAL POINT SOURCE

5.1 Scope

Note (c) shall be replaced by :

(c) The category of fluid drained from process drains and vents
which, in normal operation, are closed by a spade, plug or blank
and are used only during shutdown should be based on the
material at shutdown. Such drains and vents should be regarded
as secondary grade sources of release.

(Substitution for IP 15 5.1 Note (c))

The change means that planned normal operations used only at shutdown
are considered in area classification. The shutdown procedures should be
planned to avoid the release to atmosphere of quantities larger than those
considered in area classification. The clause now agrees with 5.7.6 of IP
15.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 9
 5.5 Determination of the Extent of a Hazardous Zone

5.5.5 Procedure to Assess the Dimensions of the Hazard Zone around the
Point Source by Hazard Radius/Fluid Capacity

* The following shall be added after Step 2:-

For open-air process plant BP may specify that the hazard radius be
determined by the procedure below, which avoids the need to consider
each individual secondary grade source of release.

Any continuous or primary grade sources shall be considered

individually, together with sumps and any assessment of the effect of
spillage. The local Zone 1 areas around pump seals (see 5.6.5) and
valve glands (see 5.10.5) shall be included in the classification.

The hazardous area shall extend from the peripheral equipment

containing hazardous fluids, using a hazard radius dependent on the
Fluid Category of the fluids in the plant, as shown in the following list:-

Fluid Category A: The hazard radius shall be 15 m, provided that

the design includes the following features to
avoid release to atmosphere:-

(a) The use of high integrity pumps on

Cateogry A fluid duty.

(b) The provision of a closed system for

process vents, process drains, and level
glass drains discharging Category A fluid.

If the design does not include these features, the

hazard radius shall be calculated using the point
source method.

Fluid Category B: The hazard radius shall be 15 m, provided pumps

comply with Clause 5.6.4 as amended by this
document and there is a closed system for
process and level glass drains with a diameter
greater than 12 mm and discharging Category B
fluid. For crude oil systems the hazard radius
may be reduced to 7.5 m, provided that it does
not enclose any pumps on Category B crude oil
duty or facilities for draining crude oil direct to
atmosphere. Note that for this purpose,
condensate shall not be regarded as crude oil.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 10
 If pumps do not comply with 5.6.4, the hazard
radius shall be 30 m.

Fluid Category C: The hazard radius shall be 7.5 m.

Fluid Category G: The hazard radius shall be 15 m for heavier than

air gases, or 5 m for lighter than air gases. Note
that lighter than air gases are often confined to a
small section of the plant. Each source should be
considered individually.

Where fluids in more than one category are present, then the most
volatile of the fluids present shall be used as the basis for estimating the
extent of the Hazardous Area, i.e. if both Category B and Category C
fluids are present, then the classification shall be based on Category B.
(Addition to IP 15 5.5.5)

The hazard radii listed in IP 15 are based on features which result in large radii (30
m). These features should not be found in plant designed to current BP Group
Recommended Practices.

On typical open-air plant built to BP Group Recommended Practice, it is possible

to simplify the classification procedure because the design features which control
the boundaries are standardised. The procedure in 5.5.5 is based on this, and
would normally be specified for open-air onshore plant. The use of this method is
especially helpful in the early stages of design when the location of equipment
features is unknown. This technique can result in a larger Zone 2 Hazardous Area
than if each source were considered individually. However, the Zone 2 Hazardous
Area is often extended to readily identifiable features, e.g. roads.

5.6 Pumps

This section introduces the concept of enhanced integrity for pumps with some kind
of additional seal but not meeting the sealing arrangements required for high
integrity.

* 5.6.2 This clause and Table 5.1 shall be replaced by:-

Otherwise, a pump should be regarded as a single point source for the

purposes of determining the hazard radius (see Table 5.1). In this Table
the terms 'high integrity' and 'enhanced integrity' refer to pumps in which
the system design reduces the probablility of release, and the likely rate
of release.

Glandless pumps and pumps fitted with a double mechanical seal

(including a tandem seal) should be considered as high integrity.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 11
 Pumps with a single mechanical seal and throttle bush and either a back-
up seal or lip seal should be regarded as enhanced integrity, subject to
approval by BP.

On high integrity and enhanced integrity pumps, there shall be no

operational vents or drains, or other likely release sources for Category
A or B fluids direct to atmosphere. A vent or drain to atmosphere
which is blanked in normal operation and used only on depressured
shut-down equipment should not be regarded as an operational vent or
drain.

Pumps in continuously manned areas, with single mechanical seal, throttle bush and
either a back-up or lip seal will normally be regarded as having enchanced
integrity. On such pumps, the back-up or lip seals should be effective for at least
two hours after main seal failure. Warning of main seal failure is therefore
required. For pumps in unmanned areas to be considered as having enhanced
integrity, there must be sufficient time for operator attendance and action to shut
down the pump after warning of main seal failure.

BP Group RP 34-1 recommends seal types for specific applications.

Table 5.1 Pumps

Fluid Hazard Radius (m)

Category Enhanced High
Standard Integrity Integrity
Pump Pump Pump

A 30 (2) 15 (3) 7.5

B 15 (4) 7.5 3

C 7.5 (1) 3 3

(1) For clean liquids, e.g. finished petroleum products pumped from
atmospheric storage at rates not exceeding 100 m3/hr, the
hazard radius may be reduced to 3 m.

(2) Standard pumps on this duty are no longer acceptable in BP

Group RP 34-1.

The radius of 30 m against standard pumps on Fluid Category A duty is given to

cover the case where such pumps are existing. Such pumps are not in accordance
with BP Group Recommended Practices.

(3) Enhanced integrity pumps on this duty are not the preferred
choice in BP Group RP 34-1.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 12
 (4) Standard pumps on this duty are not the preferred choice in BP
Group RP 34-1.
(Substitution for IP 15 5.6.2)

5.6.4 Pumps fitted with single mechanical seals and meeting the
recommendations of BP Group RP 34-1 will have a throttle bush as
minimum additional protection. However, should there be any pumps
without a throttle bush, the hazard radius should be increased to at least
the distance required at one Fluid Category more severe, e.g. from 7.5
to 15 m, because more fluid would be released in the event of seal
failure.
(Substitution for IP 15 5.6.4)

5.6.5 Pumps on Category A or B fluid duty with a single mechanical seal and
throttle bush are not in accordance with BP Group RP 34-1. On any
such pumps there is likely to be some small continuous vapour leak
around the seal.

Pumps with packed glands are not recommended for category A or B

fluids, and are not normally used for Category C fluids. Should they be
used, however, then there is likely to be a continuous weep of liquid or
vapour. The packed glands for Category C fluids and single mechanical
seals for Category A and B fluids (both regarded as a primary grade
source) should have a hazard radius of 0.3 m. This is not intended to
govern the type of protection of the motor, but can limit the proximity
of instrumentation to the seal. The larger release which would occur if
the seal failed is covered by the hazard radius determined from Table
5.1.
(Substitution for IP 15 5.6.5)

5.7 Equipment Drains and Liquid Sample Points

5.7.5 5.7.5 (b) shall be deleted.

(Deletion of IP 15 5.7.5(b))

5.9 Instrument and Process Vents to Atmosphere

5.9.3 Emergency relief systems to atmosphere should be designed in

accordance with BP Group RP 44-1. There shall be a Zone 1 area
extending 1.5 m in all directions from the point of discharge.

(Substitution for IP 15 5.9.3)

The small Zone 1 area covers passing relief valves.

5.9.4 Add:-

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 13
 Vents with a discharge velocity above 150 m/s shall be considered in
the same way as emergency relief systems.

(Addition to IP 15 5.9.4)

Table 5.4 The final sentence of the note shall be deleted.

(Deletion of IP 15 Table 5.4 Note)

Table 5.5 An additional note shall be added:-

For lighter than air gases, the hazard radius shall be 5 m.

(Addition to IP 15 Table 5.5)

5.10 Piping Systems

5.10.5 See Appendix C3 for Commentary.

5.11 Liquid Pools Due to Spillage

5.11.2 The second and third paragraphs shall be replaced by:-

Table 5.7 is applicable to Category C fluids with a volatility similar to

that of motor gasoline. It will normally be applicable to installations and
depots handling Class I, II and III petroleum products. For fluids with a
significantly higher volatility, the distance D in Table 5.7 shall be
doubled.

For gases or Category A and B fluids, the size of the Hazardous Area
will normally be determined by the initial vapour release. The size of
this Hazardous Area should be estimated using the appropriate section
of this Code. Any resultant liquid pool, possibly not adjacent to the
original source, shall be considered as a Category C fluid, because any
vapour will already have been released. The liquid will however be at a
temperature close to or at the boiling point. Therefore, because of the
high volatility of the liquid, the distance D obtained from Table 5.7 shall
be doubled.
(Substitution for IP 15 5.11.2 2nd & 3rd para)

The amendment provides enhanced safety for spillages of Category A and B fluids.

5.12 Sumps, Interceptors and Separators

5.12.4.1 In the first sentence, D2 shall be replaced with D1.

(Amendment to IP 15 5.12.4.1)

The amendment corrects a typographical error.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 14
 CHAPTER 6

VARIATION IN VENTILATION CONDITIONS

6.2 The Classification of an 'Open Area'

6.2.4 Abnormal Topographical or Meterological Limitations

It will normally be impracticable to use fans on an open area plant.

(Addition to IP 15 6.2.4)

Figure 6.3 Hazardous Area from Point Source - Open Area - Release lighter than
Air

The table shall be replaced with:-

Hazard H1 D1 H2
Radius (m) (m) (m)
(m)

15 15 15 15

5 7.5 5 3

3 5 3 3

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

(Substitution for IP 15 Figure 6.3 Table)

6.4 Sheltered Areas

6.4.3 The Area Classification of Sheltered Areas

The paragraphs beginning 'In the assessment of ventilation ... ' and
'Apertures should be distributed ... ' shall be deleted and replaced by :

The location and number of ventilation apertures required depend on the

enclosure size, shape and location relative to adjacent enclosures or
obstructions. Ventilation shall be assessed by a specialist engineer.

(Substitution in IP 15 6.4.3)

Prediction of natural ventilation of an enclosure is complex. It is not capable of

assessment by simple rules for all situations and therefore this practice refers the
user to a ventilation specialist.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 15
6.5 Enclosed Areas

6.5.4 Adequate Ventilation of an Enclosed Area

The Note shall be replaced with:-

For adequate ventilation, the ventilation air may be drawn from an area
classified as Zone 2 or non hazardous. It shall not be drawn from an
area classified as Zone 0 or Zone 1.

(Substitution for IP 15 6.5.4 Note)

In the context in which 'adequate ventilation' is used, such enclosures will always be
classified as hazardous (see Tables 6.1 and 6.2). Hence it is acceptable to use air
drawn from a Zone 2 area.

6.5.8 Overpressure Ventilation (Pressurisation)

This is artificial ventilation of an enclosed area so that the enclosed area

is maintained at a pressure above atmospheric and at a pressure
sufficiently above that of the surrounding area to prevent possible
ingress of a flammable atmosphere from an outside source. One use is
to maintain as non-hazardous an enclosed area not containing a source
of release but located in a hazardous area. In this case the ventilation
air shall be taken from an area classified as non-hazardous. It can also
be used, in conjunction with adequate ventilation, to maintain an
enclosed area containing only secondary grade sources as Zone 2 when
surrounded by an area classified as Zone 0 or Zone 1. In this
application the ventilation air may be drawn from an area classified as
Zone 2 or as non-hazardous. It shall not be drawn from an area
classified as Zone 0 or Zone 1.

Where there are adjacent non-hazardous Zone 2 and Zone 1 areas,

which it is desired to keep separate by this means, then the pressure in
the non-hazardous area must be greater than in the Zone 2 area, which
must have a greater pressure than the Zone 1 area.

The pressure differential between the areas should be controlled to at

least 2 mm water gauge (50 N/ m2). Warning, preferably both audible
and visual, should be provided for a loss of pressure differential. See
also actions in the event of ventilation failure in 6.6.3.

If access exists between an external Zone 1 and an overpressure

protected non-hazardous area, then an air lock shall be installed to
prevent direct connection.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 16
 If access exists between Zone 2 and non-hazardous areas then either an
air lock in which both doors are not open simultaneously or a locked
door shall be installed. The locked door shall be vapour tight and
opened only under permit or for escape of personnel.

Because the pressure differential can drop momentarily during use of an

air lock, some delay on activation of any shutdown of electric
equipment may be considered.

Such a delay following an audible alarm should typically not need to

exceed 30 seconds.

(Substitution for IP 15 6.5.8)

IP 15 states that the air for overpressure ventilation must always be drawn from a
non-hazardous area. This is not a requirement when the enclosure is classified and
the amendment covers the case. The amendment also adds guidance on access
between Zone 2 and non-hazardous areas.

Overpressure protection as a form of local artificial ventilation can also be applied

direct to the enclosed casing of electrical apparatus in which there is an ignition
potential (see BS 5345 Part 5). In such cases air or an inert gas may be used and
may serve other purposes also, such as a coolant for motors (see also Table 7.1,
Appendix F and the IP 1 Electrical Safety Code, 1990 revision).
(Both pressurisation and continuous dilution permit electrical apparatus of these
categories to be installed in hazardous areas where other types of protection are
impracticable or uneconomic).

6.6 The Effect of Loss of Ventilation on the Area Classification of an

Enclosure

6.6.1 Provisions for Loss of Adequate Ventilation

The sentences beginning 'Equipment not suitable for Zone 1 should ... '
and 'A master switch is normally ... ' shall be deleted.

The following sentence shall be added:

There should also be a written procedure to cover means of restoring

ventilation.
(Deletion and Addition to IP 15 6.6.1)

IP 15 recommends isolation of all electrical equipment not suitable for use in Zone
1 on gas detection. Equipment in the enclosure will, by definition, be suitable for
use in Zone 2 and therefore suitable for short term use in a flammable atmosphere.
Isolation of such equipment could cause problems and each case must be considered
individually. It may be less hazardous to allow equipment to run.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 17
6.6.2 Provisions for the Loss of Dilution Ventilation

Dilution ventilation is sometimes used with a permanent ignition source

and secondary grade source of release e.g. fuel gas piping within a gas
turbine hood. In such a case, release is unlikely and it may be
considered preferable to allow the equipment to run and thus avoid the
hazards of a total emergency plant shutdown. Action to stop the
ignition source shall be taken on detection of flammable gas.
(Shutdown may also be required for other reasons, e.g. high
temperature due to loss of cooling air). Each case should be considered
individually.

(Addition to IP 15 6.6.2)

6.6.3 Provision for the Loss of Overpressure Ventilation

This isolating switch shall be either certified for use in a Zone 1 area or
shall be located within a non-hazardous area which is remote from the
area to be isolated.

(Addition to IP 15 6.6.3)

CHAPTER 7

APPLICATION TO THE SELECTION AND LOCATION OF ELECTRICAL

FACILITIES

With the exception of 7.19, this Chapter is not within the scope of BP Group RP 44-6.

(Deletion of IP 15 Chapter 7)

IP 15 Chapter 7 is within the scope of other BP Group Recommended Practices for Engineering, e.g.
BP Group RP 12-1 to 12-19.

7.19 Battery Rooms

This shall be replaced by:-

It is possible that in addition to petroleum vapours the charging of non-

sealed battery cells will lead to the creation of a Hazardous Area since
the cells themselves can be a primary source of emission of hydrogen
whilst they are 'boost charged'.

Ventilation shall therefore be provided for non-sealed types so that

hydrogen concentrations are kept below 0.8% volume. Ventilation air
shall be drawn at a level below the cells and discharged at the highest

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 18
 level in the room. The ventilation system shall be designed to avoid
stagnant areas where a hydrocarbon-rich atmosphere could collect. The
number of air changes/hr to maintain hydrogen concentration below
0.8% volume is given by the formula:-

1.84 x charging current (amp) x no. of cells

35.3 x room volume m3

Charging current in the formula above is the boost charging level.

If mechanical means of ventilation are provided they should incorporate

alarm facilities to detect loss of ventilation. If 'in line' outlet fans are
utilised they shall be suitable for Zone 1 application. (Apparatus Sub-
Group IIc)

(Substitution for IP 15 7.19)

The amendment gives additional guidance on ventilation rates.

In many offshore installations more stringent precautions may be necessary and

reference to BP Group RP 12-1 to 12-19 should be made for each application.

Further guidance is also contained in BS 6132 and 6133.

CHAPTER 8

APPLICATION TO THE CONTROL AND LOCATION OF IGNITION

SOURCES OTHER THAN ELECTRICAL

This Chapter is not within the scope of BP Group RP 44-6.

(Deletion of IP 15 Chapter 8)

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 19
 HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL
VAPOUR BOILING DESC. OF
PROCESS EQUIPMENT ITEM PROCESS FLUID VENTILATION SOURCE OF RELEASE DISTANCE FROM SOURCE
IGNITION ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
FLAMMABLE POINT
FLASH POINT PRESSURE CATEGORY FLAMMABLE TO BOUNDAY (m)
TEAM
MATERIAL DEGREES C DEGREES C DEGRESS C MATERIAL REMARKS
CONTAINMENT DEGREES C
TEMP PRESSURE DESCRIPTION GRADE OF ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 SUB GROUP TEMP. CLASS
DESCRIPTION LOCATION DEGREES C bar (abs) RELEASE
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15

STANDARD DATA PAGE

FIGURE 1
RP 44-6
PAGE 20
 APPENDIX A

DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Definitions

Standardised definintions may be found in the BP Group RPSEs Introductory volume

Abbreviations

API American Petroleum Institute

CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IP Institute of Petroleum

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 21
 APPENDIX B

LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

A reference invokes the latest published issue or amendment unless stated otherwise.

Referenced standards may be replaced by equivalent standards that are internationally or

otherwise recongnised provided that it can be shown to the satisfaction of the purchaser's
professional engineer that they meet or exceed the requirements of the referenced standards.

IEC 79-10 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres Part 10,
Classification of Hazardous Areas

API RP 500A Classification of Areas for Electrical Installations in Petroleum

Refineries
API RP 500B Recommended Practice for Classification of Areas for Electrical
Locations at Drilling Rigs and Production Facilities on Land and on
Marine Fixed and Mobile Platforms
API RP 500C Classification of Areas for Electrical Installation at Petroleum and Gas
Pipeline Transportation Facilities

BS 5345 Code of Practice for Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Electrical

Apparatus for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres (other than mining
applications or explosive processing and manufacture) Part 5, Installation and
Maintenance Requirements for Electrical Apparatus Protected by pressurization 'p'
and by Continuous Dilution, and for Pressurized Rooms

BS 6132 Code of Practice for Safe Operation of Alkaline Secondary Cells and Batteries

BS 6133 Code of Practice for Safe Operation of Lead-Acid Stationary Cells and Batteries

IP Code Institute of Petroleum Model code of Safe Practice in the Petroleum

Industry
IP 1 Part 1 - Electrical Safety Code
IP 15 Part 15 - Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations, March
1990

SI 289 UK Statutory Instrument No 289

BP Group RP 12 Electrical Systems and Installations

(Replaces BP CP 17)

BP Group RP 34-1 Rotating Machinery

(Replaces BP CP 10)

BP Group RP 44-1 Overpressure Protection Systems

(Replaces BP CP 14)

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 22
BP Group RP 44-5 Protection of Plants Handling Flammable Dusts
(Replaces BP CP 38)

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 23
 APPENDIX C

SUPPLEMENTARY COMMENTARY

C1 Scope

This Commentary relates to clause 1.1

The primary purpose of this document is the classification of areas to permit the correct selection of
electrical equipment. Such equipment should comply with BP Group RP 12-1 to 12-19. However, the
principles of this document may be used with discretion to guide the location of non electrical
ignition sources.

It is applicable to:-

Refineries
Chemical plants
Terminals
Offshore platforms
Crude oil and gas gathering centres
Drilling facilities
Storage installations
Distribution depots
Drilling facilities
Marketing installations

It is applicable to new installations, to modifications of existing installations and to any

reclassification of existing installations.

It does not cover:-

1. The protection of plant handling flammable dusts which is the subject of BP Group RP 44-5.

2. The assessment of any toxic risk in the vicinity of equipment handling petroleum or other
flammable fluids.

General guidance on the main principles, definitions and explanations of terms relating to area
classification is included in documents issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC
79-10) and by CENELEC. These documents deal with general principles and do not give specific
guidance readily applicable to a specific situation or industry. IP 15 follows the general principles
of these documents but gives detailed guidance for the petroleum industry.

There are certain sections of IP 15 which require amplification or additional requirements to meet
BP practice. This Recommended Practice, BP Group RP 44-6, details these changes.

Codes of practice relating to area classification have been developed by the American Petroleum
Institute (API 500 A/B/C). They tend to be less specific than IP 15 and in particular do not
necessarily take account of handling temperature or volatility.

It is believed that facilities classified in accordance with IP 15/BP Group RP 44-6 will meet the
recommendations of API 500 A/B/C.

Many additives or corrosion inhibitors used in process operations are dissolved in a petroleum based
fluid, often in the kerosine or gas oil boiling range. The recommended distances can normally be
based on the solvent properties.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 24
 C2 Surface Mud Systems

This Commentary relates to clause 4.5.1

Oil-based muds are typically an emulsion of oil in water with surface clay added to increase
visocsity, and powdered barytes added to increase density. The base oil currently used (November
1988) is a de-aromatised gas oil, BP 83 HF, with a minimum flash point of 95°C.

Theoretically, the fresh oil-based mud is non-hazardous. However, in service the mud can be
hazardous for the following reasons:-

(a) A flammable mist is likely to be produced on release from the high-pressure mud system.

(b) The temperature of the mud can be raised in use.

(c) The mud will be contaminated with hydrocarbon in drilling through oil-bearing or gas-bearing rock.
Hydrocarbon will dissolve in the mud and reduce the flash point. Some hydrocarbon will be removed
in the shale shaker and associated inlet ditch, and in any vacuum degasser. However, at the
operating conditions of a typical degasser, not all of the dissolved hydrocarbon will be removed. The
flash point of the base oil will, therefore, be reduced.

It is good practice to consider the mud as hazardous in the high-pressure (active mud to the well)
system, and also in the low-pressure return system (mud ditch, shale shaker and degasser). Oil-based
mud in the active tanks should be regarded as hazardous, with any vents, open hatches or ditches
regarded as primary grade sources. To reduce the extent of the Hazardous Area from tanks located
within a module, a local artificial ventilation (extraction) system should be used. The maximum
extent of the Hazardous Area should be based on Figure 3.1 of IP 15. The local ventilatin system
should be of high reliability.

The remaining area within the module can be considered as Zone 2. Ventilation failure should be
rare and vapour evolution outside the tank, on failure, would be expected to be at a low rate. The
more volatile components are likely to be removed in the degasser and also the mud will tend to cool
in storage.

Active mud tanks located in the open can be classified in accordance with Figure 3.1 of IP 15.

The area outside fresh mud tanks can be considered Non-Hazardous when using BP 83 HF. Should
more volatile oils be used, then it may be necessary to classify the fresh mud tanks as hazardous.

C3 Piping Systems

This Commentary relates to 5.10.5

Some guidance is given below on the type of valves that come under the category of frequently-used
valves, with factors that determine whether a valve is more likely to suffer from leakage at the valve
stem than normal block valves:-

1. Frequent use of both control valves and on-off isolation valves with packed gland stems is
likely to be the major cause of leakage. However, ambient and/or process fluid properties
and conditions may also contribute to the incidence of leakage, and hence whether an
additional primary grade release source with a hazard radius of 0.3 m should be assumed or
not.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 25
2. Some on-off valves, handling flammable fluids, which are operated routinely, especially
where severe conditions apply, would be expected to be in the same leakage category as
control valves with packed glands.

Examples are valves in molecular sieve or pressure swing adsorption processes. Valves in
these services are typically operated from, say, only a few times per day to several times per
hour, depending on process cycle. In addition these valves are liable to pressure and/or
thermal shock. For such cases it is reasonable to expect the valve stem will be more prone
to leakage than infrequently-used block valves that remain open or closed during normal
operation.

3. Other valves in less onerous intermittent duties, such as remotely operated isolation valves
on blending, tankage and other similar duties, or on protective instrumentation and
emergency shutdown valves, are operated less frequently, say, once or less per day. These
valves would normally be considered to come into the infrequently-used valve category. The
valve stem would thus be considered as a secondary grade of release source, unless
operating experience indicates leakage is a problem.

RP 44-6
AREA CLASSIFICATION TO IP 15 PAGE 26