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L1.1 System Concepts

A system is a collection of interconnected elements that work together towards a common goal. It can be divided into inputs, processes, and outputs. A system's effectiveness is measured by how well its goals are achieved, while its efficiency is measured by the accuracy of the information it produces. There are many types of systems including deterministic, probabilistic, physical, closed, open, static, and dynamic systems. A dynamic system is one that is constantly changing over time based on past and present states, while a static system does not change.

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60 views9 pages

L1.1 System Concepts

A system is a collection of interconnected elements that work together towards a common goal. It can be divided into inputs, processes, and outputs. A system's effectiveness is measured by how well its goals are achieved, while its efficiency is measured by the accuracy of the information it produces. There are many types of systems including deterministic, probabilistic, physical, closed, open, static, and dynamic systems. A dynamic system is one that is constantly changing over time based on past and present states, while a static system does not change.

Uploaded by

Yash Trivedi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is a System?

A system is a collection of objects such as people , resources and


concepts or procedures intended to perform an identifiable function
or to serve a goal.
Example: 1. An university is a system of students, faculty, staff,
administrators, buildings, equipments and rules with
goal of educating students.

2. A computer system is a system of input devices( mouse,


keyboard, etc), output devices (monitor, printer,etc) with
goal of automating the human work along with storing
huge amount of data.
Structure of a System
•A system is divided into three distinct parts, such as –
INPUT,
PROCESS ,
OUTPUT

INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS

• INPUT- Inputs are elements that enter the system. Example- Raw
materials entering in chemical plant.

•PROCESS – Procedure necessary to transform the inputs into outputs.


Example- Chemical reaction in a chemical plant.

•OUTPUT- Outputs are finished products that come out of the system.
Example- Different types of Chemicals.
Some terms regarding Systems:-
System Effectiveness- Degree to which goals are achieved. So
concerned with the output of the system.

System Efficiency- Degree of accuracy of information generated.

Feedback - It is a standard, or indicator, of current


performance rates, when compared to a set of
standards.
Negative feedback is designated to correct or guide
activities that are not consistent with achieving the
intended goal of the system.
 System Boundary:-

The boundary of a system defines its scope of activities.


The boundary delineates the area of responsibility.

For example, activities in a class includes lectures, discussions, class


test, exam, study, etc.
Types of System
1. Deterministic System-

If one knows the state of a system at a given point, then it is called a


deterministic system. This type of system works in a predictable
manner.
Example:- Invoicing system of a production plant.
2. Probabilistic System-

Systems whose results cannot be determined accurately and are


governed by probabilistic measures.
Example: Economic forecasting.
3. Physical System-

These are concrete operational systems made of people, materials,


machines, energy and other physical thing. This system can display
activity or behavior.
Example: Management Information System, Computer System.
4. Closed Systems (Non-adaptive systems):-

A closed system is the one which does not interact with the environment
or surroundings. A closed system is totally independent of the
environment.
Example: Transaction processing system

5. Open Systems(Adaptive Systems):-

An open system is a system which interacts with its environment and


surroundings.
All systems which contains living organism are open systems because
they are effected by atmosphere and sense by the organism.
Example- Human Being
6. Static System:-

A static system is a system, in which no change occurs in its


execution.
Example: Solar System

7. Dynamic System:-

A dynamic system is a system that is constantly changing. The output of


this type of system depends on future and past values of the system.
Example: Human Body, A moving car, etc
 Explanation of Static and Dynamic Systems:-
 A dynamic system can become static-

If a car is assumed to be a dynamic system, then it requires fuel to flow


continuously.
Else, if fuel finishes, then the car comes to a stop and become static.

 A leaky bucket or a bucket with a hole is a system which appears


to be a static system, but actually it is a dynamic one-

In a leaky bucket, water enters in the system and leaves the bucket from
that hole. If the inflow and outflow remains same, then the system can
be determined as a static one.

But, the molecules of water flow through the system and experience a
change in its position, so the system is a dynamic system.

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