LLunuhu su

0220
1401 3 0

LAB ACTIVITY

JoOOVAUIM

VECTORS -
II
Topic:
vector method.
a semi-circle
is a right angle, using
OBJECTIVE: To verify that angle in

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
(ii) Pensop (iv) Geometry box
(i) White-paper
(0 Card-board (vii) Wires
(vi) Eraser
(v) Pencil
heads
(ix) Adhesive (Glue).
(vii) Paper arrow

STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:

card-board of size 40 cm x 30 cm.

Step (): Take a
adhesive.
Paste white paper of same size on the card-board by using an

Step (in: a

centre and radius

Step (iii): Draw a circle having O as
of 10 cm on the white paper.

Step (iv): At the points O, A, B, P and Q, fix nails.

Step (o): Join OA, OB, OP, OQ, AP, AQ, BP and BQ
30 cm
by using wires.

Step (vi): Put arrows on OA, OB, OP, OQ, AP, AQ, BP
and BQ in order to show them as vectors, using
arrow heads as shown in the figure.

DEMONSTRATION: 40 cm

() With the help of a protractor, measure the angle between vectors AP and BQ.
Here, ZAPB = 90°
(i) On similar lines, angle between vectors AQ and BQ = 90°.
(ii) Repeat the above process by taking some points R, S, T, ... on the semi-circles, O
vectors AR, BR; AS, BS; AT, BT;
The angle formed between two vectors on a semi-circle = 90°.
OBSERVATIONS:

By actual measurements:

(a) OP =
|OA| =
|OB|= |OQ| =a =p =q=
AP| = Ip+a|, |BP| = |lp-äl, | AB| |2 |
(b)
AQ 19+al, |BQ =1j-a
LAB ACTIVITY

(c) AB+BPP -Ip+ät+1p-ä 3

AQ +BQP 17+a/+ l7-ä
Thus, LAPB 90° and AP. BP 0
LAQB 90° and AQ. BO = 0.
Similarly for other points R, S, T..
CONCLUSION:

Angle in a
aMbao JAMOreaMBC89
semi-circle is a
right angle.
APPLICATION:
This activity is used for explainingthe concepts of:
Opposite vectors nalelb i ) Vectors of equal magnitudee
(ii) Perpendicular vectors (iv) Dot product of two vectors.
omeNOTE:

Let OA =OB =
a, OP =p.
OA =-a OB a OP =P
AP -OA+ OP =a+p
BP P-ä. p
AP BP = (p+a) (p-a)
a epger ofepP- aP= 0.
Thus, ZAPB, angle between AP and BP 90°.
Similarly LAQB = 90°; and so on.

VIVA VOCE/QUIZ
Q.1. Find the angle subtended at the circumference of a circle
by its diameter.
Q. 2. Is it true that in an isosceles triangle, the median is
perpendicular to the base?2
Q.3. If two medians of a triangle are equal, then the triangle is isosceles. Is
it true?
Q.4. If axb=i, then find a c,
where a, b. are non-zero vectors and , a non-zero scalar.
Q.5. Find the value of i -(jxk).

ANSWERS
1. 90 2. Yes 3. Yes
5. 1. 4.0
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23 LAB ACTIVITY

Topic:THREE-DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY -II

plane in normal form.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate
the equation of a

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
12 cm x 16 cm.
() pieces of plywood of size
Two
both sides.
bolts fixed on
(i) Thin wooden rod having nuts and

in) 3 pieces of wire.

(iv) Pencil.
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:

Step () Take two wooden pieces with nuts and bolts.

Fix a wooden rod between the above two pieces,
so that the rod is perpendicular to both the
Step (ii):
wooden pieces.
Thus, the rod represents the normal to the plane.
that OP represent the vector and
Step (iii): Take 3 wires and fix them, as shown in the figure, so

OA represents the vector 7.

Thus, PA represents the vector Y- .

Plane 2

balt r o

Plane 1

DEMONSTRATION:

) The wire PA, reprsenting the vector (F- ) lies in Plane - 2.

(i) i is and is the normal to the

perpendicular to (7 -) plane.
LAB ACTIVITY

(i) Now (f-ä) i =0.

This is the
equation of the plane in the normal form.
OBSERVATIONS:

(a) a is the position vector of P

i s the position vector of A
i is
perpendicular to the vector Y- .
cavaMG
(b) (7- a) n =0 is the equation of the Plane 2 in the normal form. T
CONCLUSION:

(F- a) i =0 is the equation of the Plane in the normal form.

APPLICATION:

This activity is useful when show the of

we are to position vector a
point in space.

VIVA VOCE/QUIZ
Q. 1. Find the vector equation ofthe plane whose cartesian equation is 5x -7y + 2z = 3.
Q.2. Find the cartesian equation of the plane whose vector equation is P-(2i +3-4X)=1.
Q. 3. What are direction-cosines of the normal to the plane:
3x+ 2y 3z = 8?
Q.4. Find the distance from (1, 2, 3) to the plane:
2x+3y z +2 = 0.
Q.5. Find a unit vector normal to the plane:

7(2i-3+ 6k)+14 = 0 .

ANSWERS

1. 7-(5-7+2)=3 2.
2x+3y-42 =1 3.

4. 7J14 units
levina
5. (2i-7+6).

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 15020
24 LAB ACTIVITY

GEOMETRY II
Topic: THREE-DIMENSIONAL

OBJECTIVE: To verify that the angle between two planes is the same as the angle between the
their
normals.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
() Pieces of plywood (i) Wires (ii) Hinges.
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:

Step (): Take two pieces of plywood of size 15 cm x 25 cm. IV

Step i: Join these two pieces with the help of hinges.
Step ii): Show normals to the planes by fixing two vertical wires on each plane.
Step (io): Take cut slots in the two planes in order to fix third piece of plywood showing the third
plane.

P -
P

DEMONSTRATION:
() P and P2 represent the two
planes.
(i) Wires Ly and L2
represent normals to planes Pi and P2
the planes P3 with respectively.
(in) Lg and L4 are lines of intersection of
(io) Angle between lines Lg and P and P3 with P2
L4 =
Angle between the planes.
OBSERVATIONS:
(a) P and P2 represent two
planes.
(b) Ly and L2 represent two normals
to the
c) Lg is the line of intersection of planes P1 and P2 respectively.
P1 and Pa
(d) L4 is the line of intersection of
P2 and P3
(e) Angle between L and L2 is toequal the angle between the planes.
APPLICATION:
This activity is useful to find the
angle between a line and a
plane.
LAB ACTIVITY 57

VIVA VOCE/QUIZ
Q.1. Find the angle between theplanes:
3x 6y-2z 7 and
=
2r+y-2z 5.
=

Q.2. Find the angle between the normals to the planes:

2x-y + z = 6 and x + y- 2z =7.
Q.3. Find the direction-cosines of the normal to the plane:
5y +8 =0.
Q.4. Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and parallel to ZOX plane.
Q.5. Find k so that the planes:
3x-6y2z = 7 and 2x + y - kz = 5 are perpendicular to each other.

ANSWERS
1. cos
2 3.<0,1;0> 4. y 3
5. k = 0.

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 Llu dunuw
LAB ACTIVITY
SRUD E9OVAVIV

d san

Topic: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY - IV

OBJECTIVE: To find the distance of

given point (in space) from the
non-collinear points) by actual measurement and also plane (passing through three
analytically.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
) One card-board
of size 20 cm x 30 cm and another of size 10 cmx 15 cm.
(i) Sheet of paper of size 20 cm x 30 cm.
(ii) Nails of different lengths
(io) Wires
having caps on one end.
(o) Geometry Box.
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:
Step (): Take sheet of paper and draw
a
two
which intersect at O. perpendicular lines X'OX and Y'OY, taken as axes,
Step (ii): Paste this sheet on the
20 cm x 30 cm. card-board of size
Step (ii): Through 0, fix
vertical wire, which
a
represents z-axis.
Step (iv): At three points (8, -6), 8,-2.6P
fix three nails of (-3,-9) and (-1, - 4),
height 2 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm
respectively.
Step (v): The tips of three nails
(in space). represent A, B and C
Step (vi): Rest a
plane KLMN, which is
another card board on the represented by
nails, when the points A, Btops of these three
and C lie on T
plane. the
Step (vii): Fix nail of length 6 cm at
a
black board. Its tip is (8, -2) on the
3 cmm g
P, from where the represented by the
distance to the point
KLMN is to be calculated. plane
DEMONSTRATION:
( Co-ordinate of A, B and C are
of P (8,-6, 2), -3, -9, 3) and (-1, rdinates
are (8, -2, 6). 4, 4) respectve
(i) We place a such square such that its
one side, on the plane
KLMN and the other side in the
direction of the which forms right angle
Torms aa right an
normal to the plane.
LAB ACTIVmY 59

(in) We place a metre scale along the side of the set-square, which is in the direction or thne
normal to the plane KLMN. Slide both of them till the metre scale touches the point P.
(o) We measure the distance between the point P and the plane in the normal direction using
metre scale.
() The equation of the plane through A, B and C is:

8
y+6
-3-8 9+6 3-2=0
-1-8 4+6 4-2 1Form: ax + by + cz + d =0]
OME
(oi) The distance is determined by the use of the formula: lo oortelb b bais
or bnit
d=
td
+b+
+d
(vii) Both the distances, obtained above, are same.

OBSERVATIONS:
(a) () Co-ordinates of A are (8,- 6, 2)
(i) Co-ordinates of B are (-3, -9, 3)
(ii) Co-ordinates of C are (-1, - 4, 4)

(io) Co-ordinates of P are (8, -2, 6).

(b) Distance of the point P from the plane KLMN = .. (by actual measurement)
(c) Equation of the plane through A, B, C is:
8x 13y + 49z - 240 = 0.

X-X1 y-Y1 Z-Z1

Using 2-X1 2-V1 z2-Z1=0]
3-1 Vs -V1 23-21
CONCLUSION:
Distance of P from the plane by actual measurement

144
= Distance of P using analytical method = = 7.46.
373
APPLICATION:
This activity is useful when we explain the distance of a point from a plane.
G0 MODERNs e t OF PRACTICAL MATHEMATICSs0

VIVA VOCE/QUIZ
Q. 1. Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 4) from the plane
(3-6+ 2k)- 11
Q.2. Find the distance from (1, 2, 3) to the plane:
2x+3y-z+2 0.
Q.3. Find the distance of the plane 2x-4y + 12z= 3 from the origin.
Q. 4. Find the distance of the point (2, 3, -5) from the plane x + 2y-2z = 9.
Q. 5. Find the distance of the point (-6, 0, 0) from the plane:
2x-3y + 67 -2 0.

ANSWERS
7 3
1. 1 unit 2. 14 units 3. 13
13 unit teboo 4. 3 units
5. 2 units

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26 LAB ACTIVITY

Topic: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY V

OBJECTIVE: To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify it analytically.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
i) Piece of plywood of size 25 cm x 15 cm (i) Squared paper
Gin) Three wooden blocks of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm each and one wooden block of size
2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm
(iv) Wires of different lengths (v) Set-squares (vi) Pen/pencil (vi) Eraser
(vii) Adhesive (Glue).
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:

Step (): Take a piece of plywood and paste a squared paper on it.
Step (i) Draw two perpendicular lines OA and OB representing co-ordinate axes on the squared
paper.
Step (ii): Let three blocks of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm be I, I, and I.
Let other block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm
be IV.
Step (iv): Place blocks I, II and II such that their base
centres are at the points (2, 2), (1, 6) and
(7, 6) respectively.
Place block IV such that its base centre is at
(6, 2).
Step (): Put wire, which joins the centres P and Q
of the base centres of Blocks I and II.
Put another wire, which joins the centres R
and S of the base centres of block II and IV.
R760
Step (vi): These wires represent two skew-lines.
Step (vi): Take a wire and join it with skew-lines
perpendicularly by. Also measure the actual
distance.
DEMONSTRATION:
9 We place the set-square such that its one side is along the wire PO.
(i) We move the set-square along PQ till other side touches the other wire.
(in) Measure the distance between the two lines, which is the shortest distance between two
skew-lines.
62 MODERN'S abc OF PRACTICAL MATHEMATICs

(iv) Obtain the equation of the line analytically, which joins P(2, 2, 0) and Q7, 6, 0) and t
other, which joins R(1, 6, 2) and S(6, 2, 4).

() Using the formula S.D =2 a ) (b xbz) find the distance in two cases, which will t
byxbal
same.

OBSERVATIONS:
It is observed that shortest distance between
PQ and RS, obtained analytically and by actual
measurement are same.
CONCLUSION:

S.D. between two skew-lines

= +ib and r=
2 +uba is given b
S.D.=2-a)xb)
b xb
hold obi Sxmo se lo abold noboow se
APPLICATION:
This activity is useful when
between them.
we
explain the concept of skew-lines and shortest distance

VIVA VOCE/QUIZ
Q. 1. What are coplanar lines?
Q. 2. What are skew lines?bns J1sd
Q. 3. Define the shortest distance between two skew lines.
Q. 4. Give the formula of S.D. between two skew lines.
ae
7= i +b and 7=, +by
Q.5. Give the formula of S.D. between two parallel lines:
i a +b and r=z +ub. ool

ANSWERS
bos bold io es

4. d d- xba (- ) owrbx(-
ilwse 5 . d=|

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 1 3 0

27 LAB ACTIVITY

8nA o slduova ooo -

Topic: PROBABILITY
eMortAVSueuo
OBJECTIVE: To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, when event
B has already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: (OA

(i) Piece of plywood (ii) White paper (ii) Scale (fo) Pair of dice
() Pencil (vi) Eraser
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:
Step (i): Take a piece of plywood of reasonable size.
Step (ii): Paste a white paper on the piece of plywood.
OreurDo
Step (ii): Make a square and divide it into 36 squares of side 1 cm each.
Step iv): Put the numbers as in the following figure.

(1,) 1.2) (1.3) 1.4) (1,5) (1.6)

2,1 22) 2.3) (2-5 2.6) boboe
(3,1) 82 3.3 (3.6) duoh
4,1) 4.2) 4.3) 4.4) 4.5 4,6)
5,1 (5.2) 6.3 64) 6.5 5,6
(6,1) (6.2) (6.3 6-4)65 (6,6)
6
DEMONSTRATION:
(i) In the fig., we have all the possible outcomes of the experiment. a 0 E 360
Then the fig. represents the sample space of the experiment. ( 0 (6 0
Let the events be below:
(i) as

Event A: "Number 4 appears on both dice"

Event B: "4 appears on at least one of the dice."
6 36.
(1i) Total number of exhaustive outcomes =6 x

(iv) We are to find P(A/B).

(v) Number of outcomes favourable to A =1.
1
P(A)=36 AAAA
64 MODERN'S abe OF PRACTCAL MATH
Number of outcomes favourable to B = 11.

11
P(B)=26
Number of outcomes favourable to AnB =1.
1
PAB)= 6
P(AnB) 1/36
(vi) P(A/B) =PB) 11/36 11
OBSERVATIONS:

(a) Outcome, which is favourable to A =

1, n(A) 1 =

favourable to B 11, n(B)

=
= 11.
(6) Outcomes, which are

1, n{A^ B) = 1.
(c) Outcome, which is favourable to AnB =

1
(d) P(AB) =36
PA
(e) P(A/B) =PAnB)1/36
PB)
11/36 1
CONCLUSION:

P(A/B) = P(AnB) and P(B/A) = P(AnB)

PB) P(A)
APPLICATION:
This activity is useful when we explain the concept of conditional probability, whichs
needed in Bayes' Theorem.
Remark: We can repeat the activity for other events "probability of getting a sum 10 whe
a doublet has already occurred."

VIVA VOCE/QUIZ

Q.1. If P(A) and PA

= -

B) what is P{A n B).

Q.2. If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.5 and P(A/B) =0.3, then find P(AUB).
Q.3. If PA) 0.6, P(B) 0.7 and PA u B) 0.9, then find P(B/A).
= = =

Q.4. If P(A) =0.4, P(B) 0.8 and P(B/A) 0.6, then find P(A/B).
= =

Q.5. If PA/B) 0.8, P(B/A) 0.6 and P[A U B) 0.7, then find P(A u B).
= = =

ANSWERS
1. 2. 0.95 4. 0.3
36
5. 0.57.
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 MATHEAY
LAB ACTIVITY

OO 0A

Topic: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY -I

OBJECTIVE: To locate the points to given co-ordinates in space, measure the distance between two
points in space and then to verify the distance, using distance formula.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
) Drawing board (ii) Geometry box (ii) Squared paper (io) Paper arrows
(o) Nails of different lengths.
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION:
Step i): Take a drawing board.
Step (i): Paste a squared paper on the drawing board.
Step (iii): Take two lines XOX and YOY as axes, as shown in the figure.
Step (iv): Take 1 unit = 1 cm.

Step (): Through 0, fix a wire in the vertical direction so as to represent z-axis.
Step (vi): Fix nails of length 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm; etc at different points on the squared paper, say at
P-2,-3), Q-2, 2), R4, 1), S(3, -5), and so on.
Upper tips of the nails represent the points; say A, B, C, D in space.

C4 1,3)
2 cm
22218 3Cm
E2. 2)Q
R4 1)
X
-ID(B-5,9
-23, 1)ANI cm
-2-3)P 4 cm

s3-5)
LAB ACTIvITY 53
DEMONSTRATION:
Co-ordinates of the points A, B, C and D are (-2, -3, 1), (-2, 2, 2), (4, 1, 3) and (3,
respectively.
ii) By actual measurement, AB 5.1
=
cm
(Using Scale)
By distance formula, AB =
V-2+2) +(2+3) +(2-1) =
J0+25+1 26 5.099
=

(i1i) Thus, the distance of AB, obtained

by above two ways are
approximately same.
Same is the case with other points.
OBSERVATIONS:
(a) Co-ordinates of C are (4, 1, 3)
Co-ordinates of D are (3, -5, 4).t l e anoiups bilboltaosb of
(b) By actual measurement.
AC . , BC =
AD . .
CD=
=
BD **********/
By distance formula, rtod no boxt d bns dun gyarvat bo1 ebooyr rut (y
AC . .
=
BC =

CONCLUSION:
AD =
........
.., CD = .
******* BD VoCE/OUR
Distance between two
r o formula points in space, obtained by actual measurement and
are
approximately same. by distance
APPLICATION:
This activity is useful to visualise different points in
This space.
activity is also useful when we explain the
concept of positive vectors.

VIVA VOCE/QUIZ
Q.1. Find the distance between the points (9,
-12,-8) and (0, 0, 0).
Q. 2. Find the value of 'k so that the distance between the
Q.3. Are the points: (-2, 3, 5); (1, 2, 3); (7, 0, -1)
points (7, 1, -3) and (4, 5, k) is 13 units.
collinear?
Q.4. Find the equation if the set of points which are
(3, 2, -1). equidistant from the points (1, 2, 3) and
Q. 5. Find the points on the X-axis, which are at a distance of
2 V6 units from the point (1,-2, 3).
ANSWERS
1. 17 units 2. k = 9, -13
3. Yes
4. x-2z =0
5. (1+ V11,0,0).
l o tAAAA