General Biology 1

Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Respiration Prepare: Glycolysis,
Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport
System and Chemiosmosis
General Biology 1 – Senior High School
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Respiration Prepare: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron
Transport System and Chemiosmosis
First Edition, 2020

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 General Biology 1
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Respiration Prepare: Glycolysis,
Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport
System and Chemiosmosis
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn
Have you wondered how our body makes use of the food we eat as the
main source of our energy? Are you also wondering how these foods are
transformed to become energy?

Appreciate that our body is a wonderful system that can perform a

series of complicated and systematic processes that convert raw materials
such as carbohydrates and starch into a usable energy in the form of heat
and ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). The energy is harvested from carbon
compounds (food molecules) as they pass through a series of enzyme
catalyzed reactions. These enzymatic reactions of cellular respiration begin in
the cytoplasm, but most of the reactions occur in the mitochondria.

The concept seems very difficult to understand and to learn however,

we need to focus an extra attention of comprehending it in order for us to
appreciate the wonders of our living system so that we can take care of it and
maintain its healthy shape.

This module will help you in understanding cell respiration and its
important role in sustaining energy needed for life. Furthermore, this module
will aid you to distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron
transport system, and chemiosmosis and describe the role of oxygen in
respiration and describe pathways of electron flow in the absence of oxygen.
Enjoy the learning and appreciate life to its fullest.

Let Us Try
Before you take on your exciting journey of exploring cellular
respiration and the processes involving it, let us try to gauge first your prior
knowledge it. I hope that you feel excited. If you are ready, then you can start
taking the test. Be honest all the time.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct
answer. Use a separate sheet (yellow pad) paper for your answer.

1. In a eukaryotic cell, the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the

a) plasma membrane.
b) inner mitochondrial membrane.
c) cytosol.
d) mitochondrial matrix.
e) intermembrane space.

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2. For each molecule of glucose converted to pyruvate in the glycolytic
pathway __ molecules of ATP are used initially (Stage 1) and __
molecules of ATP are produced (Stage 2) for an overall yield of __
molecules of ATP/glucose. The "ATP math" is:

a) -2 + 4 = 2
b) -1 + 4 = 3
c) -2 + 5 = 3
d) -1 + 2 = 1
e) 2 + 2 = 4

3. Which of the following statements is true regarding glycolysis?

a. Glycolysis can occur without the presence of oxygen.

b. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria of a cell.
c. Glycolysis is the final step in aerobic respiration.
d. Glycolysis produces a net of 1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
e. None is true

4. Which 3-carbon molecule is one of the final products of glycolysis?

a. ADP
b. pyruvate
c. 2-Phosphoglycerate
d. Glucose
e. ATP

5. Energy released by oxidation of glucose is stored as:

a. a concentration gradient across a membrane.

b. ATP.
c. NADH.
d. ADP.
e. both b and c are correct

6. In a eukaryotic cell, most of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are
located in the:

a. mitochondrial matrix.
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.
c. intermembrane space.
d. outer mitochondrial membrane.
e. cytosol.

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7. Which statement is false regarding the citric acid cycle?

a. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes

b. Another name for it is the Krebs cycle
c. 6 GTP molecules would be produced starting with 3 glucose
molecules
d. Oxygen is directly required for the citric acid cycle to occur
e. All of these

8. Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, enters the citric acid cycle after
it has been converted to:

a. acetaldehyde.
b. lactic acid.
c. acetic acid.
d. acetyl-CoA.
e. None of the above

9. Which of the following statements best describes chemiosmosis?

a. The process of water moving from a high to low concentration

b. The process of a substance moving based on its concentration
gradient and electrical gradient
c. The process of a substance diffusing from high to low concentration
d. The process of using energy to move a substance against its
concentration gradient
e. It is the process of transforming glucose to pyruvate.

10. What is the source of energy that directly drives ATP production
in chemiosmosis?

a. oxidation of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide molecules

b. protons flowing down their concentration gradient
c. the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain
d. reduction of NADH to NAD
e. none of the choices

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 Let Us Study
You are about to take on your journey in understanding the concepts
and principles of the cellular respiration specifically the processes of
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport and chemiosmosis. Activities and
concept diagrams are presented to help you in your journey.

UNLOCKING OF TERMS:

Acetyl-CoA is a molecule that conveys the carbon atoms from glycolysis

(pyruvate) to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production.

ADP or Adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

both play important roles in providing cellular energy. When the cell needs to
perform work, it removes a phosphate from ATP, releasing energy. This leaves
ADP and a free phosphate left over.

ATP or Adenosine triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside

triphosphate used in cells as coenzyme. It is often called the “molecular unit
of currency” of intracellular energy transfer.

Catabolism is a destructive metabolism, usually including the release

of energy and breakdown of materials.

CoA or coenzyme A is a coenzyme formed from pantothenic acid and

adenosine triphosphate. It is necessary for fatty acid synthesis and
metabolism.

FAD or Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is synthesized from

riboflavin and two molecules of ATP.

FADH2 or Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a redox cofactor that is

created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration,
the electron transport chain.

Glucose comes from the Greek word for "sweet." It is a type of sugar
you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy. As it travels
through your bloodstream to your cells, it is called blood glucose or blood
sugar. Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells
for energy and storage.

H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the

periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in
eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the
inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space.

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 NAD or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide it plays a key role in
energy metabolism by accepting and donating electrons.

NADH is a crucial coenzyme in making ATP. The molecule acts as a

shuttle for electrons during cellular respiration. At various chemical
reactions, the NAD+ picks up an electron from glucose, at which point it
becomes NADH.

NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting

electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate.

Pyruvate is the molecule that feeds the Krebs cycle, our second step in
cellular respiration.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

The starting material is glucose wherein it passes through a series of

catabolic reactions. The glucose is split in a process called glycolysis. This
process happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. The resulting end-products are
moved into the mitochondria and go through a preparatory step to the Krebs
cycle, and finally into the electron transport system. The useful energy in a
glucose is stored in the covalent bonds, which are formed when atoms share
electrons. Thus, energy is in the electrons. These high energy electrons are
removed from the glucose molecule, added to carrier molecules and are
transported to the electron transport system. Their energy is used to form the
high-energy bonds of ATP and the spent electrons are added to oxygen to
make water.

Using Glucose to Make ATP

Cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose,

release the stored energy, and use the energy to make ATP. For each glucose
molecule that undergoes this process, up to 38 molecules of ATP are
produced. Each ATP molecules forms when a phosphate is added to ADP, or
adenosine diphosphate. This requires energy, which is stored in the ATP
molecule. When cells need energy, a phosphate can be removed from ATP.
This releases the energy and forms ADP again.

What Happens During Cellular Respiration?

Cellular respiration involves many biochemical reactions. However, the

overall process can be summed up in a single chemical equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (stored in ATP)

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 Cellular respiration uses oxygen in addition to glucose. It releases
carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Cellular respiration actually
"burns" glucose for energy. However, it doesn't produce light or intense heat
like burning a candle or log. Instead, it releases the energy slowly, in many
small steps. The energy is used to form dozens of molecules of ATP.

Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?

Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all organisms. It occurs

in autotrophs such as plants as well as heterotrophs such as animals.
Cellular respiration begins in the cytoplasm of cells. It is completed in
mitochondria. The mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed organelle in the
cytoplasm. It's sometimes called the "powerhouse" of the cell because of its
role in cellular respiration.

The figure shows the parts of the mitochondrion involved in cellular

respiration.

Source: https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-life-science-for-middle-school/section/4.3/

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration occurs in three stages. The flow chart shows the
order in which the stages occur and how much ATP forms in each stage. The
names of the stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
Each stage is described below.

1. Glycolysis → 2 ATP
2. Krebs Cycle → 2 ATP
3. Electron Transport → up to
34 ATP

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ELECTRON CARRIERS

These electrons are like motorcycle that lets passengers (electrons) ride
on and off-bind and release electrons. NAD+ and FAD are empty carriers
(motorcycle) that are missing two (2) high-energy electrons while NADH and
FADH2 are full carriers (motorcycle) that are carry two (2) high-energy
electrons. Full carriers transfer the high-energy electrons to the ETS (Electron
Transport System). Carriers that give up electrons in the ETS are then
recycled back to earlier steps where they can be reused.

GLYCOLYSIS

A glucose molecule (6 carbons) is split into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3

carbons each) and ATP (2 molecules) and NADH (2 molecules). Two (2)
molecules of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy form are needed to
start the glycolysis process. Four (4) molecules of ATP are produced thereby
giving a total gain of two (2) ATP molecules. Two (2) NAD + (empty motorcycles)
enter glycolysis while two (2) molecules of NADH (full motorcycles carrying 2-
high energy electrons) leave glycolysis for ETS (Electron Transport System).

KREBS CYCLE or CITRIC ACID CYCLE

The Krebs cycle is also called the Citric acid or Tricarboxylic acid cycle.
This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell. The citric acid
cycle is a series of reactions that produces two (2) carbon dioxide molecules,
one (1) ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2.

During the preparatory stage, a three (3)-carbon pyruvate enters and a

carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed leaving a two (2)-carbon acetyl group. Two
(2)-carbon acetyl group binds to Coenzyme A producing acetyl CoA that goes
to the Krebs cycle.

Acetyl CoA enters in the cycle and drops off the (two) 2-carbon acetyl
group which is added to a (four) 4-carbon group. The CoA returns to the
preparatory step to get another two (2)-carbon acetyl group. Acetyl-CoA
combines with oxaloacetate to make six (6)-carbon compound called citrate.
This citrate undergoes a number of reactions releasing Carbon dioxide and
ATP. Citrate is eventually converted back to oxoacetate so it can be used again
during the Krebs cycle.

During this series of reactions, high-energy electrons are removed and

transferred to empty carriers (NAD+ and FAD). The empty carriers become full
electron carriers, NADH and FADH 2 that enter the Electron Transport System
(ETS). During these reactions, the two carbons from the acetyl group are
eventually removed as carbon dioxide. One (1) ATP is made for each acetyl-
CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle.

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ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ETS)

Electrons from glycolysis, the preparatory step and the Krebs cycle are
carried in NADH and FADH2 to the Electron Transport System.
The electron transports system is a series of electron carriers on the
cristae of inner membrane of mitochondria. The NADH and FADH 2 bind to
proteins in the ETS and the electrons that they are carrying are transferred
to the ETS. The protons are released as H+.

CHEMIOSMOSIS (ATP SYNTHESIS)

Proton pumps (using the energy from the electrons) move the H+ from
the matrix to intermembrane space, creating a high concentration of H + in the
intermembrane space. Electrons lose their energy as they move down the ETS
(driving the H+ pumps). At the end of the ETS, two (2) low-energy electrons
along with two (2) H+ bind to oxygen (1/2 of an O2 molecule), the final electron
acceptor, forming H2O.

There is a higher concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space of

mitochondria than in the matrix. H+ flows down its concentration gradient
toward the matrix providing energy. H+ moves through the ATP synthase
enzyme. As the H+ moves down its gradient from the intermembrane space to
the matrix, ATP synthase (in cristae) adds phosphate to ADP producing ATP
(ADP + P → ATP).

ROLE OF OXYGEN IN RESPIRATION

Oxygen is essential to have efficient cellular respiration. Most

organisms need oxygen for a single purpose and that is to release energy from
food for use by cells. The kind of respiration that utilizes oxygen is called
aerobic. In this type of respiration, the final electron acceptor at the end of
the ETS is an oxygen molecule. This oxygen is reduced to water molecule by
combining with electrons and hydrogen ions.

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle cannot occur if there is no NAD+
present to pick up electrons as the reactions proceed. When oxygen is present,
this is not a problem – all of the NADH and FADH2 that were produced during
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are converted back into NAD+ and FAD after
the electron transport chain. When no oxygen is present, the electron
transport chain cannot run because there is no oxygen to act as the final
electron acceptor. This means that the ETC will not be accepting electrons
from NADH as its source of power, so NAD+ will not be regenerated. Both
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle require NAD + to accept electrons during
their chemical reactions. In order for the cell to continue to generate any ATP,
NADH must be converted back to NAD+ for use as an electron carrier.
Anaerobic processes use different mechanisms, but all function to convert
NAD+ back into NADH.

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How is this done?

✓ Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from

NADH are collectively referred to as fermentation.
✓ In contrast, some living systems use an inorganic molecule (such
as nitrate or sulfur) to regenerate NAD+.

Both of these methods are called anaerobic cellular respiration. They

do not require oxygen to achieve NAD+ regeneration and enable organisms to
convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen.

During anaerobic respiration, only glycolysis occurs. The 2 molecules

of NADH that are generated during glycolysis are then converted back into
NAD+ during anaerobic respiration so that glycolysis can continue. Since
glycolysis only produces 2 ATP, anaerobic respiration is much less efficient
than aerobic respiration (2 ATP molecules compared to 36-ish ATP molecules).
However, 2 ATP molecules is much better for a cell than 0 ATP molecules. In
anaerobic situations, the cell needs to continue performing glycolysis to
generate 2 ATP per glucose because if a cell is not generating any ATP, it will
die.

Note that the only part of aerobic respiration that physically uses
oxygen is the electron transport chain. However, the citric acid cycle cannot
occur in the absence of oxygen because there is no way to regenerate the
NAD+ used during this process.

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 Let Us Practice
Let us see how much you have learned as of this moment. Please be
ready for a challenge. This activity will aim to help you strengthen your
understanding about the concepts you have just learned. Use a separate sheet
(yellow pad) paper for your answer.

Instruction: Create a flow chart or schematic diagram that will

illustrate your understanding about the steps and process involved in the
major stages of cellular respiration. Use arrows, creative diagrams and labels
for your presentation. Read and analyze the concepts inside each box.

A. Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. It takes place in

the cytoplasm of the cell. The word glycolysis means "glucose splitting".
That's exactly what happens in this stage. Enzymes split a molecule of
glucose into two smaller molecules called pyruvate. This results in a net
gain of two molecules of ATP. Other energy-storing molecules are also
produced. (Their energy will be used in stage 3 to make more ATP.)
Glycolysis does not require oxygen. Anything that doesn't need oxygen
is described as anaerobic.

B. Krebs Cycle

The pyruvate molecules from glycolysis next enter the matrix of a

mitochondrion. That's where the second stage of cellular respiration
takes place. This stage is called the Krebs cycle. During this stage, two
more molecules of ATP are produced. Other energy-storing molecules
are also produced (to be used to make more ATP in stage 3). The Krebs
cycle requires oxygen. Anything that needs oxygen is described as
aerobic. The oxygen combines with the carbon from the pyruvate
molecules. This forms carbon dioxide, a waste product.

C. Electron Transport

The third and final stage of cellular respiration is called electron

transport. Remember the other energy-storing molecules from glycolysis
and the Krebs cycle? Their energy is used in this stage to make many
more molecules of ATP. In fact, during this stage, as many as 34
molecules of ATP are produced. Electron transport requires oxygen, so
this stage is also aerobic. The oxygen combines with hydrogen from the
energy-storing molecules. This forms water, another waste product.

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 Let Us Practice More
This time, you will be given a more challenging task. It is exciting to find
out how you truly appreciated the concepts. Keep in mind that these lessons
are important to master because understanding this will help you appreciate
the real world. Use a separate sheet (yellow pad) paper for your answer.

IDENTIFICATION:

For one glucose molecule that has been moved through glycolysis, the
preparatory step and the Krebs Cycle, answer the following questions:

1. How many ATP molecules have been generated so far? ___________

2. How many NADH have been formed? ____________
3. How many FADH2 have been formed? ___________
4. How many CO2 molecules have been produced? ___________
5. Has any oxygen (O2) been used? _________

Let Us Remember
This part is the summary of all the concepts you have learned in the
lessons presented.

Explain each process of the different cycles and how they are
interconnected.
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport System
4. Chemiosmosis

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 Let Us Assess
You finally made it this far. Congratulations! Let us try to gauge
everything that you have learned. Please take this assessment seriously and
honestly.

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer. Use a separate
sheet (yellow pad) paper for your answer.

1. Which of the following biochemical pathways does NOT require oxygen?

a. Glycolysis
b. Matrix reactions
c. Electron Transport System
d. Fermentation
e. Glycolysis and fermentation
2. Which of the following biochemical pathways take place in the cytoplasm?
a. Glycolysis
b. Matrix reactions
c. Electron Transport System
d. Fermentation
e. Glycolysis and fermentation
3. How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis alone per glucose?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 32
e. 36
4. How many net NADH are produced by glycolysis alone per glucose?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 32
e. 36
5. Which of the following is a reduced electron carrier that carries electrons
to the ETS?
a. NADH
b. FAD
c. NAD+
d. ADP
e. ATP

THE KREBS CYCLE: Fill in the blanks using the correct concept in the
citric acid cycle.
(6) _________ enters the cycle and then combines with (7) ____________
to make a 6-carbon compound called (8) _____________. This 6-carbon
compound undergoes a number of reactions releasing (9) _____________ and
(10) _______________.

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 Let Us Enhance
Your final challenge is up. This will measure how much you understand
the lessons presented. Be honest in completing the task.

Create a Diagram for each cycle and briefly explain the importance of
each cycle:

1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport System
4. Chemiosmosi

Let Us Reflect

ESSAY: Give the importance of the different cycle in Human Activity.

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 Answer Key

Let us Try! Let us Practice! Let us Remember! Let us Assess!

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE A. Glycolysis I. Multiple Choice

1. c (Answers will vary) 1. e
2. a 2. e
3. a B. Krebs Cycle 3. a
4. b (Answers will vary) 4. a
5. e 5. a
6. a C. Electron Transport II. Fill in the Blanks
7. d (Answers will vary) 6. Acetyl-CoA
8. d 7. Oxaloacetate
9. b 8. Citrate
10. b 9. CO2
10. ATP

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 References
Campbell Biology: 9th Edition by Reece, J.B., Urry, A., Cain, M. L., Wssernan,
S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2011). Pearson Education Inc.
Cellular Respiration. https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-life-science-for-
middle-school/section/4.3/
Faltado III, R. E., Paz de Leon, R. B., & Lopez, Ed.D. (2017). General Biology
1 for Senior High School. ISBN 978-621-8035-15-7. Lorimar Publishing,
Inc.

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