HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Introduction to Communication Systems –Worksheet 1

1. Discuss the following terms briefly (give some examples if possible).

(a) Transducer (c) Additive Noise

(b) Multipath fading (d) Modulation

2. Write at least three importance of modulation in communication system.

3. What are the importance of transmitting analog signals using digital modulation system.

4. Compare and contrast the four different linear amplitude modulation techniques at least
with four points (Put your answer in table form).

5. Define modulation.

6. Explain why modulation is necessary or desirable

7. State the four main benefits of SSB over conventional AM.

8. Name two applications for SSB and two applications for DSB

9. Briefly explain each section of the Superheterodyne AM receiver.

10. Discuss about the Vestigial Sideband modulation technique

(a) Its Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain description of the vestigial sideband modu-
lated wave
(b) Its modulation and demodulation techniques

11. Explain the following terms

(a) Interference
(b) Distortion
(c) Noise

12. To achieve 75 percent modulation of a carrier of Vc = 50v, what amplitude of the modu-
lating signal is needed?

13. What is the mathematical relationship of the carrier and modulating signal voltages when
overmodulation occurs?

14. An AM radio transmitter operating on 3.9 MHz is modulated by frequencies up to 4 kHz.

What are the maximum upper and lower side frequencies? What is the total bandwidth of
the AM signal?
15. A ham transmitter has a carrier power of 750 W. How much power is added to the signal
when the transmitter is 100% modulated?

16. A subcarrier of 70 kHz is amplitude-modulated by tones of 2.1 and 6.8 kHz. The result-
ing AM signal is then used to amplitude-modulate a carrier of 12.5 MHz. Calculate all
sideband frequencies in the composite signal, and draw a frequency-domain display of the
signal. Assume 100 percent modulation. What is the bandwidth occupied by the complete
signal?

17. An AM signal with 100 percent modulation has an upper sideband power of 32 W. What
is the carrier power?

18. How much power appears in one sideband of an AM signal of a 5-kW transmitter modu-
lated by 80 percent?

19. What is the total power supplied by an AM transmitter with a carrier power of 2500 W and
modulation of 77 percent?

20. An AM signal has a 12-W carrier and 1.5 W in each sideband. What is the percentage of
modulation?

21. An AM transmitter puts a carrier of 6 A into an antenna whose resistance is 52 − Ω The

transmitter is modulated by 60 percent. What is the total output power?

22. The antenna current produced by an unmodulated carrier is 2.4 A into an antenna with a
resistance of 75 − Ω. When amplitude-modulated, the antenna current rises to 2.7 A. What
is the percentage of modulation?

23. An AM signal is generated by modulating the carrier f c = 800 kHz by the signal m(t) =
sin2000πt + 5cos4000πt. The AM signal u(t) = 100[1 + m(t)]cos2 f ct is fed to a 50Ω
load.
(a) Determine and sketch the spectrum of the AM signal.
(b) Determine the average power in the carrier and in the sidebands.
(c) What is the modulation index?
(d) What is the peak power delivered to the load?

24. The message signal m(t) = 2cos400t + 4sin(500t + π/3) modulates the carrier signal
c(t) = Ac os(8000πt), using DSB-SC amplitude modulation. Find the time domain and
frequency domain representation of the modulated signal and plot the spectrum (Fourier
transform) of the modulated signal. What is the power content of the modulated signal?

25. Suppose the signal x (t) = m(t) + cos2π f c t is applied to a nonlinear system whose output
is y(t) = x (t) + 0.5x2 (t). Determine and sketch the spectrum of y(t) when M(f) is as
shown in Figure 3 and W  f c

26. A DSB-SC AM signal is modulated by the signal m(t) = 2cos200πt + cos600πt. The
modulated signal is u(t) = 100m(t)cos2π f c t where f c = 1KHz.(6pt)
(a) Determine and sketch the spectrum of the AM signal.
(b) Determine the average power in the frequency components.

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 Figure 1

27. An AM signal has the form u(t) = [20 + 2cos3000πt + 10cos6000πt]cos2 f ct where
f c = 105 Hz.
(a) Sketch the (voltage) spectrum of u(t).
(b) Determine the power in each of the frequency components.
(c) Determine the modulation index.
(d) Determine the power in the sidebands, the total power, and the ratio of the sidebands
power to the total power.

28. The message signal m(t) has a Fourier transform shown in Figure 2(a). This signal is
applied to the system shown in Figure 2(b) to generate the signal y(t).
(a) Plot Y(f), the Fourier transform of y(t).
(b) Show that if y(t) is transmitted, the receiver can pass it through a replica of the system
shown in Figure 5(b) to obtain m(t) back. This means that this system can be used as
a simple scrambler to enhance communication privacy.

(b)
(a)

Figure 2

29. The message signal m(t) whose spectrum is shown in Figure 3 is passed through the system
shown in the same figure. The bandpass filter has a bandwidth of 2W centered at f0 and the
lowpass filter has a bandwidth of W. Plot the spectra of the signals x (t), y1 (t), y2 (t), y3 (t), andy4 (t).
What are the bandwidths of these signals?

30. The system shown in Figure 4 is used to generate an AM signal. The modulating signal
m(t) has zero mean and its maximum (absolute) value is Am = max |m(t)|. The nonlinear
device has an inputoutput characteristic y(t) = ax(t) + bx2(t).

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 Figure 3

(a) Express y(t) in terms of the modulating signal m(t) and the carrier c(t) = cos2π f c t.
(b) What is the modulation index?
(c) Specify the filter characteristics that yield an AM signal at its output.

Figure 4

31. Figure 5 shows the block diagram of Weavers method for generating SSB modulated
waves. The message signal is limited to the band f a 6 | f | 6 f b . The auxiliary carrier
applied to the first pair of product modulators has a frequency f 0 , which lies at the cen-
ter of this band, as shown by f 0 = ( f a + f b )/2. The lowpass filters in the in-phase and
quadrature channels are identical, each with a cutoff frequency equal to ( f b − f a )/2. The
carrier applied to the second pair of product modulators has a frequency fc that is greater
than ( f b − f a )/22. Sketch the spectra at the various points in the modulators of Figure 5,
and hence show that:
(a) For the lower sideband, the contributions of the in-phase and quadrature channels are
opposite polarity, and by adding them at the modulator output, the lower sideband is
suppressed.
(b) For the upper sideband, the contributions of the in-phase and quadrature channels are
of the same polarity, and by adding them, the upper sideband is transmitted.

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 (c) How would you modify the modulator of Figure 5 so that only the lower sideband is
transmitted?

Figure 5

32. You are asked to design a DSB-SC modulator to generate a modulated signal k m (t)cosωc t,
where m(t) is a signal band-limited to B Hz. Figure 6 (a) shows a DSB-SC modulator
available in the stock room. The carrier generator available generates not cosωc t, but
cos3ωc t. Explain whether you would be able to generate the desired signal using only this
equipment. You may use any kind of filter you like.
(a) What kind of filter is required in Figure 6?
(b) Determine the signal spectra at points b and c, and indicate the frequency bands occu-
pied by these spectra.
(c) What is the minimum usable value of c ?
(d) Would this scheme work if the carrier generator output were cos2ωc t? Explain.
(e) Would this scheme work if the carrier generator output were cosnωc t for any integer
n2?

Figure 6

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