la re 100 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package PPI MADE Ensy Now consider equilibrium of left portion of truss. sa Fp 0080 -3.75 = 0 3.75 cos8 = ag oN (Tension) i, 0 2 Fee + 10+ Hy + Foe sin® = 0 Fog +10-5+6 25x =0 Fee =—10kN (Compression) y= 3.75KN 3.6 Methods of Analysis of Indeterminate Truss Ifthe degree of static indeterminacy is greater than zero then truss is called indeterminate or redundant The indeterminate truss can be analyse by following methods: (@) Force methods — examples are unit load method, strain energy method and Maxwell's method. (b) Displacement method/Stitiness method/Equilibrium method, (©) Graphical method. In trusses, generally D, is much lower than D,, Hence force methods are preferred. 3.6.1 Unit Load Method Consider a truss shown below. Dz= m+r,-2 =6+3-2x4 =64+3-8=41 Dey = 1-3 Dy=3-3=0 and D, = m-(2j-3) | =6-(2x4-3)=1 Thus the above truss is indeterminate to 1% degree and indeterminacy is internal i.e. internal force is redundant force. Let S,, S>, Sy given external loading (W). , are the final forces in the members due to Since the truss is indeterminate to 1* degree. Hence remove one of the member say AB in order to make the remaining truss determinate, The above determinate truss may be analysed by using method of joint or method of sections. Let due to the given loading, force in truss are P,, Po, PyP, (Say P-system of forces). wo,yen loading, consider there is X force in AB. Since or 9 if hence apply force equal to member force X at A et 8B ap Qynn'Oy (ay @-syster of forces) developed in ato ‘x{orce in member AB. ore nitload is applied at Aand Buch that forces in members Nowa (Say K-system of forces). Ky ke ae petal forces in members will be S,=P,+Q, where, X= force in redundant member. spe tue value of Xwill be such that the total strain energy stored inte stem is minimum. The strain energy stored in all members is SL (P+XKPL Ue yee Bi ae x oa Fig.3.9 forminimum strain energy, au ax QU _ vy 2P+XK)KL oUE ea 0 Procedure Step-t: Ste Med : Check the degree of static indeterminacy and assure that D,= 1 and then identify the redundant. st ae ‘4 fF : USS is redundant to first degree then remove the redundant judiciously so that rest of the truss. —" = Find P-system of forces P,, Pay Py.....Pp due to given loading, *sciccton of aove all external loads and apply unit load at between the jints where member is removed in mber removed. Due to unit load at joints find K-system of forces Ky, Ky) KysnnKy. Step.g: Calculate value of redundant force X = Sees eo TD102 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package PIY4I) MADE ERsy Step-5: Find final forces in all members (s-system of forces) Membe =P +h, jombor [P[k L| PRL ve [Se S, = Py + XK, S,= P, + XK, Note: Calculation of this method should be done in tabular palate manner. Case-t: Internally Indeterminate Trusses Find the axial force in the member BC of the frame shown in figure. The figure brackets indicate the cross-sectional area in cm?. The members are all of the same material, [UPPSC: 2007(1!)] D, = 8+3-2x5 11-10 = Let member 8Cis redundant. After removal of member BC rest of the truss is determinate. A 8 (Gq Theory with Solved4 Postal Study Package PIPE] gos ERS —— Analysis | 103 Pen 00s 0=0.6 fata sin 0=0.8 ee er equilibrium of joint E. Joint E Pegsind = W 8 aF,=° 08 Peg = W Pea = 1.25 W(Tension) a Peo + Peg Cos® = 0 ye Pept 1.25 Wx06 = 0 w Fem = -0.75 W(Compression) Joint Consider equilirium of joint ni 1F,=0 £08 0 = 0.6 Pex 1.25 Woose = 9 sind= 0.8 Pax 125x06W as Pan= 0.75W (Tension) 1.25w P. 30+ 1.25 Wsing = g"a \ | 104 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package EXPAI) MADE Ensy | Joint E: Consider equilibrium of joint E i At joint E there is no load Keg = ko Kae Joint B: Consider equilibrium of joint B, IF, kaa + 1.0080 = 0 -cos® ; 1) = -0.6KN (Compression) yi kop + 1 sind = 0 kao = -0.8kN (Compression) Joint D: Consider equilibrium of joint D, BK : F, = 0; Kon | Kogin® = 08 } 08 kp, = 08 } oq = 1KN (Tension) s kyo + Kpqcos8 = 0 Koc kop = —Kog X06 i = -0.6kN (Compression) Ken rey | sin 9=08 Joint C: Consider equilibrium of joint C, } ZF) = 0; 1 koa + 1 sind = 0 Koa = -O.8KN (Compression) He O8KN Member | Area P k L(em) LPxee RL AE AE AB a o7sw ~06 180 | 675 Wa stla AC a ° 08 200 o 128/a AD a 1.25 W 1 250 | 3125Wa 250/a 8D @ Ww 08 200 | 160 Wa 128/a BE a 1.25 W o 250 0 ° oc 2a 15W 06 150 | 675 Wa 2a DE 2a ~075W o 150 o o BC a o 1 250 0 250/a i zr 472.5W 837 a @Postal Study Package PIs] Structural Analysis | 105 _472.5W = —S aE . ocsinredundantmember BO ORs a a 0h i Cee AE aE oo Find the forces in the member of truss shown in figure. All the members \d area cross-section. we material an‘ ‘iad Solution: ad Thus the given truss is internally indeterminate to 1% degree. Letus consider the member ABis redundant. Hy=0: Now remove AB and remaining truss is determinate. P-system of Forces: Joint A: 3 ns and sine, BS: 4 C088, == and sin@, = 5 =O; Pp0080, + P4000, ° (i) Pac Sin@, + Pap sind, = 50 2 B Pap = -50 (ii) SOkN 4 Bact Solvi 9.0) and (i), we get Pig = +25V13 KN=90.13kN (Tension) 125kN (Compression) Theory with106 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package PXPaI Joint B: Similarly, Pap = Pap = +25VT3 KN = 90.13KN (Tension) Pag = Pyc=-125KN (Compression) Pop Joint D: ZF, =0; Pop 90.13 sin®, ~90.13 sind, = 0 2 Pop = 2x90.19x = * Vi3 = +100KN (Tension) 44. 44 Bae K-system of Forces: Now remove external loading and apply unit load at A and Bin the direction of member removed. ¢ 4 1k 1 3 Joint A: Kee Ko 3 “ 4 cos, = = and sin@, == 5 es 5 A fo KN 1+ Ky 0080, + Kye c0s®, = 0 3 3 14 Kup t 2Kac = 0 ll +g Kao eRe EF, =0; Kyo Sin®, + Kypsin®, = 0 2 4 Kit 2Kyc = 0 Ai) Fig hot ghee (ii) Solving (i) and (i), we get 28 kN (Compression) 5) Ge +5 N (Tension) [€J Theory with Solvedog ERS Structural Analysis | 107 int B a 2 Keo = Kap =-=Vi3 kN (Compression) 3 K, 5 = Kao =4ZKN (Tension) i 2x2vis 2 3 aa 2 2 3V8 Be kN (Compression) Member | P K L PKL | KL |S=P+XxK ac | -125 | +3 | 5 |-to4167/ 1389 | 4731 ca | 125] +3 | 5 |-to6167| 1389 | 47.31 ap |+25V/73|=243 | ag | -781.20| 2083 | -21.90 | a} rq | 208 BD +25V13 3 13 | -781.20 | 20.83 21.90 | cD 100 £ 533.33 | 14.22 24.30 | | aB 0 Tales ° 6 46.61 I wa= [pcre “arreor | bg The value of redundant force X = —2PKL EKL (4179.07) _ =+46.61kN (Tension) 89.66 The final f nal forces (s-system of forces) are tabulated above. et, Externally Indeterminate Trusses ges Find the forces in the members of the truss shown in figure. The truss is “econ and simply supported at C and E, It carries 2 kN, 4 KN and 2 KN at nodes G, H and 1 ': The diagonals make 45° with the horizontal and vertical members. ae i i MeN spubliationsog _ ‘MADE EASY Theory with Solved Examples KE)} i 108 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package Piya) 2KN 0 4KN | 2KN Solution: The degree of indeterminacy of Here, m= 17, 1,=4, j= 10 > However, this truss is internally determinate. It is externally indeterminate because total number of the given truss may be given as Dg= m+ 1-2 Dy=17+4-2x 10 Deed external reactions are more than the available equilibrium equations. P-system of Forces: Removing the support at C, the truss will become statically determinate. > D,= 17+3-2x10 D;=0 2K 4KN KN Since the truss is loaded symmetrically, the reactions at the supports will be equal Assuming tension as positive a Considering joint A: =F, er es Considering joint F: 3F,=0 > 4-Fegsings fa v2 = Fg= 4V2 KN (Tension) Va = Ve=4kN ind compression as negative. 2, =0 = Fyt4=0 = Fae=~4KN (Compression) BA=0 = Fig + Fpg00s45°=0 1 > Firg=~ 4V2 x = Fg=—4kN (Compression) es ERsgy LIES : 2004) Fue kNnt sens structural Analysis | 109 : Fa consigeting joint eae sau 5F=0 y Foe 4v2 sinds® => Fag + 42 cosas] 2 F _akN (Tension) = Fag =-4kN (Compression) Fa 0=———— Foc ‘a Q & idering joint G: eta sF.=0 a 4-2- Fc sin4s® = 0 = Foy + Fag c0s45? +4 =0 Fe. =>) Fays 2 ee Bae - “aH B 2 Fec= 2v2 KN(Tension) => Fg=-6 kN (Compression) Considering joint H: 3F=0 F,=0 ann = Fyt6=0 = Fict4=0 = Fig=-6KN(Compression) => F,y-=-4kN (Compression) a Since, the truss is symmetrically loaded, the forces in the members KN Fa which are right of Hwill be same as their corresponding members which are left of H, Fig = Fep=0 Frc Fue = Fey KN (Compression) Fig = Fy =—4 kN (Compression) Fig = Fy = 42 KN (Tension) Fag = Fry = 4 KN (Compression) Fag = Fog = 4 kN (Tension) Fray = Fy =-6 KN (Compression) Fag = Fig = 2V2 KN (Tension) Fiig=—4 KN (Compression) K-system of forces: Now removing all the external loads on the truss and applying a unit force in the upward direction at C. FE a 4 1 4 Kee Considering Joint 4: _ ro BF, =0 A Kyg=0 => Ky-05=0 te => Kye=0.5kN (Tension) Considering Joint F: * en : 05K Been" o =F, =0 ra SINS° 40.5 0 = Kya + Krg 008 45° = 0 fg fies ie = Kya 082 x 75 Keo = Kgg=0.5KN (Tension) O5kN _ MADE ERSU Theory with Solved Examples Ka110 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package Plyal MADE ERsy Considering joint B: Koo 2F,=0 =o O.5VaKN = Kyg-0.5V2 cos45°=0 => Kgo +0.5y/2 sin4s°=0 => Kgg=O.5kN(Tension) = Kgo=-0.5KN (Compression) Fy 0-=-— Kos Considering joint G: =F,=0 =F,=0 S Ea = Keo sinds® +05 =0 => Koy + Kecoos45*-0.5 = 0 O51N eke 1 Kec = Kgo=-0.5V2 kN (Comp) = y= 08-(-05V8x aati => Key=1KN (Tension) Considering joint H: =F.=0 2F,=0 1kN Ka = Kyg-1=0 = Ky=0 = Kjg=1kN (Tension) Similarly, forces in other members will be given as Bre Key = Kyg = 0 KN Key = Kye= 0.5 KN (Tension) K4 = Kg = 0.5 kN (Tension) K jp = Keg = -0.5V2 kN (Compression) Koy = Kg = 0.5 kN (Tension) Koo = Kgc = -0.5 (Compression) Ky = Koy = 1KN (Tension) Kio = —Kge = - 0.5V2kN (Compression) Ky= 0 Taking length of vertical and horizontal members as ‘a’ and ‘a’ respectively, Members| P. K L | PKL | KL | P+Kx AB 0 0 a 0 0 0 AF | -4/ 05 | a | -2a | 0258 | -0.71 FG 4 05 a ~2a | 0.25a | -0.71 FB | 4V2 | -0.5y2 | V2a|-4V2a}05V2a| 1 BG /-4| 05 | a | -2a | 0268 | -o71 BC | 4 | -05 | a | -2a | o25a | o71 GH) -6] 1 |®@ | ca | Same ioled GC | 2V2 | -0.5V2 | /2a | -2V/2a | 0.5v2a | -1.82 ED (0) | Cole eaten 0 0 El {4 | 05 | a | -2a | 0268 | -o71 Je} 4] 05 | a | -2a | 0.268 | -0.71 JD | 4V2 | -0.5V2 | V2a|-4/2a}o5V2a} 1 DO | 4] 05 | a | -2a | 0268 | -o.71 Oc | 4] 05 | a | -2a | o25a | o71 HI 6 1 a 6a a 0.58 IC | 22 | -0.5V2 | Va | -2Va | 0.5y2a | -1.82 Ho |-41 0 Jal o 0Postal Study Package PUya] Structural Analysis | 117 ZPKL LeL w ~(28a+12V2a) 4a+ 22a 6 action at Cmay be given as re _ X= 2 okt AE spe wuss members have same axial stiess, then 4 x = 2A _2PKL 1 EK7L 2; AE ~(28a+ 12V2a) xe Barie2 = X= 4a+2V2a 4422 = 6.58 KN > The forces in each member can now be given as S = P+ KX(shown in table) Find the forces in all members of the truss if support B moves horizontally to tperight by 5 mm. Take A = 2500 mm? and E = 200 GPa. Ds, = 15-3 ae D, = m-(2j-3) 9-(2x6-3) AOKN =0 the given truss is externally indeterminate to Cegree, Let Hg is redundant reaction. Remove fedundant rea: Geterminate. Reactions, TF =0, ction, now remaining truss is112 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package PX4) MADE Ensy y+ Ry=0 % R,yx8+10x3=0 Ry = -3.75 kN (L) Pro 3.75 kN (7) | BF, ! =Mg P-system of Forces: Joint A: 10. a Pg ZF, =0; Pag = 10KN (Tension) | IF, =0; Psy = 3.75KN (Tension) \ 3.75 | Joint D: PoeC080 + Py cos® = 0 Poet Poo = 0 AU) Poe EF, =0; 3.75 + Poo 8in® = Poesind ea Ea 3Poo _ 3Phe D. § | 3. 78+— me = > sing = 3 3 Poo- BP oe-+ 18.75 = 0 ii) 3.75 KN Solving, (i) and (ii) we get Poo. Poe = 3.125KN (Tension) Poo = -8.125 (Compression) Joint E: EF, =0; Pr-C088 = 3.125 cosd Pz = 3.125KN (Tension) Pe Pec + 3.125 sin® + Pe-sin@ = 0 P. -(s125$-9.125%3) = -3.75kN (Compression) Poe Joint B: ZF, = 0; Pop + 3.75 =0 f Pop = -3.75kN (Compression) = : EF, = 0; Pao = 0 Joint C: 3.75KN ZF, = 0; 10 = 3.125 cose + Pop cosd 3.425KN 3.75 kN 1o= 81255 + Foe x Por 50 = 125+4P, Fos = 9.375KN (Tension) 10kNoe EY Structural Analysis | 113 ne oa tom of Forces: " ester © ermal loading and apply unit load inthe direction of redundant reaction. emov® Joint F Since no load at joint F. Hence, Joint D: ‘Since no load at D. Hence, Joint 4: IF =0; IF, =0; y Joint: u Kae Member P K L PKL KL |S=P+XK AD 3.75 | o 3 0o 0 375 | oc |-s125] 0 | s | 0 |) tone /eeamae | oz | ass} o| 5s | o | 0 | ans | Ec -3.75 oO 6 0 0 3.75 } =F ||"sfont| ore pushin o | 12s | ac 10 1 4 40 4 297.5 FB 3.75 0 3 O oO 3.75 Ce | o || oO || os ce | o | + | 4 | o | 4 | -7s F [ra raolaci=e S..... : ~_ 3 —SRCS8sypublications.org MADE ERSY Theory with114 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package PXPAI MADE ERsy se eee) se Moores a 2 aaa load toward right. reaction towards left, 40x10? _)_,{__8x10® Poe 2500 200% 10° J“ (2500x200 x 10' 8-16 X= 500 X = ~807.5 KN Hg = -307.5kN The final force in members (S-system of forces) are tabulated above. 3.3.1.1 Effect Due to Lack of FIT If members are fabricated in the factory but due to some error one of the members say ACis fabricated A to short or A too long. If this member is fitted forcefully, {twilinduce forces inall members. I ACis too short, tenitwillbe pulled by aforce % and fitted, Therefore a tensile force actin the direction of AC. Due to this X, force, forces inall members may be calculated, ‘Similarly if AC is too | long, then it will be compressed and at A and Ca compressive force X, will act in the direction of AC. Let axial forces in various members due to force X,in AC are Q,, Qy Hence, the total strain energy Uwill be 4 ye G4... Blue - DAE, 2AE For true value of X,, au nee 4 6 axon If a redundant frame subjected to external loading and some members are Fig, 3.10 too long or too short the final forces in members will be = S+ hy where, S-system of force (i. final forces in members due to loading) = K-system to force (i.e. force induces in members due to unit loads) % = Force due to lack of fit If a square ABCD shown below having constant axial rigidity is to a assembled in the field. if one of the member (Say AQ) is A too shor, then find forces developed in truss members due to forceful fiting of member AC. Solution: Dy=m+r,-2) 643-24 1 Thus the given frame is indeterminate Hence due to lack of fit forces will induced in all members of frame, ! (aq Theory with Solvedsystem of forces: Joint A Qyg + Xc0s45° = 0 Que = -% (Compressive) af <0: Qyo + Xpsin4s? = 0 (Compressive) Joint O: HF, =0, Qgysinas? = 2 Qe v2 n= (Tensile) yc + Ago 60s45' One + *2 % (Compressive) ve doint TF, =0, X 4 (Compressive) energy stored in members due to X, is given by t OL U= Doze Xa(v2+4 _ Teale sae eM a2+9 Structural Analysis | 115 ho io “8: A ae oO 00 re % ao a %& Beh" %' Qe, MADE ERSH [Theory with Solved116 | Civil Engineering Member| @ | =a ge | x, ___AEA Xa ay ie | eacgtrayoarge |e AEA ac | % | a2] teageey | Xoav2 x, AEA Xa =a = | 8 AO | ae] <) |iazebacm les Xo eee xXga oC era : aeae+) | Jo AEA Xga 8D % av2 DaWe+t ae a Aga Xa ° |e | * | Beaceen | Se rails Breas) For true value of X, au m4 2% -avB+9) _ ore AEA %0* dana The final forces induced in member are tabulated above, In the truss shown in figure the member EC was the last to fitted in the truss, While fitting it was noticed that the member was 5 mm longer than the length required. Find the force developed in all the members. AEis constant. e f am 4 L oO c 2 + 36st Solution: Dz = m+r,-2 Here, m= 10, r,=3,/=6 Dy= 10+3-2x6 =1 Theory with Solved Exampl pes, ens Structural Analysis | 117 ove truss is indeterminate to 1% degree mber EC fitted forcefully then forces members. As the member EC is too ver will be subjected to compression il acts at joints Eand Cas shown in when the met vainduced i” eng the mer (say % which wil fu). a-system of Forces: Joint A: nce no external load at joint A Joint B: since no external force at B. Qe Joint C: ce Op = X00845" Pa X Qo = 3B (Tension) ng 48" Xo Qe c % (Qc_ = Ky sindS° = “75 (Tension) Joint D: . B= 0; Apcosagr+ 2 =0 v2 a Ge % oo v2 V2 a Qoe = =X, (Compression) D z Qpe+ Opesinas® = 0 ana F ee (=#)- 2g (Tension) es Qe Qgp— X, c0s45° = 0 % Xo oa Ne (Tension) % a G 2 = 00434 +92x5 +98 3x4 +28 98 4x3 X} + 6V2X5 = 6X3 + V2 X5 = 6(14 V2)XG _ MADE ERSY ~~ [Theorywith118 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package EIDE Member Q L at AD 0 3 f AE 0 2 a Xo 9x5 ED 3 3 Zi EC % 32 BN2x5 Xo 3Xg EF = 3: =f v2 2 DF % we 3V2x5 X 3x8 eo eI re 2 : 2 Xo 3x6 Xo 3 Xa Cy v2 2 FB o ae 9 ca ° 3 o zo'L= 6(1+ V2)x3 QL _ 6(1+V2)x? T = = wee fotal strainenergy, U= > ORE ie For true value of X,, BU _ 6x2(1+ V2)X_ %~ 2AE 6(1+V2) Xp AEA AE > ae (1+ V2) Hence force is the member of truss are tabulated below. Member | 40| ae] ED EC er oF Fc oc 9 o| o |+-AE4. | _AcA_ |, AEA |) AEA Unni er oe 62+) | 6(t+V2) (2+ V2) | 6tt+ V8) | “62+ | Ge 36.1.2 Effect of Temperature on Redundant Frames Consider a redundant frame shown in figure. o Cc 0 Gq treoy with Sol. enSY Structural Analysis | 119 nd —— sine temperature of member BD rise by T°C. Then the free expansion of BDis given by A= LT, le arson is not permissible. Hence a compressive force X* develops in member which press the patree Om noand 8 Let axial for given bY ces in various members due to force X’in BD are Q,, Qy, Qy....,, Hence the total strain weoi’s Fortrue value of qpTE temperature of member lowered by T°C, Di Find the forces developed 8 c 4 inalthe members of the truss shown. i itthe temperature of member ECrise by 20°C. Gross-sectional area of all the members is 2500 mm? snd young’s modulus is 200 kN/mm?, Take coefficient 1 dithermal expansion (a) = 12 x 10°*/°C, & F Thus the given truss is redundant. Hence on rising the temperature of member EC. The axial forces ‘develops in all the member of truss. Free expansion, A=LaT 2 x 12x 10° x20 1.018mm A 8 ¢ As free expansion is prevented, a compressive force es * develops in the member EC. It compress the joint E $ and Cas shown figure. Q-system of Forces: Joint 4: ‘ ‘ Sirceno external force at A Hence, doint D: Since no ox er Here memaltorce at D —120 | Civil Engineering 2Fy=0; Joint F: The total strain energy, For true value of X, Postal Study Package BID4) mApe Ensy Qoe-X sin4s? = 0 meat (Tension) V2 x Oe a x in4s° = -- Opesin zB Que = -X (Compression) er Ao, Qee+ Qgecos45? = 0 Oe 5 (Tension) Cn x x sinas’ = X (Tension) ane es a z Member | Q(kN) | L(m) @t__| Final force AB 0 3 0 0 AE oO 3y2 oO oO ac 5 3a 15x? 24.84 ce a 3 15x? 24.84 cD ° 3 ° ° ce 5 3 18x? 24.84 EC x 3y2 av2x? 35.13 oe 5 3 tebe 24.84 FD ° ° ° FB x Bex? 35.13 all= 61+ V2)x? = EQL _ 6(t1+V2)x? 2. 2AEPostal Study Package PTPa) Structural Analysis | 127 1.018 x2x 2500 x2x 108 12(14 V2) x10 KN = 35.13 kN spefnalfroes inmembers are tabulate above. ‘pismetnod is Suitable when number of unknown displacement at joint are least possible, oiplcement Relation for Truss Consider a member AB whichis incline at an angle @ with horizontal. serial and vertical component of displacement at joint A are Agy and La rizontal and vertical displacement at oint Bare Ageand gy. Consider ies deflection of joint A in the direction of ABis given by, Ag = dg, 0050 + Ay, sine A) ‘re deflection of oint Bin the direction of ABis given by Ag = Bg COS0 + Ag, sin® Hence, the net deflection of AB, dug = 44— 4g From equation (i) and (i), gg = (Aax~ Ay) £080 + (A4y—Agy) Sin sere Pas (W) know that, Ayg = “BS - ne AE wher, A = Area cross-section of AB E = Young's modulus From equation (it), Pay: (Agy- Agy) COSB + (Ayy—Agy) SiNO AE ‘Thus the force in member AB, = ae [Ax —Aay)0080 +(Aay ~Apy)sing] veto For a three bar truss shown in = ‘ompute the vertical displacement of node 1 by ent (stifness/equilibrium) method. [IES : 2006) Solution: The Xi compression (A) due to movement of node 2 Fp 6030 + Ay, sind 2" displacement of node 2 in x-direction '¢ axial elongation (4’) due to movement of node 1 F. 44,0080 + 44, sind gation of 12 (A,,— Ap,) Cos + (A, ica MADE EASY