Table of Contents SPECIFICATION... HARDWARE DESCRIPTION .. BLOCK DESCRIPTION... HARDWARE INSTALLATION. EXPERIMENTS.DTK 03¢ LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT INTRODUCTION ir ic ding basic facilties essential This Linear IC Trainer has been designed with the idea of providing il fog conducting simple experiments in the laboratory. Using these faclities one can get oneself familia with the various linear ICs. The system is suitable for conducting experiments on TTL as well as CMOg Ics. ‘TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Resistor Bank ranging from 10 ohm to 1M ohm ‘Capacitor Bank ranging from 1Opf ~ 3300 micro fared (On Board Bread Board ‘On Board two numbers of OPAMP 741 ‘On Board Timer Using 585 ‘On Board Voltage Comparator using IC710 ‘On Board PLL using IC565 ‘On Board Signal generator using IC566 ‘On Board Opto using MCT2E ‘ON Board Regulator using 7805, 7908, LM317, M337 ON Board Regulator using LM723 : Variable potentiometers of 1K, 100K provided on board (On Board Diode N4007 (4 Nos) & 1N1418 (2 Nos.) (On Board ZENER Diode (2 Nos.) (On Board Fixed DC Power Supply: #12V, +8V. On Board Variable DC Power Supply: 0-18V. On Board AC Power Supply: 16-0-18 (One five mm LED with outputs terminated on 2mm banana sockets All interconnections are made using 2mm socket AICS are mounted on IG Sockets, Bare board Tested Glass Epoxy SMOBC PCB is used. Attractive Enciosure. User's Manuel with sample experimentsDTK=09C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT ol BTKOSE, LINEAR IC TRAINER oa DTK- 036 LINEARIC TRAINER KIT HARDWARE DESCRIPTIO! of up to 200 KHz. The Frequency of Sine can vary from the ry by Amplitude adjust pot P2. ‘SINE GENERATOR: ‘This Trainer hes onboard Sine Generator Frequency adjust pot P3. The Amplitude of sine can var FIXED DC SUPPL) This Trainer provides on-board Fixed DC Power Supply of #5V, +12V, -12V, GND. These Power terminals are provided in 2mm Banana Socket. pe SUPPLY 80 4010 a VARIABLE DC SUPPLY: This Trainer provides on-board Variable DC Power Supply from OV to +15V. This Power terminal is provided in 2mm Banana Socket. For varying the voltage POT 1 is provided on-board.DTK-03¢ LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT eas REGULA’ NK: ‘This Trainer provides on-board Regulator Bank of LM317, 7905, 7805 and LM337 Regulator. These terminals are provided in 2mm Banana Socket. oe Q | 9° ao = [no 2)" 2 ‘This Trainer also provides on-board IC Based Regulator LM723, These terminals are provided in 2mm Banana Socket. 0 POTENTIOMETER BANK: This Trainer provides on-board Potentiometer of 1K and 100K. This Power terminal is provided in 2mm, Banana Socket. For varying the Resistor value POT P4 & PS are provided on-board. wwe we | we ww4 DTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT RESISTOR BANK: [Tis Trainer provides on-board Resistor Bank ranging from 1002 to 1M. These terminals ae provdey in 2mm Banana Socket for user application LTT AN CAPACITOR BANK: This Trainer provides on-board Cay Pacitor Bank ranging from 10pf to $300 uf. These terminals are Provided in 2mm Banana Socket for user appication OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: This Trainer provides on-board 2 nos. Operational amplifier using 1C741 to study the various Parameters of op-amp. The Pin terminations of this socket are provided in zmm Banana Socket ler user application. COMPARATOR: This Trainer provides on-board Comparator using IC LM710. The Pin terminatons are provided in 2mm Banana Socket for user application. Ee] W_couransronDTK~ OSC LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT PhS ‘This Trainer provides on-board Phase Locked Loop provided in 2m Banana Socket for user application, (PLL) using IC LMS85, The Pin terminations are i o 20000 Lt 20 TIMER: “This Trainer provides on-boerd Ter using IC 58, The Pin lerminations are provided In 2mm Benang ‘9 Socket for user application. Ot a 19 Qh e wit ‘SIGNAL GENERATO! “Tis Treiner provides on-board Signal Generator using IC 666, The Pin terminations are provided in ‘2mm Banana Socket for user applicati ES) ES)DTK-03C_ LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT This Trainer provi ; (CT2E. The Pin terminations are provic ner provides on-board Opto Isolator using IC MCT2E. in terminatic od In is Tai 2mm Banana Socket for user epplicetion. 12 8 | wee = p nto woLaron AC SUPPLY: his Trainer provides on-board AC Power Supply 18-0-18V. This Power terminal Is provided in 2mm Banana Socket. Oo we O« DIODE Bat This Trainer provides on-board Diode Bank. 4 nos. JIN4007 & 2 nos, of IN4143 Diodes is Provided. a This Power terminal is Provided in 2mm Banana Socket. ZENER DIODE BANK: This Trainer provides ‘on-board Zener Diode of 12V & 5.1V. These terminals are Provided in 2mm Banana Socket for user application av ZENER EE sOu=nO ZENER BANK we 7DTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT poe BI BOARD ‘This Trainer provides a bread board area with 620 TIE points and also provides 2 distribution strips with 200 Tie-points, ON BOARD LET (One five mm LED with outputs terminated on 2mm banana sockets is provided.DTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT HARDWARE INSTALLATION ‘The Linear IC Trainer Kit works on 230V, S0Hz power supply. By connecting 230V power point ig rears ot the power code of the Trainer, Please follow the below instruction while installing the Tra? 4. Connect the Trainer kt to 280V power point. 2 Switch ON the power supply provided in the rear end of the kit. 3. Now your kit is ready for conducting the experiments on different ICs. Note: Please take precaution to turn OFF the power supply while connecting the circuits,DTK~02C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT pueiiceisneeesAntnSeNNNEII EXPERIMENT - 1 ‘Alm; To Study Comparator & Detector Application of Op-Amp Using IC741 THEORY: ‘The Comparator & Detector application of op-amps are as follows, EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: Component Quantity 4, DTK.03¢ Trainer Kit 1 2, 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 8. Digital Multimeter 1 +12V t0 pin no.7 & -12V to pin no. 4 of Op-amp (IC 741) Is Intemally provided. 41. Op-amp as Integrator The Integrator is a circuit using OP-AMP that performs the mathematical operation of Integration, The integrator acts lke a storage element that "produces voltage output which is proportional to the integral of its input voltage with respect to time", In other words the magnitude of the output signal Is determined by the length of time a voltage is present at its input as the current through the feedback loop charges or discharges the capacitor as the required negative feedback occurs through the capaciter. For the below circuit LU) isthe Input signal ‘V() ie the output signal FURY So the output voltage: ve=fic — iat+veo ‘Where Veo represent the inital condition at ime +0 Hence wiive ue CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig tt 10.ae 130 LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT PROCEDURE 41. Moke the connection 8 shown in the above Fig-1.1 by selecting R1=10K0. from Resistor Bank and C1=10F from Capacitor bank. 2. ‘Switch ON the power supply. 3. Apply 1 KHz and SVolt p-p Sine wave signal from the function generator block Vi ‘4, Connect the frst channel of the CRO to input and Second Channel to Output And GND to GND 5. Observe the waveform at Input and Output as shown in the graph-3.4 below. GRAPH: Note: A~ Input Waveform B- Output Waveform 2. Op-amp as Difforentiator ‘This citeuit performs the mathematical operation of Differentiation that is it "produces a voltage ‘output which is directly proportional to the Input voltage'srate-f-change with respect to time", In other ‘words the faster or larger the change to the input voltage signal, the greater the input curent, the ‘greater willbe the outout veltage change in response, becoming more of a spike" in shape. Forthe below circuit U() isthe input signal ‘VQ is the output signal ieCx au(hiat So the output voltage: Wipe -RC xaU(yiat xR Henee, the output is proportional fo the time derivative ofthe input. Ifthe input isa sin(w) then output Vid is -Rewcos(wt) heDIK=03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ni AW 400K. ct bs +ype wo abF = Fig.t.2 PROCEDURE 41. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-1.2 by selecting R1=100Kaatrom R Bank and C1=10pF from Capacitor bank. 2. Connect +12V to pin no,7 & -12V to pin no, 4 of Op-amp (IC 744) of Linear IC Section fem Fixed DC Supply. 3. Switch ON the power supply. 4. Apply 4 KHz and 5 Volt p-p Square wave signal rom the function generator block to Vi. 5. Connect the frst channel of the CRO to input and Second Channel to.Output And GND to 6 GND (Observe the waveform at Input and Output as shown in the graph below. ty \e ee . jt 3 = — * Graph4.2 oeDTK~03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT 3. Qp-amp as Comparator, ‘A comparator is a circuit, which compares a signal with a known quantity called reference. In Op Amps open loop configuration can be used as a comparator. This comparator has two analog inputs and a single Output. Op-Amp when connected in i open loop offers very high gain. Thus, Op-Amp Output saturates to either +ve or -ve voltage depending on Input voltages on both inputs, Comparators are used in circuit such as Schmitt trigger discriminators, voltage level detectors & oscillator, CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: wa Fig.1.3 PROCEDURE 41. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-1.3 by selecting R RL=10KAfrom Resistor Bank 2. Connect Vref (0 to +15V) DC Variable Supply as shown above, 3. Switch ON the power supply. 4. Apply Vref of 1.5V from Variable DC Supply to R1. 5. Apply 1 KHz and SVolt p-p Sine wave signal from the Sine generator block to R2 6. Connect the first channel of the CRO to input and Second Channel to Output And GND to GND 7. Observe the waveform at Input and Output as shown in the graph below. GRAPH: KO. ,R2=10K08, Ven ov Mii Graph-1.3, 13.DTK-03¢ LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT 4, Op-amp as Schmitt Trigger: In electronics, Schmit trigger is @ circuit with positive feedback and aloop gain> 1. The circuit is named "trigger" because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change: in the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a certain chosen ‘threshold, the output is high; when the input is below a different (lower) chosen threshold, the ‘output is low, when the input is between the two, the output retains its value. This dual threshold action is called hysteresis and implies that the Schmitt tigger possesses memory and can act as 1 bistable circuit (latch). There is a close relation between the two kinds of cicuits: a Schmitt tigger ‘can be converted into latch and a latch can be converted into a Schmit trigger. The voltage across R2 is feedback to the positive input..The voltage across R2 is available {threshold voltage that depends on the value and polarity of output voltage Vout Vupt = (R2(R2+ R3) x (+Vsat)} When Vin Vut: Vipt = {R2(R2+ R3) x (-Vsat)} ‘Where Vupt =Upper Threshold Voltage Vipt = Lower Threshold Voltage CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig4 PROCEDURE 4. Moke the connection as shown in the above Fig-1.4 by selecting R1= R3=10KQ & RL=10KO. from Resistor Bank ‘Switch ON the power supply. ‘Apply 1 KHz and 5Volt p-p Sine wave signal from the Sine generator block to R1 Connect the fst channel of the CRO fo input and Second Channel fo Output And GND to GND Observe the waveform at Input and Output as shown inthe graph below. Caleulate U.T.P. & L.T.P. assuming +V sat & - V sat = 12V. Compare calculated values with observed values. KO ,R2=1KO, ote« DTK~03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT Graph-1.4 CONCLUSION: Hence we have Studied Comparator & Detector Application of Op-Amp Using IC741 -16-DTK-09C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT ae EXPERIMENT -2 AIM: To Study and test Op-Amp Using IC741 THEORY: 10741 can be used for making diferent amplifier Circuit. We wil study them one by one. EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component Quantity 4, DTK-03C Trainer Kit 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 3, Digital Multimeter 1 4#12V to pin no.7 & -12V to pin no. 4 of Op-amp (IC 744) is Internally provided. 4. lnverting DC amplifier circuit using IC741 In an inverting emplifier, the output voltage changes in an opposite cirestion to the input voltage. As with the non-inverting amplifier, we start wth the gain equation of the op-amp: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PROCEDURI 4. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-21 by selecting Rt Rf=1K0 from Resistor Bank 2. Connect 0 to +15V DC Variable Supply as shown above. 3. Connect Veltage DPM (+) to pin no. 6 (TB) of 741 and (-) to GND as shown in the above fig 4, Switch ON the power supply. 5. Adjust the Input Voltage 2s per the table below and observe the OUTPUT on Voltage DPM. &. You can change the Feedback Resistor Rf to 4.7K in piace of 1K and repeat the above procedure and note down the output voltage on Table-2.1 given below. KO, R2=1KO, & 18DIK~03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT OBSERVATION TABLE: Input Volts | Output Volts | Output Volts when - when Retk Re4TK 5 a a 420 85 = 35 40 Table 2.1 CALCULATION: Vout Gain = ——-—~ and vin Ry i Gain = - — R CONCLUSION: > Input voltage is inverted at the Output. > Gain of the amplifier depends on feedback resistance divided by Input resistance in series with signal > Inverting Amplifier changes sign of Input and its amplitude can be controlled by feedback resistance. > Circuit can be used 2s Mutiplier or Divisor by menipulating the Ratio RIRI, feedback resistance by Input resistance. oT.DTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT Non-inverting DC amplifier circuit using IG741 Ina noninverting ample, the output votage changes in the same ° input voltage. jon chan 1e same direction as the CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig-2.2 PROCEDURE: shown in the above Fig-22 by saleating RI=1KA, R2-1KO, & 4. Make the connection 2s Rf=1KQ2 from Resistor Bank 2. Gunnect 0 to +15V Variable DC Supply as shown above, 10 GND as shown in the shove F Gonnect Voltage DPM (+) to pin no. 6 (TS) of IC 741 and) fig. 4, Switch ON the power supply. table below and observe the OUTPUT on Voltage DPM 6. Adjust the Input Voltage as per thet 8. You can change the Feedback Resistor RF procedure and note down the output volage on ‘Table-2.2 given below. OBSERVATION TAB! input Volts ] Output Volts when RziK | Output Volts when Rr=4.7K wef 42.0 42.5 43.0 35 4.0 ee Table-2.2 to 4.7K in piace of 1K and repeat the aboveDTK~03¢ LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT a CALCULATION: = Vout Gain = and Vin R Verify, Gain = 4+ Ry CONCLUSION: > Waveforms observed and the table of observation shows that there is no phase difference between Input and Output. > Gain depends on the valu 1e of feedback resistance and resistance in the inverting Input terminal. sig’DTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT — 3. Differential Configuration Using a differential Op-amp as a sublractor may be constructed as described below. In this figure Input signal can be scaled to desired value by selecting appropriate values for external resistors. ‘The output voltage of diferential amplifier with a gain of 10 is: \Vo=-RI/R1 (Va-Vb) ‘Thus the output voltage is equal to the voltage applied to the non-inverting terminal ‘minus the voltage Vb applied fo the inverting terminal, hence the circuit is called a subtractor, CIRCUIT DIAGRAM et f e—w— Va 4Ka Fig.2.3 PRC RE: 1. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-2.3 by selecting RI=1KO, R2=1KQ, R3=1KQ, Ri=4.7KQ &RL=1KQ from Resistor Bank % Connect Voltage DPM (+) to pin no. 6 (TS) of IC 741 and (-) 10 GND as shown in the fg above. Switch ON the power supply. Apply a DC voltage Va=2.5V,Vb= -2V from the Variable Power Supply Block. 5. Measure the Output Voltage w. r. t GND on Voltage DPM, 6. Compare the measure output with the calculated output voltage as per the equation Vo=-RERA (Va-Vb)OTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT Voltage Falower Wren the output votage of an Op-Amp is equal to and in phase with the input, itis known as Voltage Follower. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig.2.4 PROCEDURE 1 a 8 oN Hake the connection as shown in the above Fig 2.4 by selecting RL= Bank ‘Switch ON the power supply, Connect T50 a Sine wave frequency of 1 KHz and 2V to the non-inverting terminal pin no -°-T4) of IC 741 from Sine Generator Block. Connect the first channel GND 1MQ from Resiste FOE the outbut and input waveform on bth the channels ot GRO & it shows Voltag Follower Circuit. CONCLUsio! Hence we have Studied and test Op-Amp Using IC741DTK-03C LINEARIC TRAINER KIT ee EXPERIMENT -3 AIM: To study the various parameters of op-amp. THEORY: The parameter of op-amp helps us to select a proper op-amp for desired application. There are many diferent parameters. We will study them one by one. EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component Quantity 4, DTK.03C Trainer Kit 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 3. Electronic Voltmeter 1 +412V to pin n0.7 & -12V to pin no. 4 of Op-amp (IC 744) is intemelly provided. 1. Differential Input Resistance: . Differential input resistance is the effective resistance between the two Inputs when operated open loop CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PROCEDURE: 4. Make the as shown in the above Fig-3.1 by selecting RG1=1MQ, RG2=1MO, Ri |00KQ & R3=1K0 from Resistor Bank. ‘Switch ON the power supply ‘Apply a 10Hz and 0.5 Volt peak value sinusoidal signal from the function generator block to the inverting terminal (pin no 2) of op-emp as shown in the figure above. Now Short with connectors RG1 and RG2 as switches S1 and S2 are closed. For this condition, measure output voltage €0 wrt ground using Electronic Voltmeter. Now open the Switch S1 and S2 to include the two resistances of MQ and measure the new value of output voltage eot w...t ground using Electronic Voltmeter 1000, Poe epDTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT o —_—_— From the circuit eo xR1 Ri+2Rg Where 'RI’ isthe differential input resistance and ‘eo’ Is the output voltage without the series resistances and ‘got’ is the output voltage with series resistances calculate 'Ri' as 2Rg x cot 0 - eof eot = Ri 2, Measurement of output Resistance ‘The practical op-amp has finite output impedance which is defined as the effective Output source resistance when operated open loop” GIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Rt we « Ms AN 22K0, Ke na a0Ke “S00 Fig 3.2 PROCEDURE: ‘1 Make the connection as shown in the above Fig 3.2 by selecting RI=2.2KQ, R2=22Ka R3=100K0 & R4=1A from Resistor Bank. 2. Switch ON the power supply. % Apply a 10Hz and 0.5 Volt peak value sinusoidal signal from the function generator block to {the inverting terminal (pin no 2) of op-amp as shown in the figure above. 4 Do not include RL. Now without RL measure ‘eo’ and ‘es! wrt ground us Voltmeter. Ao=101xed/es, ‘5. Now load the output with a 1000 load resistance as shown above fig. Measure the new value of ‘eo’ & ‘es’ w.rt ground using Electronic Voltmeter. Ao1=101xe0ies, CALCULAION: Calculate output resistance RO as: RO = RL (A0-A01)/aozDIK-03C LINEARIC TRAINER KIT 3. Frequency Response ‘The response of op-emp gain w.r.t frequency is known as the frequency response of an op-emp CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ss e AW —Wv- Ka ‘one as 2 oe vem aaa 3 . RL 2 av s “040 Fig 33 PROCEDUR! 10, R2=10KA 4. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig 3.3 by selecting R1= & RL=10K@ from Resistor Bank 2. Switch ON the power supply. Jc value sinusoidal signal from the function generator block to 3. Apply a 1 KHz and 1 Volt pest {pin no 2) of op-amp as shown in the Fig 3.3 jignal frequency in steps of 10 “and note the various reading in observation Table-3.3 ney on a semi log paper the inverting terminal 4. Now vary the input si voltage for each step 5. Plot a graph of gain (in d8) vis frequer OBSERVATION TABI Vin = 1 V Pot Frequency | Output Voltage | Gain Volvin | Gain in ‘aB=20log(VOrVin) | Vo Table-3.3 Fz up to 200KHz and note the output* “avy Ne EAUBARR IO TRAINER KTP a + ato Rate xan rl of change of oulpt vaga fora stp inputs romaly me a nls ma ‘al z670 ofossing polnt of the oulput waveform, lly measured RCT DIAGRAM: ‘1, Maks the connection as shown in the above Fig 3.4 by selecting R1I=10KO, R2=10KA. From Resistor Bank 2. Switch ON the power supply, 3. Select a sine wave frequency of 100 KHz and ampitude sufficiently high to drive the output beyond rated level, 4. Monitor the output Eomax and Eomin on scope, Fig below shows the two rated output euaremes. For postive ewing ofthe output caloulate CeoiGt in Vis. 5. Repeat the above slaps forthe negathe suing of euput to cablate slew rate & compere ths positive swing. Graph- Slewed OutputpTK-03C LINEARIC TRAINER KIT. 6. Input Offset Voltage Input offset voltage is the voltage required between two input terminals of Op-Amp to get zero OUTPUT voltage. That means input offset voltage is the between two input terminals of Op- ‘Amp when the output Terminal Voltage is ZERO vok CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig 3.5 PROCEDURE: 4. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig 3.5. by selecting R1=1000, R2=1000 from Resistor Bank 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Measure eo w.rt GND using the Electronic Voltmeter. CALCULATION: Calculate Input Offset Voltage Vos as: Vo= {(R1 X e0)(R1+R2)) Vo=0.1 X e0/100.1oy 10. THAINER KIT IK 010 LIN 6, Input Offwet Qurrent (los) ‘Input otfast currant dafined wx thw dlifarance balwaan the two Input blae qurrents wit, ‘output aL OV. Whi aula rem mismvatah of Translator, SIROUIT DIAGRAM: Mig 30 ‘eonnaalion a shown In th rom Resistor Dank Gullah ON the power supply, 9, Measure ao wt ND using the Electronic Volmater. CALCULATION: Celoulatea Input Offeet Current jos loaseo/t, hove Fig 3.8 by selecting RI=1MA, REIMA mrIC LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT Input bias current Is defined as the OC biasing current at either inputsof the op-amp to provide zero output voltage with no Input signal or offset voltage, The Input bias current is the avorage of two Input currents, 5 = CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURI 4. zt 3. 4 6. 6 a Wo=(Ib1+1b2)/2 for eo=0V Fig37 ‘Make the connection as shown in the above Fig 3.7 by selecting R1=1MA, RF=1MQ from Resistor Bank ‘Switch ON the power supply. With link $1 open and $2 open, measure eo w.r.t GND using the Electronic Voltmeter. Calculate Iby, 2s by=e0/Rt. With switch $1 closed and S2 open,measure eo w.r.t GND using the Electronic Vollmeter Caloulate Ibz, a8 Ibg=e0/R1. Calculate Input Bias Current as Ib=(Ib1+1b2)2 CALCULATION: Calculate Input Bias Current as Ib=(lbt+1b2)/2DTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT —— 8. Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR} tis the Ratio of the difference voltage gain to the common mode voltage gain. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig3.8 PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig 3.8 by selecting R1=1009, R2=100KO.R3=100N & RA=100K0,from Resistor Bank 2. Switch ON the power supply 3. Apply 2 10H frequency and 1V sinusoidal Signal from the function generator fo the input circuit 4. Measure e0 wt GND using the Electronic Voltmeter CALCULATION: Calculate CMRR as follows: CMRR=AdiAcm =(e0/eiy(eo/eem) ‘ecmiel But, eo=eiR14R2)/RI = 1001x ei eom=es for Re>>RUC MRR =es/ei =1001 xes/eo CONCLUSION: Hence we have studied the various parameters of op-ampprk-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT EXPERIMENT - 4 'AIM: To Study Advance Application of Op-Amp Using [C744 THEORY: Noise play an important role in the electronic syatem. at times, It overshadow the unwanted signal. It might hence mandatory to extract the unwanted signal from noise using some form frequency selective circuit or filter. IPI NEEDED: ‘Component. Quantity 4, DTK-03C Trainer Kit. 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 3 Digital Multimeter 1 4#12V to pin no.7 &-12V to pin no. 4 of Op-amp (IC 741) Is Intemally provided. 1, Active Low pass filter: Alow-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes low-frequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from fiter fo fiter, It Is sometimes called a high-cut fiter, or treble cut filler when used in audio applications, ‘AL low frequencies the capacitive reactance Is very high. It appeara as open circult. The circuit behaves like as an inverting amplifier with gain=-RI/R1.At high frequencies the capacitor acts as a short .At cutoff frequency the gain is down by 3dB.Active low pass allow low frequency to pass to the output while simultaneously attenuating the output signal, GIRCUIT DIAGRAM: a Pre f oar RY 71 A Rt ow IN —_—_— ‘ B wom scray — og Wo nw Fig.41 PROCEDURE 1. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-4.1 by Resistor Bank and C1=0.1yF from Capacitor Bank 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Apply 100 Hz and 1Volt p-p Sine wave signal from the Sine generator block to Vi 4. Connect the first channel of the CRO to Input and Second Channel to Output And GND to ND locting FA=1KA & Fst 0KA from <3DIK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT &. Onserve ne waveform at input and Output. t at 1V P fo P) 2s shown in the Vary the Input frequency (Input ampitude must be constant teevaton aie 7. Observe the Output empiude(P to P) on CRO. Record the observation inthe table 4.1 8. Verty the Cutt frequency is around: 2nRtct 'S Plot graph of frequency vs Voltage Gain using the observation of Table 4.1 OBSERVATION TABLE: [ tostFeaveney | oupatvar | ans] Paase AttVo@ GH) | (ton) | Outpatr input 100 ‘ son Lik : : [ee ee ooo Ht Testes 2 Active High pass filter: Abigh-pass fiter(HPF) is an electronic c fier that passes high frequency signals but Beal ann eaes the amplitude of signals wih frequencies lower ton te ‘cutoff frequency. The wation for each frequency varies from filer to fitee high-pass fiteris, fier Pepe sees 28a near time-lavaiant system. tis sometimes cat At high frequencies the capacitive a appears shorted and ‘Sain=-RAR1.Thus the circuit only high frequencies to appears ais ouput ie CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig-4.2prk-030 LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT _ pROCEOURE 1 Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-4.2 by selecting RI=1KO2 & Rf =1K0 from Resistor Bank and C1=0.01,F from Capacitor Bank. ‘Switch ON the power supply. ‘Apply 100 Hz and 1Volt p-p Sine wave signal from the sine generator block to Vi Connect the frst channel of the CRO to input and Second Channel to Output And GND to GND Observe the waveform at input and Output. ‘ ‘Vary the Input frequency (Input amplitude must be constant at 1V P to P) as shown in the observation table 4.2. ‘Observe the Output amplitude (P to P) on C.R.O. Record the observation in the table-4.2 8. Verily the Cutoff frequency is around: 1 anc {8 Plot graph of frequency vs Voltage Gain using the observation of Table 4.2 )BSERVATION TABI Input Frequency | Output Volt Gain= Phase At Vp-p (Hz) (top) | Output /Input | 100 500 1K 5K 10K Table 42 CONCLUSIOI Hence we have studied the working of Advance Application of Op-Amp Using IC7$1. omDTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT ————— EXPERIMENT - 5 AIM: To study Voltage Regulator Block. ‘THEORY: ‘A Voltage reulatoris a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of the changes in ‘Load currents.ttis quicker and easier to use IC voltage regulator, EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component Quantity 1. DTK-03C Trainer Kit 1 2 Digital Multimeter 1 1. Positive Voltage Requlator using IC 7805, The 7808 IC series consist of three terminal positive voltage regulators and can deliver utput current in excess of 1A. In addition the difference between Input and output voltage must be ‘ypically 2V even during the low point of input ripple voltage. Furthermore capacitor Ce is required ‘f regulator is located at an appreciable distance power supply iter. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IN Variable Supply Oto +15 OUT Fig-5.1 PROCEDURE: 4. Make the connection as shown inthe above Fig.6.1 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Apply a variable voltage range from 0 to +15V from variable DC power supply section in step of 1V. 4, Measure the output voltage for each applied input vltaye. 5. Observe the output voltage is approximately SV constant value for inputs greater than SV. 2. Negative Voltage Regulator IC 7905 ‘The 7905 IC series consist of three terminal negative voltage regulators and can deliver ‘output current in excess of 1A. In addition the difference between input and output voltage must be typically 2V even during the low point of input ripple voltage. Furthermore capacitor Ce is required if regulator is located at an appreciable distance power supply filter.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig-52 PROCEDURE: 4. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-5.2 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Measure the output voltage (Vo) for applied input voltage. . Goserve the output voltage i epproximiately -5V constant value for inputs 12V. 3. Adjustable Voltage Regulator IC LM317 is from 1.2V upto SV is known as ‘A single device which satisfies many voltage requiremen adjustabis votage regulator. In addon they have the folowing performances ene reliability adv- antages over the fixed types. ‘They are available in positive adjustable voltage regulator & negative adjustable voltage regulator. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM nev ‘ Fixed Supply 10pF Fig-5.3 \CEDURI Make the connection as shown in the 4. Apply a 42V Fixed voltage range 5 it sr supply. coma ce above Fig 5.3. from Fixed DC supply section to the input (IN) of LM317,DTK 09C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT a Adivstable Voltage Regulator IC LM337 rani isatee Se ans np eta mat tres RTS mie emi mpeg ‘esisiors to set the output voltage and one output capacitor for frequency compensation, SIRCUTT DIAGRAM PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connection as shown in 2 Apply a12V Fixed. the above Fig 5.4 voltage range from Fixed DC supply section to the (IN) of L337, 3. Switen ON the power supply Pe ‘put (IN) of Luss CONCLUSION: ence we have tuded the working of Votage Requatorsaw, gsc LINEARIC TRAINER KIT EXPERIMENT study IC 723 voltage Regulator ys Te “The LM72S/.M723C Is a voltage regulator designed primarily for, sarian reaiatnt applications. By ttself, it will supply output cutrants Up io “0 mA, bt ‘tara Wansene an separ provide ay dear tod cient, The col features extemal ow any uta “aie, sctepovisin ts made for efter Unger or foldback ourrent tating, the LM/Z0 70405 0 1 angjal in & wide range of olher applications such ae a shunt regulator, & ‘current raguiator OF & temperature controler EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component ‘Quantity 4, DTK-O3C Trainer Kit 1 2 Digital Multimeter 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Vina) re | * 0 aL Lh Regulated output mar | 723, 400pt 00 A itt [ 3 Rag 407 1100p Fig-6.1 ;OCEDURE: 4. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig 6.1 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Measure the Regulated output voltage on Digital Multimeter for applied input voltage. Sonctusion: Hence we have studied the working of IC 723 voltage RegulatorDTK 08 LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT EXPERIMENT -7 AIM: To study IC LM710 voltage Comparator THEORY: To study the operation of a comparator with fixed reference voltage and observe the diff. renee of pulse width on the amplitude of analog voltage using LM710 *12V't0 pin 0.11 and -SV to pin no, 6 of IC LMT10 Is Internally provided. RCUIT DIAGRAM Fig-7.4 PROCEDURE: 1, Make the connection on Bread board as shown in the above Fig 7.1 2. Switch ON the power supply. 5. Adjust the input voltage Vin from 0 to 18V in steps of 1V withthe help of POT PS and note down the corresponding values of Vo in Analog OC voltmeter 4. Tabulate these Values. 5. Note that output goes High whenever the input crosses Vig CONCLUSIO! Hence we have studied the working of IC LM710 voltage Comparator sarLINEAR IC TRAINER KIT prk- 036 EXPERIMENT ~ 8. as To study the operation of Signal Generator using IC-586 sHEORY: The 1e NEVSE 566 Signal generator is a voltage controlled oscillator of exceptional linearity with buffered square wave and triangle wave outputs, The frequency of oscillation is determined by ‘an external resistor and capacitor and the voltage applied to the control terminal. The oscillator can mmed over a fen to one frequency range by proper selection of an external resistance ‘and modulated over a ten to one range by the control voltage, with exceptional linearity. Equipments Needed: component Quantity 4, DTK-03C Trainer Kit. j 2, 20MHz Dual Trace CRO : 412V to pin no.8 and GND to pin no. 1 of IC 566 is Internally provided. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Tylangular ‘Wave. Modulating scuwe Input saure 40K Fig-8.1 PROCEDURE: 8.4 41. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig. 2 SURHON the power OPP E: 5) from Sine generator block (TSO). pin no. 5 (125) 3 Gyemeduition mpl mi 2 ry anpirware stn, 4(T2T) or CO, ONCLUSION: IC-566. Hence we have studied the working of Signal Generator using090 LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT XPERI (o-Coupler MOTAE AIM; To Study and test Opt a 1 an LED & a photo Iransilor @ncapaulaed fy g ‘Opto Coupler I 1 cove cone ang on emilied by LED & collsotor curren, ant package, Photo transistor 82 ah cacamanaly when applied wih proper coleclrVOURD?) | a, wager ideas ay vice ylation beiwer nia devieo ofere an election! clei BOM Te oti & conical lamas (i tia device foto ata! al | benwerr or maine aupply awiiching creuty \™y ° e ° e EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: Component Quantity 4. DTK-030 Trainer Kit. 1 2, 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM BV a ot e—}}— npur Fig-9.4 A J. Make the connect fom Resistor Begle 2° S0Wn In the above Fig-8.4 by selecting RI=1KQ, R2=10K2 2. Connect +12V to pin no.6 (31 3. Suteh ON hepoubr oe aN ) of Opto Isolator IC MCT2E from Fixed Supply. 4, Give OV (GND) Input at Pin No.1 (I 5 Hence we have stucod the working of Opto CouplerDTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT EXPERIMENT 8 AIM: To Study and test Opto-Coupler MOT2E EORY: Opto Coupler is'@ device consisting of an LED & a photo transistor encapsulated in a signal Backage, Photo transister sense the light fling on ft emited by LED & eollector current wil flow Sccordingly (when applied with proper collector voltage) is device | sis device offers an electrical isolation between LEG & Transistor. Hence this device 3 useful whore elcticalelaon i requied Dowcen saved guenly &cantol aga. Normally this device (opto coupler) is used for power suitching or mains supply switching crcuits e EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: Component 1, DTK-03¢ Trainer Kit. 1 2, 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig-9.1 OCI 3 44. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig-.1 by selecting R1=1KQ, R2=10K0 from Resistor Bank Connect +12V fo pin no. (T31) of Opto lsolator IC MCTZE trom Fixed Supply. ‘Switch ON the power supply Give OV (GND) Input at Pin No-t (Le. T28) of IC NCT2E from Fixed Supply and observe the ‘output at pin no 4 (2. 732) on Voltage DPM, 5: Wve BV. Input at Pin No.1 (Le. T28) of IC MCT2E from Fixed. Supply and ettput at pin ro (10. 182) on Votage DPM Ply and observe the Note: For Isolation Input & Output Ground should be Separate, CONCLUSIO Hence we have studied the working of Opto Coupler Pep +3.prk-03¢ LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT ———————— EXPERIMENT — 10 ‘AIM; To study the operation Voltage Controlled Oscillator using PLL. THEORY: A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that tries to generate an output signal whose phase is related to the phase of the input "reference" signal. It is an electronic circuit consisting of a variable frequency oscillator and a phase detector that compares the phase of the signal derived from the oscillator to an input signal. The signal from the phase detector is used ‘to control the oscillator in a feedback loop. The circuit compares the phase of the input signal with the phase of a signal derived from its output oscilator and adjusts the frecuency of its oscillator to keep the phases matched. EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component ‘Quantity 4. DTK-03C Trainer Kit. 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMDTK~03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT PROCEDURI Note: Supply (#/-8V) for tho circuit is internally provided. Make the connection as shown in the acre Figo by selecting R6=2.7KN, R7=1k0 from Resistor Bank and C4=10,F ,C' an ; . Connect ve of channel 1 of CRO to VCO Output terminal 714 & -ve to GND. Switch ON the power Measure the frequency of the Output at pin 4 of IC 565, 714. | _ Measure and record the Output frequency when potentiometer is at minimum ang et maximum. Calculate the following - open 42 A(R14R2) X C1 Where, Ri = R6 = 2.7K, R2 = P5 & C1 = C5 = 1Kpf Voltage present on pin no.7 controls the VCO frequency. Voltage at pin no. 7 changes as input frequency changes, in turn VCO Output frequency changes, CONCLUSION: > Center frequency of VCO is decided by R1, R2 and C1 and calculated frequency is near to measured one. oa.DTK-03C LINEARIC TRAINER KIT eee EXPERIMENT - 11 AIM: To Study and Observe Charging and Discharging Of Capacitors through Resistance EQUIPMENTS NEEDEI ‘Compo! Quantity 1, DTK-03C Trainer Kit. 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig-111 PROCEDURE: Capacitors charging: 4. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig.14.4 Connect OV TO +18V DC Variable Supply to Resistor R1 as shown above. Connect Analog DC Voltmeter to 0- 24V DC Variable Supply shown in the above fig, ‘Switch ON the power supply. ‘Adjust CRO setting to 0.5.secidiv (time base) and 8V/div (attenuator). Observe capacitors voltage on CRO Screen, eae A spot on CRO screen slowly rises upward and shows charging of capacitor (voltage rises across capacitor). A capacitor will take some time to charge to the full value of applied voltage. Capacitors Discharging: 7. Remove the connection between OV TO +15V and Resistor Rt. 8. Short Resistor R1 and GND With the help of connecting wire. 9. Afully charged capacitor can be discharged by removing and shorling R1 and GND. 10, Observe CRO screen, A slow fall in voltage across capacitor can be observed on CRO. After some period CRO beam shows no further discharging of capacitor, 42DTK~03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT COREE NEAR IC TRAINER Time constant: The time taken be the capacitor to charge to 63% of applied voltage or time taken to discharge to 37% of a fully charge value. This time can be observe on CRO or can be calculate as. T (time constant) = RX C ‘Components used for this circuit R1 = 1KQ and C2 = tpf Therefore, Time Constant T = 1K2.X 14f= imsec. ‘Thus, time constant of msec. means capacitors of 1pf takes tmsec. time to charge 63% of applied voltage through 1K® resistance or time to discharge the capacitors from fully charge value to 37% value, CONCLUSION: > Capacitor charging/discharging can observe on CRO and time constant can be calculated, oa.DTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT EXPERIMENT-12 AIM: To Study and Test Half Wave Rectifier Circult THEORY: in half wave rectfcation,elther the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked, Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output Its very inefficient. Rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a 1- supply, or with three diodes In @ 3-9 supply. v pee “The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be calculated with the folowing two ideal equations. UIPMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component. Quantity 4, DTK-036 Trainer Kit 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig-12.4 PROCEDUR! Make the connection as shown in the above Fig.12.4 Connect Transformer Secondary i.e. AC Supply provided on Main Board (18¥) to Anode of Diode Dtand Transformer Secondary (OV GND to one end of Resistor. Connect ather end of Resistor to Cathode of Dicde Dt. Connect Cht of CRO to the Anode of Diode and Ch2 to Cathode of the Diode D1. Connect CRO GND to GND. Cht will display Input AC signal & Ch2 will display Output of the rectifier. Also measure the secondary AC voltage used for rectifier crcult with Multimeter & DC Output ofthe Rectifier. 5. Drew the Input & Output waveforms ofthe rectifier cicults as observe on C.R.0 & Compare ‘Anominal external load may be connected to get proper waveforms on C.R.O. CONCLUSION: > Transformer steps down high voltage as primary to a lower voltage at secondary. > Diode conducts and gives Output only in the +e half cycle of the Input AG voltage, > No Output is observed in the -ve haf cycle of Input AC. > Hence Output consists only +ve half cycle, which is called a DC voltage (half wave) ae opeDTK-03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT EXPERIMENT-13 AIM: To Study and Test Full Wave Reciifier Circuit THEORY: Eullawave rectification: For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes. to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full:wave rectifier. Twice as many windings are required ‘on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage compared to the bridge rectifier aye aee Full-wave rectifier using a transformer and 2 diodes: For three-phase AC, six diodes ere used. Typically there are three pairs of dlodes, each pair, though, 's not the same kind of double diode that would be used for a full wave single-phase rectfier. Instead the pairs are in series (anode to cathode). Typically, commercially available double diodes have four terminals so the user can configure them es single-phase split supply use, for half a bridge, or for three-phase use. OF ‘Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier, Dis-assembled automobile alternator shows the six diodes that comprise a full-wave three-phase bridge rectifier. EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component Quantity 4. DTK-03¢ Trainer Kit. 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO i CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig-13.4,pTK=030 LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT 4, Make the connection as shown In the above Fig.t3.1 2, Connect Transformer Secondary ie. AC Supply provided o” Main Board (18V) to Anode of Dove D1, Transformer Secondary (OV}! GND to one end ‘of Resistor & Transformer \jode D2. +3, Conneat Cathode of Diode D1 to Cathode of Diode D2. 3 Connect other end of Resistor to Cathode of Doce D! ©. Gonnect Chi of CRO to the Anode of Diode Pt 4 ch2 to Cathade of the Diode ot. Connect CRO GND to OV 6, Gh wll splay Input AC signal & Ch wil splay Output of the rectifier. 7, Also measure the secondary AC voltage Sor rectifier cuit with Multimeter & DC ‘Output of the Rectifier. 8, Draw the Input & Output waveforms ofthe recifercreits 2s observe on RO. 8, Compare Input & Output waveforms. 40, a nominal load may be connected 19.9 Proper waveforms on C.R.O. CONCLUSIO! >> Transformer steps down high voliags $8 primary to 2 lower votage at secondary. F plode D1 & D2 conduct eteratly oa fo aterate forward bias hous ‘Transformer centre ‘Tapped secondary. > ere Output const of +e hal cece only & present for oth *V8 1 -ve half cycle of Input IAG, Le. full Wave Rectification on aDTK~ 03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT EXPERIMENT-14 AIM; To study and test bridge recifer clrcult THEORY: A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or Regative) at Its output. Full-wave rectficetion converts both polarities of the input waveform to Oc (Glrect current), and is more efficlent, However, in a circult with @ non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required Instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. Four rectifiers erranged this ‘way are called a diode bridge or bridge recti By@ 42) aoe, Bridge rectifier: a fullwave rectifier using 4 diodes, Most devices that generate altemating current (such devices are called alternators) generate three- Phase AC. For example, an automobile alternator has six diodes inside It to function as a full-wave rectifier for battery charging applicetions. S-phase AG input: <4DIK=03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT Leer EERE eee ana The hve el oder bare cup wong of Kel el weve rect canbe Van Veo a) Vema = Ve(l = =) Where: Vo.Vew the average of DC output voltage, Vp: the peak valve of half wave, ‘Vow = the root-mean-square value of output voltage. ne 3.14159 e=~ 2.71828 Peak oss ‘An aspect of most rectifcation is a loss from peak input voltage tothe peak output voltage, caused By the bull-in voltage drop across the diodes (eround 0.7 V for ordinary slicon p-njunction codes and 03 V for Schottiy diodes). Halt-wave rectfication and fullwave rectification using two separate secondaries wil have 8 peak voltage loss of one diode drop. Bridge recifcation wil have a loss of two diode drops. This may represent significant power loss in very low voltage supplies. In addition. the diodes will not conduct below this voltage, so the circuit is only passing current through for @ portion of each hal-cycl, causing short segments of zero votage to appear betwson each "hun |PMENTS NEEDED: ‘Component. Gunny 4. DTK.A3G Trainer Kit 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 1 AGRAM: 8.Pe ONE e Hemme er Pee He mt a etme ne at Hg HL 2 ene Hoe oF ea OF fe Came af Owe OF ene Tater Reneety 6 AC SAE CrUMRE on MI ROR (HE Annee De ee Le Beet B8 Cote ¥ Ome On ee eaten Seer Gewes AC Semwy oreveRt on Whe Rea cry own @ tien 00 enna Rewete of Dine BP te Aro of Ciocte OO Smee Cate oF Chet OF te Came of Ornate om Omen Ante of Die OF BGR. Sern PE Dw re ent of Ree of FORD art other ert he sane, SPF FORO te te Treatermer eeconetary (EV), CRE of CRO omc Sore, 1 fee ORO GND te BV te mente meet AC comes Sas Oe Orme ew votage Seow tet em tema om CRO and Cutout volinge on vommeter Recon ne ae iron Pon rent & Outed meatier of Pe reeter Sroue ae oteerved on CR 4 ce INTE Res 8 Ont wavetaee Sn mqut! wotege Gre eros Gode, YOU May SBRETVO MENEFON AO Sachng oo © Cones 1005 Rew esean Geum wage supa en nomena eed NB 5 EROS eee Gown hgh voRage 8 prey to 8ower voRNGE af anconsen, + oom 07 6 Oe commasDTK- 03C LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT Maka he connection a ahoun te above ota Connect Anode of Diode D4 to Cathode of Diode D2. Connect Transformer Secondary le. AC Supply provided on Men Board (18V) lo Aro gy Diode D1, Connect Anode of Diode 3 to Cathode of Diode Da. Connect Transformer Secondary (Lower) Le, AC Supply provided on Malt Hoerd (16) ,, ‘Anode of Diode D3, Connect Anode of Diode D2 to Anede of Diode DA, ‘Connect Cathode of Diode Dt to Cathode of Dlode D3, Now Connect Anode of Diode D2 to OV/GND, Connect Cathode of Dt to one end of Reslater of 1000 and other end of the resister jy GND, 40. Connect Cht of CRO tothe Transformer secondary (18V), Ch2 of CRO to cathode ot bie Dt and GRO GND to OV to monitor Input AC voltage. 41. Observe and draw input vokege, 12. Observe Output wave forms on CRO and Output veltage on volt 413, Draw the input & Output waveferme ofthe rectifier crcuts, ‘compere Input & Output waveforms, ‘14, Due to unequal voltage drop across dlede, you may ebserve waveform not reashlng up iy ‘OV. Gonnect 1000 Resistor across dode bridge outputes nominal load. CONCLUSION: PEN oP eps 9 Record tha obseived on .R.0 & > Transformer stepe down high veltage ax primary to a lower voltage at secondly, > Diode Dt & Dé conduct in the 4ve hal of the AC cycle, at eame tine D2 & D3 are revere biases & remain off In the next hal cycle Diode D1 & D4 becomes reverse biasce but D28 DQ are forward biases and glves Output. > Hence Output consists of +ve half eycle only & present for both ve & -ve half ele of put ‘AC, i.e. full Wave Rectification,DTK~03C LINEARIC TRAINER KIT eee EXPERIMENT-15 AIM: To study Muttivibrator using IC 555 THEORY: The 555 timer ICis anintegrated circuit (chip) used in @ variety oftimer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flp- flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. ‘The 555 is stil in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price, and good stability. It is now ‘made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types, ‘The 555 timer is an extremely versatile integrated circuit which can be used to build lots of different circuits. You can use the 555 effectively without understanding the function of each pin in detail Frequently, the 555 is used in astable mode to generate a continuous series of pulses, but you can also use the 555 to make a one-shot or mono-stable circuit. The 855 can source or sink 200 mA of output current, and is capable of driving wide range of output devices EQUIPMENTS NEEDED: Component Quantity 4, DTK-03C Trainer Kit 1 2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO 4 +12V to pin no.8 of Timer (IC 555) is internally provided, 4. Monostable Multivibrator (one shot) ‘Amonostable multivibrator (MMV) often called a one-shot multvbrator, is @ pulse generator circu ‘which the duration of the pulse is determined by the R-C network, connected externally to the S55 timer. In such a vibrator, one state of output is stable while the other is quasi-stabie (unstable). For auto-triggering of output from quasi-stable state to stable state energy is stored by an externally ‘connected capacitor C to a reference level. The time taken in storage determines the pulse width. ‘The transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state is accomplished by extemal triggering. When the External trager pulse is applied, the output is forced to go high which is determined by the external RC Network connected to the timer. At the end of timing interval the output automatically revert back to its logic level state. ow CIRCUIT DIAG! reser sare 4l For scm ao] OH Govtaoe 555 6 2} -ermscen Fig-15.4DTK- OSC LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT. eS ‘S Bistable Mulivibrator Bistable Multhibrator hes two stable states, in either one of wich it may remain permanently. The ‘Grout of Bi-stable Multvibrator is shown in figure below. A negative going pulse applied to the triager ‘rout terminal (Pin 2) sets the fip flop and the output goes high. A positive going pulse applied fo ‘tireshold termine! will reset the flip flop end drive the output low. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. PROCEDURE: 4, Make the connection as shown in the above Fig 45.3 by selecting Ra=1KO, RB=10K0, from Resistor Bank, and C1 =0.01HF from Capacitor Bank. 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the output at pin no 3 (22) using CRO or Analog DC Voltmeter 4. Apply 2 negative going pulse at SET input (118) and observe the output (You will see that the output goes high). 5. Now apply a positive going pulse at RESET input (118) and observe the output (You wil see that the output goes high). CONCLUSION: ae Hence we have studied the working of Mulivibrator using IC 555 82DIK 03 LINEAR IC TRAINER KIT from Re =10K0. from Resistor 1. Make the connection as shown in the above Fig a4 by selecting Ras Bank, and C1 =0,01)/F8 C2=0.01 pF from Capacitor Bank. 2. Switch ON the power supply. ween 3. Apply a pate ecg ee of amplitude larger than 1/3 Veo and frequency pin no. 2 (8. T19). nec 4, Monto the wevefern on ©.RO at piano. 8 (T22) and aso at threshold pin 6 (748). 5. Verify the monostable operation. 2. Astable Multivibrator (free running) ; ‘An astable multvbrator, often called a free-running mutivbrator, is 2 rectangular-wave generating irouit. This circuit does not require any extemal trigger to change the state of the output, hence the ‘name free-running. Before going to make the circult, make sure your 555 IC is working. an astable ‘multivibrator can be produced by adding resistors and a capacitor to the basic timer IC. The timing ‘during which the output is either high or low is determined by the externally connected two resistors and a capacitor CIRCUIT DIAGRAM are © OUTPUT [rureswouo} 6 | nea? 1 ‘TRIGGER 2 Lowe owe Ret = Fig-15.2 PROCEDURE: 4. Make the connection as shown inthe above Fig 48: from Resistor Bank, and C1 =0.01uF& C2=0.04 iF feng Cena fee 2. Monitor the waveform on C.R.O at T22 am 3. Very the monostabe operation and measur the equeney CALCULATION: }OKO, Rb=4.7KQ, 1Table of Contents