EXERCISE 21 ., Warm-up.

(Chart 1-4)
Ask another classmate these questions. Share your answers with the class. Find out the most
common answers.
1. In what century did your great-grandparents live? They lived in the ---------
70s century.
2. Where did they grow up? They grew up in (city/country) ---------------
Pemalang

1-4 Simple Past Tense

(a) It snowed* yesterday. At one particular time in the past, this happened. It
(b) Tom watched TV last night. began and ended in the past. Most simple past verbs
add -ed, as in (a) and (b).
- - -- -------- ------+-------------------- --
(c) Jack went to work early. Some verbs have irregular past tense forms, as in (c),
(d) I came to work late. (d), and (e).
(e) We saw a great movie last night. NOTE: See Appendix Chart E-9 for a list of irregular
verb forms.
------+------------------
( f ) Emily was at the office this morning. The simple past forms of be are was and were, as in (f)
(g) You were tired yesterday. and (g).

(h) Andrew caught the ball, ran down the field, and Note that in a series of actions, the verbs are the same
scored a point. tense, as in (h).
INCORRECT: Andrew caught the ball, -is-ft:JAfliflg- down
the field, and-seere a point.

Regular Verb Forms

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATl��-----1 QUESTION
·------ ---- ------ -- -
Did
You You Did you
He, She, It ) helped. He, She, It ) did not help. Did he, she, it help?
We We Did we
They They Did they
-----· ---
Irregular Verb Forms
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

)
Did
You You Did you
He, She, It ) ate. He, She, It did not eat. Did he, she, it ) eat?
We We Did we
They They Did they

Be Verb Forms
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
--------
I, He, She, It was here. I, He, She, It was not here. Was I, he, she, it here?
You, We, They were here. You, We, They were not here. Were you, we, they here?
*See Appendix Chart E-5 for information about final -ed pronunciation.

12 CHAPTER 1
EXERCISE 22 .,_ Looking at grammar. (Chart 1-4)
Complete the sentences with the correct simple past form of the verb.
An Online Order
1. Anders (order) ordered
printer ink online last Monday.
2. The next morning he (realize) realized
he (need) _______
needed _
colored ink too.
3. He (try) tried to call the company to add more, but no one (answer)
-----------,
answered and there (be) was no voicemail.
4. Anders (worry) ________
worried that the website (be) --------
was fake.
5. He (email) --------
emailed the company and (explain) ________
explained his situation.
6. The manager (respond) responded a few hours later and (fix) -------
fixed
the order quickly.
7. Anders (relax) ________
relaxed when he (receive) ________
received
a confirmation
email from the company.

EXERCISE 23 .,, Let's talk: pairwork. (Chart 1-4)

Take turns asking and answering questions. You can answer yes or no.
SITUATION: You just came back from a vacation in Greece. Your friend is asking you questions.
Examples: fly back last night?
PARTNER A: Did you fly back last night?
PARTNER B: Yes, I flew back last night.

happy to see your cousins?

PARTNER A: Were you happy to see your cousins?
PARTNER B: Yes, I was happy to see my cousins.

PARTNER A: (book open) PARTNER A: (book closed)

PARTNER B: (book closed) PARTNER B: (book open)
1. have a great trip? 8. speak a little Greek?
2. come back feeling rested? 9. eat in typical Greek restaurants?
3. meet all your cousins? 10. lie on the beach?
4. hang out with* local people? 11. buy some Greek sandals?
5. do a lot of tourist activities? 12. bring me a souvenir?
6. e�cited to be there? 13. take a lot of photos?
7. spend time in museums? 14. sad to leave Greece?
*hang out with = spend time with
and Past; Simple and Progressive 13
 EXERCISE 24 � Looking at grammar. (Chart 1-4)
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of verbs that make sense. More than one verb may
be appropriate. Some answers are negative.
SITUATION 1: Maria visited a friend at the hospital. A woman in the elevator had a cold and sneezed
several times. The next day, ...

ache feel leave schedule take

eat have make speak to wakeup

woke up
1. Maria---------- in the morning with a fever and headache.
didn't feel
2. She _________ well.
ached/felt ache
3. Her entire* body----------
took
4. She __________ her temperature with a thermometer.
had a high fever.
5. She
6. She didn't leave
the house all day.
7. She ate a few spoonfuls of chicken soup.
8. She spoke to the nurse at the doctor's office.
9. She made an appointment for the following day.
SITUATION 2: Professor Moore is our new math teacher. He is very hard to follow. Yesterday, he ...

confuse fill introduce leave speak

spoke
10. __________ too fast.
11. introduced the material to us quickly.
12. filled the board with examples.
didn't leave
13. time for questions,
unfortunately.
confused
14. ---------- everyone in the class.

EXERCISE 25 � Listening. (Chart 1-4)

Listen to the beginning of each sentence. Circle the correct completion(s). More than one
completion may be possible.
1. happy. good about my decision. on some ice.
2. two classes. about his wife. at night.
3. the car with gas? sick? OK?
4. with colored pencils. several faces. for several hours.
5. in the woods. some money. the rain.

*entire= whole

14 CHAPTER 1
 6. a picture. from math class. some money from the bank.
7. my hand. some nee. was cooking.
8. the washing machine? these jeans? my shirt?
9. at the sad ending. the actors. when the play finished.
10. over the fence. very quickly. in a sunny spot.

EXERCISE 26 .- Reading and grammar. (Chart 1-4}

Part I. Read the passage. Underline the past tense verbs. Do you kn ow these w d :?
or s
-feat
- show up
-marathon

AN INCREDIBLE FEAT
-session
-c ompete
-retire
- training

In 2011, at the age of 100, Fauja Singh did something incredible:

he ran a 26-mile (42 km.) marathon! He was the first 100-year-old
to ever run a marathon. Singh decided he wanted to compete in
races when he saw a marathon race on T\J. He was 89! He didn't
know much about training and showed up for his first session in a
suit and tie.
Originally from India, Singh moved to England in the 1990s after
his wife and son died. At the time, he said he felt more dead than
alive. He was very depressed and later believed that long-distance
running saved him.
He competed in his first marathon in London at the age of
89. He prepared for it in only ten weeks. His best time was at the
2003 Toronto Waterfront Marathon. He ran it in five hours and
40 minutes. Singh became world-famous and even carried the Running in the London
Marathon, 2004
Olympic torch in 2012. In 2013, he decided to retire from long­
distance running and completed his last marathon in Hong Kong.

Part II. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. Cover the reading.

be carry leave run

./ become feel retire wear

ca=m
I. Fauja Singh--�b�e= �e ___ a marathon runner when he was depressed.
wore
2. He-------- a suit and tie to his first training.
3. He leaved India after the death of his wife and son.
ran
4. At the age of 89, he-------- his first marathon.
5. Before he began training, he said he felt more dead than alive.
6. His best running time--------
was five hours and 40 minutes.

Present and Past; Simple and Progressive 15

 carried
7. He ________ the Olympic torch in 2012.
retired
8. He from marathon running in 2013.

EXERCISE 27 • Warm-t.1p. (Chart 1- 5)

Write the sentence (a. or b.) that correctly describes each scene.
a. Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain.
b. Rita stood under a tree when it began to rain.

1st: It began to rain. 2nd: Rita stood under a tree.

Rita stood under a tree when it began to rain.

1st: Rita stood under a tree. 2nd: It began to rain.

Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain.

(a) I walked to school yesterday. The simple past indicates that an activity
or situation began and ended at a
(b) John lived in Paris for ten years, but particular time in the past.
now he lives in Rome.
)(
(c) I bought a new car three days ago.
r- -� - --- - -- --
I (d) Rita stood under a tree when it began If a sentence contains when and has the
to rain. simple past in both clauses, the action in
I the when-clause happens first.
I (e) When Mrs. Chu heard a strange
noise, she got up to investigate. In (d): 1st: The rain began.
2nd: Rita stood under a tree.
(f) When I dropped my cup, the coffee
spilfecJ on my lap.

16 CHAPTER 1
 PAST PROGRESSIVE (g) I was walking down the street when In (g): 1st I was walking down the
it began to rain. street. 2nd: It began to rain.
(h) While I was walking down the street, Both actions occurred at the same

"-l> it began to rain.

( i ) Rita was standing under a tree when
it began to rain.
time, but one action began earlier and
was in progress when the other action
occurred.
In (j): My studying began before 8:00,
(j) At eight o'clock last night, I was was in progress at that time, and
studying. probably continued.
· -
(k) While I was studying in one room of Sometimes the past progressive is used
our apartment, my roommate was in both parts of a sentence when two
having a party in the other room. actions are in progress simultaneously.

EXERCISE 28 .,. Looking at grammar. (Chart 1- 5)

Write "l" before the action that started first. Write "2" before the action that started second.
A Stormy Walk Home
I. Hi Mom. I was leaving you a voicemail when you picked up.*
a. _1_ I was leaving you a voicemail.
b. _2_You picked up.
2. I had a terrible walk home. When the storm started, I was coming home from work.
a. __
2 The storm started.
b. __
1 I was coming home.
3. A painter next door was climbing a ladder when lightning hit the house.
a. __
1 A painter was climbing a ladder.
b. __
2
Lightning hit the house.
4. I heard him yell while I was running for cover.
a. __
2 I heard him yell.
b. __
1
I was running for cover.
5. He fell off the ladder when he saw the flash.
Fortunately he's OK.
a. __
2
He fell off the ladder.
b. __
1 He saw the flash.

*pick up (the phone) = answer the phone

Present and Past; Simple and Progressive 17

EXERCISE 29 .,. Looking at grammar. (Chart 1- 5)
Complete the sentences. Use the simple past or the past progressive of the verbs in parentheses.
Last Night
1. Between 5:00 and 7:00 P.M, I (sit) ___..,.w....
e1s""-""s .....
it'""'t...,_n
i '6'a.____ in class. I had a lot of things
was thinking
on my mind. I (think) __________ about some family issues. I (listen, not)
wasn't listening
---------- to the teacher.
was shining
2. It was a beautiful evening when I walked home. The moon (shine) ---------­
was blowing
over the water, and a warm breeze (blow) ----------
3. I (stop) stopped was not
by a friend's apartment, but he (be, not) ________ home.
was sitting didn't get
He (sit) in heavy traffic. He (get, not) -------- home until 10:00.
were arguing
4. My neighbors (argue) ---------- about something when I (walk)
walked
---------- by them outside my apartment building.
was waiting opened
5. A package (wait) ---------- for me at home. I (open) ----------
it and (find) found an early birthday present.
6. While I (read) was reading to my nephew, he (fall) ---------
fell asleep, so
covered sneaked
I (cover ) him up and (sneak) _________ out of the room.

EXERCISE 30 .,. Let's talk. (Chart 1- 5)

Choose the question or statement you would expect the speaker to say. Discuss your answers. Work
in pairs, in small groups, or as a class.
1. When I went to bed late last night, I noticed that the light was on in your bedroom.
a. Were you reading? b. Did you read?
2. Jane's cousin was at the party last night.
a. Were you meeting him? b. Did you meet him?
3. A small airplane flew over our house several times last night.
a. We were sitting out on the patio, and it made us nervous.
b. We sat out on the patio, and it made us nervous.
4. I'm not sure if I met Carol Jones at the party last night. Describe her for me.
a. What was she wearing? b. What did she wear?

EXERCISE 31 .,. Looking at grammar. (Chart 1-5)

With a partner, take turns asking and answering the questions. Choose all the expected answers.

1. What were you doing at 5:00 A.M.? 1. @ I was sleeping.

b. I dreamed.
@ I was lying in bed.
2. What did you do when you got home last 2. a. I was cooking dinner.
night? b. I made dinner.
c. I fixed dinner.

18 CHAPTER 1
 3. What were you thinking about? 3. a. I was thinking about all the things I need
to do today.
b. I was thinking about my family.
c. I was remembering my wedding day.
4. What did your mom like best about her 4. a. She was liking the beach.
vacation? b. She enjoyed the warm weather.
c. She was enjoying the swimming pool.
5. Who were you texting just now? S. a. I text my mom.
b. I am telling my manager I'm sick.
c. Iwas texting a friend.
6. What did your friend make for breakfast? 6. a. He had eggs and coffee.
b. He was having rice.
c. He was making toast and tea.
7. Where did you live when you were younger? 7. a. We lived in this town for a while.
b. We moved around a lot.
c. We were moving from town to town.
8. Where were you going when I called you? 8. a. I was walking to the bus.
b. I went to the bus stop.
c. I was heading* downtown.
*heading = going

EXERCISE 32 .,, Grammar and speaking. (Chart 1 - 5)

Work with a partner. Complete the sentences with the given verbs and the words in parentheses.
Use the simple past or the past progressive. Practice one of the conversations and perform it for
the class or a small group. You can look at your book before you speak. When you speak, look at
your partner.
1. break I cross I slip
did you break
A: How (you) ------------- your arm?
B: I slipped on the ice while I __________
was crossing the street in front
of the dorm.
2. find I look I park
A: You're a half-hour late. Where were you?
B: I was looking for a place to park.
A: (you) ____________
did you find one?
B: Well, yes and no. I___________
parked my
car illegally.
3. ask I decide I look I see I work
A: How did it go? (you) -------------
did you ask
the manager for a raise when you
----------
saw her yesterday?
B� No, she ___________
was working on a big presentation for next week. She
__________
looked pretty busy. I----------
decided to wait until later.

Present and Past; Simple and Progressive 19

 4. want I miss I be I give
did you was
A: ( you) ---------- in the meeting?
B: No, I missed wasn't want
the bus and (not) ---------- to walk into
the room while Dr. Romero----------
was giving his speech.
5. drive I get I happen I keep I pay I see
A: I had a bad day yesterday.
B: Oh? What __________ ?
A: I ________ a traffic ticket.
B: Really? That's too bad. What was it for?
A: For running a red light. I home and (not) ---------
--------- attention to the road. I (not) the red light
and just __________ driving.

EXERCISE 33 i,, Listening. (Chart 1- 5)

Part I. Anna had a scary experience last night. Listen to her story with your book closed.
Then open your book and listen to the statements. Circle "T" for true and "F" for false.
1. T F 2. T F 3. T F 4. T F 5. T F 6. T F
Part II. Listen again. Complete the sentences with the verbs you hear.
A Scary Night
I ________ a terrible experience last night. You won't
believe what happened! A man ________ into my apartment
while I was asleep. There I was, just sleeping peacefully when someone
________ the glass in the sliding door!
3
The sound-------- me up. I ________ the
4 5
sliding door open, so I reached for the phone by the bed and called the
police. My voice ________ as I told the operator there was an intruder in my home.

11 12

that was waiting for him. The police ________ back in their cars and drove after him.
13
Later I learned that they ________ him a few miles from my building.
14
I -------- really frightened by all this. It really ________ me, as you
15 16
can imagine. I'm staying at my sister's house. for the rest of the week.

20 CHAPTER 1
EXERCISE 34 � Warm-up. (Chart 1-6)
Circle yes if the speaker is expressing an intention or plan; circle no if not.
1. I am going to call you at 9: 00 tomorrow. yes no
2. I was going to call you, but I couldn't find your phone number. yes no
3. I was going to class when I ran into a friend from my childhood. yes no
4. I was planning to go to college right after high school but yes no
then decided to work for a year first.

1-6 Unfulfilled Intentions: Was I Were Going To

(a) Jack was going to go to the movie last night, but Was I were going to talk about past intentions. Usually, these
he changed his mind. are unfulfilled intentions, i.e., activities someone intended to
do but did not do.
The meaning in (a): Jack was planning to go to the movie,
but he didn't go.

(b) I was planning to go, but I didn't. Other ways of expressing unfulfilled intentions are to use
I was hoping to go, but I couldn't. plan, hope, intend, and think about in the past progressive,
as in (b).
I was intending to go, but I didn't.
I was thinking about going, but I didn't.

EXERCISE 35 � Looking at grammar. (Chart 1-6)

Choose all the sentences that are true about the given sentence.
1. I was going to pay you back for the taxi.
a. I paid you back.
b. I was planning to pay you back.
c. I didn't pay you back.
2. I was going to stay home on my day off, but I had too much work at the office.
a. I was intending to stay home.
b. I worked at the office.
c. I had a lot of work, but I stayed home.
3. Jared was going to the hospital to see his mother when he began to feel ill.
a. Jared was on his way to the hospital.
b. Jared had plans to see his mother but needed to change them.
c. Jared didn't go to the hospital.
4. My dad was going to surprise my mom with jewelry for her birthday.
a. He wanted to give her jewelry.
b. He gave her some jewelry.
c. He didn't surprise her with jewelry.
5. I was going to the train station when I remembered your phone call.
a. I was planning to go to the train station, but I didn't.
b. I was on my way to the train station.
c. I didn't go to the train station.

Present and Past; Simple and Progressive 21

EXERCISE 36 � Writing or speaking. (Chart 1- 6)
Take turns completing the sentences. Work in pairs or small groups. Share some of your answers
with the class.
1. I was going to get up early this morning,but --------------------

2. I was planning to visit you this weekend,but--------------------

3. I was going to call you on your birthday,but--------------------

4. We were hoping to see that movie in a theater,but------------------

5. lwas going to text you,but ___________________________

6. We were going to invite T homas to go out to dinner with us,but-------------

7. I was going to replace my computer with a tablet,but-----------------

EXERCISE 37 � Check your knowledge. (Chapter 1 Review)

Correct the errors.
1. Breakfast is an important meal. I'm always eat a big breakfast.
2. While I was working in my office yesterday,my cousin stops by to visit me.
3. Yuki staied home because she catched a bad cold.
4. My brother is looks like our father,but I am resembling my mother.
5. Jun,are you listen to me? I am talk to you!
6. While I was surfing the Internet yesterday,I was finding a really interesting website.
7. Did you spoke English before you were come here?
8. I am not agree with your opinion.
9. My roommate usually watch television,listen to music, or going out in the evening.
10. Right now Sally in the kitchen eating breakfast.
11. While I'm driving home last night,I heared a strange noise in the engine.
12. Why you talking about me? I'm not appreciate that.
13. Yesterday,while I was sitting at my computer,Shelley was suddenly coming into the room.
I wasn't knowing she was there. I was concentrate hard on my work. When she suddenly
speak,I am jump. She startle me.

22 CHAPTER 1
EXERCISE 38 ., Reading and writing. (Chapter 1)
Part I. Read the journal entry. Underline the 23 past tense verbs. Do you kno
w these word
s?
-somewhat
A Hopeful Beginning - embarrass ed
-syllabus
Today was my first day at the university, and I was late for
-interrupt
class. I didn't remember the name of the building and went
to the wrong one. After about ten minutes of confusion, I
finally found the right class and walked in somewhat embarrassed. A girl with
a friendly smile moved her books off the chair next to her. I sat down. The
professor was going over the syllabus. I didn't have a copy, but I didn't want
to interrupt him. The girl next to me shared hers. The course looked interesting
but difficult. I wondered if all my classes had this much work. Then the teacher
announced study groups. My new friend and I were in the same group. She
introduced herself during the break, and I felt very comfortable when I spoke
with her. Maybe the class is going to be OK after all.

Part II. Write a journal entry about your experience in a class on your first day of school.
1. Begin with It was my first day at the university I in high school I in English class I etc.
2. What was the teacher doing when you walked in? What were other students doing?
3. Did you notice anyone or anything special?
4. How did you feel?
5. What were your first impressions about the class and what were your thoughts later?

It is important to consider your first piece of writing a draft, not your finished copy. When you
begin to write, jot down ideas first and then sentences. As you write your paragraph, you can always
change, reorder, or delete ideas. After you finish the paragraph, edit it carefully. Correct any
errors in your next draft. Then read it again and make additional changes or rewrite if necessary.
You might need to do this a few more times. It may sound like a long process, but your writing will
be much better.

Part III. Edit your writing. Check for the following:

1. 0 indented paragraph
2. 0 use of the simple past for an activity that began and ended at a particular time in the past
3. 0 use of the past progressive for an activity in progress in the past
4. 0 correct spelling (use a dictionary or spell-check)

Fluency Practice. Work with a partner. Take three minutes to tell your partner about your
experience on the first day of school. T hen describe your experience to another student in two
minutes. Finally, take one minute to describe your experience to a third student. Did the final time
you spoke feel more comfortable and easier than the first time?

Present and Past; Simple and Progressive 23

SELF-STUDY: Gerunds and Infinitives 1
In Chapters 14 and 15, you will study gerunds and infinitives in depth. However, there are a
great many to learn in English. At the end of Chapters 1-12, short self-study lessons are available
so that you can begin to practice them. Chapter 1 appears below ; Chapters 2-12 are online in
Essential Online Resources. You will see this reminder at the end of these chapters:

•••• Go to the Essential Online Resources for Self-Study: Gerunds and Infinitives

( a) I want to go. As you know, when one verb follows another, the second verb may
take the infinitive form:
(b) They need to eat.
to + simple form of the verb

(c) Please keep going. Sometimes the verb is followed by a gerund:

(d) They quit asking. simple form of the verb + -ing
--· - ----
(e) It began to rain. Some verbs can take either an infinitive or a gerund.
( f ) It began raining.

Examples. Study these conversations and then look at the summary chart that follows.
1. A: Would you mind helping me with the dishes?
B: Sure. I enjoy washing dishes.
A: Seriously?
B: Not really. But I like talking/to talk to you.

2. A: Jan and Adam decided to put off their wedding until next summer.
B: I hope everything's OK.
A: Jan wants to wait. She just started a new job.

3. A: Do you like those shoes?

B: Yes, but I can't afford to buy them. Anyway, I buy usually clothes on sale.
I don't like paying/to pay full price.
A: I know. I can't stand paying/to pay a lot for clothes.

Infinitive: to+ verb __ l Gerund: verb � �;?f! [ Infinitive or Gerund

r-
_ ----·
can't afford enjoy c�n't sta;d -- --
decide mind like
want miss
I

Test Yourself. Cover the above chart. Finish with to go/going or both.
1. She likes to (JO I(JOin(J 5. I decided ____________
2. I can't afford ___________ 6. He wants-------------
3. Do they mind ___________ ? 7. We enjoy _____________
4. They can't stand __________ 8. They don't like __________

24 CHAPTER 1