Wind Energy

What Makes Wind

Global Wind Patterns
 History of Wind Energy

5000 BC 500-900 AD 1300 AD 1850s Late 1880s

Sailboats used on First windmills First horizontal- Daniel Halladay and Thomas O. Perry
the Nile indicate developed in axis John Burnham build conducted 5,000
the power of wind Persia windmills in Halladay Windmill; wind experiments;
Europe start US Wind starts Aermotor
Engine Company Company

1888 Early 1900s 1941 1979

Charles F. Brush Windmills in CA In VT, Grandpa’s First wind turbine
used windmill to pumped saltwater Knob turbine rated over 1 MW
generate electricity to evaporate ponds supplies power to began operating
in Cleveland, OH town during WWII

1985 1993 2004 2013

CA wind capacity US WindPower developed Electricity from Wind power provided
exceeded 1,000 MW first commercial variable-speed wind generation over 17% of renewable
wind turbine costs 3 to 4.5 cents energy used in US
per kWh
 Evolution of Wind Turbines

Wind is a clean, safe, renewable form of energy.

Although the use of wind power in sailing vessels appeared in antiquity, the
widespread use of wind power for grinding grain and pumping water was delayed
until
– the 7th century in Persia,
– the 12th century in England, and
– the 15th century in Holland.
17th century, Leibniz proposed using windmills and waterwheels together to pump
water from mines in the Harz Mountains.
Dutch settlers brought Dutch mills to America in the 18th century.
This led to the development of a multi blade wind turbine that was used to pump
water for livestock.
Wind turbines were used in Denmark in 1890 to generate electric power.
Early in the 20th century American farms began to use wind turbines to drive
electricity generators for charging storage batteries.
 Introduction

A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic

energy of wind into mechanical energy.
If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as
a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a
windmill.
If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the
machine is called a wind generator, wind turbine, wind power
unit (WPU), wind energy converter (WEC), or aerogenerator.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
 Why Wind Energy?
Advantages of Wind Energy

o Clean Energy , zero emission of - NOx, SO2, CO, CO2

Air quality, water quality , Climate change

o Reduce fossil fuel dependence

- Energy independence , - Domestic energy.

o Renewable -- No fuel-price volatility

• The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to
produce electricity throughout the day.
• In Wind energy power generation Up to 95 percent of land
used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable
activities including ranching, farming and forestry.
 Limitations Of Wind Energy

▪ No electricity when there is no wind

“The limitation of wind power is that no electricity is produced when the
wind is not blowing. Thus, it cannot be used as a dependable source of base
load power.”
▪ Wind Energy technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-
fueled generators
▪ Visual impact
▪ Noise -Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed
▪ TV, microwave, radar interference
▪ Wind Turbines Killing Migrating Birds
▪ High Capital Cost
China Leads the World in Wind Capacity

Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW)

Top 5 Countries for 2013
New Installed Capacity
1. China
2. Germany
3. United Kingdom
4. India
5. Canada
 Why Such Growth?
…costs are low!

• Increased Turbine Size

• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing Improvements

1979 2000 2004 2011

40 cents/kWh 4-6 cents/kWh 3-4.5 cents/kWh Less than 5
cents/kWh
Modern Wind Turbines
Turbines can be categorized into two classes
based on the orientation of the rotor.
 Vertical-Axis Turbines

Advantages Disadvantages
o Omni-directional o Rotors generally near ground
where wind is poorer
- accepts wind from any
o Centrifugal force stresses
direction blades
o Components can be o Poor self-starting capabilities
mounted at ground level o Requires support at top of
- ease of service turbine rotor
o Requires entire rotor to be
- lighter weight towers removed to replace bearings
o Can theoretically use less o Overall poor performance and
materials to capture the reliability
same amount of wind
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines

Small (<10 kW) Intermediate(10-250 kW)

oVillage Power
oHomes
oHybrid Systems
oFarms
oDistributed Power
oRemote Applications
(e.g., water pumping,
Telecom sites, ice
making)

Large (250 kW-2+ MW)

oCentral Station Wind Farms
oDistributed Power
oSchools
 Large Wind Turbines

▪ Common Utility-Scale
Turbines

o 328’ base to blade

o Each blade is 112’
o 200 tons total
o Foundation 20’ deep
o Rated at 1.5-2
megawatts
o Supply about 500
homes
Wind Turbine Components
How a Wind Turbine Operates

The NEED Project 2014

Installation of Wind Turbines

The NEED Project 2014

Wind Turbine Perspective

Workers Blade
112’ long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections

The NEED Project 2014

Wind Farms
Offshore Wind Farms
Residential Wind Systems and Net
Metering
 Potential Impacts and Issues

▪ Property Values
▪ Noise
▪ Visual Impact
▪ Land Use
▪ Wildlife Impact

Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

Impacts of Wind Power: Noise
Wildlife
Impacts
 Fundamental Concepts
Mass flow rate = Av

Energy per unit volume = 1/2 v2

Power = rate of change of energy
= force * velocity
= (Av) 1/2 v2 = 1/2 Av3
Dynamic pressure = force/area
= power/vA
=1/2 v2
 WIND DATA AND ITS ENERGY ESTIMATION

• WIND DATA AND ITS ENERGY ESTIMATION

The wind data includes wind

❖ speed
❖ speed variation along the altitude,
❖ wind direction over the long term,
❖ air density
❖ and turbulence intensity

The energy estimation can be done based on the wind

data.
 PERFORMANCES OF WIND TURBINES

➢The ideal efficiency of 59.3% is based on Betz’s limit.

➢And the various turbine configurations like single rotor, Darrius rotor, multi-
blade rotors

➢The three blade rotor machine performs better in the speed ratio as well as
power developed.

➢The Savonius rotor works at lower speed ratio but the power co-efficient is
also very low.
 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE

The efficiency of wind turbines depends on various factors such as

➢ location,
➢ geographical factors,
➢ mechanics,
➢rotor shape/ size, etc.

Output can be regulated by a constant or variable rotational

speed, as well as adjustable and non-adjustable blades.
 Actuator Disk Model
Assumptions:
i. Homogeneous, incompressible, steady wind
ii. Uniform flow velocity at disk (uniform thrust)
iii. Homogenous disk
iv. Non-rotating disk stream tube boundary

U1 U2 U3 U4

rotor disk
upstream

downstream
29
Conservation of Linear Momentum
dp
 F = dt
•
T = − m(u4 − u1 )
•
T = m(u1 − u4 )

where T is the thrust acting uniformly on the disk

(rotor) which can be written as a function of the
change of pressure as follow

T = A( p2 − p3 )

30
Bernoulli’s Equation (energy conserved)
1 2 1 2
p1 + u1 = p2 + u2
2 2
1 2 1 2
p3 + u3 = p4 + u4
2 2
Relate above equations and define the axial induction factor, a
as
(u1 − u2 )
a=
u1
we obtain
1
T = Au 1 [4a (1 − a )]
2

2
31
Simple model of Wind Turbine
Rotor

Drive train
Hub
Yaw system

Column

1D steady
wind flow
(12m/s)

32
Power output of the turbine is defined as the
thrust times the velocity at the disk. Hence

1
P = Au13 [4a (1 − a ) 2 ]
2

1
T = Au 12 [4a(1 − a)]
2

Wind turbine rotor performance is usually

characterized by its power and thrust coefficients

C p = P /(1 / 2 Au 3 ) = 4a (1 − a ) 2
CT = T //(1 / 2 Au 3 ) = 4a (1 − a )
33
Notice that
➢ Wind velocity at the rotor plane is
always less than the free-stream
velocity when power is being absorbed.
➢ This model assumes no wake rotation,
i.e. no energy wasted in kinetic energy
of a twirling wake.
➢ The geometry of the blades does not
involve the calculations.

34
➢ If the axial induction factor of the
rotor is founded, one can simply
calculate for the thrust and power
output.
➢ An ideal turbine generates maximum
power. After some manipulations, one
can find that the axial induction
factor, a, for the ideal turbine is 1/3.
➢ Even with the best rotor design, it is
not possible to extract more than
about 60 percent of the kinetic energy
in the wind

35
 power from a wind turbine is:
Where:
P = Power output, kilowatts
Cp = Maximum power coefficient, ranging from 0.25 to 0.45,
dimension less (theoretical maximum = 0.59)
ρ = Air density, lb/ft3
A = Rotor swept area, ft2 or π D2/4 (D is the rotor diameter
in ft, π = 3.1416)
V = Wind speed, mph
k = 0.000133 A constant to yield power in kilowatts.
(Multiplying the above kilowatt answer by 1.340 converts it
to horse- power [i.e., 1 kW = 1.340 horsepower]).
 upstream disk downstream

u1
u2
Wind Velocity u4

Total Pressure

1/2u2
Dynamic Pressure

p3

Static Pressure p0 p0

p2
37
 WECS
(Wind Energy Conversion System)
 TERMS USED IN WIND ENERGY

1. Wind speed: The speed at which the wind is flowing.

2. Cut-in speed: The minimum speed of turbine at which the turbine
starts developing power. e.g. 5 m/s
3. Cut-off (Furling) speed: The maximum speed of turbine at which
the turbine stops developing power. e.g. 30 m/s .Its for safe
operation of wind turbine.
4. Power of wind, P = 0.5 ρ A V3. Where A – Swept area of rotors, V-
Velocity of wind , ρ – Density of air
5. Betz’ limit or law: The theoretical maximum possible power can
be extracted from the wind energy. Its value is 59.3% of power
available in the wind.
6. Power co-efficient is the ratio of power output of the turbine to
the power available in the wind
The Siting Process
•Where is the best
location for a wind
farm?

•Is the farm near the

power grid?

•Where is the wind

consistently strong?

•What is the weather

like?

Wind Farm in Palm Springs, CA

Location, Location, Location!

Best sites:
•Hilltops
•Open plains
•Mountain passes
•Coasts
•Offshore

•It is best to build a wind farm where

wind speed and direction has been
studied for 1-3 years
•Strong and steady winds are needed to
produce reliable electricity
•The site should not be prone to
hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
 KEY FEATURES FOR SITE SELECTION OF A WIND FARM

The site selected for wind farm development need to have many
positive attributes including:
(i) wind speed
(ii) Good road access to sites
(iii) Suitable terrain and geology for onsite access
(iv) Low population density
(v) Minimum risk of agro-forestry operations
(vi) Close to suitable electrical grid
(vii) Supportive land holders
(viii) Privately owned free hold land
(ix) Good industrial support for construction and ongoing operations
(x) Land use is primarily for grazing and cropping
(xi) Significant potential for revalidation
Thank you!

Questions?