ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS

NERVOUS SYSTEM
DENDRITES
 Complex of interconnected systems o Thin branching extensions of CB
 Important in maintaining the homeostasis o Conduct nerve impulses toward
of human body the CB
 Series of sensory receptors that work with
the NS to provide information about the
changes in both internal and external
environment

NEURON
 NERVE CELLS
o Basic elements of the NS AXON
o Impulse transmission (terminal end o Single branch
fibers located at the ends of the o Conduct nerve impulses away the
axon transmits impulses leaving CB
the neuron across the synapse to o +/- Myelin sheath and neurilemma
next neuron)
o Parts:
o Cell Body
o Dendrites
o Axon

CELL BODY
o Main processing center of the cell
o Contains nucleus, mitochondria

NEURON
 All neurons have 2 basic properties:
o Excitability
o Conductivity

o NISSL BODIES Neuron A Neurotransmitter

 Synapse Neuron B
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS

Three types of Neuron

 Afferent (sensory) NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Carry information from sensory  CNS and PNS
receptor to CNS  Central NS
 Interneuron o Brain and SC
 Carry and process sensory o Work together to integrate and
information coordinate sensory and motor info
 Efferent (motor) from controlling tissues, organs
 Carry information from CNS to and systems
muscles and glands o Higher order neural functions:
memory, learning, emotion

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN
 3 lbs in adults
 75% water
 20% oxygen
 Billions of neurons
Main parts:
CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM o Cerebrum
 Endoneurium o Diencephalon
o Surround individual nerve o Brain stem
 Perineurium o Cerebellum
o Surrounds fascicles (small bundle
of nerve fibers)
 Epineurium
o Outermost layer of dense, irregular
connective tissue surrounding a
peripheral nerve

Cerebrum
 Above cerebellum
 2 hemispheres (cerebral cortex)
connected by bridges of nerve fibers
(corpus callosum)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS

Lobes:
o Fontal
o Parietal
o Temporal Cerebellum
o Occipital  Area that coordinates musculoskeletal
movement, posture, balance and tone
 Inferior to the Occipital lobe
 Posterior to pons and MO

SPINAL CORD
 Extend from MO to area of L1
 Nerves of PNS extend out from the sc
 Protected: vertebral column, meninges.
CSF

Diencephalon
 Deep portion of the brain
o Thalamus
o Hypothalamus
o Epithalamus  Protected
o Dura mater
o Outer tough fibrinous mem
o Arachnoid
o Middle WEB-LIKE, (+) CSF
o Pia
o Innermost , (+) blood
vessels

Brainstem
 Midbrain
o Visual reflexes
 Pons
o Between MB and MO
o Control certain respiratory
function
 Medulla oblongata
o Center for regulation of heart and
lung function, swallowing,
coughing, vomiting, sneezing PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Collection of PN, ganglia that carries
Sensory and Motor information between
CNS and all other organs in the body
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS

 Sensory (Afferent) division o Muscle or gland stimulated

 Motor (Efferent) division  Afferent and efferent neurons
o Somatic NS o Provide the communication
o Autonomic (Visceral) NS pathway between the two
components.

REFLEXES

AUTONOMIC
 12 pairs of Cranial nerves  Visceral reflexes
 31 pairs of Spinal nerves  Mediated through ANS
 Not subject to conscious control
 Result:
o Activation of smooth muscles,
cardiac muscle, and the glands of
the body
o Regulation of body functions as
digestion, elimination, blood
pressure, salivation, and sweating

SOMATIC
CRANIAL NERVES  Involve the stimulation of skeletal muscles
by the SNS
 Rapid withdrawal of a hand from a hot
object.

REFLEX PHYSIOLOGY
o Reflexes
o Rapid, predictable and
involuntary motor responses to
stimuli
o Mediated over neural pathways
called reflex arcs
 Sensory receptor end organ
o Reacts to a stimulus
 Effector organ
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS

TEST YOUR REFLEX ACCOMMODATION REFLEX

CONVERGENCE REFLEX

PATELLAR REFLEX

SENSE ORGANS

ACHILLES REFLEX

PHOTOPUPIL REFLEX
EYES
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS

-Hearing
 Acuity testing
 Sound localization

NOSE

EYES
 Vision
 Maintaining equilibrium

EARS

TONGUE

EARS
1. Vestibular
2. Cochlear