Sample Question Paper - 23

Physics (042)
Class- XII, Session: 2021-22
TERM II

Time : 2 Hours Max. Marks : 35

General Instructions :
(i) There are 12 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) This question paper has three sections: Section A, Section B and Section C.
(iii) Section A contains three questions of two marks each, Section B contains eight questions of three marks each,
Section C contains one case study-based question of five marks.
(iv) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks and
two questions of three marks. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
(v) You may use log tables if necessary but use of calculator is not allowed.

SECTION - A
1. The current in the forward bias is known to be more (~mA) than the current in the reverse bias (~ mA).
What is the reason, then, to operate the photodiode in reverse bias?

2. Calculate the orbital period of the electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom.

OR
Define ionization energy. How would the ionization energy change when electron in hydrogen atom is
replaced by a particle of mass 200 times that of the electron but having the same charge?

3. The circuit shown in the figure has two oppositely connected ideal diodes connected in parallel. Find the
current flowing through each diode in the circuit.

12 V

SECTION - B
4. Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier and explain its working. Also, give the input and output waveforms.

5. The following graph shows the variation of photocurrent for a photosensitive metal:

Photocurrent

A O X
 (a) Identify the variable X on the horizontal axis.
(b) What does the point A on the horizontal axis represent?
(c) Draw this graph for three different values of frequencies of incident radiation υ1, υ2 and υ3 (υ1 > υ2 > υ3)
for same intensity.
(d) Draw this graph for three different values of intensities of incident radiation I1, I2 and I3 (I1 > I2 > I3)
having same frequency.

6. Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for the total energy of the electron in the stationary states of
the hydrogen atom. Hence draw the energy level diagram showing how the line spectra corresponding to
Balmer series occur due to transition between energy levels.

7. (a) How is the size of a nucleus experimentally determined? Write the relation between the radius and
mass number of the nucleus. Show that the density of nucleus is independent of its mass number.
27 64
(b) The nuclear radius of 13 Al
is 3.6 fermi. Find the nuclear radius of 29 Cu
.

8. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn to study the diffraction taking place
at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10–4 m. The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the
separation between the positions of the first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.

9. A person can see clearly objects only when they lie between 50 cm and 400 cm from his eyes. In order to
increase the maximum distance of distinct vision to infinity, person has to use what type and power of the
correcting lens?

OR

In Young’s double experiment, a monochromatic light of wavelength 5400 Å produces a fringe width of
3 mm. If this source is replaced by another source of monochromatic light of wavelength 6300 Å, then find
the fringe width.

10. An object placed at a distance of 16 cm from a convex lens produces an image of magnification m(m > 1). If
the object is moved towards the lens by 8 cm then again an image of magnification m is obtained. What is
the numerical value of the focal length of the lens?

11. A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces of the same radius of
curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, if the focal length is 20 cm.

OR
In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is reduced to half its original width. How would
this affect the size and intensity of the central maximum?

SECTION - C
12. CASE STUDY : SPEED OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Maxwell showed that the speed of an electromagnetic wave depends on the permeability and permittivity of the
1
medium through which it travels. The speed of an electromagnetic wave in free space is given by c = .
µ0 ε0
The fact led Maxwell to predict that light is an electromagnetic wave. The emergence of the speed of light from
purely electromagnetic considerations is the crowning achievement of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. The
c
speed of an electromagnetic wave in any medium of permeability m and permittivity e will be where K
K µr
is the dielectric constant of the medium and mr is the relative permeability.
 1
(i) The dimensions of ε0 E 2 (e0 : permittivity of free space; E = electric field) is
2
(a) [MLT –1] (b) [ML2T –2] (c) [ML–1T –2] (d) [ML2T –1]
(ii) Let [e0] denote the dimensional formula of the permittivity of the vacuum. If M = mass, L = length, T = time
and A = electric current, then
(a) [e0] = [M–1L–3T2A] (b) [e0] = [M–1L–3T4A2]
(c) [e0] = [MLT–2A–2] (d) [e0] = [ML2T–1]
(iii) An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3 MHz passes from vacuum into a dielectric medium with permittivity
e = 4. Then
(a) wavelength and frequency both remain unchanged
(b) wavelength is doubled and the frequency remains unchanged
(c) wavelength is doubled and the frequency becomes half
(d) wavelength is halved and the frequency remains unchanged.
(iv) Which of the following are not electromagnetic waves?
(a) cosmic rays (b) g-rays (c) b-rays (d) X-rays
(v) The electromagnetic waves travel with
(a) the same speed in all media
(b) the speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m s–1 in free space
(c) the speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m s–1 in solid medium
(d) the speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m s–1 in fluid medium.
 Solution
PHYSICS - 042
Class 12 - Physics

1. Consider the case of an n-type semiconductor. 4. Half wave rectifier:

The majority carrier density (n) is considerably
larger than the minority hole density p (i.e., n >> p).
On illumination, let the excess electrons and holes
generated be Dn and Dp, respectively :
n′ = n + Dn ; p′ = p + Dp
Here n′ and p′ are the electron and hole
concentrations at any particular illumination
and n and p are carrier concentration when It consists of a diode D connected in series with
there is no illumination. Remember Dn = Dp and load resistor RL across the secondary windings of a
n > > p. Hence, the fractional change in the majority step-down transformer. Primary of transformer is
carriers (i.e., Dn/n) would be much less than that in the connected to a.c. supply. During positive half cycle of
minority carriers (i.e., Dp/p). In general, we can state input a.c., end A of the secondary winding becomes
that the fractional change due to the photo-effects on positive and end B negative. Thus, diode D becomes
the minority carrier dominated reverse bias current forward biased and conducts the current through it.
is more easily measurable than the fractional change So, current in the circuit flows from A to B through
in the forward bias current. Hence, photodiodes
load resistor RL.
are preferably used in the reverse bias condition for
measuring light intensity.

2πrn n3h3
2. As T = or, T = 
vn 4π2mk 2e 4
For first excited state of hydrogen atom, n = 2
8 × (6.63 × 10−34 )
∴ T=
4 × 10 × 9.1 × 10−31 × (9 × 109 )2 × (1.6 × 10−19 )4
= 1.2 × 10–15 s During negative half cycle of input a.c., end A
OR
of the secondary winding becomes negative and end
The minimum energy, required to free the electron
B positive. Thus, diode D becomes reverse biased and
from the ground state of the hydrogen atom, is known
as ionization energy of that atom. does not conduct any current. So, no current flows
in the circuit. Since electric current through load RL
me 4
E0 = i.e,. E0 ∝ m, so when electron in hydrogen flows only during positive half cycle, in one direction
8ε20 h2
only i.e., from A to B, so d.c. is obtained across RL.
atom is replaced by a particle of mass 200 times that of
5. (a) : The variable X on the horizontal axis is
the electron, ionization energy increases by 200 times.
collector plate potential.
3. Diode D1 is reverse biased, so it offers an infinite
(b) The point A on the horizontal axis represents
resistance. So no current flows in the branch of diode D1.
stopping potential.
Diode D2 is forward biased, and offers negligible
resistance in the circuit. So current in the branch (c)
V 12 V
I= = = 2A
Req 2 Ω + 4 Ω Photoelectric
current

υ1 > υ2 > υ3 Saturation

υ1 υ current
2
υ3

+ –V01 –V02 –V03 0 Collector plate

Retarding potential potential
12 V
(d) 2π2k 2me 4 13.6
=− 2 2
=− eV
nh n2
Photocurrent I1 > I2 > I3
I1 When the electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from
I2 higher energy level to the lower energy level, the
I3 difference of energies of the two energy levels is
Stopping Saturation
current emitted as a radiation of particular wavelength. It is
potential
called a spectral line.
–V0 O In H-atom, when an electron jumps from the orbit ni
Retarding Collector plate to orbit nf , the wavelength of the emitted radiation is
potential potential given by
6. According to Bohr’s postulates, in a hydrogen atom, 1 1 1
= R  2 − 2  ; R = 1.09 × 107 m–1
as single electron revolves around a nucleus of charge λ  n f ni 
+e. For an electron moving with a uniform speed in a
For Balmar series, nf = 2 and ni = 3, 4, 5, .....
circular orbit of a given radius, the centripetal force is 1  1 1
provided by coulomb force of attraction between the =R 2 − 2
λ 
 2 ni 
electron and the nucleus. The gravitational attraction
where, ni = 3, 4, 5, .....
may be neglected as the mass of electron and proton is
These spectral lines lie in the visible region.
very small.
mv 2 ke 2  1 
So, = 2  Where, k =
r r  4 πε0 
ke 2
or mv 2 = ...(i)
r
Where, m = mass of electron
r = radius of electron orbit
v = velocity of electron
Again, by Bohr’s second postulates
nh
mvr =
2π
nh 7. (a) Nucleus was first discovered in 1911 by Lord
Where, n = 1, 2, 3...... or v =
2πmr Rutherford and his associates by experiments on
Putting the value of v in eq. (i) scattering of a-particle by atoms. He found that the
scattering result could be explained, if atoms consists of
 nh 
2
ke 2 n2h2
m  = ⇒ r= 2 ...(ii) a small, central, massive and positive core surrounded
 2πmr  r 4π kme 2 by orbiting electron. The experiment results
Kinetic energy of electron, indicated that the size of the nucleus is of the order of
1 ke 2  mv 2 ke 2  10–14 metres and thus 10,000 times smaller than the
Ek = mv 2 = ∵ = 2 size of atom.
2 2r r r  Relation between the radius and mass number of the
Using eq. (ii) we get nucleus R = R0 A1/3
ke 2 4π2kme 2 2π2k 2me 4 If m is the average mass of a nucleon and R is the
Ek = =
2 n2h2 n2h2 nuclear radius, then mass of nucleus = mA, where A is
Potential energy of electron, the mass number of the element.
k(e) × (e) ke 2 Volume of the nucleus, V = 4 πR3
Ep = − =− 3
4
( )
3
r r \ V = π R0 A1/3
Using eq. (ii), we get 3
4
4π2kme 2 4π2k me 4 ⇒ V = π R03 A
E p = −ke 2 × =− 3
n2h2 n2h2 mA
Density of nuclear matter, ρ =
Hence, total energy of the electron in the nth orbit V
E = Ep + Ek mA 3m
4π2k 2me 4 2π2k 2me 4 ⇒ ρ = ⇒ ρ=
=− + 4 3 4 πR03
2 2 2 2 πR A
nh nh 3 0
This shows that the nuclear density is independent of A. f −f
1 According to question = ⇒ f = 12 cm
1 f − 16 f −8
RAl AAl  3
(b) R = R0 A3 ⇒ =  11. Given : m = 1.55, f = 20 cm
RCu ACu
|R1| = |R2| = R (let)
1 1
For double convex lens as R1 > 0 and R2 < 0
 Acu  3  64  3
⇒ RCu = RAl  = 3.6   = 4.8 fermi So, R1 = R and R2 = –R
 AAl   27 
Using lens maker’s equation,
8. Given that: Wavelength of the light beam, 1 = (µ − 1)  1 − 1  , we get
l1 = 590 nm = 5.9 ×10–7 m f  R R 
1 2
Wavelength of another light beam,
l2 = 596 nm = 5.96 × 10–7 m
Distance of the slits from the screen = D = 1.5 m 20 (
R R 20 )
1 = (1.55 − 1) 1 + 1 ⇒ 1 = 0.55 × 2
R
Slits width = a = 2 × 10–4 m ⇒ R = 0.55 × 2 × 20 cm = 22 cm
For the first secondary maxima, \ The radius of curvature is 22 cm.
3λ1 x1
sin q = = OR
2a D
3λ D 3λ D The width of central maximum is given by
x1 = 1 and x2 = 2 2Dλ
2a 2a β0 =
a
\ Separation between the positions of first secondary
maxima of two sodium lines, (a) If width of slit is reduced to half then the size of
3D central maxima will become double.
x2 − x1 = (λ − λ1 ) (b) If width of slit is reduced to half its original
2a 2
3 × 1. 5 width then the intensity of central maximum will be
= (5.96 × 10–7 – 5.9 × 10–7) one-fourth.
2 × 2 × 10−4
= 6.75 × 10–5 m 1 Energy
12. (i) (c) : ε0 E 2 = energy density =
9. Here, v = – 400 cm = – 4 m, u = – ∞, f = ? 2 Volume
1 1 1
Using lens formula, − = 1  ML2 T−2
v u f ∴  ε0 E 2  = 3
= [ML−1T−2 ]
−1  2  L
or, − −   or, f = – 4 m
1
4  ∞ q1q2
Lens should be concave. (ii) (b) : As ε0 = (from Coulomb’s law)
1 1 4 πFR2
Power of lens = = = −0.25 D
f −4 C2 [AT]2
ε0 = = M–1L–3T4A2
2 −2 2
OR Nm MLT L
λD (iii) (d) : The frequency of the electromagnetic wave
Fringe width, β =
d remains same when it passes from one medium to
where D is the distance of the screen from the slits, d is the another.
distance between the slits.
For the same D, d ; β ∝ λ ε 4
Refractive index of the medium, n = = =2
β′ λ′ 6300 Å 7
ε0 1
∴ = = =
β λ 5400 Å 6 Wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in the
7 7 medium,
β′ = β × = 3 mm × = 3.5 mm λ λ
6 6 λ med = =
n 2
10. Linear magnification, m = f
f −u (iv) (c) : b-rays consists of electrons which are not
Here, u = 16 cm
f electromagnetic in nature.
∴ m=
f − 16 (v) (b) : The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free
When object is moved towards the lens by 8 cm. Then, space (vacuum) is equal to velocity of light in vacuum
−f −f
m= = (i.e., 3 × 108 m s–1).
f − 16 + 8 f −8