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Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Notes

1. The document discusses sexual and asexual reproduction in animals. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and mixing of genetic material, while asexual reproduction only requires one parent. 2. It then describes the male and female reproductive systems in humans. The male system produces sperm in the testes using testosterone, while the female system produces eggs in the ovaries using estrogen. 3. Fertilization is when sperm and egg fuse, forming a zygote with a full set of chromosomes that develops into an embryo.

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649 views6 pages

Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Notes

1. The document discusses sexual and asexual reproduction in animals. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and mixing of genetic material, while asexual reproduction only requires one parent. 2. It then describes the male and female reproductive systems in humans. The male system produces sperm in the testes using testosterone, while the female system produces eggs in the ovaries using estrogen. 3. Fertilization is when sperm and egg fuse, forming a zygote with a full set of chromosomes that develops into an embryo.

Uploaded by

thulasi narravula
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reproduction in Animals Class 8 Notes - Chapter 9

Introduction to Reproduction

 Reproduction is the process of giving rise to an offspring.


 Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species.
 There are two modes of reproduction:

1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction
The type of reproduction in which only a single parent is involved is called
asexual reproduction.

 There is no mixing of genetic information.


 Eg: buds in Hydra

Sexual reproduction
The type of reproduction, which involves two parents to give rise to an
offspring is called sexual reproduction.

 The males and females have different reproductive parts or organs.


 These organs produce the male and female gametes, which fuse
together to form the offspring.
 Genetic information from both parents is inherited.
  Eg: humans

Fission
It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides
into two.

 Division of nucleus is followed by division of other cell organelles in the


cytoplasm and finally the cytoplasm.
 Thus, two cells are produced from one parent cell.
 Example: Amoeba.
 Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, which is dividing into two cells.
If one parent cell gives rise to many daughter cells, this type of fission is called
multiple fission.

Budding

 A bud starts as an outgrowth on the parent body.


 As this bud grows, it becomes a new individual organism.
 In some organisms, the buds remain attached to the parent’s body
(example: yeast)
 In some organisms, it detaches from the parent body and develops into
a complete mature individual (hydra).
 This type of reproduction is called budding.

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

Male reproductive system


 The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of
sperm ducts and a penis.
 The testes are located outside the male body.
 Sperms are produced in testes.
 Sperms are the male gametes.

Testosterone

 Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and is produced by the


testes.
 Testosterone is responsible for the development of sex organs,
production of sperms and also the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.

Sperms

 Sperms are the male gametes produced by testes in humans.


 Millions of sperms are produced by the testes in a day.
  Each sperm is a single, microscopic cell having a head, a middle piece
and a tail as its parts.
 Head contains a nucleus with a single set of chromosomes.
 The middle piece contains a large number of mitochondria that provide
energy during active movement.
 Sperm is a motile gamete, which moves through the female
reproductive tract with the help of the tail.

Female reproductive system

 The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of


fallopian tubes (oviducts) and a single uterus.
 Ova are produced by ovaries.
 Fallopian tubes (oviducts) carry the ova from ovaries to the uterus.
 Uterus holds the growing embryo/foetus and thus helps in holding the
pregnancy.
Oestrogen

 Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex hormone secreted by


ovaries.
 It is responsible for the development of female reproductive organs,
secondary sexual characteristics, development of female gamete i.e.
Ovum and maintenance of menstrual cycle.

Ovum

 The ovary produces the female gametes known as ovum or ova (plural).
 In human beings, a single mature egg or ovum is released into the
oviduct/fallopian tube by the respective side ovary every month.
 The ovum is a single cell and is much larger than the sperm.
 It is non-motile and is carried to the uterus by the oviduct.

Fertilization
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the male gamete with the female
gamete.

 Both the gametes containing haploid (single) set of chromosomes fuse


and thus maintain the diploid (double) number of chromosomes.
 The fertilized ovum is now called a zygote.
 In human fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube and then the
zygote is carried to the uterus.
 Inside the uterus, it undergoes repeated divisions and grows and
becomes an embryo.

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