The Official Actors and Their Roles in Public Policy

THE EXECUTIVE
BRANCH
ALL THE PRESIDENT'S MEN
ARISTOTLE G. BETITA, M.D

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF THE
GOVERNMENT
1.THE PRESIDENT
2.THE VICE PRESIDENT
3.THE CABINET
4.LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ARTICLE VII, SECTION 1, OF THE

1987 CONSTITUTION
The President is the Head of State and
Head of Government
Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines
President exercises control over all the
executive departments, bureaus, and offices.
His elected by direct vote by the people for a
term of six years. He may only serve for one
term, and is ineligible for reelection. The term
of the President of the Philippines starts at
noon of the 30th day of June after the
election.
POWERS OF THE
PRESIDENT

The powers of the President is

outlined Executive Order No. 292,
s. 1987, otherwise known as the
Administrative Code of 1987.
O F F I C I A L A C T O R S A N D T H E I R
R O L E S I N P U B L I C P O L I C Y
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE POLICY PROCESS

THEORIES, CONCEPTS, AND MODELS OF PUBLIC
POLICY MAKING BY THOMAS A BIRKLAND
The President has some

considerable advantages in
policy making compared with
the legislature
First: The president can wield the veto

against any legislation he does not like on
substantive or political grounds.
veto is the power the president
has to reject legislation by
congress
Congress may attempt to override the veto but two-

thirds of the House and Senate members vote to
override.
Lower House 304 (202) Senate 24 (16)
The mere threat of a veto is

enough to induce members of
the Congress to alter legislation
to gain presidential approval.
POCKET VETO
occurs when Congress
adjourns before the President
is given the constitutional 10
days (30 Days) to sign or veto
a bill.
2nd: President enjoys

considerable organizational
advantage
THE PRESIDENCY HAS ONLY
ONE PERSON, THE
PRESIDENT AS A HEAD WITH
ALL HIS STAFF THAT WORKS
FOR HIM FORTHE
ADMINISTRATION GOALS
COMPARED WITH CONGRESS
WHICH HAS NO SINGLE
POINT OF LEADERSHIP
3rd advantage is that the
President gains more media and
public attention than any single
elected official
EXECUTIVE POWER IS NOT LIMITLESS
THE PRESIDENT USES THE PRESTIGE
OF THE OFFICE TO PURSUADE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE

PRESIDENT
*The President and all the officials that work for him in
an agencies is very large, they cannot supervise every
initiative and all the actions of the staff.
*Rely on key staff to ensure that the people who work in
executive office support his agenda and not do
anything that will embarass his administration.
(Watergate, IranContra, SAF44)

THE PRESIDENT IS MORE
INVOLVED WITH AGENDA
SETTING THAN IN DEVELOPING
POLICY
The Challenge is not simply to develop endless new
ideas, but to define and manage the agenda in order
to ensure some policy victories

ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES
AND BUREAUCRATS
to describe the large
organizations both public
and private, that manage
the government programs
that accompany modern
economic social life.

BUREAUCRACY
-term used for any complicated, cumbersome process characterized
by paperwork, unresponsiveness and slow results.
-a system of social organization in which task are divided among

bureaus, each of which follows particular procedures to
evenhandedly administer rules.
-the organization that administers government through rules and

procedures.
Weber simply used the term to describe

a particular kind of organization and to
help us understand the features of a
bureaucracy:
FEATURES OF A
BUREAUCRACY
fixed and official jurisdi ctional area, rule b ased distribu tion
of labor and power to give orders
A fi rmly ordered system of su per and su bordinat i on in wh ich
their is supervision of the lower of fices by the hig her o n e 's
(hierarchi cal organization)
The management of the mo dern office is based u pon writte n
documents, retain copi ous document ation of their d ec ision
which can enhance learning
Expert training of Staff
Full working capacity of the Of ficial
The management of the off ice f ollow a general rules .
Personnel Services
2022: PhP1,456.1 B
2021: PhP1,299.6 B
2020: PhP1,184.8 B
*Personnel Services Salaries and other
compensation of civil servants Implementation
of the third tranche of the Salary
Standardization Law V
*Pensions of military and uniformed personnel
*Hiring of additional health care workers and
teaching/non-teaching personnel under the
Department of Health and Department of
Education
WHAT DO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES DO?
Government agencies provide services that
are uneconomical for the private sector to
provide directly
any goods that carry with it major free
rider problem is a public good.
Free rider - someone who sonsumes a good provided for

everyone but does not pay for it.
Public goods - Goods that once provided for one user are
provided for everyone. indivisible and non-exclusive
when voluntary action is insufficient, government
provides this goods to avoid the free rider
problem and ultimately to compel all beneficiaries
to bear fair share of the cost
Bureaucracy and the problem
of Accountability
Majority of Civil Servants are not politically appointed

They serve in their position based on their skills and

expertise

Bureaucracy do not make the policy so therefore there is

no accountability

They carry only the will of the democratically

accountable branches of the Government or the
Legislatures will.

Bureaucratic
Discretion
The ability of agencies in the Government to make
decision without the explicit direction or consent
of any other branch of Government
Discretion is the ability of the agencies to

make decisions about how they will
administer policies and programs with little
input or interference from Congress or other
institutions
IS THE BUREAUCRATIC GOVERNMENT
ACCOUNTABLE?
answer is yes but

not a straight one.
Due to competition,
agencies check and
balance each other, thus
gaining accountability to
Congressional sub-
committee and those in
charge with their
oversight.
Thank
u
y !
o !
References:
Birkland, T. A. (2016). Thomas A Birkland - An introduction to the
policy process _ theories, concepts, and models of public policy
making-Routledge (2016).pdf (p. 299).
References
“The Executive Branch | Official Gazette of the Republic of the

Philippines.” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines,
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/exec/. Accessed 23
Mar. 2022.

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THE EXECUTIVE

ALL THE PRESIDENT'S MEN

ARISTOTLE G. BETITA, M.D

2.THE VICE PRESIDENT

ARTICLE VII, SECTION 1, OF THE

executive departments, bureaus, and offices.

His elected by direct vote by the people for a

term of six years. He may only serve for one

term, and is ineligible for reelection. The term

of the President of the Philippines starts at

noon of the 30th day of June after the

The powers of the President is

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE POLICY PROCESS

The President has some

First: The president can wield the veto

Congress may attempt to override the veto but two-

The mere threat of a veto is

2nd: President enjoys

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE

an agencies is very large, they cannot supervise every

initiative and all the actions of the staff.

*Rely on key staff to ensure that the people who work in

executive office support his agenda and not do

anything that will embarass his administration.

(Watergate, IranContra, SAF44)

ideas, but to define and manage the agenda in order

to ensure some policy victories

to describe the large

organizations both public

and private, that manage

the government programs

that accompany modern

economic social life.

-a system of social organization in which task are divided among

-the organization that administers government through rules and

Weber simply used the term to describe

*Personnel Services Salaries and other

compensation of civil servants Implementation

of the third tranche of the Salary

*Pensions of military and uniformed personnel

*Hiring of additional health care workers and

teaching/non-teaching personnel under the

Department of Health and Department of

Free rider - someone who sonsumes a good provided for

Majority of Civil Servants are not politically appointed

They serve in their position based on their skills and

Bureaucracy do not make the policy so therefore there is

They carry only the will of the democratically

Discretion is the ability of the agencies to

answer is yes but

“The Executive Branch | Official Gazette of the Republic of the

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