APPLIED MATHEMATICS(FND-AM2.

1)
Unit-3
Exponential and Logarithm Functions

Department of Mathematics and Applied Sciences

 Unit-3
Exponential and Logarithm

PPT DISCLAIMER

Bushra Al Kalbani
Email: [email protected]
 Exponential and Logarithm Functions
3.1 a. What is a Exponential function ?
b. What is a Logarithm Function ?
c. What is a Exponential and Logarithm equations
3.2 Graphing Exponential Functions
3.3 Convert between Logarithms and exponentials and
natural logarithms
3.4 Laws of Logarithms and natural logarithms
3.5 Solving exponential and Logarithmic Equation
3.1 a. What is a Exponential function?
It has the form of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥
The base is 𝑏 and the power is any variable,
Examples: 1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = (1/2)𝑥
3. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2
In Example 3. the function is called the natural
exponential function as the base is 𝑒 which is
irrational number equal to 2.71828182845 … … . .
b. What is a Logarithm Function ?

• has a form of log 𝑏 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

where b is the base of the log and b > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1

• Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = log(100𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥 = log 2 (8𝑥 + 1)
c. What is a Exponential and Logarithm
equations?
• It has the form of 1 = 𝑏 𝑥
The base is 𝑏 and the power is any variable, where 𝑏 > 0
𝑏≠1
Examples: 1. 4 = 2𝑥
2. 6 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2
• has a form of log 𝑏 (𝑥) = 𝑐
where b is the base of the log and b > 0 and c is any real number
Examples: 1. 3 = log(100𝑥)
2. log 2 (8𝑥 + 1)= 5
 Graphing Exponential Functions
Properties:
• The domain(input) of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 is all real numbers.
• The range (output) of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 is all positive real numbers.
• Decreasing function:
1) If 𝒃 > 𝟏 and the power x is negative
2) If 0 < 𝒃 < 𝟏 and the power x is positive
1 𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
Examples : 𝑦 = , 𝑦 = 100 ,𝑦= 𝑒
2

• Increasing function:
1) If 𝒃 > 𝟏 and the power x is positive
2) if 0 < 𝒃 < 𝟏 and the power x is negative Since 𝒆 > 𝟏
Example: 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0.4 −𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
 Example:
Classify if the function is increasing exponential
function or decreasing exponential function of
each function given below:
• 𝑔 𝑥 = (8)𝑥 increasing
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.2𝑥 + 1 decreasing
• ℎ 𝑥 = ( 3)−𝑥 decreasing
• 𝑏 𝑥 = 0.3(2−𝑥) increasing
 Exercise
Classify if the function is increasing exponential
function or decreasing exponential function of
each function given below:
• 𝑔 𝑥 = (0.3)𝑥
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 1.43−𝑥 + 1
• 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑒)4𝑥+1
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.6−𝑥
 Steps for graphing exponential functions:
Step1: Take 5 or more than 5 values for x say -2,-1, 0, 1,
2,………….
Step2: Substitute in the given equation and find values for y.
x y
-2
-1
0
1
2

Step3: Plot the points on graph.

Step4: Connect them with a smooth curve.
 Example:
Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 .

Y
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-2 -1 0 1 2
 Exercise
Sketch the graph of each function given
below:
• 𝑔 𝑥 = (1/2)𝑥
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1
• 𝑓 𝑥 = ( 3)𝑥
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 2
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
 Convert between Logarithms
and exponentials

• Logarithms are the "opposite" of exponentials

𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 ..............is equivalent to...............

log 𝑏 (𝑦) = 𝑥
(means the exact same thing as)

• We can say logs are the inverses of exponentials

 Example

• Convert to the equivalent logarithmic or exponatial

expression:
1. "63 = 216“
2. log4 (1024) = 5

Soln.
1. log6 (216) = 3
2. 45 = 1024
Convert the Natural Logarithms

• ln x = log e x
• y = ln x is the inverse function of the exponential
function y = ex
 Exercise

Convert the following in exponential form:

• log 3 81 = 4
1
• log 2 = −3
8
• log 2 (𝑥 − 1) = 4
• log 100 = 2
• 𝑙𝑛 81 = 4
 Exercise

Express the following in logarithmic form:

1
• 81 = 9
2

1
• 8−1 =
8
• 0.0001 = 10−4
• 2𝑥+1 = 4
• 𝑒 (2𝑥+1) = 5
 Laws of Logarithms
1) log 𝑎 𝐴𝐵 = log 𝑎 𝐴 + log 𝑎 𝐵
• 𝑙𝑛 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑙𝑛 𝐵

𝐴
2) log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝐴 − log 𝑎 𝐵
𝐵
𝐴
• 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑙𝑛 𝐵
𝐵

3) log 𝑎 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑐 × log 𝑎 𝐴
• 𝑙𝑛 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑐 × 𝑙𝑛 𝐴
4) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 0 is undefined
• 𝑙𝑛 0 is undefined
5) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
• 𝑙𝑛 1 = 0
6) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1
• 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 1
7) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥
• 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
8)𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = x
• 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = x
 Laws of Logarithms

Example: Expand the following :

1. log 𝑏 3 × 7 = log 𝑏 3 + log 𝑏 7
3
2. log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 3 − log 𝑏 7
7
3. log 𝑏 28 = 8 log 𝑏 2

Example: Simplify the following

4. log 2 1 + log 2 2
= 0 + 1 =1
 Example 1
Evaluate the following expressions:
1. log 3 3
2. log 4 64
3. log 7 710
Example: Expand the following:
𝑎2
log 4
𝑏 𝑐
• Expand the following
3 𝑚
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑛
 Example 3
Use the Laws of Logarithms to combine the expression:
log 5 𝑥 2 − 1 − log 5 (𝑥 − 1)
Use the Laws of Logarithms to combine the
expression:
1 1
• log 2𝑥 + 1 + log(𝑥 − 4) − log(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 − 1)
3 2
• Combine the following :
 Example 6

Evaluate without using calculator:

log2 80  log2 5 log4 2  log4 32

 80   log4 (2  32)
 log2   Law 2 Law 1
 5 

 log2 16  log4 64

4 Because 16 = 2
4
3 Because 64 = 4
3
 Exercise
1. Evaluate the following without using calculator:
• log 3 27 − 2log2 37 +log 2 ln e
• log12 9 + log12 16
2. Expand :
x2
• log a
yz3
x−1
• log 5
x+1
3. Combine:
• log 2 A + log 2 B − 2 log 2 C
• log 5 x 2 − 1 − log 5 x − 1
Solving Exponential Equation
 Example
Solve the following exponential equations:
1. 3𝑥+2 = 7
2. 8𝑒 2𝑥 = 20
3. 𝑒 3−2𝑥 = 4
 Example
Solve the following exponential and logarithmic
equations:
1. 3𝑥+2 = 7 2. 8𝑒 2𝑥 = 20
𝑙𝑜𝑔(3𝑥+2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 2𝑥
𝑒 =
20
8
𝑥 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 7.
𝑙𝑜𝑔 7
𝑒 2𝑥 = 2.5
𝑥+2 = . 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 2.5
𝑙𝑜𝑔 3
𝑥=
𝑙𝑜𝑔 7
− 2. 2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 2.5
𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 𝑙𝑛 2.5
𝑥= = 0.458
𝑥 = −0.228756. 2
 Example
Solve the following exponential and logarithmic
equations:
3. 𝑒 3−2𝑥 = 4
ln(𝑒 3−2𝑥 ) = ln 4.
3 − 2𝑥 = ln 4.
2𝑥 = 3 − ln 4.
3−ln 4
𝑥= = 0.807.
2
 Solving Logarithmic Equation

• Guidelines for solving logarithmic equations:

• Isolate the logarithmic term on one side of the

equation; you may need to first combine the
logarithmic terms.
• Write the equation in exponential form (or raise
the base to each side of the equation).
• Solve for the variable.
 Example
Solve the following logarithmic equations:
1. log 2 (𝑥 + 2) = 5
2. ln 𝑥 = 8
3. log 2 (25 − 𝑥) = 3
 Example
Solve the following exponential and logarithmic
equations:
5. log 2 (𝑥 + 2) = 5 7. log 2 (25 − 𝑥) = 3
𝑥 + 2 = 25 . 25 − 𝑥 = 23 .
𝑥 = 32 − 2 = 30 𝑥 = 25 − 8 = 17.
4 + 3 log 2𝑥 = 16.
6. ln 𝑥 = 8 3 log 2𝑥 = 12
𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 8 . log 2𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = 𝑒8. 2𝑥 = 104
𝑥 = 5000
 Exercise
Solve the following equations:
• 𝑒 𝑥 = 16
• 102𝑥 = 5
• 𝑒 (1−4𝑥) = 2
• 4 1 + 105𝑥 = 9
• 4𝑥+3 − 6 = 2
• log 2 2𝑥 − 4 − log 2 (𝑥 2 − 4) = − log 3 27
𝑥+1
• ln = ln 2
𝑥
Reference
James Stewart, Lothar
Redlin, and Saleem
Watson, Precalculus:
Mathematics for Calculus,
Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company.
Thank You!