1. Annual MW.

hr generation of a 130 MW power plant is 770, with a maximum peak load

of 110 MW. If the annual average load is 99.66 MW, find the annual load factor.
Solution:
Annual Average Load
Annual Load Factor =
Annual Peak Load
99.6 MW
Annual Load Factor = 110 MW
= 0.9055

Answer:
������ ���� ������ = �. ����

2. Data of a 150,000 KW power plant: average load – 77,000 KW, operating hours – 16,
determine the use factor.
Solution:
kW − hrs generated in a period
Use Factor =
(Actual Hrs Operation)(Rated Capacity)

kW − hrs generated/day
Daily Average Load =
hrs
24
day
hrs
kW ∙ hrs generated/day = Daily Average Load(24 day
)

hrs kW∙hrs MW∙hrs

kW ∙ hrs generated/day = 77000kW 24 day
= 1848000 day
= 1848 day
kW∙hrs
1848000
day
Use Factor = = 0.77
(16 hrs)(150000 kW)

Answer:
��� ������ = �. ��

3. The plant utilization factor of a plant is 80% and a capacity factor of 78% and average
load of 30,000 kW. Determine the maximum demand of this plant.
Solution:
Maximum Demand
Utilization Factor =
Rated Capacity
Maximum Demand = Utilization Factor × Rated Capacity
Average Load
Capacity Factor = Rated Capacity → Rated Capacity = Capacity Factor × Average Load

Maximum Demand = Utilization Factor Capacity Factor × Average Load

Maximum Demand = 0.8(0.78 × 30000 kW) = 18720 kW
Answer:
������� ������ = ����� ��

4. Given load factor 0.88, installed capacity 35,000 KW, reserve over peak 21,500 KW,
hours out of service per year 400. Find the capacity factor.
Solution:
 Annual Average Load
Capacity Factor = Rated Capacity

Annual Average Load = Peak Load × Load Factor

Peak Load ×Load Factor 21500 kW ×0.88
Capacity Factor = Rated Capacity
= 35000 kW
= 0.5406

Answer:
�������� ������ = �. ����

5. A Power station supplies the following loads to the consumers

Time in hours 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24
Load in MW 30 70 90 60 100 80 60
What is the load factor of a standby equipment of 35 MW capacity if it takes up all
loads above 65 MW?
Solution:

New Load in MW which are loads above 65 MW:

Time in hours 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-22 22-24
Load in MW 0 5 25 0 35 15 0
(5 × 4) + (25 × 2) + (35 × 4) +
MW ∙ hrs generated = MW ∙ hrs
(15 × 2)
240MW∙hrs
Average Load = 12 hrs
= 20 MW
Average Load 20 MW
Load Factor = Peak Load
= 35 MW = 0.5714

Answer:
���� ������ = �. ����

6. The peak load on a power plant is 25 MW. The loads having maximum demands of 30
MW, 20 MW, 10 MW and 14 MW are connected to the power plant. The capacity of the
power plant is 80 MW, and the annual load factor is 0.815. Determine the average load
on the power plant.
Solution:
Average Load
Load Factor = → Average Load = Peak Load × Load Factor
Peak Load
Average Load = 25 MW × 0.815 = 20.375 MW = 20375 kW
Answer:
������� ���� = ��. ��� �� = ����� ��
7. A 70,000 KW plant delivers an annual output of 238,000,000 KW.hr with a peak load of
25,000 KW. What is the capacity factor?
Solution:
Annual Average Load
Capacity Factor = Rated Capacity

kW∙hrs generated/year 238000000kW∙hrs

Annual Average Load = hrs = hrs = 27168.95 kW
8760 8760
day day

27168.95 kW
Capacity Factor = 70000 kW
= 0.3881

Answer:
�������� ������ = �. ���� = ��. ��%

8. A 35 MW power station has the following annual factors: use – 45.2%, capacity – 49.4%,
load – 58.5%. Find the reserve load.
Solution:
Reserve Load = Rated Capacity − Peak Load
Average Load Average Load
Load Factor = Peak Load
→ Peak Load = Load Factor
Average Load
Capacity Factor = Rated Capacity → Average Load = Capacity Factor(Rated Capacity)

Average Load Capacity Factor×Rated Capacity

Peak Load = Load Factor
= Load Factor

Reserve Load = Rated Capacity − Peak Load

Capacity Factor×Rated Capacity
Reserve Load = Rated Capacity − Load Factor
0.494×35 MW
Reserve Load = 35 MW − 0.585
= 5.44 MW

Answer:
������� ���� = �. �� ��

9. Determine the minimum base length and base width in mm of a concrete foundation
for a 120 kW slow speed diesel-generating set applying the following design data and
parameters: Over-all weight of the genset – 48,000 kg; Over-all dimensions of the
bedplate – 5m x 2m; Efficiency of the generator – 85%; Depth of the foundation – 3.5 m;
Specific weight of the foundation reqd. – 480 kg/bhp; Safe load bearing capacity of
site – 20 tons/m2; Density of concrete – 2.5 tons/m3; Top edges of foundation should
not exceed 2.5 m from the bed plate of the machines.
Solution:
WF = Weight of the foundation per bhp × Rated capacity in hp
kg 1 hp
WF = 480 bhp
× 120 kW × 0.746 kW = 77211.80 kg

m m WF 77211.80 kg
ρ=
V
→V= ρ
→ VF = ρF
= tons 1000 kg = 30.8847 m3
2.5 ×
m3 1 ton

Using c = 0.2 m on both sides:

width, w = 2m + 2(0.2) = 2.4m = 2400mm
length, l = 5m + 2(0.2) = 5.4m = 5400mm
 FV 30.8847 m3
height, h = l×w = 2.4m × 5.4m = 2.383m < 3.5 m ∴ ACCEPTABLE!

Answer:
������� ���� �����, � = ������
������� ���� ������, � = ������

10. What is the required base area of the foundations to support an engine with specified
speed of 1200 rpm and weight of 200 kg? Assume bearing capacity of soil as 15 KPa.
Use e = 0.11.
Solution:
WE = 200 kg

WF = eWE n = 0.11(200 kg) 1200 rpm = 762.1024 kg

WE + WF S WE + WF WE + WF
Soil bearing capacity, SB ≥ Areabase
→ FSB = Areabase
→ Areabase = SB
; FS = 1
200 kg + 762.1024 kg
Areabase = kN 1000 N f 1 kg = 0.62857m2 = 628.57mm2
15 2 × ×
m 1 kN 9.81 N

Answer:
�������� = �. ������� = ���. �����

11. A steam turbine operating at 5 MPa, 400°C (h = 3195.7 KJ/kg) has an exhaust pressure
of 100 KPa (h = 2475 KJ/kg). It is made of two-row, velocity compounded stage at the
vapor region of expansion with a blading efficiency of 72 %. For a 77% rotational and
leakage allowance, find the efficiency of this stage.
Solution:
Actual Work h1− h2 x eblading x rotational and leakage
estage = h1− h2
= h1 − h2

estage = eblading × rotational and leakage = 0.72 x 0.77 = 0.5544 or 55.44%

Answer:
������ = ��. ��%

12. A large regenerative steam turbine receives steam at 8.7 MPa, 510 °C (h = 3419.9
KJ/kg) and exhaust at 100 KPa (h = 2517 KJ/kg). The blades of the turbine are made of
pressure compounded stages for both the superheated and saturated stages. The
blading efficiency after the steam become saturated is 72 % and the moisture effect of
this stage is 75 %. Find the efficiency of this stage. Assume a rotation and leakage loss
of 3%.
Solution:
Actual Work h1− h2 x eblading x rotational and leakage
estage = h1− h2
=
h1 − h2

estage = eblading × rotational and leakage = 0.72 x 0.03 = 0.0216 or 2.16%

Answer:
������ = �. ��%

13. A water-tube boiler with 320 m2 heating surface was found to evaporate 3.1 kg of
steam per hour at 1.8 MPa (h = 2797.1 KJ/kg). The feedwater is 66°C (h = 276.3 KJ/kg).
Determine the rated boiler horsepower.
Solution:
For the Empirical Formula of Water Tube Boiler:
 HS in m2 320 m2
Rated Boiler HP = 0.91 = 0.91
= 351.65 hp
Answer:
����� ��. �� = ���. �� ��

14. The percent rating of a 490 m2 water-tube boiler is 150% receiving steam at 70°C (h =
292.98 KJ/kg) and evaporating it at 2 MPa, 350°C (h = 3137 KJ/kg). Find the developed
boiler horsepower.
Solution:
For the Empirical Formula of Water Tube Boiler:
Developed Bo. HP
Percent Rating = x 100
Rated Bo. HP
HS in m2
Developed Bo. HP = Rated Bo. HP × Percent Rating = 0.91 × Percent Rating
490 m2
Developed Bo. HP = 0.91 × 1.5 = 807.6923 HP
Answer:
��������� ��. �� = ���. ���� ��

15. A steam boiler was found to have a factor of evaporation of 1.75 producing 3200 kg/hr
of steam. If the fuel consumption of this boiler is at 12 kg/min, determine the
equivalent specific evaporation.
Solution:
ms
Equivalent specific evaporation, ESE = ASE FE = FE
mf
kg
3200 kgsteam
ESE = hr
kg 60min × 1.75 = 7.78 kgfuel
12 ×
min 1hr
Answer:
��
��� = �. �� �������
����

16. The mass of fuel requirement of a steam boiler is 86 kg/hr to produce 700 kg of steam
per hour at 2 MPa, 300°C (h = 3022.1 KJ/kg) from feedwater at 75°C (h = 313.93
KJ/kg). Determine the boiler economy.
Solution:
kg
ms 700 steam kgsteam
Boiler Economy = ASE = mf
= kg
hr
= 8.1395 kgfuel
86 fuel
hr
Answer:
��
������ ������� = �. ���� �������
����

17. A steam boiler requires 99 liters per hour of fuel to produce 700 kg of steam per hour
at 2.3 MOAm 340°C (h = 3107.8 KJ/kg). Feedwater is at 50°C (h = 209.33 KJ/kg) and
fuel oil used is at 20 API. Find the boiler efficiency.
Solution:
kJ
Qh = 41130 + 139.6 ° API = 41130 + 139.6 20 °API = 43922 kg
kg kJ
ms hs−hf 700 3107.8−209.33
hr kg
ebo = mf Qh
= L 1 kg kJ = 0.4666 × 100% = 46.66%
99 43922
hr 1 L kg
Answer:
��� = �. ���� = ��. ��%

18. Determine the slope of the Willian’s line for a 100000 KW straight-condensing turbine
operating at 6 MPa, 510 °C (h = 3446 KJ/kg) and exhaust at 10 KPa (h = 2520 KJ/kg).
No load steam factor is 2.19 x 106 KJ/hr and combined engine efficiency is 85%.
Solution:
W 700,000kW
ηgen = Wk → 0.85 = Wt
→ Wt = 823529.41 kW
t
KJ KJ kg 3600 s
Wt = ms h1 − h2 → 823529.41 = ms 3446 − 2520 → ms = 889.34
s kg s 1 hr
kg
ms = 3201626.22
hr
 P1 x, y = 0,2190000
P2 x, y = P2 Wt , ms = 823529.41 , 3201626.22
y2−y1 3201626.22− 2190000 kg
slope = m = x2−x1 = 823529.41−0
= 1.23 kW∙hr
Answer:
��
����� = �. �� ��−��

19. A 5000 KW steam plant has a full load steam rate of 10 kg of steam per KW.hr. No load
steam consumption may be taken as 10% of the full load consumption. Calculate the
hourly steam consumption at 82% of the rated load.
Solution:
kg kg
mfull load = steam rate L100 = 10 5000 kW = 50000
kW − hr hr
kg kg
mno load = percent rating × mfull load = 0.10 × 50000 hr = 5000 hr
No Load:
P1 x1 , y1 = P1 0,5000
Full Load:
P2 x2 , y2 = P2 5000,50000

P x, y = P L, m → L = 80% × Rated Load = 0.8 × 5000 = 4000

y−y1 y −y m−5000 50000−5000 kg
x−x
= x2−x1 → 4000−0 = 5000−0 → m = 41000 hr
1 2 1
Answer:
��
� = ����� ��

20. The steam consumption of the two units of a steam plant in kg/hr are: Unit 1 (6000
KW) – 27,800 at 50% load and 51,100 at full load; Unit 2(8100 KW) – 41,500 at 50% load
and 75,000 at full load. Find the total mass of steam used in kg/hr if the power plant
carries a system load of 4800 KW divided equally between the units.
Solution:
For Unit 1:
For Point 2,
P2 W2 , m2 → P2 x, y = 75000, 51100

@50% Load,
kg
m1 = 27,800
hr
W1 = 0.5 ∗ 6000 = 3000 kW
For Point 1,
P2 x, y = 3000, 27800
51100 − 27800
ms − y1 = slope W − x1 → ms – 27800 = ∗ W − 3000
7500 − 3000
ms = 5.1778 W + 12266.6667 (eqn. 1)
For Unit 2,
For Point 2,
P2 W2 , m2
kg
m2 = 75,000
hr
W2 = 8100 kW
P2 x, y = 8100, 75000
@50% Load,
kg
m1 = 41,500
hr
W1 = 0.5 ∗ 8100 = 4050 kW
P2 x, y = 4050, 41500
ms − y1 = slope W − x1
75000 − 41500
ms – 41500 = W − 4050
8100 − 4050
ms = 8.27 W + 8000 (eqn. 2)
For the Values at the System Load,
 System Load = 4800 kW
4800 kW
W1 = W2 = = 2400 kW
2
For Unit 1,
ms1 = 5.1778 W + 12266.6667
kg kg
ms1 = 5.1778 x 2500 kW + 12266.6667
kW. hr hr
kg
ms1 = 25211.1667
hr
For Unit 2,
ms2 = 6.7 W + 11350
kg kg
ms2 = 8.27 x 2500 kW + 8000
kW. hr hr
kg
ms2 = 28100
hr
mstotal = ms1 + ms2
kg kg
mstotal = 25211.1667 + 28100
hr hr
kg
mstotal = 49311.1877
hr

Answer:
��
������� = �����. ����
��

21. The heat generated by fuel is 2500 KW. If the jacket water loss is 25 %. Determine the
mass of water circulated in the engine if the temperature rise is 15°C.
Solution:
qj
qj = mj cpj ∆T → mj = c
pj ∆T

kJ
cpj = 4.187 kg∙℃
kJ
qj 0.25(2500 kW or s ) kg
mj = c = kJ = 9.9514
pj ∆T 4.187 (15℃) s
kg∙℃

Answer:
��
�� = �. ���� �

22. An engine working on ideal Diesel cycle with pressure of 100 KPa and temperature of
37°C at the beginning of compression process. The peak temperature of the cycle is
not to exceed 1200 K and a compression ratio of 5. Determine the cycle thermal
efficiency.
Solution:
T1 = 37℃ + 273 = 310 K
T2 V1 k−1 k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T1
= V2
= rk → T2 = T1 rk = 310 K 5 = 590.1327 K

T3 = 1200 K
T 1200 K
T3 = T2rc → rc = T3 = 590.1327 K = 2.0334
2

T4 = T1rc k = 310 K × 2.03341.4 = 837.3092 K

T4 − T1 837.3092 − 310
e= = = 0.6176 × 100% = 61.76%
k T3 − T2 1.4 1200 − 590.1327
Answer:
� = �. ���� �� ��. ��%

23. A 39.37 cm x 55.88 cm x 327 rpm, 16 cylinder, 4-cycle stationary diesel engine is
connected to a 3125 KVA (80% power factor) generator. It also drives a 33 KW exciter.
Assume a generator, efficiency of 87% determine the bmep at rated load.
Solution:
Rated Load = 0.8 × 3125 KVA = 2500 kW
Total Load = Rated Load + Exciter Load = 2500 kW + 33kW = 2533 kW
1 hp
Wk Wk 2533 kW × 0.746 kW
eg = → Wb = = = 3902.8073 hp
Wb eg 0.87
For four-stroke cycle, ns=1/2 and nc=16:
1 rev rev
N = ns x nc x n = 2 × 327 min
× 16 = 2616 min

b W
Wb = Bhp = PbmepLAN → Pbmep = LAN
3902.8073 hp kg ∙cm
f kgf
Pbmep = π rev × 449702 hp∙min = 9.8625 cm2
55.88 cm× ×39.372 cm2 ×2616 min
4

Answer:
���
����� = �. ����
���

24. Specification of a 4-cylinder, 4-cycle diesel engine are 10.16 cm x 15.24 cm x 900 rpm.
Mechanical efficiency, 85%. Find the KW output of a direct-connected generator of 90%
efficiency when the indicated mep is 15 kg/cm2.
Solution:
WI = PmepLAN

For four-stroke cycle, ns=1/2 and nc=4:

1 rev 1 min rev
N = ns x nc x n = 2 × 900 min
× 60 s × 4 = 30 sec

WI = PmepLAN
kgf 9.81 N 1 kN 1m π rev
WI = 15 × × × 15.24 cm × 100 cm × × 10.162 cm2 × 30
cm2 1 kgf 1000 N 4 sec

WI = 54.54 kW

Wb
em = WI
→ Wb = em × WI = 0.85 × 54.54 kW = 46.36 kW
W
eg = Wk → Wk = eg × Wb = 0.9 × 46.36 kW = 41.73 kW
b

Answer:
�� = ��. �� ��
25. A 2,150 KW diesel electric plant has a brake thermal efficiency of 86%. If the heat
generated by fuel is 9,000,000 KJ/hr. What is the generator efficiency?
Solution:
Wb
etb = Ec
→ Wb = Ec × etb

WK W
eg = Wb
= E ×eK
c tb

kJ 1 hr kJ
Ec = 9000000 hr
× 3600 s = 2500 s
or 2500 kW

Wk = 2150 kW; etb = 86%

WK 2150 kW
eg = Ec ×etb
= 0.89 × 2500 kW = 0.966292 = 96.6292%

Answer:
�� = �. ����� = ��. ��%

26. Determine the brake power of an engine having a brake thermal efficiency of 85% and
uses 25° API with fuel consumption of 185 kg/hr.
Solution:
kJ
qh = 41130 + 139.6 (°API) = 41130 + 139.6 (25°) = 44620 kg

kg 1 hr kJ
Ec = mf × qh = 185 hr × 3600 s × 44620 kg = 2292.9722 kW

Wb
etb = Ec
→ Wb = etb × Ec = 0.85 × 2292.9722 kW = 1949.0263 kW

Answer:
�� = ����. ���� ��

27. A diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 12 and with a cut-off occurring at
6% of the stroke. One cu.ft. of air at 14 psia and 95°F is used. Determine the cycle
thermal efficiency.
Solution:
V1 1 ft3
rk = → 12 = → V2 = 0.0833 ft3
V2 V2
V3 V2 +0.06VD V +0.06 V1 −V2 0.0833+0.06 1−0.0833
rc = V2
= V2
= 2 V2
= 0.0833
= 1.66
1.661.4 −1
1 r k −1 1.4 1.66−1
ecycle = 1 − r k−1 k(rc −1) =1− 121.4−1
= 0.5862 × 100% = 58.62%
k c

Answer:
� = �. ���� = ��. ��%

28. What ideal thermal efficiency is possible from a Diesel having a compression ratio of x.
Air-Fuel ratio is 40:1 and the heating value of fuel is y KJ/kg? Initial temperature is
16°C with Cp = 1.0467 KJ/kg.K.
Solution:

T2 − T1 506.8223 − 320
BWR = = = 0.4055
T3 − T4 1250 − 789.2313
Answer:
��� = �. �055

29. A 4-stroke, 8-cylinder diesel engine with bore and stroke of 9 in. x 6.5 in.,
respectively and speed of 1000 rpm has a brake mean effective pressure of 110 psi.
Determine the engine brake power.
Solution:
Wb = Pbmep L AN

For four-stroke cycle, ns=1/2 and nc=8:

1 rev rev
N = ns x nc x n = 2 × 1000 min
× 8 = 4000
min

Wb = PmepLAN
lbf 1 ft π rev 1 hp
Wb = 110 in2
× 6.5 in × 12 in × 4
× 92 in2 × 4000 min
× lb−ft
33,000
min

Wb = 459.4579 hp
Answer:
�� = ���. ���� ��

30. A 8-cylinder diesel engine, 4-stroke cycle, 550 rpm, 400 mm x 574 mm is directly
coupled to a 7350 KW AC generator 13,800 V, 3-phase, 60 cycles and 93% efficiency.
Calculate the brake horsepower of Diesel Engine.
Solution:
Pgen 7350 kW 1 hp
BHP = = × 0.746 kW = 10594.1365 hp
ηgen 0.93

Answer:
��� = �����. ���� ��

31. A gas turbine working on a simple ideal Brayton cycle has a temperature of 300 K at
the inlet of the compressor and 1200 K at the inlet of the turbine. The cycle produces
a net power of 16 MW with a pressure ratio of 7. Determine the mass flow rate of air
in kg/s.
Solution:
T1 = 300 K
k−1 k−1
T2 P2 k P2 k 1.4−1
= → T2 = T1 = 300 K 7 1.4 = 523.0917 K
T1 P1 P1
T3 = 1200 K
k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T4 P4 k P4 k 1 1.4
T3
= P3
→ T4 = T3 P3
= 1200 K 7
= 688.2158 K

Wnet = Wt − Wc = ma Cp34 (t3 − t4 ) − ma cp12 (t2 − t1 )

kcal 4.187 kJ kJ
Cp34 = Cp12 = 0.24 × = 1.005
kg − K 1 kcal kg − K
 Wnet
Wnet = ma Cp (t3 − t4 ) − (t2 − t1 ) → ma = Cp t3 −t4 − t2 −t1

16,000 kW kg
ma = kJ = 55.15 s
1.005 1200−688.2158 − 523.0917−300 K
kg−K

Answer:
��
�� = ��. �� �

32. Consider an ideal Brayton cycle with a maximum and minimum temperatures of 1250 K
and 320 K. The pressure ratio of the cycle is 5, determine the backwork ratio.
Solution:
T1 = 320 K
k−1 k−1
1.4−1
T2 P2 k P2 k
T1
= P1
→ T2 = T1 P1
= 320 K(5) 1.4 = 506.8223 K

T3 = 1100 K
k−1
P3 k 1 1.4−1
T4 = T3 P4
= 1250 K( ) 1.4 = 789.2313 K
5

T2 − T1 506.8223 − 320
BWR = = = 0.4055
T3 − T4 1250 − 789.2313
Answer:
��� = �. �055

33. A simple gas turbine has a temperature of 300 K at the inlet of the compressor and
1200 K at the inlet of the turbine. The cycle produces a net power of 7.1 MW with a
pressure ratio of 7. Determine the mass flow rate of air in kg/s if both the compressor
and turbine have 85% isentropic efficiency.
Solution:
T1 = 300 K
k−1 k−1
1.4−1
T2 P2 k P2 k
T1
= P1
→ T2 = T1 P1
= 300 K 7 1.4 = 523.0917 K

T3 = 1200 K
k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T4 P4 k P4 k 1 1.4
T3
= P3
→ T4 = T3 P3
= 1200 K 7
= 688.2158 K

Wt'
eT = → Wt' = eT Wt = eT mCp T3 − T4
Wt

Wc Wc mCp T2 −T1
ec = → Wc' = ec
= ec
Wc'

Wnet = Wt' − Wc'

mCp T2−T1
Wnet = eT mCp T3 − T4 − ec
kJ
kJ kJ m 1.005 523.0917−300 K
kg−K
7100 = 0.85 m 1.005 kg−K 1200 − 688.2158 K −
0.85
s

kg
m = 40.9414
s
Answer:
��
� = ��. ����
�

34. The pressure ratio of an air-standard Brayton cycle is 7 with a minimum and maximum
temperatures of 530 R and 1370 R, respectively. Determine the cycle thermal
efficiency.
Solution:
T1 = 530 R
k−1 k−1
1.4−1
T2 P2 k P2 k
T1
= P1
→ T2 = T1 P1
= 530 R 7 1.4 = 924.1287 K

T3 = 1370 R
k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T4 P4 k P4 k 1 1.4
T3
= P3
→ T4 = T3 P3
= 1370 K 7
= 785.7131 K

Wnet = Wt − Wc = maCp34 t3 − t4 − ma cp12 (t2 − t1 )

Qa = ma Cp23 t3 − t2

If Cp34 = Cp12 = Cp23

Wnet ma Cp34 t3 − t4 − ma cp12 (t2 − t1 ) t3 − t4 − (t2 − t1 )

e= = =
Qa ma Cp23 t3 − t2 t3 − t2
1370 − 785.7131 − (924.1287 − 530)
e= = 0.4265 = 42.65%
(1370 − 924.1287)
Answer:
� = �. ���� = ��. ��%

35. A Brayton cycle operating at 500 R and 1370 R minimum and maximum temperatures
is found to produce 3.2 x 108 Btu/hr of work. For a pressure ratio of 7, determine the
amount of heat added.
Solution:
T1 = 500 R
k−1 k−1
1.4−1
T2 P2 k P2 k
T1
= P1
→ T2 = T1 P1
= 500 R 7 1.4 = 871.8195 R

T3 = 1370 R
k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T4 P4 k P4 k 1 1.4
T3
= P3
→ T4 = T3 P3
= 1370 R 7
= 785.7131 R

If Cp34 = Cp12 = Cp23

Wnet ma Cp34 t3 − t4 − ma cp12 (t2 − t1 ) t3 − t4 − (t2 − t1 )

e= = =
Qa ma Cp23 t3 − t2 t3 − t2
1370−785.7131 −(871.8195−500)
e= (1370−871.8195)
= 0.4265

Wnet Wnet 3.2 × 108 BTU hr BTU 1 hr BTU

e= Qa
→ Qa = = 0.4265
= 7.5032 × 108 hr
× 3600 s = 208421.1953
e s

Answer:
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�� �

36. What is the mass flow rate of a gas turbine power plant operating at a suction pressure
of 101.325 KPa, 30°C and a pressure ratio of 7 if 200,000 J/hr of heat is added to the
cycle? Temperature of the flue gas entering the turbine is at 277 °C.
Solution:
T1 = 30℃ + 273 = 303 K
k−1 k−1
1.4−1
T2 P2 k P2 k
T1
= P1
→ T2 = T1 P1
= 303 K 7 1.4 = 528.3226 K

T3 = 277℃ + 273 = 550 K

QA
QA = mCp T3 − T2 → m = C T3 −T2
p
kJ
200 kg
m= kJ
hr
= 9.1803 hr
1.005 550−528.3226 K
kg−K

Answer:
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��

37. A simple gas turbine takes air at 100 KPa, 30 °C and is compressed to 420 KPa. The
gas leaves the combustor at 1507 °C. Find the net work. Use cpa = 0.24 and cpg =
0.27 kcal/kg.C.
Solution:
P 320 kPa
rp = P2 = 100 kPa = 4.2
1
T1 = 30℃ + 273 = 303 K
k−1 k−1
1.4−1
T2 P2 k P2 k
T1
= P1
→ T2 = T1 P1
= 303 K 4.2 1.4 = 456.5768 K

T3 = 1507℃ + 273 = 1780 K

k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T4 P4 k P4 k 1 1.4
T3
= P3
→ T4 = T3 P3
= 1780 K 4.2
= 1181.2689 K

Wnet
Wnet = m
= Cpg T3 − T4 − Cpa T2 − T1
Wnet kcal kcal 4.186 kJ
m
= 0.27 kgK 1780 − 1181.2689 K − 0.24 kg∙K 456.5768 − 303 K × 1 kcal
Wnet kJ
m
= 522.4084 kg
Answer:
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= ���. ����
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38. A gas turbine producing 1200 KW of power is operating at an inlet temperature of

1250°C. The pressure ratio is 10 and the specific heat of the flue gas is 1.215 KJ/kg-°C.
For a mass flow rate of 1.23 kg/sec, determine the air-fuel ratio.
Solution:
T3 = 1250 + 273 = 1523 K
k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T4 P4 k P4 k 1 1.4
= → T4 = T3 = 1523 K = 788.834 K
T3 P3 P3 10
 WT = mg Cpg T3 − T4 = ma (1 + f)Cpg T3 − T4
kJ
WT 1200
f' = −1= s −1
ma Cpg T3 − T4 kg kJ
1.23 1.215 (1523 − 788.834)
s kg − C
1
f' = 0.0937 → f = = 10.67
0.0937
Answer:
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39. An ideal gas turbine power plant takes in air at 30°C and 100 KPa. The compression is
up to 850 KPa and produces 500 KJ/kg of work. The compressor utilizes 255 KJ/kg of
work. If the plant has a regenerator with an effectiveness of 57%, determine the
increase of its efficiency. Use cpa = 0.24 kcal/kg-K and fuel-air ratio of 0.025.
Solution:
For without regeneration:

T1 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
k−1 k−1 1.4−1
T2 P2 k P2 k 850 1.4
= → T2 = T1 = 303 K = 558.4585 K
T1 P1 P1 100
Wc kJ kcal 4.187 kJ
= Cpa (T2 ' − T1 ) → 255 = 0.24 x T2 ' − 303 K
ma kg kg − C 1 kcal
T2 ' = 556.7616 K

kcal 4.187 kJ kJ
Cpa = Cpg = 0.24 x = 1.005
kg − C 1 kcal kg − C
Wnet = WT − WC = mg Cpg T3 − T4 − ma Cpa (T2 ' − T1 )

Wnet = ma (1 + f)Cpg T3 − T4 − ma Cpa (T2 ' − T1 )

kJ kJ kJ
500 = 1 + 0.025 1.005 T3 − T4 − 1.005 556.7616 − 303 K
kg kg ∙ C kg ∙ C
T3 − T4 = 732.9503 K → T4 = T3 − 732.9503 K

Assume P4 = 101.325 KPa:

k−1 1.4−1
T3 P3 k T3 850 1.4
= → = → T3 = 1609.4977 K
T4 P4 T3 − 732.9503 101.325
kJ
Wnet Wnet 500
kg
ew/o = = =
QA Cpa (T3 − T2 ') kJ
1.005 1609.4977 − 556.7616 K
kg − C
ew/o = 0.4726 or 47.26%

For with regeneration:

 T4 − T5 = 732.9503 K → T5 = 1609.4977 − 732.9503 = 876.5474 K
T3 −T2 ' T3−556.7616
Reg. eff = → 0.57 = → T3 = 743.5965 K
(1+f)(T5−T2') (1+0.025)(876.5474−556.7616)

kJ
Wnet Wnet 500
kg
ew/ = = =
QA Cpa (T4 − T3 ) kJ
1.005 (1609.4977 − 743.5965)K
kg ∙ K
ew/ = 0.5746 or 57.46%

% Increase = ew/ − ew/o = 57.46% − 47.26% = 10.197%

Answer:
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40. A gas turbine plant receives 25000 liters/min of air producing 250 KW of power.
Generator efficiency is 90%. Fuel air ratio is 0.01 and heating value of the fuel is at
45420 KJ/kg. Determine the plant thermal efficiency.
Solution:
F F kg L 1 min 1 m3 kg
mf = ma = ρa Qa = 0.01 1.225 m3 25000 x x = 0.0051
A A min 60 s 1000 L s
kg kJ kJ
Ec = mf HHV = 0.0051 s
45420 kg = 231.83 s
= 231.83 kW
W 190 kW
ηgen = Wk → 0.9 = Wb
→ Wb = 211.11 kW
b
Wb 211.11 kW
ηth = Ec
= 231.83 kW
= 0.9106 = 91.06%

Answer:
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