Experiment # 2

Preparation and Standardization of 0.1 N Sulfuric Acid

CALCULATION:

End Point Normality

of the sample
Trial 1

0.18 g/mL or N

Trial 2

0.18 g/ml or N
Trial 3

0.17 g/mL or N

COMPUTATION:
CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED:

CONCLUSION

- Because the intended normalcy value is 0.1 and the findings from the trials are: trial
1=0.1N, trial 2=0.18N, and trial 3=0.17N, we infer that the titration result is exact but not
accurate. The indications also varied in color, with the hue of trial 3 being a darker shade
of pink.

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH

1. What is a primary standard?

- It's a reagent that's extremely pure, represents the number of moles in the material, and is
easy to weigh.

2. What are the applications of titration in the pharmaceutical industry?

- Like many other branches of chemistry, titration has long been a standard method of
analysis in the pharmaceutical industry. It facilitates the content determination of active
ingredients and raw materials for drug manufacturing. From the formulation of a drug to
its production, the role of volumetric analysis can be categorized primarily in five
different processes as follow:
A. Purity Analysis of Pharmaceutically Active Ingredients: Titration is used to determine
the content of active ingredients in pharmaceutical products, e.g. acetylsalicylic acid in
Aspirin, or vitamin C in multivitamins tablets, and for the content determination and
purity control of drug additives used for the synthesis of medicinal compounds.
B. Content Analysis by Redox Titrations: Oxidation-reduction (redox) titrations are also
used for checking the purity of raw materials, fillers, and preservatives. A good example
of this is the bromatometric determination of methyl- 4-benzoate, a p-hydroxybenzoic
acid ester. This compound is used as a preservative in ophthalmic preparations and
ointments for external application.
C. Precipitation Titrations: Based on their structure, some active ingredients precipitate
with a suitable titrant to form consumable medication. Examples of this are
benzalkonium chloride and clotrimazole.
D. pH-Stat Titrations: The pH-stat titration is performed to characterize drugs, to check the
purity of enzyme products, and to investigate the kinetics of chemical reactions. pH-stat
means the stationary pH value, i.e. the pH value is held constant for a certain period of
time. This technique is used in particular for the determination of reaction kinetic
parameters such as the reactivity of enzymes.
E. Karl Fischer Titration is a common analytical method in chemistry that helps in
determining the water content in a particular mixture. In the pharmaceutical industry, the
water or moisture content of a product plays an important role as far as the activity and
the storage lifetime of a product are concerned. Too high or too low water content can
impair the effectiveness of the active ingredient over time to a great extent.

3. Identify the proper titration technique.

- The most common application of titrations is to determine an unknown concentration of a
component (the analyte) in a solution by reacting it with another compound's solution
(the titrant). The concentration of the analyte can be calculated using the titrant's known
concentration, the volume of titrant added, and the reaction's stoichiometry. Here's a
step-by-step guide on using suitable titration techniques.
 • Step 1. Place a known quantity (volume) of the solution of unknown
concentration (the analyte) in an Erlenmeyer flask and fill the solution of known
concentration (the titrant) in the burette.
• Step 2. Open the tap of the burette gradually and let the titrant trickle down into
the analyte. Determine the correct titration speed – too slow, and the titration
period is unnecessarily prolonged; too fast, and the equivalence point is exceeded.
• Step 3. Keep an eye on the color of the analyte – the completion of a titration is
usually indicated by a color change.

REFERENCES:

• What is a primary standard? - Helmenstine, A. M. (2020, February 4). Primary Standards

in Chemistry. ThoughtCo. Retrieved March 27, 2022, from
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-primary-standard-and-examples-605556
• What are the applications of titration in the pharmaceutical industry? - Titration.
Retrieved from https://studiousguy.com/titration-
uses/?fbclid=IwAR0DFKXY22HFjqZIT9Scr27TOQyCSv7Ix-
rg7c43oNsM6mz_A7fA_Iv3RGg
• Identify the proper titration technique. - Guide, S. (2018, November 8). Titration 101:
Titration Techniques, Calculation Formulae and Digital Burettes. Microlit.com.
Retrieved March 27, 2022, from https://www.microlit.com/titration-101-titration-
techniques-calculation-formulae-digital-burettes/
 Experiment # 3

Preparation and Standardization of 1 N Sodium Hydroxide

COMPUTATION:

End Point Normality of the sample

Trial 1

1.07 g/mL or N

Trial 2

11.1 g/mL or N
Trial 3

1.12 g/mL or N

COMPLUTATION:
CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED:

CONCLUSION:

- Because the intended value of normalcy is 1 and the findings from the trials 1,2,3 are
exact but not accurate because trial 1= 1.07 N, trial 2= 1.11N, trial 3= 1.12 and the
average is 1.1N which is above the intended value. The endpoints of these trials varied in
different colors of pink, the first one has strong hints of color pink and it gradually
became lighter on trials 2 and 3.

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:

1. What is the importance of standardizing a solution before using it in an assay?

- The measurement of titer or standardization of a volumetric solution used for titration is
one of the most important criteria for reliable and transparent titration results. Only by
using the right volumetric solution concentration can we attain precise and consistent
titration results. The nominal concentration of a volumetric solution used as a titrant in
the titration process is known. A variety of factors might cause the concentration to
diverge from what it is supposed to be. It's vital to use a titrimetric standard to determine
the real concentration in order to get reliable titration results.

2. What type of titration is involved in the experiment conducted?

- The type of titration that is used in the experiment is Acid-Base Titration, a method to
determine an acid's or bases' concentration by precisely neutralizing them with a standard
solution of either acid or base of known concentration.
REFERENCES:

• What is the importance of standardizing a solution before using it in an assay? -

Darmstadt, M. K. G. A. (2013). Importance of volumetric solution standardization.
Retrieved March 27, 2022, from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/PH/en/technical-
documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-
validation/standardizationof-volumetric-solutions
• What type of titration is involved in the experiment conducted? - Types of Titration
(Titration Chemistry) - Acid-Base, Redox, Precipitation, & Complexometric Titration
Chemistry. (2020, February 25). Byjus. Retrieved March 27, 2022, from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/types-of-titration/

MEMBER:

David, Kassandra Veranice C.

Lopez, Elyeka Pearl

Gruspe, Labern Jay

Mariano, Patricia S.

Mendoza, Kimberly A.

Silvestre, Joshua Nald