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 • • •

• • •
Brief History of the
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES)

1964 1970s 1977 1997

Bureau of Philippine Bureau of Products Standards - Established of AMTEC by virtue Thru R.A. 8435 or AFMA , AMTEC
Standard was established (BAPS-DTI) spearheaded the of a MoA between the DA and was designated by the DA to issue
under R.A. 4109 development of standards for UPLB. standards for agriculture and fisheries
agricultural engineering machinery

2013 2001 2000

With the RA 10601, AMTEC was designated PSAE adopted the standards AMTEC initiated the drafting
as the Premier and Reference Testing Center, developed for the agricultural of 35 Agricultural Engineering
and shall assist BAFS in the formulation of engineering professions and Standard w/c include updating
quality, safety, and performance standards referred to as PAES existing PNS
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

▪
 SOURCES OF
POWER IN
ABEN70

THE FARM
ENGR. JOHN PAULO M. PERIDO
 Classification of Agricultural
Operations
Tractive Work
1. Land preparation
2. Cultivating
3. Harvesting
4. Transport

Stationary Work
1. Threshing
2. Water Pumping
3. Milling
Common Sources of Power and Energy for
Agro-Industrial Operation

1. Human Power
2. Animal Power
3. Electricity
4. Solar
5. Wind Power
6. Water/ Hydropower
7. Biomass
8. Heat Engines
HUMAN POWER
Still considered the major source of power
in the farm because of:

▪ Size of farm
Human
▪
▪
Topography
Crops grown Power
▪ High cost of equipment
▪ High cost and non-availability of fuel
▪ Availability of low-cost labor
▪ Oldest source of power in the farm

▪ Poor source of power

▪ A mature human being can continuously

develop an output of 0.10 hp if he/she is
in good physical condition, well-fed and
working in a favorable environment.
Human
▪ Considering that there are 3M farms, 12M Power
hectares of agricultural lands, and
assuming 5 farmers per farm, human
power contribution is about 0.125 hp/ha.

▪ Man is best suited to farm operations

requiring judgement rather than just
manual labor
 Human
Power

Source: Beeghy, W. 1972. Nutrition, Employment and Working Efficiency: Toward

Measuring Human Activity in the Rural Tropics. Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff
Paper No. 72-73, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
 Human Power Generated

𝑷𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕

Human
Where: 𝑃𝑔 - generated power, hp
𝑡 - time, min

Rest Period Power

𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑻𝒓 = 𝟔𝟎(𝟏 − )
𝑷
Where: 𝑇𝑟 - required rest period, min/hr
𝑃 - actual rate of energy
consumption, watts
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A person is asked to do water pumping for 4

hours. Compute the power that can be
generated by the person.

Human
Power
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Find the rest period of a person doing

manual ridging with gross power of 500
watts. If he works for 4 hours, determine
the total time of rest needed by the person.
Human
Power
ANIMAL POWER
▪ In the Philippines, the Carabao is the
major beast of burden.

▪ It can generate 1 hp walking continuously

under favorable conditions.

▪ Its work is confined mostly to pulling

operations such as plowing, harrowing,
Animal
cultivating and transport.
Power
 Animal
Power

Source: 1994 Philippine Yearbook. National Statistics Office. Republic of the

Philippines. Manila
▪ This population reduction was due :
o lifting of the carabao slaughter ban,
o hoof-and-mouth disease epidemic in
1975
o naturally low birth rate of carabaos.

▪ Today, the population of carabaosis

maintained at the level of about 2.5
Animal
million heads.
Power
▪ About 70-75% is used for draft work with
the rest used for milk production.

▪ The contribution of animal power in the

farm is about 0.16 hp/ha.
 Animal
Power

Note: Test animals could not pull load beyond 250 kg.
Source: Test data of the National CarabaoResearch Center, Institute of Animal
Science, UPLB, 1990
• The animals were made to pull loads of 50
to 300 kg by using a wooden sledge as the
loading device.

• the line of pull was measured from the Animal

horizontal plane and it ranged from 18-24
degrees for the carabao and 24-30 degrees
for the cattle.
Power
• The draft is the horizontal component of
the pull, parallel to the line of motion
• The average speed of the carabao was 4.38
kph and the cattle was 3.52 kph.

• With the increase in load, the speed

decreased, and the animals could not pull
the load of 300kg and beyond. Animal
• About 15% of the weight of the carabao Power
would be an optimum draft under normal
conditions.
• For a 500 kg carabao, therefore, the draft
load would be 75 kg and at a walking
speed of 3.5 kph, the animal would
generate 0.96 hp.
 Animal
Power
Source: Tatsumi, H. 1958. Energy Expense of Horses in Culture in a Paddy Field.
National Institute of Agricultural Science Bulletin Series 6. No.14.
Advantages of animal power

▪ Low initial cost

▪ Easy to maintain

▪ Rarely bogs down in mud Animal

▪ Can work closer to the levees
Power
▪ Mobile in most terrain conditions

▪ If female, is capable of reproduction

▪ Source of milk, meat, leather and

fertilizer
Disadvantages of animal power

▪ Low work output

▪ Prone to disability by disease, Animal

poisoning, lost by rustling and death

▪ Requires daily attention such as

Power
feeding and pasturing

▪ Under poor management practices,

causes unsanitary conditions
Performance efficiency

▪ Animal’s performance efficiency

ranges from 9 to 10% for bovines and 10
to 12% for horse family.

▪ Generally, draft animal force is

Animal
approximately 10% of the body weight.
Power
▪ Of all the draft animal, horse has the
highest output.

▪ Animals can work within 8 to 10 hours

for horse and 5 to 8 hours for adult
oxen.
Animal
Power
 Pull Formula

𝑾 𝑳𝟏 𝝁
𝑷=
Animal
𝑳 + 𝒉𝟐 𝝁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝑳𝟐 𝝁 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

Where:
𝑃 – pull, kg
𝑊 – weight of the animals acting at CG, kg
𝜃 – angle of line of pull, deg
Power
𝐿 – horizontal distance between front and rear feet, m
𝐿1 – horizontal distance between front foot and CG of the animal, m
𝐿2 –horizontal distance of the neck load point from the front foot, m
ℎ2 – height of the neck load point from the ground, m
𝜇 – coefficient of friction between hoof and ground surface, dmls
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate the pull that can be developed by a

900-kg ox in pulling a load at an angle of 30 deg.
The horizontal distance between the front and

Animal
the rear foot is 1.4 m. The center of gravity is
located 0.7 m from the front foot. The horizontal
distance from the yoke point to the front foot is
0.3 m. The height of the neck yoke point was
measured 1.2 m from the ground. Assume a
Power
coefficient of friction of 0.95 between the hoof
and the ground surface.
 Draft horsepower

𝑫𝑯𝑷 = 𝑫 𝒙 𝑺
Animal
Where: 𝐷𝐻𝑃 -
𝐷 -
draft horsepower, hp
draft, kg Power
𝑆 - speed, m/s
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Compute the draft power developed by an 800-

kg buffalo in pulling 80-kg load on a plow and
traveling at a speed of 0.9 m/sec.

Animal
Power
ELECTRIC MOTORS
▪ Electro-mechanical devices used to convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy

▪ Electric motors provide stationary power for

various agricultural operations.
Electric
• Electro-mechanical devices used to
convert electrical energy into mechanical Motors
energy.
• Efficient means of converting energy into
mechanical energy compared to gasoline
and diesel engines.
▪ Efficient means of converting energy into
mechanical energy compared to gasoline
and diesel engines.

Energy Conversion Efficiencies of

Major Farm Power Units
Electric
Power unit
Energy Conversion
Efficiency% Motors
Electric motor 50-99

Gasoline engine 25

Diesel engine 40
Source: Gustafson and Morgan, 2004
 Motor Power

𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Where: 𝑃 - power, W Electric

- voltage, V
Motors
𝑉
𝐼 - ampere, A
𝜃 - phase angle
Sample

Determine the true power output of an AC circuit

with a voltage of 120 volts, a current of 10
amperes and a phase shift of 20⁰ between
voltage and current.
Electric
Motors
▪ They are commonly used as prime movers
for stationary and indoor equipment such as
those used for processing of farm products
and by-products
Electric
Motors
Advantages over engines

1. low initial cost,

2. available in fractional hp sizes (1/4, ½, ¾
Hp) and low integral hp sizes (1, 1 ½, 2, 2
½, 3 Hp),
Electric
3. Compact
4. long life Motors
5. easy to start and simple to operate
6. inexpensive to operate
7. quiet operation
8. no exhaust fumes
9. potential for automatic control
Disadvantages

1.not adapted to mobile applications such as

field machines,

2.used only in farms with existing electric

Electric
lines
Motors
3.affected by power outages
 e-Tractor

Electric
Motors

Source: Development of an electric hand tractor (e-Tractor) for agricultural operations,

R.M. C. Amongo et al, 2020
Classifications

Electric
Motors

Source: PAES 129:2022

Direct-current Motors

▪ use direct-unidirectional current.

▪ commonly used in special applications

Electric
where high torque starting or smooth
acceleration over a broad speed range is
required.
Motors
Main Components of Direct-current Motors

1. Field pole
▪ interaction of two magnetic fields
causes the rotation in a DC motor.

Electric
▪ north and south poles that are
stationary and an armature (rotor) that
turns on bearings in the space between
the field poles. Motors
Main Components of Direct-current Motors

2. Armature (rotor)
▪ becomes an electromagnet when current
goes through it.
▪ linked to a drive shaft in order to drive
the load.
Electric
▪ it rotates in the magnetic field
established by the poles, until the north Motors
and south poles of the magnets change
location with respect to the armature.
▪ the current is reversed to switch the
south and north poles of the armature.
Thus, rotation is achieved
Main Components of Direct-current Motors

3. Commutator
▪ Commutator is found only in DC motors.

▪ Its purpose is to overturn the direction

of the electric current in the armature.
Electric
▪ The commutator also aids in the Motors
transmission of current between the
armature and the power source.
Electric
Motors
Alternating-current Motors

▪ use an electrical current, which reverses

its direction at regular intervals.
▪ majority of electrical motors used in

Electric
homes and on farms are alternating
current motors
▪ two major parts: stator and rotor
▪ difficult to control the speed; can be
equipped with variable frequency drives
Motors
Synchronous Motors

▪ runs at constant speed

▪ requires direct current (DC) for excitation

▪ low starting torque. Electric

▪ Applications: low load requirement such as
air compressors, frequency changes and
Motors
motor generators.

▪ Synchronous motors are able to improve

the power factor of a system, which is why
they are often used in systems that use a
lot of electricity
Synchronous Motors

Application in agriculture:

▪ clocks and timers

▪ three-phase synchronous motors are more Electric

widely used with very large horsepower
and relatively low speed. Motors
Induction Motors

▪ the most popular motors in industry

because of their ruggedness and lower
maintenance requirements.

▪ AC induction motors are inexpensive, half Electric

or less of the cost of a DC motor, and also
provide a high power to weight ratio, about
twice that of a DC motor
Motors
Induction Motors

▪ Induction motors has two main electrical

components: rotor and stator

▪ They use two types of rotors: squirrel-cage rotor

and wound rotor.
Electric
Motors
▪ Squirrel-cage rotor consists of thick conducting
bars, short-circuited at both ends by means of
short-circuiting rings, embedded in parallel slots.

▪ Wound rotor has a three-phase, double-layer,

distributed winding.
o It is wound for as many poles as the stator.
o The three phases are wired internally, and the
other ends are connected to slip-rings
mounted on a shaft with brushes resting on
them.
Electric
Motors
Classification of electric motors based on
electrical service required:

Single-phase alternating current (< 5 hp)

Three-phase alternating current (> 5 hp)

Electric
Motors
Motor Ratings and Selection

1. Torque requirement:
Starting torque
Running torque

▪ At all times from start to full speed, the Electric

torque supplied by the motor > than that
required by the load. Motors
▪ If the load torque becomes higher than
the motor torque, the motor will stall.
 Electric
Motors

Figure 1.Speed-vs-torque curve for general-

purpose motor
Motor Ratings and Selection

2. Starting current requirements:

▪ During starting, a current of magnitude

Electric
2-7x larger than the full-load current is
expected.
▪ Knowing the starting current
requirements of motors,
corresponding rating of transformers,
the Motors
fuses, switches and wires can be
determined.
▪ A motor code designated by a letter on
the motor nameplate, may be used to
compute for the starting current.
Motor Ratings and Selection

Motor code

Electric
Motors
Motor Ratings and Selection

Motor code

Sample

For example, calculate the maximum locked- Electric

rotor current (starting current) for a ½-hp,
220-volt motor with an H motor code. Motors
Motor Ratings and Selection

3. Temperature rating:

▪ Both bearing and insulation life are

Electric
reduced as the operating temperature of
the motor increases
.
▪ Motors are built with four insulation
classes and are classified by the
Motors
maximum temperature any spot in the
motor can tolerate continuously.
Motor Ratings and Selection

Insulation class of motors

Electric
Motors
Normal maximum ambient temperature for motor
operation is 40ºC (104ºF) for most motor ratings

As a general rule, never operate the motor under

the direct heat of the sun.
Motor Ratings and Selection

4. Duty rating:

▪ Motor duty refers to how frequently the

Electric
motor is started and for how long it will
run each time it is started.

▪ Continuous duty is the type of service in

which the motor is operated for more
Motors
than 60 minutes at a time.

▪ Intermittent duty type is operated only

for up to 30 minutes at a time with a rest
or cooling period between operations.
Motor Ratings and Selection

4. Duty rating:

▪ However, most motors are designed for

Electric
continuous duty.

▪ Use of intermittent duty motors is a

matter of cost. Heat dissipation is not as
critical on an intermittent duty motor;
Motors
therefore, some components can be
constructed less expensively.
Motor Ratings and Selection

5. Enclosure:
▪ The open-type enclosure allows for easy
movement of air through the windings

Electric
by providing slots in the end shields or
frame where air can pass through.

▪ A blower attached to the rotor shaft

sucks the air in through the slots in the
Motors
front-end shield and out of the rear end
shield.

▪ This is desirable for motors operating in

clean air or where water is kept from
entering the motor.
Motor Ratings and Selection

5. Enclosure:
▪ The closed-type enclosure does not allow
entry of air to the windings.

▪ A fan on the rotor shaft blows air on the Electric

outside surface of the frame to dissipate
the heat. Motors
▪ Fins are constructed on the frame to
increase the surface area for heat
dissipation.

▪ One advantage of closed-type enclosure

is that they are not affected by dusty
conditions and water splashes.
Electric
Motors
Motor Ratings and Selection

6. Service factor:
▪ Service factor indicates the maximum load
that can be successfully carried by the motor if
it is to operate continuously and remain
within a safe temperature range.
Electric
Motors
▪ Integral horsepower motors have service
factor of 1.15

▪ Fractional horsepower motors have service

factors ranging from 1.25 for ¾ hp to 1.4 for
1/20 hp.

▪ The service factor on the nameplate is

multiplied by the horsepower rating to give
the maximum load that the motor can safely
sustain.
Motor Ratings and Selection

Motor Nameplate
▪ The motor nameplate carries a good deal
of essential information about the

Electric
motor.
▪ Refer to it when you specify, buy, install,
replace, operate and repair motors.
Motors
Motor Ratings and Selection

Motor Nameplate

The information generally found on the nameplate

Electric
includes:

Name of manufacturer-The name provides an

Motors
indication of the quality of the product.

Model name or number-Accurately describes the

product.

Frame designation-National Electrical

Manufacturers Association (NEMA) -designation
for frame design for interchangeability between
motors from different manufacturers.
Motor Ratings and Selection

Motor Nameplate

Horsepower -Full-load horsepower rating.

Motor code-Letter designating starting current

requirement (F, G, H, J, K, or L).
Electric
Cycles or Hertz-Frequency of the electrical source
to be used (50/60 Hz).
Motors
Phase-Number of phases of source (single-phase
or three-phase).

RPM-Speed of rotation of the motor shaft at full

load.
Motor Ratings and Selection

Motor Nameplate

Voltage-Voltage(s) at which the motor is designed

Electric
to operate (110 V or 220 V)

Current -Rated current at full load which varies

Motors
with voltage used.

Duty -Duty rating whether continuous or

intermittent.

Ambient temperature-Maximum ambient

temperature at which motor should be operated.
Motor Ratings and Selection

Motor Nameplate

Service factor-Amount of overload the motor can

Electric
tolerate continuously.

Insulation class-Designation of insulation class

Bearings-Identification
replacement purposes.
of bearings for Motors
Electric
Motors
General rules for determining motor sizes
for equipment:

▪ Consult the manufacturer of the

equipment.

Electric
▪ If the equipment can be successfully
operated by hand, a ¼ hp motor will do.
▪ If an electric motor is to replace a
gasoline engine, provided that the speed
and other load factors remain the same,
Motors
select a size equal or slightly greater
than ( 2/3 × engine hp).
Sample

Determine the size of the motor that can be

use to replace a 2-hp engine.

Electric
Motors
End of
Presentation
Thank you for listening
ABEN70
HEAT ENGINE
 Types of Heat
Engines

▪
 Types of Heat
Engines

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

o
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
▪

▪
 ▪

▪
▪
 ▪

▪ ▪
 ▪

▪
▪
 ▪

▪
 ▪

▪
½

▪
▪
 ▪

▪
▪
▪
 ▪

𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2

▪
 ▪

▪
▪
 ▪

▪
 ▪

▪
▪
▪
 ▪

•
▪
▪
 ▪

▪
 ▪

▪
▪

𝑷𝒅 = 𝑨 𝒙 𝑳
▪

𝑬𝒅 = 𝑷𝒅 𝒙 𝒏
▪

𝐏𝐝 + 𝑪𝑽
𝐂𝐑 =
𝑪𝑽
▪

𝑩𝒉𝒑
𝑻𝑬 =
𝑷𝒇
𝑃𝑓 −
𝐵ℎ𝑝
▪

▪
 𝑷𝑳𝑨𝑵𝒏
𝑰𝒉𝒑 =
𝟐(𝟏)

𝐼ℎ𝑝
𝑃 𝑐𝑚2 𝑖𝑛2
𝐿
𝐴 𝑐𝑚2 𝑖𝑛2
𝑁
𝑛
•

2π 𝑥 𝑙𝑏𝑎 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝐹
𝐵ℎ𝑝 =
𝐶𝐹
2π 𝑥 𝑙𝑏𝑎
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
33,000
▪

𝑪 𝒙 𝒃𝒉𝒑
𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒑 =
𝑷𝒅 𝒙 𝑵 𝒙 𝒏

𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝
𝑃𝑑
𝑁

𝐶
▪

𝐵ℎ𝑝
𝑀𝐸 = x 100%
𝐼ℎ𝑝

▪
o

o
▪
▪

𝑷𝒇 = 𝑷𝒊 − 𝑷𝒃

𝑃𝑓
𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑏
▪

𝑴𝒇
𝑺𝑭𝑪 =
𝑷
 𝑾𝒇𝒄
𝑭𝑪𝑹 =
𝑻𝒐
▪

𝟕𝟐𝟎°
𝑭𝑰 =
𝒏

𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝑭𝑰 =
𝒏
 𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝑬𝒙 = 𝒙𝑵
𝑭𝑰
 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟖
𝑨𝑭 =
𝟕𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓

•
•
 𝑨𝑭 = (𝟑𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐. 𝟑𝟖)

•
•
(𝐶16 𝐻34 ).
▪

𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟓
𝑨𝑷𝑰 = − 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟓
𝜸

𝛾
 (𝟗(𝒏+𝟏)𝝆𝒇 𝑽𝒇 )
𝑽𝒘 =
(𝟕𝒏+𝟏)

𝑉𝑤

𝜌𝑓
𝑉𝑓
(𝐶3 𝐻8 )
End of Presentation
Thank you
ABEN70

Tractors and their

Transmission
System
Engr. John Paulo M. Perido
TRACTOR
 Mechanical device consisting of an engine and power
transmission system.

 The engine ranges from 3 hp to over 100 hp

 Equipped with a transmission system that produces high

torque on its wheels for pulling various implements in the
farm.

 Equipped with a rotary shaft (power take-off shaft,

PTO) that produces rotary power for the operation of
rotary implements.
TRACTOR
 Equipped with a hydraulic system for lifting and lowering
(during transport) and positioning (during operation) of
various implements in the farm

 A Tractor is defined as a self-propelled machine that has:

a) draft power to the tractor through the wheels for
pulling
b) rotary power through rotating axles and shafts (PTO)
c) lifting power through the hydraulic system for
positioning

 Tractors are classified as two-wheel tractor and four-

wheel tractor.
TRACTOR
TRACTOR
 The first four-wheel tractors were brought to the
Philippines during the American occupation for large-scale
sugar cane production.

 The first two-wheel tractors were introduced in the

Philippines from Japan in the 1960s for wetland rice
cultivation.
TRACTOR
The tractor has four basic parts, namely:

1. The engine – supplies the power

2. The Transmission – transmit the power to the drawbar,

power take-off (PTO), belt pulley, and power lift; it is
also a means of regulating speed.

3. The differential – delivers power from the transmission

to the traction wheels, and

4. The clutch – connects crank shaft to transmission

TYPES OF TRACTOR
According to:

 Type of Construction
 Type of drive
TYPES OF TRACTOR
Type of Construction

• First type- Tractor in which the driver can easily sit

and drive the machine.

• Second type - Tractor in which the operator walks

along side, also called Walking Type Tractor.
TWO-WHEEL TRACTOR
 a.k.a Walking type tractor and Hand Tractor

 Single-axle machine powered by an engine ranging from 3 hp to 15 hp.

 Used for land preparation, planting, cultivating, harvesting and transport.

 Various implements are attached to this tractor and the operator walks behind to provide
control.
TWO-WHEEL TRACTOR
Classification according to function

1. Traction type –provides pulling power through its drawbar

2. Rotary type –fitted with rotary blades to cut and pulverize the soil
3. General-purpose type - fitted with drawbar for traction work and a power-take-off
(PTO) for rotary work
FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR
 It is a slow-moving vehicle (up to 30 kph) with high
torque on the driving wheels.

 It comes with multiple speed transmission including

reverse to accommodate various field speeds.

 The operator is provided with a seat from where the

tractor is controlled.
FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR
 The tractor is provided with various controls for its
operation: throttle lever, clutch pedal, brake pedals,
gear shift lever, steering wheel, hydraulic main control
lever (draft and position control), PTO control lever,
differential lock pedal and others.

 Four-wheel tractor are commonly used in land

preparation, planting, weeding/ cultivation/ crop care,
harvesting, and transport.
TYPES OF TRACTOR
Type of Drive

1. Track Type Tractors

 In these types of tractors, instead of wheels one track is fitted on either side.

 This track gets drive from the sprocket run by real axle shaft.

 To steer the tractor, there is no steering gear fitted.

 Here, the machine is steered by applying brakes to one side of the track while the
other track is in motion.
TYPES OF TRACTOR
According to Drive

1. Track Type Tractors

 Half Track Type
o In these types of tractors, a small track chain is fitted at the rear end only while
tires are fitted at the front axle.
o These machines are fitted with tracks in such a way that the contact area with
ground is larger and facilitates in increased traction power.
 Full Track Type
o In these types of tractors, both rear and front axle are fitted with track chain
TYPES OF TRACTOR

Half track type Full track type

TYPES OF TRACTOR

Full track type

TYPES OF TRACTOR
According to Type of Drive

2. Wheel Type Tractors

 They have fast running speed and the fitted tires are able to absorb certain amount
of field shock too.
TYPES OF TRACTOR
According to Type of Drive

2. Wheel Type Tractors

 Two-wheel Drive (2WD)
o vehicles with a drivetrain that allows two wheels to receive power from
the engine simultaneously
 Four-wheel Drive (4WD)
o refers to type of a vehicle, specifically one with its drivetrain capable of
providing torque to all wheel ends of a two-axled vehicle simultaneously.
o It may be full-time, or on-demand, and is typically linked via a transfer case which
provides an additional output drive-shaft, along with additional gear ranges.
TYPES OF TRACTOR

Two-wheel drive (2WD or 4x2) Four-wheel drive (4WD or 4x4)

ACCESSORIES
BALLAST
 a substance that is added to the tractor for the purpose of improving traction and stability
 Types/ methods:
o Removable cast-ron weights that are bolted to the rim of the wheel.
o Partially filling the tires with water (<75%)
ACCESSORIES
Cage wheel
• It gives good traction in wet soil and mixes soil optimally, Especially in the are where deep
water puddling is done
ACCESSORIES
Chain wheel
 Use to increase the traction of wheel
ACCESSORIES
Counter weight
• weights that are used to secure a proper weight distribution and stability.
TRACTOR TIRES
 Lugged tires are used to increase traction

 Ribbed tires are suitable for steering (front tires)

 Lugs/tread should be oriented to penetrate the soil

DUAL TIRES
 provide greater contact area
with the soil and may permit the
use of additional ballast

 improves floatation so the

tractor is less likely to sink into
soft soils

 increases the stress on tractor

axles, bearings, and the entire
drive train
DUAL TIRES
 provide greater contact area
with the soil and may permit the
use of additional ballast

 improves floatation so the

tractor is less likely to sink into
soft soils

 increases the stress on tractor

axles, bearings, and the entire
drive train
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Basic Components of Two-wheel Tractor

 Prime mover
 Power Transmission System
 Mounting Frame
 Different control levers
 Differential Control levers
 Wheels
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel
tractor

Belt and pulleys

 Transmission efficiency is <100% because of some

slippage between the belt and pulley.

 Transmission efficiency is a function of:

o belt tightness
o Diameter
o class of pulleys
o type of belt
o magnitude of power being transmitted.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel
tractor

Belt and pulleys

 The directions of rotation of the two pulleys are the

same.

 Clutch action may be obtained by shifting the belt

from a loose to a tight connection using a third pulley
or other techniques
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Belt and pulleys

 The speed ratio between the engine and load depends on the diameter ratio of the two
pulleys as shown in the equation:

𝑵 𝟏 𝑫𝟏 = 𝑵 𝟐 𝑫𝟐

where: 𝑁1 - rpm of smaller pulley

𝑁2 - rpm of larger pulley
𝐷1 - diameter of smaller pulley
𝐷2 - diameter of larger pulley
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Belt and pulleys

Belt length

2
𝜋 𝐷𝐿 − 𝐷𝑆
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐷𝑆 +
2 4𝐶

Where: 𝐿 = length of the belt (mm)

𝐶 = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
𝐷𝐿 = pitch diameter of the large pulley (mm)
𝐷𝑆 = pitch diameter of the small pulley (mm)
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Belt and pulleys

Belt length

2
𝜋 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐷𝑆
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐷𝑆 +
2 4𝐶

Where: 𝐿 = length of the belt (mm)

𝐶 = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
𝐷𝐿 = pitch diameter of the large pulley (mm)
𝐷𝑆 = pitch diameter of the small pulley (mm)
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
A diesel engine that operates at 2500 rpm will be used to drive an irrigation pump which should
turn at 1000 rpm. The pulley diameter for the pump is 4 inches. What is the recommended pulley
for the engine?
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
The length of a flat-belt pulley drive with the following data is:

Diameter of first pulley - 300 mm

diameter of second pulley - 400 mm
center distance of the pulley shaft - 10 meters.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel
tractor

Chain and Sprockets

 Transmission efficiency is < 100% because of chain slack.

 The direction of rotation of the two sprockets is the same.

 Common examples using chain and sprockets are the

transmission of bicycles and motorcycles.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Chain and Sprockets

 The speed ratio between the engine and load depends on the number of teeth ratio of the two
sprockets as shown in the equation:

𝑵𝟏 𝑻 𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑻 𝟐

where: 𝑁1 - rpm of sprocket 1

𝑁2 - rpm of sprocket 2
𝑇1 - number of teeth of sprocket 1
𝑇2 - number of teeth of sprocket 2

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Chain and Sprockets

Length of chain
𝑇𝑙 + 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑙 − 𝑇𝑠
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + +
2 4𝜋 2 𝐶

Where: 𝐿 - length of chain, pitches

𝐶 - center distance between shafts, pitches
𝑇𝑙 - number of teeth of large sprocket
𝑇𝑠 - number of teeth of small sprocket
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Chain and Sprockets

Speed Ratio of Chain

𝑁𝑟
𝑆𝑅 =
𝑁𝑛

Where: 𝑁𝑟 - speed of driver sprocket

𝑁𝑛 - speed of driven sprocket
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
A chain and sprocket drive is designed to drive a horizontal mixer at a speed of 100 rpm. The
power source from a smaller sprocket has a speed of 400 rpm. What is the size of the smaller
sprocket needed if the large sprocket has a teeth of 45 T. Also compute for the speed ratio of
the drive and the length of chain if the center distance between shaft is 48 inches. Assume a
chain pitch of 0.5 in. per pitch.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Gear System

 Two gears are used without the need for a third element by placing them side-by-side and
transmitting power through their teeth.

 Transmission efficiency < 100% because of gear slack

 Center-to -center distance between the shafts of the engine and load is dictated by the
size of the gears.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel tractor

Gear System

 Direction of rotation of the two gears is opposite each other.

 Speed ratio may be determined using

𝑁𝑛
𝑆𝑅 =
𝑁𝑟

Where: 𝑁𝑟 - speed of driver gear

𝑁𝑛 - speed of driven gear
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Common methods of power transmission for two-wheel
tractor

Gear System

 There are many different types of gears an example of

which is the spur and bevel gears

 The spur gears are used to transmit rotary motion

between parallel shafts.

 Bevel gears are used to transmit motion between

intersecting shafts.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
A gear rotating at 800 rpm. It is being driven by another gear at 400 rpm. What is the speed ratio
of the gear drive? What is the gear ratio of the drive?
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Efficiency of Transmission Systems
Transmission
Efficiency, %
system
Shaft 100
Gear 98
V-belt 95
Flat-belt 90
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Two-wheel tractor transmission system

• The transmission system consists of several speed reductions.

• The first speed reduction uses the pulleys and belt with a third pulley for clutching.

• The second and third speed reductions use the chain and sprockets enclosed in a
transmission box for lubrication.

• The transmission box has two output shafts or axles where the two traction wheels are
attached.

• The rpm and diameter of the wheels determine the linear speed of the tractor.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
 The transmission system is the second major component of the tractor; the engine being
the first major component.

 The transmission system provides:
o draft power to the tractor through the wheels,
o rotary power through rotating axles and shafts,
o lifting power through the hydraulic system.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Two-wheel tractor transmission system
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system

 It starts from the clutch that is connected to the engine flywheel.

 The output shaft of the clutch connects to the belt pulley, the pump of the hydraulic
system, the power-take-off (PTO) shaft and the transmission gearbox.

 The output shaft of the transmission gearbox leads to the differential.

 The differential has two output shafts called left and right axles to which the two rear
wheels are connected.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system

 The clutch is used to connect or disconnect the load

from the engine.

 The friction clutch which is the most common type of

clutch in tractors has a coupler that utilizes the friction
between two surfaces pressed together to transmit
power.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Four-wheel tractor transmission system
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Transmission System: Components

POWER TAKE-OFF

 A shaft located at the tractor’s rear commonly used to

drive rotary implements

 Direction and speed of rotation, approximate location

and dimensions are standardized

 PTO shaft must rotate clockwise as viewed from the

tractor’s rear
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Transmission System: Components

POWER TAKE-OFF

 STANDARD SPEEDS
o 540 rpm
o 1000 rpm
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Transmission System: Components

POWER TAKE-OFF SHAFTS

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRACTOR LINKAGES AND HITCHES

 Structures made for attaching and/or supporting

implements

 Hydraulically controlled in 4W tractors

 Dimensions and locations are standardized

 Drawbar and three-point hitches

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRACTOR LINKAGES AND HITCHES

 DRAWBAR/HITCH for 2W Tractors

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRACTOR LINKAGES AND HITCHES

 DRAWBAR for 4W Tractors

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TRACTOR LINKAGES AND HITCHES

 Three-point Linkage for 4W Tractors

TRACTOR
Tractor wheel and PTO power formula

𝑷𝒘 = 𝑴𝑬 𝒙 𝑷𝒆
𝑷𝑷𝑻𝑶 = 𝑴𝑬 𝒙 𝑷𝒆

Where: 𝑃𝑒 - engine power, kW or hp

𝑃𝑤 - wheel axle power, kW or hp
𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑂 - PTO power, kW or hp
ME - mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 79
TRACTOR
What is the wheel axle power of a four-wheel tractor whose engine power is equal to 150 hp?
The mechanical efficiency is 79%.
TRACTOR
Wheel axle torque

𝑷𝒘
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐π𝒏
𝐓 = 𝑭𝑾𝒓

Where: 𝑇 - wheel axle torque, N-m

𝑃𝑤 - wheel axle power, kW
n - speed of wheel axle, rpm
F - wheel force, kg or N
𝑊𝑟 - radius of wheel, m
TRACTOR
The computed wheel axle power of the tractor is 127.5 hp. What is the wheel axle torque of
the tractor if its wheel rotates at 40 rpm? If the tractor above has a wheel diameter of 2
meters, what is the force available at the wheel of the tractor?
TRACTOR
Tractor speed
𝑽𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝒙 𝑹𝒙 𝑵𝒆 /𝒊

Where: 𝑉𝑡 - tractor speed, km/hr

R - diameter of wheel, m
𝑁𝑒 - engine speed, rpm
i - reduction ratio
TRACTOR
Reduction ratio of transmission of wheel tractor

GEAR POSITION REDUCTION RATIO

1ST 4.48

2ND 2.49

3RD 1.90

4TH 1.45
TRACTOR
Compute the traveling speed of a tractor at 2nd gear with engine speed set at 2400 rpm. The
diameter of wheel of the tractor is 2 meters.
TRACTOR
Inflation pressure of tractor tire

Tire Inflation Pressure Inflation pressure

kPa Kgf/ sq.cm

Front tire 2 ply 150 1.5

Front tire 4 ply 150-200 1.5-2.0

Rear tire 80-130 0.8-1.3

TRACTOR
Tractor wheel slip and tractive efficiency formula

𝑹−𝒓
% 𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑹
𝛆𝑻 = 𝑷𝒅ൗ𝑷𝒘
Where: 𝑅 - total drive revolution count to traverse the drawbar runway under load or number
of revolution with slip
r - total drive wheel revolution count to traverse the drawbar test runway under no l
load or number of revolution without slip
𝑃𝑤 - wheel axle power, kW
𝑃𝑑 - drawbar wheel, m
TRACTOR
Minimum slip for maximum tractive efficiency

Condition Slip Range (%)

Concrete 4-8
Firm soil 8-10
Tilled soil 11-13
Soft soil and sand 14-16
TRACTOR
Wheel slip test of a tractor had shown that a wheel rotates by three and a half revolutions at a
distance of 20 meters. If the tractor wheel has a diameter of 2 meters, what is the percentage
slip of the tractor wheel?
TRACTOR
Power take-off shaft

PTO is used for driving field machines such as rotary

plow, hay baler, corn picker, self-unloading forage
wagon, irrigation pump, etc.

PTO Standards
PTO shaft speed Spline shaft Number of splines
(rpm) diameter (mm)
540 35 6
1000 35 21
1000 45 20
TRACTOR
Tractor size can be determine based on the following:

 Weight – the heavier the tractor the bigger is its capacity.

 Horsepower – higher tractor horsepower, the bigger is its size and can be capable to do
wider operation.

 Implement capacity – the more the tractor can draw implement, the bigger is its size and
the faster it can finish the operation.
TRACTOR
Drawbar pull

 It is one the most important factor in the performance of the tractor.

 Plowing and other operations are affected by the drawbar performance of the tractor.

 Drawbar pull is affected by the wheel slip and the engine power. It is also affected by the
tractor weight and type, the type and shape of the running gears or wheel condition of the
ground surface, inflation pressure of tires and others.
TRACTOR
Running Resistance

• It is the sum of all resistance acting on the tractor.

• This includes the following:

o Rolling resistance from the soil surface
o Air resistance
o Acceleration resistance
o Slope resistance
TRACTOR
Rolling resistance formula
𝑹 = 𝑪𝒓 𝒙 𝑾

Where: 𝑅 - rolling resistance, kgf

𝐶𝑟 - coefficient of rolling resistance
W - weight of the tractor, kgf
TRACTOR
Coefficient of rolling resistance

Condition of Ground Wheel type Crawler type

surface
Asphalt road 0.04 0.05
Dry hard ground 0.07 0.07
Hard grassland 0.1 0.07
Mown meadow 0.01 0.08
Soft sandy road 0.12 0.10
Field just after cultivation 0.20-0.30 0.10-0.12
Deep mud 0.20-0.30 0.10-0.12
Fine sand 0.30-0.40 0.10
TRACTOR
A four-wheel tractor weighs 2.5 tons and running on a deep mud soil during rotary tilling
operation. What is the rolling resistance of the tractor wheel?
TRACTOR
Drawbar power formula
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑷𝒘 − 𝑷𝒍
𝑷𝒅 = 𝑷𝒘 − (𝑷𝒔 +𝑷𝒓 )
Where: 𝑷𝒅 - drawbar power, kW
𝑷𝒘 - wheel axle power, kW
𝑷𝒍 - power loss, kW
𝑷𝒔 - power lost due to slip, kW
𝑷𝒓 - power lost due to rolling resistance, kW
TRACTOR
If the tractor has a wheel axle power of 127.5 hp, a wheel slip of 27.39%, a rolling resistance of
625 kg, and runs at a speed of 15 kph, what is the power loss and the drawbar power that can
be delivered by the tractor?
TRACTOR
Linear Velocity

𝑽 = 𝝅𝑫𝒏

Where V – velocity
D – wheel diameter
n – number of revolutions
TRACTOR
Speed Reduction Formula

𝑵 𝟏 𝑫𝟏 = 𝑵 𝟐 𝑫𝟐
𝑵𝟏 𝑻 𝟏 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑻 𝟐

Where N – number of revolutions

D – diameter
T – number of teeth
TRACTOR
Determine the forward speed VW of the two-wheel tractor (kph) if the
specifications of the transmission devices are as given below:

1ST REDUCTION 2ND REDUCTION 3RD REDUCTION TRACTION WHEELS

N1 = 3,000 rpm N3 = N5 = N7 =
N2 = N4 = 250 rpm N6 = 75 rpm D7 = 50 cm
D1 = 10 cm T3 = T5 = 33t Speed =
D2 = 30 cm T4 = 100t T6 =
TRACTOR
TRACTOR
TRACTOR
If it is desired to reduce the forward speed of the two-wheel tractor to 3 kph, what should be
the diameter of D2 if D1 and N1 remain the same?

1ST REDUCTION 2ND REDUCTION 3RD REDUCTION TRACTION WHEELS

N1 = 3,000 rpm N3 = N5 = N7 =
N2 = N4 = N6 = D7 = 50 cm
D1 = 10 cm T3 =25t T5 = 33t Speed = 3 kph
D2 = T4 = 100t T6 = 110 t
TRACTOR
TRACTOR
TRACTOR

𝑾 𝒕 : 𝑾 𝒔 = 𝑾 𝒃 : 𝑪𝒈

Where 𝑊𝑡 - Weight of the tractor

𝑊𝑠 - Static weight on the front wheels
𝑊𝑏 - wheel base
𝐶𝑔 - center of gravity with respect to the rear axle
TRACTOR
What is the wheel base of a tractor weighing 7800lbs if the static weight on the front wheels
is 1500 lbs? Assume that the location of the center of gravity longitudinally with respect to the
rear axle is 32.5 inches.
THANK YOU
REPORT OUTLINE

POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

About the Company
Highlights from the Previous Year
Facts and Figures
Major Goals for 2020
Summary
The Presenters
 ABOUT THE
COMPANY
BASIC INFORMATION

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variety of purposes, making them powerful tools for
convincing and teaching.
 INSPIRING WORDS

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mind never exhausts, never
fears, and never regrets.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
OUR STORY

HOW IT STARTED

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WORK PHILOSOPHY

STRENGTH-BASED

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used as demonstrations, lectures, speeches, reports,
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an audience.
CORE MISSION
TO EMPOWER AND
ILLUMINATE

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can be used as demonstrations, lectures,
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time, they’re presented before an audience.
ACHIEVEMENTS
INNOVATING SINCE 2009

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 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Online Courses Exam Reviews Creativity Aptitude Brain Training

Coaching Testing
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INCREASED CUSTOMER BASE

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OPENING OF NEW BRANCH

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 OVERALL 50

PERFORMANCE
40

30

20

MONTHLY TRACKING
10
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Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5
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RESULTS
5 1 5 1
20% 20% 20% 20%

Item Item Item Item

4 2 4 2
20% 20% 20% 20%

Item Item
3 3
20% 20%

FAVORITE PRODUCT REASONS FOR USING

RATINGS 97%
OF USERS AND CUSTOMERS WERE SATISFIED.
 Customer Process

GATHERING EXPERIMENTING COMMITTING

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 Reviews

CHESCA CLARKE FIONA LUGOS FABIAN ALEXAN

UX Designer Law Student Chief Executive
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LOOKING TO
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 In a Nutshell
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 COMPANY PHOTOS
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 THE PRESENTERS
SANDRA MARIA JOHN FOROUX
DERMENDZY NETHERCUTT

Chief Executive Officer Director of Audit Head of Technology

 MAILING ADDRESS
123 Anywhere St., Any City, State,
Country 12345
REACH OUT

EMAIL ADDRESS
[email protected]

PHONE NUMBER
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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 301: 2000

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This Standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 2 – Development of
Standards for Engineering Materials and was circulated to various private and government
agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. These standards were
presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a
public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The
comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into
consideration in the finalization of the standards.

This Standard has been technically formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998–Rules
for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standard. It provides specifications and
proper application of drives using V-belts and does not cover manufacturing specifications.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered.

ASAE S211.4:1986, V-belt and V-ribbed belt drives for Agricultural Machines

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Carmichael, C. (ed.) 1950. Kent’s Mechanical engineer’s handbook. Design and production
volume. 12th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.

Faires, V. M. 1969. Design of Machine Elements. Macmillan Company, New York USA.

Horton, H. L. (Ed.) 1984. Machinery’s handbook. 23rd Edition. Industrial press inc, New
York.

Richey, C. B. (Ed.) 1961. Agricultural engineer’s handbook. Mc Graw Hill Book Company,
USA.

ISO 3410:1989, Agricultural Machinery – Endless variable-speed V-belts and groove

sections of corresponding pulleys

JIS B 1854:1987, Grooved pulleys for classical V-belts

Shigley, Joseph, E. 1977. Mechanical engineering design. 3rd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, USA.

Mitsuboshi Design Manual

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 301:2000
Engineering Materials – V-belts and Pulleys for Agricultural Machines – Specifications
and Applications

1 Scope

This Standard establishes specifications and provides technical information for the proper
application of V-belts and pulleys for drives of agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative references contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 304:2000, Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

3 Application

V-belt drives are commonly used for transmitting motion and power to shafts with short
center distances, and may be operated with small pulley diameters. In addition, a number of
V-belts may be used on a multi-grooved pulley, thus making a multiple-belt drive.

4 Definitions

4.1
V-belt
flexible machine element used to transmit motion and power between two shafts, the cross
section of which is shaped roughly like a regular trapezoid outlined by the base, sides and top
of the belt

4.2
V-pulley
wheel with one or more grooved rims used to transmit motion and power by means of one or
more V-belts

NOTE:
The cross section of the grooved rim is in the shape of an open-channel outlined by the base and the two slanted
sides.

4.3
V-belt drive
power transmission device, which consists of one or more V-belts, mounted on two or more
V-pulleys
 PAES 301:2000

4.4
pulley diameter
the outside diameter of the pulley

4.5
pulley pitch diameter
the diameter of the pulley, which coincides with the belt pitch

4.6
belt pitch
the region in the belt that keeps the same length when the belt is bent perpendicularly to its
base

4.7
belt length
the length of the belt at the level of its pitch

4.8
speed ratio
ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep

4.9
belt speed
the linear speed of the belt at the level of the pulley pitch diameter

5 Belts

5.1 Nomenclature

Figure 1 shows the designation of dimensions of V-belts. Nominal dimensions of belt cross-
sections for agricultural machines are shown in Table 1.

bb

Pitch line
hb

40°

Where: bb is the top width of the belt

hb is the height of classical V-belt

Figure 1 –Designation of dimensions of V-belts

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PAES 301:2000

5.2 V-belt specifications

Specifications of V-belts are given in Table 1.

Table 1 –Specifications of V-belts

Power range (one or more belts),
Type of Cross section bb, mm hb, mm
watts
A 13 8 186-1,457
B 16 10 746-18,642
C 22 13 11,186-74,570
D 32 19 37,285-186,425
E 38 25 74,570 and up
NOTE: Because of different constructions and methods of manufacture, the cross-sectional shape, dimensions
and included angle between the sidewalls may differ among manufacturers. However, all belts of a given cross-
section shall operate interchangeably in standard grooves of the same cross-section but belts of different
manufacturers should never be mixed on the same drive.

5.3 Materials

A V-belt is constructed of cords (cotton, rayon, synthetic, or steel) and fabric impregnated
with rubber

5.4 Marking

5.4.1 The following information shall be marked on the V-belt:

1) Type of cross section and pitch length

2) Manufacturer’s name, trademark

5.4.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

1) Type of cross section and pitch length

2) Manufacturer’s name, trademark, and address

6 V-Pulleys

6.1 Nomenclature

V-pulleys can either be single-grooved or multi-grooved and the designation of their

dimensions are shown in Figure 2.

6.2 V-pulley specification

6.2.1 Minimum recommended pulley diameters are indicated in Table 2.

6.2.2 The recommended ratio, l/d shall be at least 1.5.

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 PAES 301:2000

bg Break Corners
Break Corners bg x

hg
hg
E

l l

Do

Do
D

D
d
d

Single-grooved Multi-grooved

Where bg is the top width of the pulley groove

D is the pulley pitch diameter
Do is the pulley outside diameter
d is the bore diameter
l is the hub length
hg is the height of the pulley groove
α is the groove angle
x is one-half the difference between the outside diameter and the pitch
diameter
Figure 2 – Types and designation of dimensions of V-pulleys

Table 2 – Specifications of V-pulleys

Pitch diameter
Pulley
Min. x, hg, α, bg,
cross Range E, mm d, mm l, mm
recommen- mm mm degrees mm
section (mm)
ded, mm
65 – 140 34 12.5 +1.8
A 65 3.2 12 9.5 12-21 25-40
Over 140 38 12.8 -0
115 – 180 34 16.2 +3.8
B 115 4.4 15 12.7 16-30 32-50
Over 180 38 16.5 -0
175 – 200 34 22.3 +3.8
C 175 201 – 305 5.1 20 36 22.5 17.5 30-54* 63-80*
Over 305 38 22.7 -0
300 – 330 34 32 +6.4
D 300 331 – 430 7.6 27 36 32.3 22.2
Over 430 38 32.6 -0
450 – 610 36 38.8 +6.4
E 450 10.2 33 28.6
Over 610 38 39.2 -0
* For 3 grooved V-pulleys.

6.3 Materials

V-pulleys are generally made of cast iron, cast steel, or pressed steel. The cast materials have
good friction and wear characteristics. Pulleys made of pressed steel are lighter than cast
pulleys, but in many instances they have lower friction and may produce excessive belt wear.

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PAES 301:2000

6.4 Marking

6.4.1 The following information shall be marked on the pulley:

1) Type of cross section and pulley diameter

2) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

6.4.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

1) Type of cross section and pulley diameter

2) Manufacturer’s name, trademark and address

7 Recommended Design Practices

7.1 Pulley diameters

In designing belt drives, it should be recognized that the use of larger pulley diameters will
result in lower bearing loads and can result in the use of smaller and less expensive belt
cross-sections. Pulley diameters should conform to the minimum recommended values as
specified in Table 2.

7.2 Length calculations

7.2.1 The approximate belt length for a two-pulley drive (Fig. 3) may be calculated using
the formula

π
(DL + DS ) + (DL − DS )
2
L = 2C + …………..……………….….…….[Eq. 1]
2 4C
Where:
L = length of the belt (mm)
C = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
DL = pitch diameter of the large pulley (mm)
DS = pitch diameter of the small pulley (mm)

If this calculation results in a length, which is not of standard length (for standard lengths see
Table 10), the next longer standard length should be used and necessary correction for center
distance should be made. The center distance can be calculated from the formula:

b + b 2 − 32(DL − DS )
2

C= ……………….……………...……………[Eq. 2]
16

Where:
b = 4 LS − 6.28(DL + DS )
Ls = standard belt length

7.2.2 To determine the belt length when more than two pulleys are used on a drive (Fig. 4),
lay out the pulleys in terms of their pitch diameters to scale in the position desired when a
new belt is applied and first brought to driving tension. The length of the belt shall be the

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 PAES 301:2000

sum of the tangents (T) and the connecting arcs around the diameters of the pulleys. The
length of the connecting arcs can be calculated by the formula:

D× A
Length of arc = ……….…………………………………….…...[Eq. 3]
115
Where:
D = the diameter of the pulley
A = the angle in degrees subtended by the arc of belt contact on the pulley

A
D

Fig. 3 – V-belt drive with two Fig 4 – V-belt drive with more than
pulleys two pulleys
7.3 Selection

7.3.1 Selection of a V-belt should be based on nature of the load, type of driving unit,
horsepower rating, size of pulleys, and speeds of driving and driven units. Figure 5 serves as
an aid in the proper selection of v-belts. Tables 3–7 indicate the power transmitted by one
belt with velocity and size of pulley as determining factors in the power transmitted.

7.3.2 Since V-belts are used on different machines, service factors (indicated in Table 8)
should be used to correct for loading. To obtain the horsepower capacity of the drive,
multiply the rated horsepower (name plate rating) of the driving unit by the recommended
service factor.

7.4 Correction for arc of contact

Correction for arc of contact for small pulley is determined from Table 9, the arc being given
by the approximate formula:
60(DL − DS )
Arc of contact = 180 − ……...………………………………………...[4]
C
Where:
DL = diameter of the large pulley
DS = diameter of the small pulley
C = center distance of drive.

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C-8
RPM of Small Pulley
PAES 301:2000

200
300
400
500
600
700
800

100
1,000
1,200
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
5,000

746

1,491

2,237

2,983

3,729

4,474
A

5,220
5,966
6,711
7,457
B

Figure 5 – Design
14,914
C

Belt selection
22,371

Power, watts
chart
29,828

37,285
D

44,742
52,199
E

59,656
67,113
74,570

149,140

223,710

298,280

372,850
 PAES 301:2000
Table 3 - Power ratings for section A V-belt
Rpm of Pitch diameter of small pulley, mm Additional power per belt for speed ratio, watts
Small 1- 1.02- 1.05- 1.09- 1.13- 1.19- 1.25- 1.35- 1.52- 2 and
pulley 67 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 11 115 120 125 130 140 150 160 175
1.01 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.35 1.51 1.99 over
200 149 172 194 216 246 268 291 313 336 358 380 410 433 455 500 544 589 656 0 0 7 7 7 15 15 22 22 22
400 254 298 343 388 433 477 522 567 611 656 694 738 783 828 910 992 1,081 1,201 0 7 7 15 22 30 30 37 45 45
600 343 410 477 537 604 671 731 798 858 917 984 1,096 1,104 1,171 1,290 1,409 1,536 1,715 0 7 15 22 30 37 45 60 67 75
800 425 507 597 679 761 843 925 1,007 1,089 1,171 1,253 1,335 1,409 1,491 1,648 1,805 1,961 2,192 0 7 22 30 45 52 67 75 89 97
1,000 500 604 708 805 910 1,014 1,111 1,215 1,312 1,409 1,506 1,603 1,700 1,797 1,991 2,177 2,364 2,640 0 15 30 37 52 67 82 97 104 119
1,160 552 671 790 910 1,022 1,141 1,253 1,365 1,476 1,588 1,700 1,812 1,924 2,036 2,245 2,461 2,670 2,975 0 15 30 45 60 75 97 112 127 142
1,200 567 694 813 932 1,051 1,171 1,290 1,402 1,521 1,633 1,752 1,864 1,976 2,088 2,312 2,528 2,744 3,065 0 15 30 45 67 82 97 112 127 142
1,400 634 776 910 1,051 1,186 1,320 1,454 1,588 1,723 1,849 1,984 2,110 2,237 2,364 2,617 2,863 3,102 3,453 0 22 37 60 75 97 112 134 149 172
1,600 694 850 1,007 1,156 1,312 1,462 1,611 1,760 1,909 2,058 2,200 2,341 2,483 2,625 2,901 3,169 3,438 3,818 0 22 45 67 89 104 127 149 172 194
1,750 731 902 1,074 1,238 1,402 1,566 1,730 1,887 2,043 2,200 2,356 2,513 2,662 2,811 3,102 3,393 3,669 4,072 0 22 45 67 97 119 142 164 186 209
1,800 746 917 1,096 1,260 1,432 1,603 1,767 1,931 2,088 2,252 2,409 2,565 2,722 2,871 3,169 3,460 3,743 4,154 0 22 45 75 97 119 142 172 194 216
2,000 798 992 1,178 1,365 1,544 1,730 1,909 2,088 2,259 2,431 2,602 2,774 2,938 3,102 3,423 3,729 4,027 4,452 0 30 52 82 104 134 164 186 216 239
2,200 843 1,051 1,253 1,454 1,655 1,849 2,043 2,230 2,424 2,602 2,789 2,968 3,139 3,311 3,646 3,975 4,280 4,720 0 30 60 89 119 149 179 209 239 268
2,400 887 1,111 1,327 1,544 1,752 1,961 2,170 2,371 2,573 2,767 2,960 3,147 3,326 3,512 3,855 4,191 4,504 4,944 0 30 67 97 127 164 194 224 261 291
2,600 925 1,163 1,394 1,626 1,849 2,073 2,289 2,498 2,707 2,916 3,117 3,311 3,497 3,684 4,042 4,385 4,698 5,130 0 37 67 104 142 172 209 246 276 313
2,800 962 1,215 1,462 1,700 1,939 2,170 2,394 2,617 2,834 3,050 3,259 3,460 3,654 3,848 4,206 4,549 4,862 5,272 0 37 75 112 149 186 224 261 298 336
3,000 999 1,260 1,521 1,775 2,021 2,259 2,498 2,729 2,953 3,169 3,385 3,594 3,788 3,982 4,347 4,683 4,981 5,369 0 37 82 119 164 201 239 283 321 365
3,200 1,022 1,298 1,573 1,834 2,095 2,341 2,588 2,826 3,057 3,281 3,497 3,706 3,907 4,101 4,459 4,780 5,071 5,421 0 45 89 127 172 216 261 298 343 388
3,400 1,051 1,335 1,618 1,894 2,163 2,416 2,670 2,916 3,147 3,378 3,594 3,803 4,004 4,176 4,541 4,847 5,116 5,421 0 45 89 134 179 231 276 321 365 410
3,450 1,051 1,342 1,633 1,909 2,177 2,438 2,692 2,938 3,169 3,400 3,617 3,825 4,027 4,213 4,564 4,862 5,116 5,406 0 45 89 142 186 231 276 321 373 418
3,600 1,074 1,372 1,663 1,946 2,222 2,483 2,744 2,990 3,229 3,460 3,676 3,885 4,079 4,265 4,601 4,884 5,116 0 45 97 142 194 239 291 336 388 433
3,800 1,089 1,394 1,700 1,991 2,267 2,543 2,804 3,057 3,296 3,520 3,736 3,945 4,131 4,310 4,623 4,884 5,078 0 52 104 157 201 254 306 358 410 462
4,000 1,096 1,417 1,730 2,028 2,312 2,588 2,856 3,110 3,348 3,572 3,781 3,982 4,161 4,333 4,623 4,840 0 52 104 164 216 268 321 373 433 485
4,200 1,111 1,439 1,752 2,058 2,349 2,625 2,893 3,147 3,385 3,609 3,811 3,997 4,168 4,325 4,579 0 60 104 172 224 283 336 395 447 507
4,400 1,111 1,447 1,775 2,081 2,379 2,655 2,923 3,169 3,400 3,617 3,818 3,997 4,154 4,295 4,511 0 60 119 179 239 298 358 410 470 529
4,600 1,111 1,454 1,782 2,095 2,394 2,677 2,938 3,184 3,408 3,617 3,803 3,967 4,109 4,228 0 60 127 186 246 306 373 433 492 559
4,800 1,111 1,454 1,790 2,103 2,401 2,685 2,938 3,184 3,400 3,594 3,766 3,915 4,042 0 67 127 194 261 321 388 447 515 582
5,000 1,096 1,454 1,790 2,103 2,401 2,677 2,931 3,162 3,371 3,557 3,714 3,840 0 67 134 201 268 336 403 470 537 604
5,200 1,081 1,447 1,782 2,095 2,394 2,662 2,908 3,132 3,326 3,490 3,632 0 67 142 209 276 350 418 492 559 626
5,400 1,066 1,424 1,767 2,081 2,371 2,640 2,871 3,080 3,266 3,415 0 75 142 216 291 365 433 507 582 649
5,600 1,044 1,409 1,745 2,058 2,341 2,595 2,826 3,020 3,184 3,311 0 75 149 224 298 373 447 529 604 679
5,800 1,014 1,380 1,715 2,021 2,304 2,550 2,759 2,938 3,080 0 75 157 231 313 388 470 544 626 701
6,000 977 1,342 1,678 1,976 2,252 2,483 2,677 2,841 0 82 164 239 321 403 485 567 641 723
6,200 940 1,305 1,633 1,924 2,185 2,409 2,588 2,722 0 82 164 246 336 418 500 582 664 746
6,400 895 1,253 1,581 1,864 2,110 2,312 2,476 0 89 172 261 343 433 515 604 686 776
6,600 850 1,201 1,521 1,790 2,028 2,207 0 89 179 268 358 440 529 619 708 798
6,800 790 1,141 1,447 1,708 1,924 2,095 0 89 186 276 365 455 544 641 731 820
7,000 731 1,074 1,372 1,618 1,812 0 97 186 283 373 470 567 656 753 843
7,200 664 999 1,283 1,514 1,693 0 97 194 291 388 485 582 679 776 872
7,400 589 917 1,186 1,402 0 97 201 298 395 500 597 694 798 895
7,600 507 820 1,081 1,275 0 104 201 306 395 507 611 716 813 917

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PAES 301:2000
Table 4 - Power ratings for section B V-belt
Rpm of Pitch diameter of small pulley (mm) Additional power per belt for speed ratio, watts
small 1- 1.02- 1.05- 1.09- 1.13- 1.19- 1.25- 1.35- 1.52- 2 and
115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 185 190 200 220 240
pulley 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.34 1.51 1.99 over
200 507 544 589 626 671 708 746 790 828 865 910 947 984 1,066 1,104 1,178 1,298 1,447 0 7 15 22 30 37 45 52 60 60
870 1,626 1,782 1,931 2,081 2,230 2,379 2,528 2,677 2,826 2,968 5,354 3,259 3,408 3,691 3,833 4,116 4,534 5,078 0 30 60 89 119 157 186 216 246 276
400 8,87 962 1,037 1,111 1,193 1,268 1,342 1,417 1,491 1,566 1,633 1,708 1,782 1,931 1,998 2,148 2,364 2,647 0 15 30 45 60 67 82 97 112 127
600 1,223 1,335 1,439 1,551 1,655 1,767 1,872 1,984 2,088 2,192 2,297 2,401 2,506 2,714 2,819 3,028 3,333 3,743 0 22 45 60 82 104 127 149 172 186
800 1,529 1,670 1,812 1,946 2,088 2,230 2,364 2,506 2,640 2,774 2,916 3,050 3,184 3,445 3,579 3,840 4,236 4,743 0 30 60 82 112 142 172 194 224 254
1,000 1,805 1,976 2,148 2,319 2,491 2,655 2,826 2,990 3,154 3,318 3,482 3,646 3,803 4,124 4,280 4,601 5,063 5,667 0 37 67 104 142 179 209 246 283 313
1,160 2,013 2,207 2,401 2,595 2,789 2,975 3,169 3,356 3,542 3,721 3,907 4,086 4,273 4,631 4,802 5,153 5,667 6,338 0 37 82 119 164 201 246 283 328 365
1,200 2,066 2,267 2,468 2,662 2,856 3,057 3,251 3,438 3,632 3,825 4,012 4,198 4,385 4,750 4,929 5,287 5,816 6,495 0 45 82 127 172 209 254 298 336 380
1,400 2,304 2,528 2,759 2,983 3,199 3,423 3,639 3,855 4,072 4,288 4,497 4,705 4,914 5,317 5,518 5,913 6,488 7,226 0 52 97 149 194 246 298 343 395 440
1,750 2,670 2,938 3,207 3,475 3,736 3,989 4,250 4,497 4,750 4,996 5,235 5,473 5,712 6,174 6,398 6,831 7,457 8,277 0 60 127 186 246 306 373 433 492 552
1,600 2,520 2,774 3,020 3,274 3,520 3,758 3,997 4,236 4,474 4,705 4,937 5,160 5,391 5,831 6,048 6,465 7,077 7,830 0 60 112 172 224 283 336 395 447 507
1,800 2,714 2,990 3,266 3,535 3,803 4,064 4,325 4,586 4,832 5,086 5,332 5,570 5,809 6,279 6,503 6,942 7,606 8,352 0 60 127 186 254 313 380 440 507 567
2,000 2,893 3,192 3,482 3,773 4,057 4,340 4,616 4,884 5,153 5,421 5,675 5,928 6,174 6,659 6,890 7,345 7,979 8,725 0 67 142 209 283 350 425 492 567 634
2,200 3,042 3,363 3,676 3,982 4,280 4,579 4,869 5,153 5,429 5,705 5,966 6,227 6,480 6,972 7,203 7,681 8,277 8,948 0 75 157 231 313 388 462 544 619 694
2,400 3,177 3,512 3,840 4,161 4,474 4,780 5,078 5,369 5,660 5,936 6,204 6,465 6,719 7,203 7,435 7,830 8,426 9,098 0 82 172 254 336 425 507 589 679 761
2,600 3,289 3,632 3,975 4,303 4,631 4,944 5,250 5,548 5,831 6,115 6,383 6,637 6,890 7,360 7,606 7,979 8,501 9,023 0 89 186 276 365 455 552 641 731 820
2,800 3,371 3,729 4,079 4,415 4,750 5,063 5,376 5,667 5,958 6,234 6,495 6,749 6,980 7,420 7,606 7,979 8,426 0 97 194 298 395 492 589 686 7502 887
3,000 3,430 3,796 4,154 4,497 4,825 5,145 5,451 5,742 6,025 6,286 6,540 6,778 7,002 7,397 7,606 7,904 0 104 209 313 425 529 634 738 843 947
3,200 3,460 3,833 4,191 4,534 4,869 5,183 5,481 5,764 6,033 6,286 6,517 6,734 6,928 7,271 7,412 0 112 224 336 447 567 679 790 902 1,014
3,400 3,468 3,840 4,198 4,541 4,862 5,168 5,459 5,727 5,981 6,204 6,420 6,607 6,771 0 119 239 358 477 597 716 835 954 1,074
3,600 3,445 3,818 4,168 4,504 4,817 5,108 5,384 5,630 5,854 6,063 6,242 6,391 0 127 254 380 507 634 761 887 1,014 1141
3,800 3,393 3,758 4,101 4,422 4,720 4,996 5,250 5,473 5,667 5,839 0 134 268 403 537 671 805 940 1,066 1,201
4,000 3,311 3,669 3,997 4,303 4,579 4,832 5,056 5,242 5,406 0 142 283 425 567 701 843 984 1,126 1,268
4,200 3,192 3,535 3,848 4,131 4,385 4,608 4,795 0 149 298 440 589 738 887 1,037 1,186 1,327
4,400 3,042 3,371 3,661 3,915 4,139 4,325 0 157 313 462 619 776 932 1,081 1,238 1,394
4,600 2,856 3,162 3,423 3,654 0 164 321 485 649 813 969 1,133 1,298 1,454
4,800 2,632 2,908 3,147 0 172 336 507 679 843 1,014 1,186 1,350 1,521
5,000 2,379 2,617 0 179 350 529 701 880 1,059 1,230 1,409 1,581

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 PAES 301:2000
Table 5 - Power ratings for section C V-belt
Rpm of Pitch diameter of small pulley (mm) Additional power per belt for speed ratio, watts
Small 1- 1.02- 1.05- 1.09- 1.13- 1.19- 1.25- 1.35- 1.52- 2 and
pulley 175 190 200 215 230 240 255 265 280 290 305 315 330 355 405
1.01 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.35 1.51 1.99 over
100 761 858 954 1,051 1,148 1,238 1,335 1,424 1,521 1,611 1,708 1,797 1,887 2,073 2,431 0 7 22 30 37 52 60 67 82 89
200 1,342 1,521 1,708 1,887 2,058 2,237 2,416 2,588 2,767 2,938 3,110 3,281 3,453 3,796 4,474 0 22 37 60 82 97 119 134 157 179
300 1,857 2,125 2,379 2,640 2,893 3,154 3,408 3,654 3,907 4,161 4,407 4,653 4,899 5,391 6,353 0 30 60 89 119 149 179 209 239 261
400 2,334 2,677 3,013 3,348 3,676 4,004 4,333 4,661 4,981 5,302 5,623 5,943 6,256 6,883 8,128 0 37 82 119 157 194 231 276 313 350
500 2,781 3,192 3,602 4,012 4,415 4,810 5,212 5,608 5,995 6,383 6,771 7,151 7,532 8,277 9,769 0 52 97 149 194 246 291 343 395 440
600 3,199 3,684 4,161 4,638 5,108 5,578 6,040 6,503 6,957 7,405 7,830 8,277 8,725 9,620 11,260 0 60 119 179 239 291 350 410 470 529
700 3,594 4,146 4,690 5,235 5,772 6,301 6,831 7,353 7,830 8,352 8,874 9,396 9,843 10,813 12,677 0 67 134 209 276 343 410 477 552 619
800 3,960 4,579 5,198 5,802 6,398 6,987 7,606 8,128 8,725 9,247 9,843 10,365 10,887 12,006 14,019 0 82 157 231 313 395 470 544 626 708
870 4,213 4,869 5,526 6,174 6,816 7,442 8,054 8,650 9,247 9,843 10,440 14,019 11,633 12,751 14,839 0 82 172 254 343 425 515 597 679 768
900 4,310 4,996 5,667 6,331 6,987 7,606 8,277 8,874 9,545 10,142 10,738 11,335 11,931 13,050 15,138 0 89 179 261 350 440 529 619 708 790
1,000 4,638 5,384 6,115 6,831 7,532 8,203 8,948 9,620 10,291 10,887 11,558 12,155 12,751 13,945 16,182 0 97 194 291 395 492 589 686 783 880
1,100 4,944 5,742 6,532 7,300 8,054 8,799 9,545 10,216 10,962 11,633 12,304 12,975 13,572 14,765 17,002 0 104 216 321 433 537 649 8210 865 969
1,160 5,116 5,951 6,763 7,532 8,352 9,098 9,843 10,589 11,335 12,006 12,677 13,348 14,019 15,212 17,449 0 112 224 418 455 567 679 798 910 1,022
1,200 5,227 6,085 6,920 7,755 8,501 9,321 10,067 10,813 11,558 12,304 12,975 13,646 14,243 15,511 17,673 0 119 239 350 470 589 701 820 940 1,059
1,300 5,488 6,391 7,278 8,128 8,948 9,769 10,589 11,335 12,155 12,826 13,572 14,243 14,839 16,107 18,195 0 127 254 380 507 634 761 887 1,022 1,148
1,400 5,734 6,681 7,606 8,501 9,396 10,216 11,036 11,857 12,602 13,348 14,019 14,690 15,361 16,555 18,493 0 134 276 410 552 686 820 962 1,096 1,230
1,500 5,951 6,935 7,904 8,799 9,769 10,589 11,409 12,229 13,050 13,721 14,467 15,138 15,734 16,853 18,568 0 149 291 440 589 731 880 1,029 1,178 1,320
1,600 6,145 7,166 8,128 9,098 9,769 10,962 11,782 12,602 13,348 14,094 14,765 15,436 15,958 17,002 0 157 313 470 626 783 940 1,096 1,253 1,409
1,700 6,309 7,368 8,426 9,396 10,067 11,186 12,080 12,826 13,646 14,317 14,989 15,585 16,107 17,002 0 164 336 500 664 835 999 1,163 1,335 1,499
1,750 6,391 7,457 8,501 9,470 10,440 11,335 12,155 12,975 13,721 14,392 15,063 15,585 16,107 17,002 0 172 343 515 686 858 1,029 1,201 1,372 1,544
1,800 6,458 7,532 8,576 9,545 10,291 11,409 12,229 13,050 13,795 14,467 15,063 15,585 16,107 0 179 350 529 708 880 1,059 1,230 1,409 1,588
1,900 6,577 7,681 8,725 9,769 10,514 11,558 12,379 13,199 13,870 14,467 15,063 15,511 15,958 0 186 373 559 746 932 1,119 1,305 1,491 1,670
2,000 6,667 7,755 8,874 9,843 10,664 11,707 12,453 13,199 13,870 14,467 14,914 0 194 395 589 783 977 1,171 1,372 1,566 1,760
2,100 6,734 7,904 8,948 9,918 10,813 11,707 12,453 13,199 13,795 14,243 0 209 410 619 820 1,029 1,230 1,439 1,648 1,849
2,200 6,763 7,904 8,948 9,992 10,887 11,707 12,379 13,050 13,572 0 216 433 649 865 1,074 1,290 1,506 1,723 1,939
2,300 6,771 7,904 8,948 9,918 10,887 11,558 12,229 12,826 0 224 447 679 902 1,126 1,350 1,573 1,805 2,028
2,400 6,749 7,904 8,948 9,843 10,664 11,409 12,006 0 239 470 701 940 1,178 1,409 1,641 1,879 2,118
2,500 6,696 7,830 8,799 9,769 10,514 11,186 0 246 492 731 977 1,223 1,469 1,715 1,961 2,200
2,600 6,607 7,681 8,725 9,545 10,291 10,813 0 254 507 761 1,022 1,275 1,529 1,782 2,036 2,289
2,700 6,488 7,532 8,501 9,321 9,918 0 261 529 790 1,059 1,320 1,588 1,849 2,118 2,379
2,800 6,331 7,375 8,277 9,023 0 276 552 820 1,096 1,372 1,641 1,916 2,192 2,468
2,900 6,137 7,144 7,979 8,650 0 283 567 850 1,133 1,417 1,700 1,984 2,274 2,558
3,000 5,913 6,860 7,606 0 291 589 880 1,178 1,469 1,760 2,058 2,349 2,640
3,100 5,652 6,540 7,233 0 306 604 910 1,215 1,514 1,820 2,125 2,431 2,729
3,200 5,347 6,174 0 313 626 940 1,253 1,566 1,879 2,192 2,506 2,819
3,300 5,004 5,757 0 321 649 969 1,290 1,618 1,939 2,259 2,588 2,908
3,400 4,623 0 336 664 999 1,335 1,663 1,998 2,327 2,662 2,998

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PAES 301:2000
Table 6 - Power ratings for section D V-belt
Rpm Pitch diameter of small pulley (mm) Additional power per belt for speed ratio, watts
of
Small 305 315 330 340 355 370 380 395 405 430 455 480 510 535 560 585 610 1.02- 1.05- 1.09- 1.13- 1.19- 1.25- 1.35- 1.52- 2 and
pulley 1 -1.01 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.35 1.51 1.99 over
50 1,476 1,581 1,685 1,790 1,894 1,998 2,103 2,200 2,304 2,513 2,714 2,916 3,117 3,318 3,512 3,714 3,907 0 15 37 52 67 89 104 119 142 157
100 2,617 2,811 3,013 3,207 3,400 3,594 3,788 3,982 4,168 4,556 4,937 5,317 5,690 6,063 6,435 6,808 7,181 0 37 67 104 142 172 209 246 276 313
150 3,639 3,922 4,206 4,489 4,772 5,048 5,332 5,608 5,884 6,435 6,987 7,532 8,054 8,576 9,172 9,694 10,216 0 52 104 157 209 261 313 262 418 470
200 4,594 4,959 5,324 5,690 6,055 6,420 6,778 7,136 7,532 8,203 8,948 9,620 10,291 11,036 11,707 12,379 13,050 0 67 142 209 276 350 418 485 552 626
250 5,488 5,936 6,383 6,831 7,271 7,681 8,128 8,576 9,023 9,918 10,738 11,633 12,453 13,348 14,168 14,989 15,809 0 89 172 261 350 433 522 604 694 783
300 6,331 6,860 7,390 7,904 8,426 8,948 9,470 9,992 10,514 11,484 12,528 13,497 14,541 15,511 16,480 17,449 18,419 0 104 209 313 418 522 626 789 835 940
350 7,136 7,755 8,352 8,948 9,545 10,142 10,738 11,335 11,931 13,050 14,168 15,361 16,480 17,599 18,717 19,761 20,880 0 119 246 365 485 604 731 850 969 1,096
400 7,904 8,576 9,247 9,918 10,589 11,260 11,931 12,602 13,199 14,541 15,809 17,077 18,344 19,537 20,805 21,998 23,191 0 142 276 418 559 694 835 969 1,111 1,253
450 8,650 9,396 10,142 10,887 11,633 12,379 13,050 13,795 14,541 15,958 17,375 18,717 20,134 21,476 22,744 24,086 25,354 0 157 313 470 626 783 940 1,096 1,253 1,409
500 9,321 10,142 10,962 11,782 12,602 13,348 14,168 14,989 15,734 17,300 18,792 20,283 21,774 23,191 24,683 26,025 27,442 0 172 350 522 694 865 1,044 1,215 1,387 1,566
550 9,992 10,887 11,782 12,677 13,497 14,392 15,212 16,033 16,927 18,568 20,208 21,774 23,340 24,906 26,398 27,889 29,306 0 194 380 574 761 954 1,148 1,335 1,529 1,715
600 10,664 11,558 12,528 13,497 14,392 15,287 16,182 17,151 18,046 19,761 21,476 23,191 24,832 26,472 28,038 29,530 31,021 0 209 418 626 835 1,044 1,253 1,462 1,663 1,872
650 11,260 12,229 13,273 14,243 15,212 16,182 17,151 18,121 19,090 20,880 22,744 24,459 26,174 27,889 29,530 31,096 32,587 0 224 455 679 902 1,126 1,357 1,581 1,805 2,028
690 11,707 12,751 13,795 14,839 15,883 16,853 17,897 18,866 19,836 21,774 23,639 25,428 27,218 28,933 30,574 32,214 33,706 0 239 477 716 962 1,201 1,439 1,678 1,916 2,155
700 11,782 12,901 13,945 14,989 16,033 17,002 18,046 19,015 20,059 21,998 23,862 25,652 27,442 29,157 30,872 32,438 34,004 0 246 485 731 969 1,215 1,462 1,700 1,946 2,185
750 12,304 13,423 14,541 15,660 16,778 17,822 18,866 19,910 20,954 22,968 24,906 26,771 28,635 30,350 32,065 33,631 35,197 0 261 522 783 1,044 1,305 1,559 1,820 2,081 2,341
800 12,826 14,019 15,138 16,331 17,449 18,568 19,686 20,730 21,774 23,862 25,876 27,815 29,604 31,394 33,109 34,675 36,166 0 276 559 835 1,111 1,387 1,663 1,946 2,222 2,498
850 13,273 14,541 15,734 16,927 18,121 19,239 20,358 21,476 22,595 24,683 26,696 28,709 30,499 32,289 33,929 35,495 36,987 0 298 589 887 1,178 1,476 1,767 2,066 2,364 2,655
870 13,497 14,690 15,958 17,151 18,344 19,463 20,656 21,774 22,893 24,981 27,069 29,008 30,872 32,587 34,228 35,794 37,210 0 306 604 902 1,208 1,551 1,812 2,110 2,416 2,722
900 13,721 14,989 16,256 17,449 18,643 19,836 21,029 22,147 23,266 25,428 27,516 29,455 31,319 33,035 34,675 36,166 37,509 0 313 626 940 1,253 1,566 1,872 2,185 2,498 2,811
950 14,094 15,436 16,704 17,971 19,239 20,432 21,625 22,744 23,937 26,100 28,187 30,126 31,916 33,631 35,197 36,614 37,882 0 328 664 992 1,320 1,648 1,976 2,312 2,640 2,968
1,000 14,467 15,809 17,151 18,419 19,686 20,954 22,147 23,340 24,459 26,621 28,709 30,648 32,438 34,004 35,495 36,838 37,956 0 350 694 1,044 1,387 1,737 2,081 2,431 2,774 3,124
1,050 14,765 16,182 17,524 18,866 20,134 21,402 22,595 23,788 24,906 27,143 29,157 31,021 32,736 34,302 35,644 36,838 0 365 731 1,096 1,462 1,820 2,185 2,550 2,916 3,281
1,100 15,063 16,480 17,822 19,164 20,507 21,774 22,968 24,161 25,279 27,442 29,455 31,319 32,885 34,377 35,570 0 380 768 1,148 1,529 1,909 2,289 2,670 3,057 3,438
1,150 15,287 16,778 18,121 19,463 20,805 22,073 23,266 24,459 25,578 27,740 29,679 31,394 32,960 34,228 0 403 798 1,201 1,596 1,998 2,394 2,796 3,192 3,594
1,160 15,361 16,778 18,195 19,537 20,880 22,147 23,340 24,534 25,652 27,815 29,679 31,394 32,885 34,153 0 403 805 1,208 1,611 2,013 2,416 2,819 3,221 3,624
1,200 15,511 16,927 18,344 19,761 21,029 22,296 23,564 24,683 25,801 27,889 29,753 31,394 32,811 0 418 835 1,253 1,670 2,081 2,498 2,916 3,333 3,751
1,250 15,660 17,151 18,568 19,910 21,252 22,446 23,713 24,832 25,950 27,964 29,679 31,245 0 433 872 1,298 1,737 2,170 2,602 3,035 3,475 3,907
1,300 15,809 17,226 18,643 20,059 21,327 22,595 23,788 24,906 25,950 27,889 29,530 30,872 0 455 902 1,350 1,805 2,259 2,707 3,162 3,609 4,064
1,350 15,809 17,300 18,717 20,059 21,402 22,595 23,788 24,832 25,876 27,665 29,231 0 470 940 1,402 1,872 2,341 2,811 3,281 3,751 4,221
1,400 15,883 17,375 18,717 20,059 21,327 22,520 23,713 24,757 25,727 27,367 0 485 977 1,454 1,946 2,431 2,916 3,400 3,885 4,377
1,450 15,809 17,300 18,717 19,985 21,252 22,446 23,490 24,534 25,428 26,920 0 507 1,007 1,506 2,013 2,520 3,020 3,520 4,027 4,534
1,500 15,734 17,226 18,568 19,910 21,103 22,222 23,266 24,161 24,981 0 522 1,044 1,559 2,081 2,602 3,124 3,646 4,168 4,690
1,550 15,660 17,077 18,419 19,686 20,805 21,924 22,893 23,713 24,534 0 537 1,081 1,611 2,155 2,692 3,229 3,766 4,303 4,847
1,600 15,436 16,853 18,195 19,388 20,507 21,551 22,446 23,191 0 559 1,111 1,663 2,222 2,781 3,333 3,885 4,444 4,996
1,650 15,212 16,629 17,897 19,090 20,134 21,029 21,849 0 574 1,148 1,715 2,289 2,863 3,438 4,012 4,586 5,153
1,700 14,989 16,331 17,524 18,643 19,612 20,507 0 589 1,178 1,767 2,364 2,953 3,542 4,131 4,720 5,309
1,750 14,616 15,883 17,077 18,121 19,015 0 611 1,215 1,820 2,431 3,035 3,646 4,250 4,862 5,466
1,800 14,243 15,436 16,555 17,524 0 626 1,253 1,872 2,498 3,124 3,751 4,377 4,996 5,623
1,850 13,795 14,989 16,033 0 641 1,283 1,924 2,573 3,214 3,855 4,497 5,138 5,779
1,900 13,273 14,392 15,361 0 656 1,320 1,976 2,640 3,296 3,960 4,616 5,280 5,936
1,950 12,677 13,721 0 679 1,357 2,028 2,707 3,385 4,064 4,735 5,414 6,092
2,000 12,080 0 694 1,387 2,081 2,781 3,475 4,168 4,862 5,555 6,249

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Table 7 - Power ratings for section E V-belt
Rpm of Pitch diameter of small pulley (mm) Additional power per belt for speed ratio, watts
Small 1 - 1.02- 1.05- 1.09- 1.13- 1.19- 1.25- 1.35- 1.52- 2 and
455 480 510 535 560 585 610 635 660 685 710 735 760 785 810 865 915
pulley 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.35 1.51 1.99 over
50 3,385 3,684 3,975 4,273 4,564 4,855 5,138 5,429 5,712 6,003 6,286 6,570 6,853 7,136 7,412 7,979 1,044 0 30 67 97 134 164 201 231 268 298
100 6,063 6,614 7,166 7,681 8,277 8,799 31,692 9,918 10,440 10,962 11,484 12,006 12,528 13,050 13,572 14,616 15,660 0 67 134 201 268 328 395 462 529 597
150 8,501 9,247 10,067 10,887 11,633 12,453 13,199 13,945 14,765 15,511 16,256 17,002 17,822 18,568 19,314 20,805 22,222 0 97 201 298 395 500 597 694 798 895
200 10,738 11,782 12,751 13,795 14,839 23,266 16,853 17,822 18,792 19,761 20,730 21,700 22,669 23,639 24,608 26,547 28,411 0 134 268 395 529 664 798 925 1,059 1,193
250 12,826 14,094 15,361 16,555 17,822 19,015 20,208 21,402 22,595 23,788 24,981 26,174 27,293 28,486 22,147 31,841 34,078 0 164 336 500 664 828 992 1,163 1,327 1,491
300 14,839 16,331 17,748 19,164 20,656 22,073 23,415 24,832 26,249 27,591 28,933 30,275 31,618 32,960 34,228 36,838 39,373 0 201 395 597 798 992 1,193 1,394 1,588 1,790
350 16,704 18,419 20,059 21,700 23,266 24,906 26,472 28,038 29,604 31,096 32,662 34,153 35,644 37,061 38,553 41,386 44,145 0 231 462 694 932 1,163 1,394 1,626 1,857 2,088
400 18,493 20,358 22,147 24,012 25,801 27,516 29,306 31,021 32,736 34,377 36,092 37,658 39,298 40,864 42,430 45,488 48,396 0 268 529 798 1,059 1,327 1,588 1,857 2,125 2,386
435 19,686 29,082 23,639 25,503 27,442 29,306 31,170 32,960 19,836 36,539 38,254 39,970 41,685 43,325 44,966 48,098 51,080 0 291 574 865 1,156 1,439 1,730 2,021 2,312 2,595
450 20,134 22,222 24,235 26,174 28,113 30,052 31,916 33,780 35,644 37,434 39,224 40,939 42,654 44,295 45,935 49,142 52,124 0 298 597 895 1,193 1,491 1,790 2,088 2,386 2,685
500 21,700 23,937 26,100 28,187 30,275 32,363 34,377 36,316 38,254 40,193 41,983 43,847 45,562 47,352 48,992 0 328 664 992 1,327 1,655 1,991 2,319 2,655 2,983
550 23,191 25,503 27,815 30,052 32,289 34,451 36,539 38,627 40,641 42,579 44,518 46,383 48,172 49,887 51,602 54,809 57,717 0 365 731 1,096 1,462 1,827 2,185 2,550 2,916 3,281
575 23,862 26,249 28,635 30,947 33,184 35,421 37,583 39,671 41,685 43,698 45,637 47,501 49,291 51,006 52,721 55,853 58,761 0 380 761 1,133 1,529 1,909 2,289 2,670 3,050 3,430
600 24,534 26,994 29,381 31,767 34,078 36,316 38,553 40,641 42,729 44,742 46,681 48,545 50,335 52,050 53,690 56,748 59,507 0 395 798 1,193 1,588 1,991 2,386 2,781 3,184 3,579
650 25,727 28,337 30,872 33,333 35,719 38,031 40,268 42,430 44,518 46,532 48,396 50,260 52,050 53,690 55,256 58,090 60,551 0 433 865 1,290 1,723 2,155 2,588 3,020 3,445 3,878
690 26,621 29,306 31,916 34,377 36,838 39,149 41,461 43,623 45,711 47,650 49,589 51,379 53,019 54,660 56,077 58,687 0 455 917 1,372 1,834 2,289 2,744 3,207 3,661 4,116
700 26,845 29,530 32,140 34,675 37,061 39,448 41,685 43,847 45,935 47,949 49,813 51,602 53,243 54,809 56,226 58,761 0 462 932 1,394 1,857 2,319 2,781 3,251 3,714 4,176
750 27,815 30,574 33,258 35,794 38,254 40,641 42,878 45,040 47,054 48,992 50,782 52,423 53,989 55,406 56,599 0 500 999 1,491 1,991 2,491 2,983 3,482 3,982 4,474
800 28,635 31,469 34,153 36,763 39,224 41,610 43,773 45,861 47,874 49,664 51,304 52,796 54,138 55,331 0 529 1,059 1,588 2,125 2,655 3,184 3,714 4,243 4,772
850 29,306 32,214 34,899 37,509 39,970 42,281 44,444 46,383 48,247 49,887 51,379 52,646 0 567 1,126 1,693 2,252 2,819 3,385 3,945 4,511 5,071
900 29,903 32,736 35,495 38,031 40,417 42,654 44,667 46,532 48,247 49,664 0 597 1,193 1,790 2,386 2,983 3,579 4,176 4,772 5,369
950 30,275 33,184 35,868 38,329 40,641 42,729 44,667 46,308 47,799 0 634 1,260 1,887 2,520 3,154 3,781 4,407 5,041 5,675
1,000 30,574 33,407 36,017 38,404 40,641 42,579 44,295 0 664 1,327 1,991 2,655 3,318 3,982 4,638 5,309 5,973
1,050 30,648 33,407 35,943 38,254 40,268 42,057 0 694 1,394 2,088 2,789 3,482 4,176 4,877 5,772 6,271
1,100 30,574 33,258 35,644 37,807 39,671 0 731 1,462 2,185 2,916 3,646 4,377 5,108 5,839 6,570
1,150 30,275 32,885 35,122 37,061 0 761 1,529 2,289 3,050 3,818 4,579 5,339 6,100 6,868
1,200 29,903 32,289 34,377 0 798 1,596 2,386 3,184 3,982 4,772 5,570 6,368 7,166
1,250 29,231 31,469 0 828 1,663 2,483 3,318 4,146 4,974 5,802 6,629 7,464
1,300 28,411 30,499 0 865 1,730 2,588 3,453 4,310 5,175 6,033 6,898 7,763

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Table 8 – Service factors for components of farm implements

Function of operating unit Service factor
Cutting (sickle bars) 1.5
Cutting (sickle bars with counter weight) 1.3
Cutting (reels) 1.0
Pickup attachments for combines 1.0
Feeding (front cylinder beaters, feeder rolls, draper canvas, etc.) 1.3
Threshing, chopping, etc. (combine cylinders, corn-sheller cylinders, hammer-mill
1.5
motors, etc)
Separation (rear cylinder beaters, straw walkers, etc.) 1.0
Cleaning (fans, cleaning shoes, sieves, etc.) 1.0
Expelling (straw spreaders, husk blowers, etc.) 1.3
Delivery (augers, elevators, etc.) 1.3
Traction for self-propelled machines 1.3
Hydraulic system, oil pumps 1.3

Table 9 – Correction factors corresponding to various degrees of contact on small pulley

Arc of contact, degrees Correction factor Arc of contact, degrees Correction factor
180 1.00 133 0.87
174 0.99 127 0.85
169 0.97 120 0.82
163 0.96 113 0.80
157 0.94 106 0.77
151 0.93 90 0.73
145 0.91 91 0.70
139 0.89 83 0.65

7.5 Correction for belt length

Since short belts are subjected to the action of load a greater number of times, the hours of
life of a short belt are less than those of a long belt. A correction factor for belt-length should
be applied to achieve a proper design of belt drives. The belt-length correction factor is
specified in Table 10.

7.6 Corrected power rating

The corrected power is obtained by getting the product of the arc correction factor, belt-
length correction factor and the power rating of the selected belt from Tables 3-7. In getting
the power rating from Tables 3-7, an additional power to account for the speed ratio is added.

7.7 Multiple belt drives

In order to determine the number of belts to be used in multiple belt drives, the power
capacity of the drive (section 7.3.2) is divided by the corrected power rating (see section 7.6)

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 PAES 301:2000

Table 10 – Belt length and belt length correction factor

Length Outside length Belt correction factor
designation A B C D E A B C D E
26 713.74 - - - - 0.81 - - - -
31 840.74 - - - - 0.84 - - - -
35 942.34 960.12 - - - 0.87 0.81 - - -
38 1,018.54 1,036.32 - - - 0.88 0.83 - - -
42 1,120.14 1,137.92 - - - 0.90 0.85 - - -
46 1,221.74 1,239.52 - - - 0.92 0.87 - - -
51 1,348.74 1,366.52 1,402.08 - - 0.94 0.89 0.80 - -
55 1,450.34 1,468.12 1,503.68 - - 0.96 0.90 - - -
60 1,557.34 1,595.12 1,630.68 - - 0.98 0.92 0.82 - -
68 1,780.54 1,798.32 1,833.88 - - 1.00 0.95 0.85 - -
75 1,958.34 1,976.12 2,011.68 - - 1.02 0.97 0.87 - -
80 2,085.34 - - - - 1.04 - - - -
81 - 2,128.52 2,164.08 - - 0.98 0.89 - -
85 2,212.34 2,230.12 2,265.68 - - 1.05 0.99 0.90 - -
90 2,339.34 2,357.12 2,392.68 - - 1.06 1.00 0.91 - -
96 2,491.74 - 2,545.08 - - 1.08 - 0.92 - -
97 - 2,534.92 2,570.48 - - - 1.02 - - -
105 2,720.34 2,738.12 2,773.68 - - 1.10 1.04 0.94 - -
112 2,898.14 2,915.92 2,951.48 - - 1.11 1.05 0.95 - -
120 3,101.34 3,119.12 3,154.68 3,180.08 - 1.13 1.07 0.97 0.86 -
128 3,304.54 3,322.32 3,357.88 3,383.28 - 1.14 1.08 0.98 0.87 -
144 - 3,728.72 3,764.28 3,789.68 - - 1.11 1.00 0.90 -
158 - 4,048.32 4,119.88 4,145.28 - - 1.13 1.02 0.92 -
173 - 4,465.32 4,500.88 4,526.28 - - 1.15 1.04 0.93 -
180 - 4,643.12 4,678.68 4,704.08 4,749.8 - 1.16 1.05 0.94 0.91
195 - 5,024.12 5,059.68 5,085.08 5,130.8 - 1.18 1.07 0.96 0.92
210 - 5,405.12 5,440.68 5,466.08 5,511.8 - 1.19 1.08 0.98 0.94
240 - 6,129.02 6,151.88 6,164.58 6,184.9 - 1.22 1.11 1.00 0.96
270 - 6,891.02 6,913.88 6,926.58 6,946.9 - 1.25 1.14 1.03 0.99
300 - 7,653.02 7,675.88 7,688.58 7,708.9 - 1.27 1.16 1.05 1.01
330 - - 8,437.88 8,450.58 8,470.9 - - 1.19 1.07 1.03
360 - - 9,199.88 9,212.58 9,232.9 - - 1.21 1.09 1.05
390 - - 9,961.88 9,974.58 9,994.9 - - 1.23 1.11 1.07
420 - - 10,723.88 10,736.58 10,756.9 - - 1.24 1.12 1.09
480 - - - 12,260.58 12,280.9 - - - 1.16 1.12
540 - - - 13,784.58 13,804.9 - - - 1.18 1.14
600 - - - 15,308.58 15,328.9 - - - 1.20 1.17
660 - - - 16,832.58 16,852.9 - - - 1.23 1.19

8 Idlers

8.1 Idlers may be necessary on agricultural belt drives to provide take-up or to increase
the arc of contact to obtain the required drive capacity. If an idler is needed, it should be
located on the slack side of the drive.

8.2 An idler should have its axis of rotation perpendicular to the plane of the belt strand
on which it runs. The idler mounting should be strong enough to maintain its relationship at
all times.

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PAES 301:2000

8.3 Idlers may be grooved or flat (Figure 6). If grooved idlers are needed, groove
dimensions should be as shown in Table 2. Grooved idlers used as inside idlers (Figure 7),
should be placed close to the large pulley. Flat idlers are used as either inside or outside
idlers (Figure 7). Table 11 specifies the minimum recommended diameters for idlers.

Table 11 - Minimum recommended diameters for idlers, mm

Minimum O.D. Minimum O. D. Minimum face
Minimum O.D of
Cross section of grooved inside of flat outside width of flat
flat inside idler
idler idler idler
A 70 57 108 25
B 102 95 152 32
C 172 146 216 38
D 229 190 343 51

Do D

Grooved idler Flat idler

Figure 6 - Types of idlers

Driven
Driven

Driver

Driver

Inside idler Outside idler

Figure 7 – Positions of idlers

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 PAES 301:2000

9 Safety

9.1 Enclosing the drive with covers is recommended for safety and to avoid foreign
materials from getting in contact with the drive.

9.2 Make drive inspection on a periodic basis. Inspect belts for wear and tear and for its
tightness. Tightness of keys and setscrews should also be inspected periodically.

9.3 Use belts with proper markings.

9.4 Use proper keys as specified in PAES 304:2000.

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PAES 301:2000

Annex A
(Informative)

Example of V-belt drive selection

A.1 Given parameters

A 7,457 W split-phase motor running at 1,750 rpm is to be used to drive a rotary pump. The
pump should run at approximately 1,175 rpm. The center distance should not exceed 1,118
mm. Space limits the diameter of the driven pulley to 292 mm. Determine the pulley
diameters, the belt size, and the number of belts.

A.2 Power capacity of the drive (design power)

The power capacity of the drive is the product of the nameplate rating and the recommended
service factor given in Table 8. The obtained power capacity of the drive is:

Design Power = 1.3 × 7,450 W = 9,685W

A.3 Belt selection

A.3.1 The belt section to be used shall be section B belt (from Figure 5)

A.3.2 The size of the driven pulley that will be used shall be 280 mm. The diameter of the
small pulley is:

nL 1,175 rpm
DS = DL × = 280 mm × = 188 mm
nS 1,750 rpm

Where:
DL is the pitch diameter of the large pulley, mm
DS is the pitch diameter of the small pulley, mm
nL number of revolutions of the large pulley, rpm
nS number of revolutions of the small pulley, rpm

A.3.3 Since the limit for center distance is 1,118 mm, use 1,000 mm tentatively. Compute
for the length using the equation below.

L = 2C +
π
(DL + DS )+ ( DL − DS )
2

2 4C

π
(280 mm + 188 mm) + (280 mm − 188 mm)
2
L = 2 × 1,000 mm + = 2,002.12 mm
2 4 × 1,000 mm

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 PAES 301:2000

A.3.4 Since the obtained length is not a standard length, select a length from stock sizes
provided by the manufacturers. A correction for the center distance shall be made using the
following equation.

b + b 2 − 32(D L − D S )
2

C=
16
Where:
b = 4 LS − 6.28(DL + DS )
LS = Standard length

A.4 Belt speed

The belt speed is computed as:

π × DS × n S π × 188 mm × 1750 rpm

V = = = 1,033.58 m/min
1,000 1,000

A.5 Speed ratio

The speed ratio of the drive is computed by:

n S 1,750 rpm
Speed ratio = = = 1.48
n L 1,175 rpm

A.6 Power rating of the belt

Given the velocity and the diameter of the small pulley, the closest power rating of the belt
from Table 4 for Section B V-belts is given by:

Power rating = table rating + additional power for speed ratio

= 6,174 + 433
= 6,607 W/ belt

A.7 Arc of contact

The arc of contact is computed from the equation below. The computed arc of contact given
the above parameters is 174.78 degrees. The arc of contact correction factor from Table 9 is
0.98.

60(280 − 188)
Arc of contact = 180 − = 174.78 °
1,000

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PAES 301:2000

A.8 Corrected power rating

The corrected power is the product of the power rating, service factor, arc of contact
correction factor, and the belt length correction factor. For the obtained length, the belt
length correction factor is 1.00 (Table 10). Therefore, the correct power is:

Corrected power rating = 6,607watts × 0.98 × 1.00 = 6,475 W/ belt

A.9 Required number of belts for multiple drives

The number of belts needed is:

Power capacity 9,685 W

Number of belts = = = 1.496 ≈ 2 belts
Corrected power rating 6,475 W / belt

Therefore use two section B belts for this drive.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINERING STANDARD PAES 302: 2000

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This Standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 2 – Development of
Standards for Engineering Materials and was circulated to various private and government
agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. These standards were
presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a
public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The
comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into
consideration in the finalization of the standards.

This Standard has been technically formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standard. It provides
specifications and proper application of drives using flat belts and does not cover
manufacturing specifications.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered.

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Carmichael, C. (ed.) 1950. Kent’s Mechanical engineer’s handbook. Design and production
volume. 12th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.

Horton, H. L. (Ed.) 1984. Machinery’s handbook. 23rd Edition. Industrial press inc., New
York.

PNS 647:1990, Specification for pulleys for flat transmission belts

Shigley, Joseph, E. 1989. Mechanical engineering design. 3rd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, USA.

Mitsuboshi Design Manuals

PHILIPPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 302:2000
Engineering Materials – Flat Belts and Pulleys for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

1 Scope

This Standard establishes specifications and provides technical information for the proper
application of flat belts and pulleys for drives in agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative references contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 304:2000, Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

3 Application

Flat belts are commonly used where center distances between pulleys are fairly long. They
are very flexible and can transmit power in quarter twist and crossed drives.

4 Definitions

4.1
flat belt
belts used to transmit rotary motion and power between two shafts, which lie flat on the face
of its corresponding pulley

4.2
flat belt pulley
wheel having flat or crowned face used to transmit motion and power by means of flat belts

4.3
flat belt drive
power transmission device used to transmit power and motion between two shafts consisting
of flat belts which ride in flat pulleys

4.4
pulley diameter
outside diameter of the pulley

4.5
belt length
stretched-out length of the belt
 PAES 302:2000

4.6
speed ratio
ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep

4.7
belt speed
the linear speed of the belt calculated by multiplying the rpm and the diameter of the driver
pulley and to the value of pi

5 Flat belts

5.1 Nomenclature

Dimensions of flat belts are designated by its width (W), and by its thickness (t).

5.2 Materials

Flat belts for agricultural machinery are usually made of rubberized cord and fabric and
reinforced nylon cords. Flat belts may be spliced to obtain the desired loop size or made as a
continuous loop. They can be arranged in layers or in plies.

5.3 Rubberized fabric

5.3.1 Description

Rubber belting is made from fabric or cord, impregnated and bound together by vulcanized
rubber compounds. Advantages are high tensile strength, strength to hold metal fasteners
satisfactorily and resistance to deterioration by moisture. Rubber belts are used in places
exposed to the weather or the action of steams.

5.3.2 Specifications

Table 1 specifies the power rating (in watts per millimeter of belt width) for rubber belts
given the number of ply and the types of rubber used while Table 2 specifies the minimum
recommended diameters for rubber belts. Minimum and maximum number of ply is
specified in Table 3.

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PAES 302:2000

Table 1 – Power rating of rubber belts (watts per mm of belt width)

Belt Number of ply (Fabric belt) Number of ply (Hard fabric belt) Number of ply (Rayon cord belt)
speed,
m/min 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8
152 21 26 35 41 47 53 21 29 38 44 50 56 62 68 47 62 76 91 106 120
305 41 56 68 82 94 106 44 59 73 88 103 117 132 147 91 120 150 18 211 241
2
457 62 82 10 120 138 156 65 88 109 132 153 173 194 214 135 179 223 27 314 358
0 0
610 79 106 13 159 182 206 85 114 144 173 203 232 261 288 176 235 297 35 414 476
2 5
762 97 129 16 194 226 255 103 138 173 208 244 279 311 343 214 288 361 43 511 584
1 5
914 114 153 19 229 264 299 120 161 203 244 285 326 364 402 252 338 426 51 599 687
1 4
1,219 144 191 23 282 329 373 150 200 250 299 349 399 449 499 311 426 537 64 763 875
8 9
1,524 164 217 27 323 376 429 170 229 288 343 399 455 511 567 352 487 619 75 890 1,022
0 5
1,829 176 232 28 343 399 455 182 244 202 261 420 479 537 596 373 523 675 82 975 1,127
8 5
2,134 179 238 267 355 414 470 526 581 361 523 690 84 1,013 1,174
8
2,438 161 214 264 314 364 414 464 514 314 481 652 81 989 1,157
9

Table 2 – Minimum pulley diameters for rubber belts (mm)

Belt Number of ply (Fabric belt) Number of ply (Hard fabric belt) Number of ply (Rayon cord belt)
speed,
m/min 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8
152 102 102 152 229 330 457 76 102 127 152 254 356 457 559 127 178 229 330 406 483
305 102 127 178 254 356 483 76 102 152 203 305 406 508 610 152 203 254 406 432 508
457 102 152 229 279 406 533 76 127 178 254 381 432 533 635 178 229 279 381 457 559
610 102 152 254 330 432 559 102 127 203 279 381 457 559 660 178 229 305 406 483 584
762 127 178 254 356 457 584 102 152 203 279 381 483 584 686 203 254 330 406 508 584
914 127 178 279 381 483 635 102 152 229 305 406 508 635 711 203 279 330 432 533 610
1,219 127 203 305 406 533 635 102 178 254 330 432 533 635 737 229 305 381 457 559 635

C-24
 PAES 302:2000

1,524 152 229 330 457 559 686 127 178 279 381 483 584 686 787 254 305 406 483 584 660
1,829 152 254 356 483 610 737 127 203 305 406 508 610 711 838 279 356 432 533 610 711
2,134 152 229 330 457 559 686 787 889 305 381 483 584 660 762
2,438 178 305 406 533 660 787 914 1,041 330 432 533 635 737 838

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 PAES 302:2000

Table 3 – Minimum and maximum plies of rubber belting

Width, Minimum Maximum number Minimum number Maximum
Width, mm
mm number of plies of plies of plies number of plies
51 3 4 406 5 8
76 3 4 457 5 8
102 3 5 508 5 8
127 4 5 559 5 8
152 4 6 607 5 8
203 4 6 660 6 8
254 4 6 762 6 10
305 4 6 914 6 10
356 5 8 1,067 6 10

5.4 Nylon cord belts

5.4.1 Description

Nylon cord belts are endless belts made with single ply high tensile cords. They are oil and
heat resistant. Their thin dimension allows them to be in smaller pulleys and with high-speed
drives.

5.4.2 Specifications

Tables 4, 5, and 6 specify the power rating of different types of nylon cord belts. Tables 7
and 8 specify the standard width and length of flat cord belts respectively.

Table 4 – Power rating of section light capacity nylon cord belts, W

rpm of Diameter of smaller pulley, mm
smaller
pulley 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 40 45 50
400 15 23 23 30 30 38 45 53 60 68 75
1,200 45 60 68 80 100 120 140 170 180 210 230
4,000 160 200 230 270 330 390 470 540 610 680 750
6,000 230 290 350 400 490 580 690 800 890 1,000 1,100
8,000 310 380 450 530 650 760 910 1,050 1,170 1,300 1,420
10,000 380 470 560 650 800 940 1,120 1,280 1,420 1,560 1,700
14,000 530 650 770 890 1,070 1,260 1,480 1,680 1,830 1,970 2,070
18,000 660 800 950 1,100 1,320 1,530 1,780 1,970 2,090 2,150 2,150
20,000 730 880 1,040 1,190 1,430 1,640 1,880 2,060 2,150 2,150 2,040

Table 5 – Power rating of section medium capacity nylon cord belts, W

rpm of Diameter of smaller pulley, mm
smaller
pulley 40 45 50 56 63 71 80 90 100
300 53 75 90 120 150 180 21 230 260
900 160 220 280 360 440 530 620 700 770
1,500 260 360 470 590 740 890 1,030 1,160 1,280
3,000 520 710 920 1,180 1,460 1,760 2,030 2,270 2,510
4,500 770 1,060 1,370 1,740 2,160 2,600 2,980 3,310 3,630
6,000 1,010 1,390 1,790 2,270 2,820 3,370 3,840 4,230 4,590
7,500 1,230 1,700 2,190 2,780 3,420 4,070 4,590 5,000 5,330
10,500 1,630 2,240 2,870 3,620 4,410 5,150 5,650 5,880 5,950
13,500 1,920 2,650 3,370 4,190 5,030 5,690 5,930
15,000 2,030 2,780 3,530 4,360 5,150 5,710
Table 6 – Power rating of section high capacity nylon cord belts, W

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PAES 302:2000

rpm of Diameter of smaller pulley, mm

smaller
80 90 100 112 125 140 160 180 200
pulley
200 150 190 230 270 320 370 430 480 530
600 450 560 670 800 950 1,100 1,280 1,440 1,600
1,000 750 920 1,110 1,340 1,570 1,830 2,130 2,390 2,650
2,000 1,490 1,840 2,200 2,630 3,100 3,590 4,160 4,640 5,100
3,000 2,200 2,710 3,230 3,860 4,520 5,230 5,990 6,610 7,170
4,000 2,870 3,530 4,200 5,000 5,810 6,660 7,520 8,150 8,660
5,000 3,500 4,280 5,070 5,990 6,920 7,830 8,660 9,140 9,380

Table 7 – Width for nylon cord belts and min. allowable pulley diameter, mm
Min. allowable Recommendable
Belt cross section Thickness Width
diameter diameter
Light capacity 1.5 16 25 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50
Medium capacity 2.5 40 56 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100
Heavy capacity 3.5 80 125 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200

Table 8 – Belt lengths, mm

Inside Belt cross section Inside Belt cross section Inside Belt cross section
length Light Medium Heavy length Light Medium Heavy length Light Medium Heavy
200 * 670 * * 1,400 * * *
224 * 710 * * 1,500 * * *
250 * 750 * * 1,600 * * *
280 * 800 * * * 1,700 * * *
315 * 850 * * * 1,800 * * *
355 * 900 * * * 1,900 * * *
400 * 950 * * * 2,000 * * *
450 * 1,000 * * * 2,240 * *
500 * * 1,060 * * * 2,500 * *
530 * * 1,120 * * * 2,800 * *
560 * * 1,180 * * * 3,150 * *
600 * * 1,250 * * * 3,550 * *
630 * * 1,320 * * * 4,000 * *
* Indicates that such length is available.

5.5 Markings

5.5.1 The following information shall be marked on the belt:

1) Type of belt and its width (for endless nylon cord belts, length is indicated)
2) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

5.5.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

1) Type of belt and its width (for endless nylon cord belts, length is indicated)
2) Manufacturer’s name, trademark, and address

6 Flat-pulleys

6.1 Nomenclature

Figure 1 shows the designation of dimensions of pulleys.

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 PAES 302:2000

6.2 Classification

Pulleys shall be classified into solid and split, by construction and into crown and level by the
shape of external peripheral face (shown in Figure 1). Symbols indicating the classification
are as follows:

Solid – Sd Crown – C
Split – St Level – L

Solid Split Crowned Level

Where:
B is the pulley face width
h is the crown height
D is pulley diameter

Figure 1 – Classification and designation of dimensions of flat pulleys

6.3 Materials

Flat pulleys are usually made of cast iron or fabricated steel.

6.4 Specifications

6.4.1 Pulley face width, B is nominally the same as the width of the belts they are to carry.
However, allowances should be made to ensure that the belt stays in the pulley. Minimum
pulley diameters for rubber belts are given in Table 2. Allowances for pulley width for
different belt width are given in Table 9.

Table 9 – Allowances for pulley width

Belt width, mm Allowance, mm
Under 305 25
305 to 610 51
Over 610 76

6.4.2 Belts are made to center themselves in their pulleys by the use of crowned pulleys.
The usual figure for the amount of crowning (h), is one percent or the pulley width.

6.4.3 Dimensions of flat pulleys are specified in Table 10.

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PAES 302:2000

Table 10 – Dimensions of flat pulleys, mm

A B C D E F G H
152 102 3 5 19 11 76 10
152 152 3 5 19 11 89 13
152 203 3 5 19 11 89 13
152 305 3 5 19 11 102 13
203 102 3 5 21 11 76 10
203 152 3 5 21 11 89 13
203 203 4 6 27 14 114 13
203 305 4 6 27 14 140 13
254 102 3 5 24 14 76 13
254 152 4 6 27 14 89 13
254 203 4 6 27 14 114 13
254 305 4 6 33 16 140 16
305 102 4 6 25 11 83 13
305 152 4 6 44 13 102 13
305 203 4 6 44 13 127 16
305 305 5 8 38 19 165 16
356 102 4 6 34 13 89 13
356 152 4 6 34 13 114 16
356 203 5 8 33 14 127 16
356 305 5 8 43 21 165 16
406 102 4 6 35 14 89 13
406 203 5 8 37 16 127 16
406 305 6 9 37 16 165 19
406 406 6 9 48 24 210 22
457 102 5 8 33 14 102 16
457 203 6 9 38 17 140 19
457 305 6 9 34 17 184 22
457 508 6 10 57 32 229 22
508 102 5 8 35 16 102 16
508 203 5 8 35 16 127 19
508 305 6 9 41 19 178 19
508 508 7 11 57 29 254 25
559 102 5 8 38 16 102 16
559 203 5 8 38 16 127 19
559 305 6 9 44 21 165 22
559 508 7 11 64 32 279 29
610 102 6 9 40 17 102 16
610 203 6 9 40 17 140 19

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 PAES 302:2000

6.5 Pulley diameters

In designing belt drives, it should be recognized that the use of larger pulley diameters will
result in lower bearing loads and can result in the use of smaller and less expensive belt
cross-sections. The largest possible pulley allowed by space limitations should be used so as
to reduce required effective belt pull or friction force. Pulley diameters for rubber belts
should conform to Table 2. Table 7 also specifies the minimum and recommendable pulleys
diameters for nylon cord belts.

6.6 Markings

6.6.1 The following information shall be engraved or embossed on the pulley:

1) Classification of pulley
2) Diameter and width of the pulley
3) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

6.6.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

1) Classification of pulley
2) Diameter and width of the pulley
3) Manufacturer’s name, trademark, and address

7 Recommended Design Practices

7.1 Belt selection

7.1.1 The type of rubber belt to be used and the number of ply can be determined by using
Table 2 given the belt speed and the pulley diameter.

7.1.2 The appropriate cross section to be used for nylon cord belts can be determined by
using the belt selection chart presented in Figure 2.

7.2 Length calculations

7.2.1 The approximate belt length for an open two-pulley drive (Figure 3) may be
calculated using the formula
π
L = 2C + (DL + DS ) +
( DL − DS )
2
……..………………...……………[Eq. 1]
2 4C
Where:
L = length of the belt (mm)
C = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
DL = diameter of the large pulley (mm)
DS = diameter of the small pulley (mm)

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PAES 302:2000

11,931
13,423

14,914
16,405

18,643

20,880

23,862
26,845

29,828

33,557

37,285

46,979

52,945

59,656

67,113
74,570

83,518
93,213
10,000
104,398
7,000 119,312
6,000
134,226
5,000
149,140
4,000

3,000

2,000
rpm of small pulley

FL section FM section FH section

1,000

700

500

300

200

100
149

224

522

746

1,491

2,237

3,729

5,220

7,457

149,140

223,710
14,914

22,371

52,199
75

373

37,285
Design power, watts

Figure 2 – Flat cord belt selection chart

7.2.2 For endless belts, if this calculation results in a length that is not of standard length,
the next longer standard length should be used and necessary correction for center distance
should be made. The center distance can be calculated from the formula:

b + b 2 − 32(DL − DS )
2

C= ………...………………………..………...[Eq. 2]
16
Where:
b = 4 LS − 6.28(DL + DS )
Ls = available belt standard length

7.2.3 For crossed belts (Figure 4), the approximate belt length may be calculated using the
formula
π
L = 2C + (DL + DS ) +
( DL + DS )
2
……..…….………………..….….[Eq. 3]
2 4C
Where
L = length of the belt (mm)
C = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
DL = diameter of the large pulley (mm)
DS = diameter of the small pulley (mm)

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 PAES 302:2000

7.2.3 To determine the belt length when more than two pulleys are used on a drive (Figure
5), lay out the pulleys in terms of their effective diameters to scale in the position desired
when a new belt is applied and first brought to driving tension. The length of the belt shall be
the sum of the tangents and the connecting arcs around the effective diameters of the pulleys.
The length of the connecting arcs can be calculated by the formula

D× A
Length of arc = …….……………………………………………………[Eq. 4]
115
Where
D = the diameter of the pulley
A = the angle in degrees subtended by the arc of belt contact on the pulley

DL DS

Fig. 3 – Flat belt drive with two pulleys Fig. 4 – Crossed belt

A
D

Fig 5 – Flat belt drive with more than two pulleys

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PAES 302:2000

7.3 Correction for arc of contact

Correction for arc of contact for small pulley is determined from Table 11, the arc of contact
being given by the approximate formula:

60(DL − DS )
Arc of contact = 180 − ……...………………………………….…[Eq.5]
C
Where:
DL = diameter of the large pulley
DS = diameter of the small pulley
C = center distance of drive.

7.4 Power rating

The power rating for rubber belts are given in Table 1. Power ratings for nylon cord belts are
given in Tables 4-6. The width of belts in millimeters can be calculated by the formula:

H ×S
W = …………………………………………………………...…….……[Eq. 6]
K ×C

Where
W = belt width in millimeters
H = actual power transmitted, or if not, the nameplate power rating
S = service factor from Table 12
K = power rating of belt in watts per millimeter of belt width from Table 1
C = arc of contact factor from Table 11

Table 11 – Arc of contact factor for C

Arc of contact*, deg Factor, C Arc of contact*, deg Factor, C
180 1.00 132 0.87
174 0.99 126 0.85
168 0.97 120 0.83
162 0.96 114 0.80
156 0.94 108 0.78
150 0.92 102 0.75
144 0.90 96 0.72
138 0.88 90 0.69
* For small pulley

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 PAES 302:2000

Table 12 – Service factors, S

Squirrel –cage ac motor Single- d-c
Wound rotor Diesel engine,
Normal phase shunt-
Application High a-c motor 4 or more cyl,
torque, line capacity wound
torque (slip ring) above 700 rpm
start motor motor
Agitators 1.0-1.2 1.2-1.4 1.2 - - -
Compressors 1.2-1.4 - 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2
Belt conveyors - 1.4 - - 1.2 -
Screw conveyors - 1.8 - - 1.6 -
Crushing machinery - 1.6 1.4 - - 1.4-1.6
Fans, centrifugal 1.2 1.4 - 1.4 1.4
Fans, propeller 1.4 2.0 1.6 - 1.6 1.6
Generators and
1.2 - - - 1.2 2.0
exciters
Line shafts 1.4 - 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6
Machine tools 1.0-1.2 - 1.2-1.4 1.0 1.0-1.2 -
Pumps, centrifugal 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 -
Pumps, reciprocating 1.2-1.4 - 1.4-1.6 - - 1.8-2.0

8 Connectors

Table 13 specifies the sizes of plate and diameter of bolt for belts using bolted plate fastener.

Table 13 – Plate size based on belt width

Diameter of bolt,
Size of plate Belt width, mm
mm
0 38-51 6
1 small 64-102 6
1 large 127-152 7
2 small 178 8
3 small 254-406 10
3 large 432-508 10
4 533-610 11
5 Above 610 13

9 Safety

9.1 Enclosing the drive with covers is recommended for safety and to avoid foreign
materials from getting in contact with the drive.

9.2 Make drive inspection on a periodic basis. Drives should be inspected for the tightness
of the belts, keys and setscrews. Condition of the belt should also be inspected.

9.3 Use belts with proper markings.

9.4 Use proper keys as specified in PAES 304:2000

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PAES 302:2000

Annex A
(Informative)

Example of flat rubber belt drive selection

A.1 Given parameters

Assume a normal-torque squirrel-cage ac motor for a centrifugal-fan drive. The motor speed
is 1,725 rpm and the pulley diameter is 127 mm. The power transmitted at the given rpm is
2,983 W. The arc of contact is 160°. Select the appropriate flat belt and the corresponding
pulley to be used.

A.2 Belt speed

The belt speed is approximated as:

π × DS × n S
V =
1,000

Where:
V is the belt speed
DS is the diameter of the small pulley
NS is the rpm of the small pulley

π × DS × n S π × 127 mm × 1,725 rpm

V = = = 688.24 m/min
1,000 1,000

A.3 Belt selection

A.3.1 The appropriate belt for the given pulley diameter and the approximated belt speed is
a 3 ply, Fabric belt (from Table 2).

A.3.2 The power rating for a 3 ply, fabric belt, and at the computed belt speed is obtained
from Table 1. The value is obtained by interpolating values of K between 79 and 97 m/min.
This will result in a K value equal to 88.26 watts/mm.

A.3.3 The arc correction factor, C, is equal to 0.93 (from Table 11) and the service factor, S,
is equal to 1.2 (from Table 12).

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 PAES 302:2000

A.3.4 The width of the belt is computed as:

W =
H ×S
=
(2,983 W × 1.2) = 43.61 mm
K × C (88.26 W/mm × 0.93)

Therefore, use a 44 mm width belt.

A.4 Pulley width

Using Table 9, the width of pulley to be used is computed as:

B = belt width + allowance = 44 mm + 25 mm = 69 mm

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 303: 2000

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This Standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 2 – Development of
Standards for Engineering Materials and was circulated to various private and government
agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. These standards were
presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a
public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The
comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into
consideration in the finalization of the standards.

This Standard has been technically formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standard. It provides
specifications and proper application of drives using roller chains and sprockets and does not
cover manufacturing specifications.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered.

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Carmichael, C. (ed.) 1950. Kent’s Mechanical engineer’s handbook. Design and production
volume. 18th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.

Horton, H. L. (Ed.) 1984. Machinery’s handbook. 23rd Edition. Industrial press inc, New
York.

ISO 606:1994, Short pitch transmission precision roller chains and chain wheels
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 303:2000
Engineering Materials –Roller Chains and Sprockets for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

1 Scope

This Standard establishes specifications and provides technical information for the proper
application roller chains and sprockets for drives in agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative references contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 304:2000, Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

3 Application

Roller chains are used to transmit power at high torque and low speed without slippage.

4 Definitions

4.1
chain pitch
distance between adjacent joint members

4.2
pitch diameter
the diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the centers of the link pins as the chain is
wrapped on the sprocket

4.3
bottom diameter
the diameter of a circle tangent to the curve (called the seating curve) at the bottom of the
tooth gap

4.4
caliper diameter
for a sprocket with an odd number of teeth, it is the distance from the bottom of the tooth gap
to that of the nearest opposite tooth gap

NOTE:
The caliper diameter is the same as the bottom diameter for a sprocket with an even number of teeth.
4.5
PAES 303:2000

outside diameter

it is the diameter over the tips of the teeth

5 Chains

5.1 Nomenclature

Figure 1 shows the type of chain according number of strands, either single strand or
multiple-strand. Figure 2 shows the designation of dimensions of chains. Dimensions of
chains are given in Table 1. Figure 3 shows the different types of links.

Single-strand

Multiple-strand

Figure 1 – Types of chains

Roller width

Roller diam. Pitch

Figure 2 – Designation of dimensions of chains

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 PAES 303:2000

Inner plate
Roller Roller

Inner plate
Bush

a) Inner link

Outer plate Outer plate

Intermediate plates
Bearing pins

Bearing pins

Outer plate
Outer plate
Simple outer link
Duplex outer link

b) Outer link for riveting

Outer plate
Fixed connecting pin Outer plate Fixed connecting pin
Detachable plate
Spring fastener Detachable plate
Split pin fastener Split pin fastener

Connecting link with spring fastener Connecting link with spring fastener

c) Outer links for riveting

Cranked plate Roller

Roller Detachable connecting pin
Inner plate
Bush Bush

Cranked plate Split pin fastener

Bearing pin, riveted Cranked plate

Double cranked (offset) link

Single cranked (offset) link

d) Cranked (offset) links

Figure 3 – Types of links

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PAES 303:2000

Table 1 – Standard roller chain dimensions, mm

Max. roller
Standard chain number Pitch, P Width, W Pin diameter, Dp
diameter, Dr
25 6.35 3.30 3.18 2.30
35 9.53 5.08 4.76 3.58
41 12.70 7.77 6.35 3.58
40 12.70 7.92 7.94 3.96
50 15.88 10.16 9.53 5.08
60 19.05 11.91 12.70 5.94
80 25.40 15.88 15.88 7.92
100 31.75 19.05 19.05 9.53
120 38.10 22.23 25.40 11.10
140 44.45 25.40 25.40 12.70
160 50.80 28.58 31.75 14.27
180 57.15 35.71 35.71 17.45
200 63.50 39.67 38.10 19.84
240 76.20 47.63 47.63 23.80
NOTE:
1) The right-hand figure in the chain number is zero for roller chains of the usual proportions, 1 for a light-weight
chain and 5 for a rollerless bushing chain. The numbers to the left -hand figure denotes the number of 1/8 inch
(3.175 mm) in the pitch.
2) The letter H following the chain number denotes the heavy series. The hyphenated number 2 suffixed to the
chain number denotes a double strand, 3 for triple strand, 4 for quadruple strand and so on. For agricultural
purposes, only up to Chain number 120 is used.

5.1 Markings

5.2.1 The following information shall be marked on the chains:

1) Chain number designation.

2) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

5.2.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

1) Chain number designation.

2) Manufacturer’s name, trademark, and address.

6 Sprockets

6.1 Nomenclature

Figure 4 shows the designation of dimensions of sprockets. Standard roller chain sprockets
and their dimensions are given in Tables 2-9.

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 PAES 303:2000

Max. Hub &

Outside D.
Bottom D.

Groove D.
Pitch D.
Bore
Caliper
Diameter

Figure 4 – Designation of dimensions of sprockets

Table 2 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 25, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
11 22.54 25.44 43 86.99 90.57 76 153.66 157.34
12 24.53 27.51 44 89.01 92.60 77 155.68 159.36
13 26.53 29.57 45 91.03 94.62 78 157.70 161.39
14 28.54 31.63 46 93.05 96.64 79 159.72 163.40
15 30.54 33.68 47 95.07 98.67 80 161.74 165.43
16 32.55 35.73 48 97.09 100.69 81 163.76 167.45
17 34.56 37.78 49 99.11 102.72 82 165.78 169.48
18 36.57 39.82 50 101.13 104.74 83 167.81 171.49
19 38.58 41.87 51 103.15 106.76 84 169.83 173.52
20 40.59 43.90 52 105.17 108.79 85 171.85 175.54
21 42.61 45.94 53 107.19 110.81 86 173.87 177.56
22 44.85 47.97 54 109.21 112.83 87 175.89 179.58
23 46.63 50.01 55 111.23 114.86 88 177.91 181.60
24 48.65 52.04 56 113.25 116.88 89 179.93 183.63
25 50.66 54.08 57 115.27 118.90 90 181.95 185.65
26 52.68 56.11 58 117.29 120.93 91 183.97 187.67
27 54.70 58.14 59 119.31 122.96 92 179.64 189.69
28 56.71 60.17 60 121.33 124.97 93 188.01 191.72
29 58.73 62.20 61 123.35 127.00 94 190.03 193.74
30 60.75 64.22 62 125.37 129.02 95 192.06 195.76
31 62.77 66.26 63 127.39 131.04 96 194.08 197.78
32 64.78 68.28 64 129.41 133.07 97 196.10 199.80
33 66.80 70.31 65 131.43 135.09 98 198.12 201.83
34 68.82 72.34 66 133.45 137.12 99 200.14 203.85
35 70.84 74.36 67 135.47 139.13 100 202.16 205.87
36 72.86 76.39 68 137.50 141.16 101 204.18 207.89
37 74.88 78.42 69 139.52 143.18 102 206.20 209.91
38 76.90 80.44 70 141.54 145.21 103 208.22 211.94
39 78.91 82.47 71 143.56 147.22 104 210.24 213.96
40 80.93 84.49 72 145.58 149.25 105 212.26 215.98
41 82.95 86.52 73 147.60 151.27 106 214.29 218.00
42 84.97 88.54 74 149.62 153.30 107 216.31 220.02
75 151.64 155.31 108 218.33 222.05

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PAES 303:2000

Table 3 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 35, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
11 33.83 38.18 43 130.56 135.93 76 230.61 236.13
12 36.82 41.28 44 133.59 138.97 77 233.64 239.16
13 39.82 44.38 45 136.62 142.01 78 236.68 242.20
14 42.83 47.47 46 139.65 145.04 79 239.71 245.24
15 45.84 50.55 47 142.68 148.08 80 242.74 248.28
16 48.85 53.63 48 145.71 151.12 81 245.77 251.31
17 51.86 56.69 49 148.74 154.16 82 248.81 254.35
18 54.88 59.76 50 151.77 157.20 83 251.84 257.38
19 57.90 62.83 51 154.81 160.23 84 254.87 260.42
20 60.92 65.89 52 157.84 163.27 85 257.91 263.45
21 63.94 68.95 53 160.87 166.31 86 260.94 266.48
22 67.31 72.00 54 163.90 169.34 87 263.97 269.52
23 69.99 75.06 55 166.93 172.38 88 267.00 272.55
24 73.01 78.11 56 169.96 175.42 89 270.04 275.59
25 76.04 81.16 57 173.00 178.45 90 273.07 278.62
26 79.06 84.21 58 176.03 181.49 91 276.10 281.66
27 82.09 87.26 59 179.06 184.53 92 269.61 284.69
28 85.12 90.30 60 182.09 187.56 93 282.17 287.73
29 88.14 93.35 61 185.13 190.60 94 285.20 290.76
30 91.17 96.39 62 188.16 193.63 95 288.23 293.79
31 94.20 99.44 63 191.19 196.67 96 291.27 296.83
32 97.23 102.48 64 194.22 199.71 97 294.30 299.86
33 100.26 105.53 65 197.25 202.74 98 297.33 302.90
34 103.29 108.57 66 200.29 205.78 99 300.37 305.93
35 106.31 111.61 67 203.32 208.81 100 303.40 308.97
36 109.34 114.65 68 206.35 211.85 101 306.43 312.00
37 112.37 117.69 69 209.38 214.88 102 309.46 315.03
38 115.40 120.73 70 212.42 217.92 103 312.50 318.07
39 118.43 123.77 71 215.45 220.95 104 315.53 321.10
40 121.46 126.81 72 218.48 223.99 105 318.56 324.14
41 124.50 129.85 73 221.51 227.02 106 321.60 327.17
42 127.53 132.89 74 224.55 230.06 107 324.63 330.20
75 227.58 233.09 108 327.66 333.25

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 PAES 303:2000

Table 4 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 40 or 41, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
11 45.08 50.88 43 173.98 181.14 76 307.32 314.68
12 49.07 55.02 44 178.02 185.19 77 311.36 318.72
13 53.07 59.14 45 182.06 189.24 78 315.40 322.77
14 57.07 63.26 46 186.10 193.28 79 319.44 326.81
15 61.08 67.36 47 190.14 197.33 80 323.49 330.86
16 65.10 71.46 48 194.18 201.38 81 327.53 334.90
17 69.12 75.55 49 198.22 205.44 82 331.57 338.95
18 73.14 79.64 50 202.26 209.49 83 335.61 342.99
19 77.16 83.73 51 206.30 213.53 84 339.65 347.04
20 81.18 87.81 52 210.34 217.58 85 343.69 351.08
21 85.21 91.88 53 214.38 221.63 86 347.73 355.12
22 89.70 95.95 54 218.42 225.67 87 351.78 359.17
23 93.27 100.03 55 222.46 229.72 88 355.82 363.21
24 97.30 104.09 56 226.50 233.77 89 359.86 367.26
25 101.33 108.15 57 230.54 237.81 90 363.90 371.30
26 105.36 112.22 58 234.58 241.86 91 367.94 375.35
27 109.40 116.28 59 238.62 245.91 92 359.29 379.39
28 113.43 120.33 60 242.66 249.95 93 376.03 383.44
29 117.46 124.40 61 246.70 254.00 94 380.07 387.48
30 121.50 128.45 62 250.74 258.04 95 384.11 391.52
31 125.53 132.51 63 254.78 262.09 96 388.15 395.57
32 129.57 136.56 64 258.83 266.14 97 392.20 399.61
33 133.61 140.63 65 262.87 270.18 98 396.24 403.66
34 137.64 144.68 66 266.91 274.23 99 400.28 407.70
35 141.68 148.73 67 270.95 278.27 100 404.32 411.75
36 145.72 152.78 68 274.99 282.32 101 408.36 415.79
37 149.75 156.83 69 279.03 286.36 102 412.40 419.82
38 153.79 160.88 70 283.07 290.41 103 416.45 423.88
39 157.83 164.93 71 287.11 294.45 104 420.49 427.91
40 161.87 168.99 72 291.16 298.50 105 424.53 431.97
41 165.91 173.04 73 295.20 302.54 106 428.57 436.00
42 169.95 177.09 74 299.24 306.59 107 432.61 440.04
75 303.28 310.63 108 436.66 444.09

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PAES 303:2000

Table 5 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 50, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
11 56.37 63.62 43 217.55 226.50 76 384.27 393.47
12 61.36 68.79 44 222.60 231.56 77 389.32 398.52
13 66.36 73.95 45 227.65 236.63 78 394.38 403.59
14 71.36 79.10 46 232.70 241.68 79 399.43 408.64
15 76.38 84.23 47 237.75 246.74 80 404.48 413.71
16 81.40 89.36 48 242.80 251.81 81 409.54 418.76
17 86.42 94.47 49 247.85 256.87 82 414.59 423.82
18 91.45 99.58 50 252.90 261.94 83 419.64 428.87
19 96.48 104.70 51 257.96 266.99 84 424.70 433.94
20 101.51 109.79 52 263.01 272.06 85 429.75 438.99
21 106.55 114.89 53 268.06 277.12 86 434.81 444.04
22 112.16 119.97 54 273.11 282.17 87 439.86 449.10
23 116.62 125.07 55 278.16 287.24 88 444.91 454.15
24 121.66 130.15 56 283.22 292.30 89 449.97 459.22
25 126.70 135.23 57 288.27 297.35 90 455.02 464.27
26 131.74 140.32 58 293.32 302.42 91 460.07 469.33
27 136.79 145.40 59 298.37 307.48 92 449.25 474.38
28 141.83 150.46 60 303.42 312.53 93 470.18 479.45
29 146.88 155.54 61 308.48 317.60 94 475.24 484.50
30 151.92 160.61 62 313.53 322.65 95 480.29 489.55
31 156.97 165.69 63 318.58 327.72 96 485.34 494.61
32 162.01 170.76 64 323.63 332.78 97 490.40 499.66
33 167.06 175.84 65 328.69 337.83 98 495.45 504.73
34 172.11 180.90 66 333.74 342.90 99 500.51 509.78
35 177.15 185.97 67 338.79 347.95 100 505.56 514.85
36 182.20 191.04 68 343.85 353.01 101 510.61 519.90
37 187.25 196.10 69 348.90 358.06 102 515.67 524.95
38 192.30 201.17 70 353.95 363.13 103 520.72 530.01
39 197.35 206.23 71 359.01 368.18 104 525.78 535.06
40 202.40 211.30 72 364.06 373.24 105 530.83 540.13
41 207.45 216.37 73 369.11 378.29 106 535.88 545.18
42 212.50 221.43 74 374.16 383.36 107 540.94 550.23
75 379.22 388.41 108 545.99 555.29

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 PAES 303:2000

Table 6 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 60, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
11 67.62 76.31 43 260.98 271.71 76 460.98 472.02
12 73.60 82.52 44 267.03 277.79 77 467.04 478.08
13 79.60 88.72 45 273.09 283.86 78 473.10 484.16
14 85.61 94.89 46 279.15 289.92 79 479.17 490.21
15 91.62 101.04 47 285.21 296.00 80 485.23 496.29
16 97.65 107.19 48 291.27 302.08 81 491.29 502.35
17 103.67 113.33 49 297.33 308.15 82 497.35 508.43
18 109.71 119.46 50 303.39 314.23 83 503.42 514.48
19 115.74 125.60 51 309.45 320.29 84 509.48 520.56
20 121.78 131.71 52 315.51 326.36 85 515.54 526.62
21 127.82 137.83 53 321.57 332.44 86 521.60 532.68
22 134.54 143.92 54 327.63 338.50 87 527.67 538.75
23 139.90 150.04 55 333.69 344.58 88 533.73 544.81
24 145.95 156.13 56 339.75 350.65 89 539.79 550.89
25 151.99 162.23 57 345.81 356.71 90 545.85 556.95
26 158.04 168.33 58 351.87 362.79 91 551.91 563.02
27 164.09 174.42 59 357.93 368.87 92 538.93 569.08
28 170.14 180.50 60 363.99 374.92 93 564.04 575.16
29 176.20 186.59 61 370.06 381.00 94 570.10 581.22
30 182.25 192.67 62 376.12 387.06 95 576.17 587.27
31 188.30 198.77 63 382.18 393.13 96 582.23 593.35
32 194.35 204.84 64 388.24 399.21 97 588.29 599.41
33 200.41 210.94 65 394.30 405.27 98 594.35 605.49
34 206.46 217.02 66 400.36 411.35 99 600.42 611.54
35 212.52 223.09 67 406.42 417.40 100 606.48 617.62
36 218.57 229.17 68 412.49 423.48 101 612.54 623.68
37 224.63 235.25 69 418.55 429.54 102 618.60 629.74
38 230.69 241.33 70 424.61 435.62 103 624.67 635.81
39 236.74 247.40 71 430.67 441.67 104 630.73 641.87
40 242.80 253.48 72 436.73 447.75 105 636.79 647.95
41 248.86 259.56 73 442.79 453.81 106 642.86 654.01
42 254.92 265.63 74 448.86 459.89 107 648.92 660.06
75 454.92 465.94 108 654.98 666.14

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PAES 303:2000

Table 7 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 80, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
11 90.16 101.75 43 347.97 362.28 76 614.64 629.36
12 98.14 110.03 44 356.04 370.38 77 622.72 637.44
13 106.14 118.29 45 364.12 378.49 78 630.81 645.54
14 114.15 126.52 46 372.20 386.56 79 638.89 653.62
15 122.17 134.72 47 380.28 394.67 80 646.97 661.72
16 130.20 142.93 48 388.36 402.77 81 655.06 669.80
17 138.23 151.10 49 396.44 410.87 82 663.14 677.90
18 146.27 159.28 50 404.52 418.97 83 671.22 685.98
19 154.32 167.46 51 412.60 427.05 84 679.31 694.08
20 162.37 175.62 52 420.68 435.15 85 687.39 702.16
21 170.42 183.77 53 428.76 443.26 86 695.47 710.23
22 179.39 191.90 54 436.84 451.33 87 703.55 718.34
23 186.54 200.05 55 444.92 459.44 88 711.64 726.41
24 194.60 208.18 56 453.00 467.54 89 719.72 734.52
25 202.66 216.31 57 461.08 475.62 90 727.80 742.59
26 210.72 224.43 58 469.16 483.72 91 735.89 750.70
27 218.79 232.56 59 477.25 491.82 92 718.57 758.77
28 226.86 240.67 60 485.33 499.90 93 752.05 766.88
29 234.93 248.79 61 493.41 508.00 94 760.14 774.95
30 243.00 256.90 62 501.49 516.08 95 768.22 783.03
31 251.07 265.02 63 509.57 524.18 96 776.31 791.13
32 259.14 273.13 64 517.65 532.28 97 784.39 799.21
33 267.21 281.25 65 525.73 540.36 98 792.47 807.31
34 275.28 289.36 66 533.82 548.46 99 800.56 815.39
35 283.36 297.46 67 541.90 556.54 100 808.64 823.49
36 291.43 305.56 68 549.98 564.64 101 816.72 831.57
37 299.51 313.66 69 558.06 572.72 102 824.81 839.65
38 307.58 321.77 70 566.15 580.82 103 832.89 847.75
39 315.66 329.87 71 574.23 588.90 104 840.98 855.83
40 323.74 337.97 72 582.31 597.00 105 849.06 863.93
41 331.81 346.08 73 590.39 605.08 106 857.14 872.01
42 339.89 354.18 74 598.47 613.18 107 865.23 880.08
75 606.56 621.26 108 873.31 888.19

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 PAES 303:2000

Table 8 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 100, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
11 112.70 127.19 43 434.96 452.85 76 768.30 786.70
12 122.67 137.54 44 445.06 462.98 77 778.40 796.80
13 132.67 147.86 45 455.15 473.11 78 788.51 806.93
14 142.68 158.15 46 465.25 483.20 79 798.61 817.02
15 152.71 168.40 47 475.35 493.33 80 808.71 827.15
16 162.74 178.66 48 485.45 503.46 81 818.82 837.25
17 172.79 188.88 49 495.55 513.59 82 828.92 847.38
18 182.84 199.10 50 505.65 523.72 83 839.03 857.47
19 192.90 209.33 51 515.75 533.81 84 849.13 867.60
20 202.96 219.52 52 525.85 543.94 85 859.23 877.70
21 213.03 229.71 53 535.95 554.07 86 869.34 887.79
22 224.24 239.87 54 546.05 564.17 87 879.44 897.92
23 233.17 250.06 55 556.15 574.29 88 889.55 908.02
24 243.25 260.22 56 566.25 584.42 89 899.65 918.15
25 253.32 270.38 57 576.35 594.52 90 909.75 928.24
26 263.40 280.54 58 586.45 604.65 91 919.86 938.37
27 273.49 290.70 59 596.56 614.78 92 898.21 948.47
28 283.57 300.83 60 606.66 624.87 93 940.07 958.60
29 293.66 310.99 61 616.76 635.00 94 950.17 968.69
30 303.75 321.12 62 626.86 645.10 95 960.28 978.79
31 313.83 331.28 63 636.96 655.22 96 970.38 988.92
32 323.92 341.41 64 647.07 665.35 97 980.49 999.01
33 334.01 351.57 65 657.17 675.45 98 990.59 1,009.14
34 344.10 361.70 66 667.27 685.58 99 1,000.70 1,019.24
35 354.20 371.82 67 677.37 695.67 100 1,010.80 1,029.37
36 364.29 381.95 68 687.48 705.80 101 1,020.91 1,039.46
37 374.38 392.08 69 697.58 715.90 102 1,031.01 1,049.56
38 384.48 402.21 70 707.68 726.03 103 1,041.11 1,059.69
39 394.57 412.34 71 717.78 736.12 104 1,051.22 1,069.78
40 404.67 422.47 72 727.89 746.25 105 1,061.32 1,079.91
41 414.77 432.59 73 737.99 756.35 106 1,071.43 1,090.01
42 424.86 442.72 74 748.09 766.48 107 1,081.54 1,100.11
75 758.20 776.57 108 1,091.64 1,110.23

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PAES 303:2000

Table 9 – Standard roller chain sprocket diameters for chain number 120, mm
Pitch Outside Pitch Outside Pitch Outside
No. of teeth No. of teeth No. of teeth
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
9 111.40 127.56 43 521.95 543.42 76 921.96 944.04
10 123.30 128.63 44 534.07 555.57 77 934.08 956.16
11 135.24 152.63 45 546.18 567.73 78 946.21 968.31
12 147.21 165.05 46 558.30 579.84 79 958.33 980.43
13 159.20 177.43 47 570.42 592.00 80 970.46 992.58
14 171.22 189.78 48 582.54 604.15 81 982.58 1,004.70
15 183.25 202.08 49 594.66 616.31 82 994.71 1,016.85
16 195.29 214.39 50 606.78 628.46 83 1,006.83 1,028.97
17 207.35 226.66 51 618.90 640.58 84 1,018.96 1,041.12
18 219.41 238.93 52 631.02 652.73 85 1,031.08 1,053.24
19 231.48 251.19 53 643.14 664.88 86 1,043.20 1,065.35
20 243.55 263.42 54 655.26 677.00 87 1,055.33 1,077.51
21 255.63 275.65 55 667.38 689.15 88 1,067.46 1,089.62
22 269.09 287.85 56 679.50 701.31 89 1,079.58 1,101.78
23 279.80 300.08 57 691.62 713.42 90 1,091.71 1,113.89
24 291.90 312.27 58 703.75 725.58 91 1,103.83 1,126.05
25 303.99 324.46 59 715.87 737.73 92 1,077.86 1,138.16
26 316.09 336.65 60 727.99 749.85 93 1,128.08 1,150.32
27 328.19 348.84 61 740.11 762.00 94 1,140.21 1,162.43
28 340.29 361.00 62 752.23 774.12 95 1,152.33 1,174.55
29 352.39 373.19 63 764.35 786.27 96 1,164.46 1,186.70
30 364.50 385.34 64 776.48 798.42 97 1,176.59 1,198.82
31 376.60 397.54 65 788.60 810.54 98 1,188.71 1,210.97
32 388.71 409.69 66 800.72 822.69 99 1,200.84 1,223.09
33 400.82 421.88 67 812.85 834.81 100 1,212.96 1,235.24
34 412.92 434.04 68 824.97 846.96 101 1,225.09 1,247.36
35 425.04 446.19 69 837.10 859.08 102 1,237.21 1,259.47
36 437.15 458.34 70 849.22 871.23 103 1,249.34 1,271.63
37 449.26 470.50 71 861.34 883.35 104 1,261.46 1,283.74
38 461.37 482.65 72 873.47 895.50 105 1,273.59 1,295.90
39 473.49 494.80 73 885.59 907.62 106 1,285.71 1,308.01
40 485.60 506.96 74 897.71 919.77 107 1,297.84 1,320.13
41 497.72 519.11 75 909.84 931.89 108 1,309.97 1,332.28
42 509.84 531.27

6.2 Types

The following are the different designs or types of roller chain sprockets are shown by
sectional views (Figure 5):

1) Type A - plain plate

2) Type B - has a hub on one side only
3) Type C - hub on both sides
4) Type D - detachable hub

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Type A - Plain plate Type B - Hub on one side

Type C - Hub on both sides Type D - Detachable hub

Figure 5 – Types of sprockets

6.3 Materials

For large sprockets, cast iron is commonly used, especially in drives with large speed ratios.
Smaller sprockets are usually made of steel. The use of stainless steel or bronze are for
corrosion resistance while Formica, nylon or other suitable plastic materials are for special
conditions.

6.4 Markings

6.4.1 The following information shall be marked on the sprockets:

1) Type of sprocket
2) Number of teeth of the sprocket
3) Corresponding chain number designation.
4) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

6.4.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

1) Type of sprocket
2) Number of teeth of the sprocket
3) Corresponding chain number designation.
4) Manufacturer’s name, trademark, and address

7 Recommended design practices

7.1 Selection of chain and sprockets

7.1.1 The smallest applicable chain number is desirable for quiet operation and higher
speed range allowable for chain drives. The power capacity varies with the chain pitch.
However, short pitch with high working load can often be obtained by the use of multiple-
strand chains.

7.1.2 The small sprocket selected must be large enough to accommodate the shaft. Table 9
gives the maximum bore and hub diameters consistent with commercial practice for sprockets
with up to 25 teeth.

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7.1.3 After selecting the small sprocket, the number of teeth in the large sprocket is
determined by the desired ratio of the shaft speed. Over emphasis on the exactness of the
speed ratio may result in cumbersome and expensive installation. In most cases, satisfactory
operation can be obtained with a minor change in speed of one or both shafts.

Table 10 – Recommended roller chain sprocket maximum bore and hub dimensions
Chain number
35 41 or 40 50 60 80
No. of Max.
teeth Max hub Max. bore, Max hub Max. bore, Max hub Max. bore, Max hub dia. Max. bore,
bore, Max hub
dia. (mm) (mm) dia. (mm) (mm) dia. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm) dia. (mm)
11 15.08 21.83 19.84 29.77 24.61 37.31 31.75 44.85 41.28 60.33
12 15.88 25.00 22.23 33.73 29.37 42.47 32.54 51.20 45.24 68.66
13 19.05 28.18 25.40 38.10 32.54 47.63 38.10 57.15 50.80 76.60
14 21.43 31.35 29.37 42.07 49.21 52.78 44.45 63.50 57.94 84.93
15 22.23 34.53 31.75 46.04 38.89 57.94 45.24 69.85 61.12 93.27
16 24.61 37.31 32.54 50.40 42.86 63.10 50.01 75.80 69.06 101.20
17 27.78 40.48 34.93 54.37 45.24 68.26 56.36 81.76 71.44 109.54
18 30.96 43.66 38.89 58.34 47.63 73.42 57.94 88.11 79.38 117.87
19 31.75 46.83 42.86 62.31 52.39 78.18 61.91 94.06 84.14 125.81
20 32.54 49.61 45.24 66.68 57.15 83.34 68.26 100.41 88.90 134.14
21 33.34 52.78 45.24 70.64 57.94 88.50 71.44 106.36 95.25 142.08
22 36.51 71.44 49.21 74.61 61.91 93.66 74.61 112.71 98.43 150.42
23 39.69 58.74 53.18 78.58 66.68 98.82 79.38 118.67 106.36 158.35
24 42.86 61.91 57.15 82.95 71.44 103.58 82.55 124.62 115.89 166.69
25 44.45 65.09 57.94 86.92 72.23 108.74 85.73 130.97 119.06 174.63
Chain number
100 120 140 160 180
No. of Max.
teeth Max hub Max. bore, Max hub Max. bore, Max hub Max. bore, Max hub dia. Max. bore,
bore, Max hub
dia. (mm) (mm) dia. (mm) (mm) dia. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm) dia. (mm)
11 50.01 75.41 58.74 90.88 71.44 105.97 83.34 121.44 100.01 152.00
12 57.94 85.73 69.85 103.19 82.55 120.65 104.78 137.72 119.86 172.64
13 64.29 96.04 77.79 115.49 90.49 134.94 103.19 154.38 129.38 193.28
14 68.26 106.36 85.73 127.79 98.43 149.23 119.06 170.66 145.26 213.92
15 78.58 116.68 95.25 140.10 112.71 163.91 123.83 187.33 158.75 234.16
16 83.34 127.00 101.60 152.40 119.06 178.20 139.70 203.60 177.80 254.79
17 92.87 137.32 113.51 164.70 128.59 192.48 13.92 219.87 188.91 275.43
18 96.04 147.24 118.27 177.01 142.88 206.77 158.75 236.54 203.20 295.67
19 106.36 157.56 125.41 189.31 144.46 221.06 174.63 252.81 228.60 315.91
20 116.68 167.88 138.11 201.61 158.75 235.35 177.80 269.08 247.65 336.55
21 119.06 177.80 144.46 213.92 173.04 249.63 196.85 285.35 254.00 356.79
22 123.83 188.12 149.23 225.82 184.15 263.92 212.73 301.63 276.23 377.03
23 134.94 198.44 161.93 238.13 188.91 277.81 228.60 317.90 295.28 397.67
24 144.46 208.36 173.04 250.43 203.20 292.10 244.48 572.29 3378.20 417.91
25 163.51 218.68 184.15 262.73 217.49 306.39 260.35 350.44 342.90 438.15

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7.2 Center distance between sprockets

7.2.1 The center to center distance between sprockets, as a general rule, should not be less
than 1.5 times the diameter of the larger sprocket and not less than thirty times the pitch nor
more than 50 times the pitch. In certain cases, a center distance equivalent to 80 pitches may
be considered an approved maximum. The chain should extend around at least 120 degrees
of the pinion circumference, and this minimum amount of contact is obtained for all center
distances provided the ratio is less than 3.5 to one.

7.2.2 Other things being equal, a longer center distance is recommended.

7.2.3 If possible, the center distance should be adjustable in order to take care of the slack
due to elongation from wear and this range of adjustments should be at least one and one-half
pitches.

7.2.4 A little slack is desirable as it allows the chain links to take the best position on the
sprocket teeth and reduces the wear on the bearings. Too much sag or an excessive distance
between the sprockets may cause the chain to whip up and down, a condition detrimental to
smooth running and very destructive to the chain.

7.2.5 The sprockets should run in a vertical plane, the sprocket axes being approximately
horizontal, unless an idler is used on the slack side to keep the chain in position. The most
satisfactory results are obtained when the slack of the chain is on the bottom.

7.3 Center distance for a given length

When the distance between the driving and the driven sprockets can be varied to suit the
length of the chain, this center distance for tight chain may be determined by the following
formula:

P⎡
C= 2LP − N − n + (2L − N − n )2 − 0.810(N − n )2 ⎤⎥ ……………………….[Eq. 1]
8 ⎢⎣ ⎦

Where: C = center to center distance in millimeters

LP = the length of chain in pitches
P = pitch of the chain
N = the number of teeth in the large sprocket
n = number of teeth in small sprockets

NOTE:
The length L in pitches should be an even number for roller chain, so that the use of a
cranked (offset) connecting link will not be necessary.

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7.4 Length of driving chain

The total length of a roller chain should be given in multiples of twice the pitch, because the
ends must be connected with an outside and inside link. The length of a chain can be
calculated accurately enough for ordinary practice by the use of the following formula in
which the variables used are defined in the previous equation:

N n ⎛ N −n⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
2

LP = 2C P + + + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .……………….……………………….. [Eq. 2]
2 2 ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ CP ⎠

Where: LP = the length of chain in pitches

CP = the center to center distance in pitches

7.5 Idler sprockets

When sprockets have a fixed center distance or are non-adjustable, it may be advisable to use
an idler sprocket for taking up the slack. The idler should preferably be placed against the
slack side between the two strands of the chain. When an idler sprocket is applied to the tight
side of the chain to reduce vibration, it should be on the lower side and so located that the
chain will run on a straight line between the two main sprockets. An idler sprocket will wear
excessively if the number of teeth is too small and the speed too high, because there is impact
between the teeth and rollers even though the idler carries practically no load.

7.6 Power rating

7.6.1 The power rating of chains may be computed by the equation:

Power to be transmitte d × Service factor

Design power = ..…………...….…..[Eq. 3]
Multiple strand factor

The power rating, multiple strand factor, and service factors are given in Tables 10 - 17, 18,
and 19, respectively. The tables for power rating are divided into four zones (as illustrated by
the boundary lines), each zone corresponds to the type of lubrication.

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Table 11 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 25, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small
50 100 300 500 700 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000
sprocket
11 22 37 104 172 231 291 373 462 544 619 731 858 984 1,029 865 738 641 559 500 447 403 365 336 306
12 22 45 119 186 254 321 410 507 597 686 798 940 1,081 1,171 984 835 723 641 567 507 455 418 380 350
13 30 45 127 201 276 350 447 552 649 746 872 1,029 1,178 1,320 1,111 947 820 716 641 574 515 470 425 395
14 30 52 142 224 298 373 485 597 701 805 947 1,111 1,275 1,439 1,238 1,059 917 805 716 641 574 522 477 440
15 30 52 149 239 321 403 522 641 753 872 1,014 1,201 1,380 1,551 1,372 1,171 1,014 895 790 708 641 582 529 485
16 30 60 164 254 350 433 567 686 813 932 1,089 1,283 1,476 1,663 1,514 1,290 1,119 984 872 783 701 641 582 537
17 37 60 172 276 373 462 604 738 865 992 1,163 1,372 1,573 1,775 1,655 1,417 1,223 1,074 954 850 768 701 641 589
18 37 67 186 291 395 492 641 783 925 1,059 1,,238 1,462 1,678 1,887 1,805 1,544 1,335 1,171 1,037 932 835 761 694 641
19 37 67 194 306 418 522 679 828 977 1,119 1,312 1,544 1,775 2,006 1,954 1,670 1,447 1,,268 1,126 1,007 910 828 753 694
20 45 75 209 328 440 552 716 872 1,029 1,186 1,387 1,633 1,879 2,118 2,110 1,805 1,566 1,372 1,215 1,044 984 895 813 746
21 45 82 216 343 462 582 753 925 1,089 1,253 1,462 1,723 1,984 2,230 2,274 1,939 1,685 1,476 1,312 1,171 1,059 962 872 805
22 45 82 231 358 492 611 798 969 1,141 1,312 1,536 1,812 2,081 2,349 2,438 2,081 1,805 1,581 1,402 1,260 1,133 1,029 940 865
23 45 89 239 380 515 641 835 1,022 1,201 1,380 1,611 1,902 2,185 2,461 2,610 2,222 1,931 1,693 1,499 1,342 1,208 1,096 1,007 925
24 52 97 254 395 537 671 872 1,066 1,260 1,447 1,693 1,991 2,289 2,580 2,781 2,371 2,058 1,805 1,603 1,432 1,290 1,171 1,074 984
25 52 97 261 418 559 701 910 1,119 1,312 1,506 1,767 2,081 2,394 2,692 2,953 2,520 2,185 1,916 1,700 1,521 1,372 1,245 1,141 1,044
26 52 104 276 433 589 731 954 1,163 1,372 1,573 1,842 2,170 2,491 2,811 3,124 2,677 2,319 2,036 1,805 1,618 1,454 1,320 1,208 1,111
28 60 112 298 470 634 798 1,029 1,260 1,484 1,708 1,998 2,349 2,699 3,050 3,385 2,990 2,588 2,274 2,013 1,805 1,626 1,476 1,350 1,238
30 60 119 321 507 686 858 1,111 1,357 1,603 1,834 2,148 2,535 2,908 3,281 3,646 3,318 2,871 2,520 2,237 1,998 1,805 1,641 1,499 1,372
32 67 127 343 544 731 917 1,193 1,454 1,715 1,969 2,304 2,714 3,117 3,520 3,915 3,654 3,169 2,781 2,461 2,207 1,991 1,805 1,648 1,514
35 75 142 380 597 805 1,014 1,312 1,603 1,887 2,170 2,543 2,990 3,438 3,878 4,310 4,176 3,624 3,177 2,819 2,520 2,274 2,066 1,887 1,730
40 89 164 433 686 932 1,171 1,514 1,849 2,185 2,506 2,931 3,460 3,967 4,474 4,981 5,108 4,422 3,885 3,445 3,080 2,781 2,520 2,304 2,110
45 97 186 492 783 1,059 1,327 1,723 2,103 2,476 2,849 3,333 3,922 4,511 5,086 5,593 6,092 5,280 4,631 4,109 3,676 3,318 3,013 2,752 2,520
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

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PAES 303:2000

Table 12 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 35, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small 50 100 300 500 700 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100 2500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 10,000
sprocket
11 75 134 365 574 783 977 1,268 1,551 1,827 2,103 2,461 2,192 1,737 1,424 1,193 1,022 880 776 686 611 552 500 462 425 358
12 82 149 403 634 858 1,074 1,394 1,708 2,013 2,312 2,699 2,498 1,984 1,618 1,357 1,163 1,007 880 783 701 634 574 522 477 410
13 89 164 440 694 940 1,171 1,521 1,857 2,192 2,520 2,946 2,811 2,237 1,827 1,529 1,305 1,133 992 880 790 708 649 589 544 462
14 97 179 470 753 1,019 1,275 1,648 2,013 2,371 2,729 3,192 3,147 2,498 2,043 1,715 1,462 1,268 1,111 984 880 798 723 656 604 515
15 104 186 507 805 1,096 1,372 1,775 2,170 2,558 2,938 3,438 3,490 2,767 2,267 1,902 1,618 1,402 1,230 1,096 977 880 798 731 671 574
16 112 201 544 865 1,171 1,469 1,902 2,327 2,744 3,147 3,684 3,840 3,050 2,498 2,095 1,790 1,551 1,357 1,208 1,081 969 880 805 738 634
17 119 216 582 925 1,253 1,566 2,036 2,483 2,931 3,363 3,937 4,206 3,341 2,737 2,759 1,954 1,693 1,491 1,320 1,178 1,066 969 880 813 694
18 127 231 619 984 1,327 1,670 2,170 2,640 3,117 3,579 4,183 4,586 3,639 2,975 2,498 2,133 1,849 1,618 1,439 1,290 1,163 1,051 962 887 753
19 134 246 656 1,044 1,409 1,767 2,289 2,804 3,303 3,796 4,437 4,974 3,945 3,229 2,707 2,312 2,006 1,760 1,559 1,394 1,260 1,141 1,044 954 820
20 142 261 694 1,104 1,491 1,872 2,424 2,960 3,490 4,012 4,690 5,369 4,265 3,490 2,923 2,498 2,163 1,902 1,685 1,506 1,357 1,230 1,126 1,037 880
21 149 276 731 1,163 1,573 1,969 2,550 3,124 3,676 4,228 4,944 5,779 4,586 3,751 3,147 2,685 2,327 2,043 1,812 1,618 1,462 1,327 1,208 1,111 947
22 157 283 768 1,223 1,655 2,073 2,685 3,281 3,870 4,444 5,198 6,122 4,914 4,027 3,371 2,878 2,498 2,192 1,946 1,737 1,566 1,424 1,298 1,193 1,022
23 164 298 805 1,283 1,737 2,177 2,819 3,445 4,057 4,661 5,451 6,428 5,257 4,303 3,602 3,080 2,670 2,341 2,081 1,857 1,678 1,521 1,387 1,275 1,089
24 172 313 850 1,342 1,820 2,274 2,953 3,609 4,250 4,884 5,712 6,726 5,332 4,586 3,840 3,281 2,841 2,498 2,215 1,976 1,790 1,618 1,484 1,357 1,163
25 179 328 887 1,402 1,902 2,379 3,080 3,766 4,437 5,101 5,966 7,032 5,958 4,877 4,086 3,490 2,274 2,655 2,356 2,103 1,902 1,723 1,573 1,447 1,230
26 186 343 925 1,462 1,984 2,483 3,214 3,930 4,631 5,324 6,227 7,338 6,316 5,168 4,333 3,699 3,207 2,811 2,498 2,237 2,013 1,827 1,670 1,529 1,305
28 201 373 999 1,581 2,148 2,692 3,482 4,258 5,019 5,764 6,749 7,979 7,062 5,779 4,840 4,139 3,587 3,147 2,789 2,498 2,252 2,043 1,864 1,715 1,387
30 216 403 1,081 1,708 2,312 2,901 3,751 4,586 5,406 6,212 7,263 8,576 7,830 6,406 5,369 4,586 3,975 3,490 3,095 2,767 2,498 2,267 2,066 1,902 1,618
32 231 433 1,156 1,827 2,476 3,110 4,027 4,922 5,794 6,659 7,755 9,172 8,650 7,062 5,913 5,048 4,377 3,840 3,408 3,050 2,752 2,498 2,282 2,095 -
35 254 477 1,275 2,013 2,729 3,423 4,437 5,421 6,383 7,338 8,576 10,142 9,843 8,054 6,734 5,779 5,011 4,400 3,900 3,490 3,147 2,856 2,610 2,394 -
40 291 544 1,469 2,327 3,154 3,952 5,123 6,264 7,375 8,501 9,918 11,707 12,080 9,843 8,277 7,062 6,122 5,369 4,765 4,265 3,840 3,490 - - -
45 336 619 1,670 2,647 3,579 4,489 5,816 7,107 8,352 9,620 11,260 12,751 14,392 11,782 9,843 8,426 7,300 6,406 5,682 5,086 - - - - -
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

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 PAES 303:2000

Table 13 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 40, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small 10 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 700 900 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,100 2,400 2,700 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
sprocket
11 37 89 172 321 597 865 1,119 1,365 1,849 2,319 2,550 3,005 3,453 3,893 3,475 2,759 2,259 1,894 1,618 1,283 1,051 753 574 455 373
12 45 104 186 350 656 947 1,230 1,499 2,036 2,550 2,804 3,303 3,796 4,280 3,960 3,147 2,573 2,155 1,842 1,462 1,193 858 649 515 425
13 45 112 209 388 716 1,037 1,342 1,641 2,215 2,781 3,057 3,602 4,139 4,668 4,467 3,550 2,901 2,431 2,081 1,648 1,350 962 731 582 477
14 52 119 224 418 776 1,119 1,454 1,775 2,401 3,013 3,311 3,900 4,482 5,056 4,996 3,960 3,244 2,722 2,319 1,842 1,506 1,081 820 649 529
15 52 127 239 447 835 1,208 1,566 1,909 2,588 3,244 3,564 4,206 4,825 5,444 5,541 4,392 3,594 3,013 2,573 2,043 1,670 1,193 910 723 589
16 60 142 261 485 895 1,298 1,678 2,051 2,774 3,475 3,825 4,504 5,175 5,839 6,100 4,840 3,960 3,318 2,834 2,252 1,842 1,320 999 798 649
17 60 149 276 515 962 1,380 1,790 2,185 2,960 3,714 4,086 4,810 5,526 6,234 6,681 5,302 4,340 3,639 3,110 2,468 2,021 1,447 1,096 872 731
18 67 157 291 544 1,022 1,469 1,902 2,327 3,147 3,952 4,340 5,116 5,876 6,629 7,278 5,779 4,728 3,960 3,385 2,685 2,200 1,573 1,193 947 -
19 67 164 313 582 1,081 1,559 2,021 2,468 3,341 4,191 4,601 5,421 6,234 7,024 7,830 6,264 5,130 4,295 3,669 2,916 2,386 1,708 1,298 1,029 -
20 75 179 328 611 1,141 1,648 2,133 2,610 3,527 4,429 4,869 5,734 6,585 7,427 8,277 6,763 5,541 4,638 3,960 3,147 2,573 1,842 1,402 1,111 -
21 82 186 343 649 1,208 1,737 2,252 2,752 3,721 4,668 5,130 6,048 6,942 7,830 8,725 7,278 5,958 4,996 4,265 3,385 2,767 1,984 1,506 1,193 -
22 82 194 365 679 1,268 1,827 2,364 2,893 3,915 4,907 5,391 6,353 7,300 8,203 9,172 7,830 6,391 5,354 4,571 3,632 2,968 2,125 1,618 1,283 -
23 89 201 380 716 1,327 1,916 2,483 3,035 4,109 5,145 5,660 6,667 7,681 8,650 9,620 8,352 6,831 5,727 4,884 3,878 3,177 2,274 1,730 1,372 -
24 97 216 403 746 1,394 2,006 2,595 3,177 4,295 5,391 5,928 6,980 8,054 9,023 10,067 8,874 7,278 6,100 5,212 4,131 3,385 2,424 1,842 1,462 -
25 97 224 418 783 1,454 2,095 2,714 3,318 4,489 5,630 6,189 7,293 8,352 9,470 10,514 9,470 7,755 6,488 5,541 4,392 3,594 2,573 1,961 - -
26 104 231 433 813 1,521 2,185 2,834 3,460 4,683 5,876 6,458 7,606 8,725 9,843 10,962 10,067 8,203 6,883 5,876 4,661 3,818 2,729 2,081 - -
28 112 254 470 880 1,641 2,371 3,065 3,751 5,078 6,368 7,002 8,277 9,470 10,664 11,857 11,186 9,172 7,681 6,562 5,212 4,265 3,050 2,319 - -
30 119 276 507 947 1,775 2,550 3,303 4,042 5,466 6,860 7,532 8,874 10,216 11,484 12,826 12,453 10,142 8,501 7,278 5,779 4,728 3,385 2,573 - -
32 127 291 544 1,014 1,902 2,737 3,542 4,333 5,861 7,353 8,054 9,545 10,962 12,304 13,721 13,721 11,186 9,396 8,054 6,443 5,212 3,729 - - -
35 142 321 604 1,119 2,095 3,013 3,907 4,772 6,458 8,128 8,874 10,514 12,080 13,572 15,138 15,660 12,826 10,738 9,172 7,278 5,958 4,265 - - -
40 164 373 694 1,298 2,416 3,482 4,511 5,511 7,457 9,321 10,291 12,155 13,945 15,734 17,449 19,164 15,660 13,124 11,186 8,874 7,278 5,212 - - -
45 186 425 790 1,469 2,744 3,952 5,123 6,264 8,501 10,589 11,707 13,795 15,809 17,822 19,836 22,744 18,717 15,660 13,348 10,589 8,725 - - - -
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

C-55
PAES 303:2000

Table 14 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 41, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small 10 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 700 900 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,100 2,500 2,700 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
sprocket
11 22 52 97 179 328 403 611 753 1,022 1,275 1,402 1,275 1,014 828 694 552 455 380 321 254 209 149 112 89 75
12 22 52 104 194 365 522 679 828 1,119 1,402 1,544 1,454 1,156 947 790 626 515 433 365 291 239 172 127 104 82
13 30 60 112 209 395 567 738 902 1,215 1,529 1,678 1,641 1,305 1,066 895 708 582 485 418 328 268 194 149 119 97
14 30 67 119 231 425 619 798 977 1,320 1,655 1,820 1,834 1,454 1,193 999 790 649 544 462 365 298 216 164 127 104
15 30 67 134 246 462 664 858 1,051 1,424 1,715 1,961 2,036 1,618 1,320 1,111 880 716 604 515 418 336 239 179 142 119
16 30 75 142 268 492 708 925 1,126 1,529 1,916 2,103 2,245 1,782 1,454 1,223 969 790 664 559 447 365 261 201 157 127
17 37 82 164 283 529 761 984 1,201 1,626 2,043 2,245 2,453 1,946 1,596 1,335 1,059 865 731 619 492 403 291 216 172 142
18 37 89 164 298 559 805 1,044 1,283 1,730 2,170 2,386 2,677 2,125 1,737 1,454 1,156 947 790 679 537 440 313 239 186 -
19 37 89 172 321 597 858 1,111 1,357 1,834 2,304 2,535 2,901 2,304 1,887 1,581 1,215 1,029 858 694 582 477 336 261 209 -
20 45 97 179 336 626 902 1,171 1,432 2,088 2,431 2,677 3,132 2,483 2,036 1,708 1,350 1,111 925 790 626 515 365 283 224 -
21 45 104 194 358 664 954 1,238 1,514 2,043 2,565 2,819 3,326 2,677 2,192 1,834 1,454 1,193 999 850 679 552 395 298 239 -
22 45 104 201 373 694 1,007 1,298 1,588 2,155 2,699 2,968 3,497 2,871 2,349 1,969 1,559 1,275 1,074 917 723 597 425 321 254 -
23 45 112 209 395 731 1,051 1,365 1,670 2,259 2,834 3,110 3,669 3,065 2,513 2,103 1,670 1,365 1,148 977 776 634 455 343 276 -
24 52 119 216 410 768 1,104 1,432 1,745 2,364 2,960 3,259 3,840 3,266 2,677 2,245 1,782 1,454 1,223 1,104 828 679 485 365 291 -
25 52 127 231 425 798 1,156 1,491 1,827 2,468 3,095 3,408 4,012 3,475 2,841 2,386 1,894 1,514 1,298 1,111 880 708 515 395 - -
26 52 127 239 447 835 1,201 1,559 1,902 2,580 3,229 3,550 4,183 3,684 3,020 2,528 2,006 1,641 1,380 1,178 932 761 544 418 - -
28 60 142 261 485 902 1,305 1,685 2,066 2,789 3,497 3,848 4,534 4,116 3,371 2,826 2,245 1,834 1,536 1,305 1,044 850 611 462 - -
30 60 149 283 522 977 1,402 1,820 2,222 3,005 3,773 4,146 4,884 4,571 3,736 3,132 2,483 2,036 1,708 1,380 1,156 947 679 515 - -
32 67 164 298 559 1,044 1,506 1,946 2,386 3,229 4,042 4,444 5,242 5,033 4,116 3,453 2,737 2,245 1,879 1,603 1,275 1,044 746 - - -
35 75 179 328 619 1,148 1,655 2,148 2,625 3,550 4,452 4,899 5,772 5,757 4,713 3,945 3,132 2,565 2,148 1,834 1,454 1,193 850 - - -
40 89 201 380 716 1,327 1,916 2,483 3,035 4,101 5,145 5,660 6,667 7,032 5,757 4,825 3,825 3,132 2,625 2,245 2,006 1,454 1,044 - - -
45 104 231 433 805 1,506 2,177 2,819 33,273 4,661 5,846 6,428 7,606 8,426 6,868 5,757 4,571 3,736 3,132 2,677 2,125 1,737 - - - -
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

C-56
 PAES 303:2000

Table 15 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 50, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small 10 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 700 900 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,100 2,400 2,700 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5000 5,500 6,000
sprocket
11 82 179 336 626 1,163 1,678 2,177 2,662 3,602 4,519 4,966 5,854 6,063 4,959 4,161 3,296 2,699 2,267 1,931 1,536 1,253 1,051 895 776 686
12 89 194 365 686 1,283 1,842 2,394 2,923 3,960 4,959 5,451 6,428 6,905 5,652 4,735 3,758 3,080 2,580 2,200 1,745 1,432 1,201 1,022 887 776
13 97 216 403 746 1,394 2,013 2,610 3,184 4,310 5,406 5,943 7,010 7,755 6,376 5,339 4,243 3,468 2,908 2,483 1,969 1,611 1,350 1,156 999 -
14 104 231 433 813 1,514 2,177 2,826 3,453 4,676 5,861 6,592 7,606 8,725 7,121 5,973 4,735 3,878 3,251 2,774 2,200 1,805 1,514 1,290 1,119 -
15 112 254 470 872 1,633 2,349 3,042 3,721 5,033 6,316 6,942 8,203 9,545 7,904 6,622 5,257 4,303 3,602 3,080 2,438 1,998 1,678 1,432 1,238 -
16 119 268 500 940 1,745 2,506 3,259 3,989 5,399 6,771 7,442 8,799 10,067 8,725 7,278 5,787 4,735 3,967 3,393 2,692 1,902 1,842 1,573 1,365 -
17 127 291 537 999 1,864 2,692 3,482 4,258 5,764 7,226 7,979 9,396 10,738 9,545 7,979 6,338 5,190 4,347 3,714 2,946 2,409 2,021 1,723 1,499 -
18 134 306 567 1,066 1,984 2,856 3,706 4,526 6,130 7,681 8,426 9,992 11,409 10,365 8,725 6,920 5,652 4,735 4,042 3,207 2,625 2,200 1,879 - -
19 142 321 604 1,126 2,103 3,035 3,930 4,802 6,503 8,128 8,948 10,589 12,155 11,260 9,470 7,457 6,130 5,138 4,385 3,482 2,849 2,386 2,036 - -
20 149 343 641 1,193 2,222 3,207 4,154 5,071 6,868 8,576 9,470 11,186 12,826 12,155 10,216 8,054 6,622 5,324 4,735 3,758 3,080 2,580 2,200 - -
21 157 358 671 1,260 2,341 3,378 4,377 5,347 7,241 9,098 9,992 11,782 13,497 13,124 10,962 8,725 7,121 5,973 5,101 4,042 3,311 2,774 2,371 - -
22 164 380 708 1,320 2,468 3,550 4,601 5,623 7,606 9,545 10,514 12,379 14,243 14,019 11,782 9,321 7,606 6,406 5,466 4,340 3,550 2,975 2,543 - -
23 172 395 746 1,387 2,588 3,729 4,825 5,898 7,979 9,992 11,036 12,975 14,914 14,989 12,602 9,992 8,203 6,846 5,846 4,638 3,796 3,184 - - -
24 186 418 776 1,454 2,707 3,900 5,056 6,182 8,352 10,514 11,558 13,572 15,585 15,958 13,423 10,664 8,725 7,293 6,450 4,944 4,042 3,393 - - -
25 194 433 813 1,514 2,834 4,079 5,280 6,458 8,725 10,962 12,080 14,168 16,331 17,002 14,243 11,335 9,247 7,755 6,622 5,257 4,303 3,602 - - -
26 201 455 850 1,581 2,953 4,250 5,511 6,734 9,098 11,409 12,602 14,839 17,002 18,046 15,138 12,006 9,843 8,203 7,024 5,570 4,564 3,825 - - -
28 216 492 917 1,715 3,199 4,608 5,973 7,300 9,843 12,379 13,646 16,033 18,419 20,134 16,853 13,423 10,962 9,172 7,830 6,227 5,101 4,273 - - -
30 231 529 992 1,857 3,3273 4,966 6,435 7,830 10,664 13,348 14,690 17,300 19,836 22,371 18,717 14,839 12,155 10,216 8,725 6,905 5,652 - - - -
32 246 567 1,059 1,984 3,699 5,324 6,898 8,426 11,409 14,317 15,734 18,568 21,327 24,012 20,656 16,405 13,423 11,260 9,620 7,606 6,227 - - - -
35 276 626 1,171 2,185 4,072 5,861 7,606 9,321 12,602 15,734 17,300 20,432 23,490 26,472 23,564 18,717 15,361 12,826 10,962 8,725 7,121 - - - -
40 321 723 1,350 2,520 4,705 6,771 8,799 10,738 14,541 18,195 19,985 23,564 27,069 30,574 28,859 22,893 18,717 15,660 13,423 10,664 - - - - -
45 358 820 1,536 2,863 5,339 7,681 9,992 12,155 16,480 20,656 22,744 26,771 30,797 34,675 34,377 27,293 22,371 18,717 15,958 - - - - - -
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

C-57
PAES 303:2000

Table 16 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 60, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small 10 250 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500
sprocket
11 134 306 574 1,074 1,544 2,006 2,886 3,743 4,571 5,391 6,189 6,980 7,755 8,501 9,321 8,874 7,017 5,742 4,810 4,109 2,938 2,237 1,775 1,454 1,215
12 149 336 634 1,178 1,700 2,200 3,169 4,109 5,026 5,921 6,801 7,681 8,501 9,396 10,216 10,067 7,979 6,540 5,481 4,683 3,348 2,550 2,021 1,655 1,387
13 164 373 686 1,290 1,857 2,401 3,460 4,482 5,473 6,450 7,412 8,352 9,321 10,216 11,111 11,335 9,023 7,375 6,182 5,280 3,773 2,871 2,282 1,864 -
14 179 403 746 1,394 2,006 2,602 3,743 4,855 5,936 6,987 8,054 9,023 10,067 11,036 12,080 12,677 10,067 8,277 6,905 5,898 4,221 3,214 2,550 2,088 -
15 186 433 805 1,499 2,163 2,804 4,034 5,227 6,391 7,532 8,650 9,769 10,813 11,931 12,975 14,019 11,186 9,172 7,681 6,540 4,683 3,557 2,826 2,312 -
16 201 462 865 1,611 2,319 3,005 4,325 5,608 6,853 8,054 9,247 10,440 11,633 12,751 13,945 15,063 12,304 10,067 8,426 7,203 5,153 3,922 3,110 2,550 -
17 216 641 925 1,723 2,476 3,207 4,623 5,988 7,315 8,650 9,918 11,186 12,453 13,646 14,839 16,107 13,497 11,036 92,47 7,904 5,645 4,295 3,408 2,789 -
18 231 522 977 1,827 2,632 3,415 4,914 6,368 7,755 9,172 10,514 11,857 13,199 14,541 15,809 17,077 14,690 12,006 10,067 8,576 6,152 4,683 3,714 3,042 -
19 246 559 1,037 1,939 2,789 3,617 5,212 6,749 8,277 9,694 11,186 12,602 14,019 15,361 16,778 18,121 15,958 13,050 10,887 9,321 6,674 5,078 4,027 3,296 -
20 261 589 1,096 2,051 2,953 3,825 5,503 7,136 8,725 10,291 11,782 13,348 14,765 16,256 17,748 19,164 17,226 14,094 11,633 10,067 7,203 5,481 4,347 - -
21 268 619 1,156 2,163 3,110 4,027 5,802 7,532 9,172 10,813 12,453 14,019 15,585 17,151 18,717 20,208 18,493 15,138 12,677 10,813 7,755 5,898 4,683 - -
22 283 649 1,215 2,274 3,274 4,236 6,107 7,904 9,694 11,409 13,050 14,765 16,405 18,046 19,686 21,252 19,836 16,256 13,572 11,633 8,277 6,324 5,019 - -
23 298 686 1,275 2,379 3,430 4,444 2,677 8,277 10,142 11,931 13,721 15,511 17,226 18,941 20,656 22,296 21,178 17,375 14,541 12,453 8,874 6,763 5,362 - -
24 313 671 1,335 2,498 3,594 4,653 6,704 8,650 10,589 12,528 14,392 16,182 18,046 19,836 21,625 23,340 22,595 18,493 15,511 13,124 9,470 7,353 5,720 - -
25 328 746 1,394 2,610 3,758 4,862 7,010 9,098 11,111 13,050 14,989 16,927 18,866 20,730 22,595 24,384 24,012 19,686 16,480 14,094 10,067 7,681 6,077 - -
26 343 783 1,454 2,722 3,915 5,078 7,308 9,470 11,558 13,646 15,660 17,673 19,686 21,625 23,564 25,428 25,503 20,880 17,449 14,914 10,664 8,128 6,376 - -
28 373 843 1,581 2,946 4,243 5,496 7,904 10,291 12,528 14,765 17,002 19,164 21,252 23,415 25,503 27,591 28,486 23,340 19,537 16,704 11,931 9,098 - - -
30 403 910 1,700 3,177 4,571 5,921 8,501 11,036 13,497 15,958 18,270 20,656 22,968 25,205 27,442 29,679 31,618 25,876 21,700 18,493 13,273 10,067 - - -
32 425 977 1,827 3,400 4,899 6,353 9,172 11,857 14,467 17,077 19,612 22,147 24,608 27,069 29,455 31,841 34,824 28,486 23,862 20,358 14,616 11,111 - - -
35 470 1,074 2,006 3,751 5,399 6,995 10,067 13,050 15,958 18,792 21,625 24,384 27,069 29,753 32,438 35,122 39,820 32,587 27,293 23,340 16,704 12,677 - - -
40 544 1,245 2,319 4,333 6,242 8,054 11,633 15,063 18,419 21,700 24,981 28,113 31,319 34,377 37,509 40,566 46,606 39,820 33,333 28,486 20,358 - - - -
45 619 1,409 2,632 4,922 7,084 9,172 13,199 17,151 20,954 24,683 28,337 31,319 35,570 39,075 42,579 46,010 52,870 47,501 39,820 34,004 24,310 - - - -

A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

C-58
 PAES 303:2000

Table 17 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 80, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small 10 25 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2400 2,700 3,000 3,400
sprocket
11 313 723 1,342 2,506 3,609 4,683 6,741 8,725 10,664 12,602 14,467 16,331 17,151 14,616 12,677 11,111 8,799 7,226 6,055 5,168 4,482 3,930 3,296 2,811 1,268
12 350 790 1,476 2,752 3,967 5,138 7,405 9,620 11,707 13,795 15,883 17,897 19,537 16,629 14,467 12,677 10,067 8,203 6,898 5,511 5,108 4,482 3,758 3,207 -
13 380 865 1,611 3,005 4,325 5,608 8,054 10,440 12,751 15,063 17,300 19,537 21,700 18,792 16,256 14,317 11,335 9,321 7,755 6,644 5,757 5,056 4,236 3,617 -
14 410 932 1,745 3,251 4,690 6,070 8,725 11,335 13,870 16,331 18,717 21,178 23,490 19,537 18,195 15,958 12,677 10,365 8,725 7,442 6,435 5,645 4,735 4,042 -
15 440 1,007 1,879 3,505 5,048 6,540 9,396 12,229 14,914 17,599 20,208 22,818 25,354 23,266 20,208 17,375 14,094 12,229 9,620 8,203 7,136 6,264 5,250 4,929 -
16 470 1,081 2,013 3,758 5,414 7,017 10,067 13,124 16,033 18,866 21,625 24,459 27,143 25,652 22,222 19,537 15,511 12,677 10,589 9,098 7,830 6,898 5,787 5,086 -
17 507 1,156 2,148 4,012 5,779 7,457 10,813 13,945 17,077 20,134 23,117 26,100 29,008 28,113 24,384 21,402 16,927 13,870 11,633 9,918 8,576 7,532 - - -
18 537 1,223 2,289 4,265 6,152 7,979 11,484 14,839 18,195 21,402 24,608 27,740 30,872 30,648 26,547 23,266 18,493 15,138 12,677 10,813 9,396 8,203 - - -
19 567 1,298 2,424 4,526 6,517 8,426 12,155 15,734 19,239 22,669 26,100 29,381 32,662 33,184 28,784 25,279 20,059 16,405 13,721 11,707 10,142 8,948 - - -
20 604 1,372 2,565 4,780 6,890 8,948 12,826 16,629 20,358 24,012 27,591 31,096 34,526 33,631 31,096 27,293 21,625 17,748 14,839 12,677 10,962 9,620 - - -
21 634 1,447 2,699 5,041 7,263 9,396 13,572 17,524 21,476 25,279 29,082 32,736 36,465 38,553 33,407 29,381 23,266 19,090 15,958 13,646 11,857 10,365 - - -
22 671 1,521 2,841 5,302 7,606 9,918 14,243 18,493 22,595 26,621 30,574 34,451 38,329 41,386 34,377 31,469 24,981 20,432 17,151 14,616 12,677 11,111 - - -
23 701 1,596 2,983 5,555 7,979 10,365 14,989 19,388 23,713 27,889 32,065 36,166 40,193 44,220 38,329 33,631 26,323 22,222 18,493 15,660 13,572 11,857 - - -
24 731 1,670 3,124 5,824 8,426 10,887 15,660 20,283 24,757 29,231 33,557 37,882 42,057 46,233 40,864 35,868 28,486 23,266 19,537 16,629 14,467 12,677 - - -
25 768 1,745 3,259 6,085 8,799 11,335 16,331 21,178 25,876 30,499 35,048 39,522 43,996 48,321 43,549 38,105 30,275 24,757 20,730 17,748 15,511 - - - -
26 798 1,827 3,400 6,353 9,172 11,857 17,077 22,147 26,994 31,841 36,614 41,237 45,861 50,409 46,084 40,417 32,065 26,249 21,252 18,792 16,256 - - - -
28 865 1,969 3,684 6,883 9,918 12,826 18,493 23,937 29,306 34,526 39,671 44,667 49,738 54,660 51,453 45,189 33,631 29,381 21,625 21,774 18,195 - - - -
30 932 2,125 3,975 7,412 10,664 13,795 19,910 25,801 31,543 37,210 42,729 48,172 53,541 57,344 57,121 50,111 39,746 32,513 27,293 23,266 20,208 - - - -
32 999 2,282 4,258 7,979 11,409 14,839 21,327 27,665 33,855 39,895 45,786 51,602 57,419 63,086 62,863 55,182 43,773 34,377 30,052 25,652 - - - - -
35 1,104 2,513 4,690 8,725 12,602 16,331 23,564 30,499 37,285 43,922 50,409 56,897 63,235 69,574 73,451 63,161 50,111 41,014 35,868 29,381 - - - - -
40 1,275 2,901 5,421 10,142 14,541 18,866 27,143 35,197 43,027 50,708 58,239 65,696 73,079 80,536 87,247 76,807 61,222 50,111 - - - - - - -
45 1,447 3,296 6,152 11,484 16,555 21,402 30,872 39,970 48,918 57,568 66,144 74,570 82,773 90,975 99,178 91,721 73,079 59,805 - - - - - - -
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

C-59
PAES 303:2000

Table 18 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 100, watts
No. of Revolutions per minute - Small sprocket
teeth
small 10 25 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,600 1,800
sprocket
11 604 1,380 2,573 4,802 6,920 8,948 12,901 16,704 20,432 24,086 27,665 24,459 20,507 17,449 15,138 13,273 12,528 10,589 8,650 7,241
12 664 1,514 2,826 5,280 7,606 9,843 14,168 18,344 22,446 26,472 30,425 27,815 23,340 19,910 17,300 15,138 13,423 12,006 9,843 8,277
13 723 1,655 3,080 5,757 8,277 10,738 15,436 20,059 24,459 28,859 33,184 31,394 26,323 22,446 19,463 17,077 15,138 13,572 11,111 9,321
14 783 1,790 3,341 6,234 8,948 12,379 16,778 21,700 26,547 31,245 35,943 35,048 29,381 25,130 21,774 19,090 16,927 15,138 12,379 10,365
15 843 1,931 3,602 6,719 9,694 12,528 18,046 23,415 28,560 33,706 38,702 38,926 32,587 27,815 24,161 21,178 18,792 16,778 13,721 11,558
16 910 2,066 3,855 7,203 10,365 13,423 19,388 25,056 30,648 36,092 41,461 42,878 35,943 30,648 26,621 23,340 20,656 18,568 15,138 12,677
17 969 2,207 4,116 7,681 11,036 14,317 20,656 26,771 32,736 38,553 44,295 46,979 39,373 33,557 29,082 25,578 22,669 20,283 16,629 -
18 1,029 2,349 4,385 8,203 11,782 15,287 21,998 28,486 34,824 41,014 47,128 47,427 42,878 36,614 31,692 27,815 24,683 22,073 18,046 -
19 1,089 2,491 4,646 8,650 12,453 16,182 23,266 30,201 36,912 43,474 49,962 55,480 46,457 39,671 34,377 30,201 26,771 23,937 19,612 -
20 1,156 2,632 4,907 9,172 13,199 17,077 24,608 31,916 39,000 45,935 52,796 59,507 50,186 42,878 37,136 32,587 28,933 25,876 21,178 -
21 1,215 2,774 5,175 9,694 13,945 18,046 25,950 33,631 41,088 48,471 55,629 62,788 53,989 46,084 39,970 35,048 31,096 27,815 22,818 -
22 1,275 2,916 5,444 10,142 14,616 18,941 27,293 35,346 43,251 50,931 58,537 65,994 57,941 49,440 42,878 37,583 33,333 29,828 24,459 -
23 1,342 3,057 5,712 10,664 15,361 19,910 28,635 37,136 45,339 53,467 61,371 69,201 61,893 52,870 45,786 40,193 35,644 31,916 26,100 -
24 1,402 3,207 5,981 11,186 16,033 20,805 29,977 38,851 47,501 55,928 63,534 72,482 65,994 56,599 63,757 42,878 38,031 34,004 27,815 -
25 1,469 3,348 6,249 11,633 16,778 21,774 31,319 40,566 49,664 58,463 67,188 76,061 70,170 59,880 51,901 45,562 40,417 36,166 - -
26 1,529 3,490 6,517 12,155 17,524 22,669 32,662 42,356 51,752 60,998 70,096 79,044 74,421 63,534 55,033 47,949 42,878 38,329 - -
28 1,655 3,781 7,062 13,199 19,015 24,608 35,421 45,861 56,077 66,069 76,061 85,756 83,518 70,991 61,520 53,989 47,874 42,878 - -
30 1,790 4,079 7,606 14,168 20,432 26,472 38,180 49,440 60,402 71,214 82,027 92,467 92,467 79,044 68,232 59,880 53,094 47,501 - -
32 1,916 4,370 8,128 15,212 21,924 28,411 40,939 53,019 64,056 76,061 87,993 99,178 101,415 86,501 75,316 65,994 58,537 52,348 - -
35 2,110 4,817 8,948 16,778 24,161 31,319 45,040 58,388 71,363 84,264 96,941 108,872 116,329 99,178 85,756 75,316 - - - -
40 2,438 5,563 10,365 19,388 27,889 36,166 52,050 67,411 82,773 96,941 111,855 126,023 140,192 121,549 105,144 92,467 - - - -
45 2,767 6,316 11,782 21,998 31,692 41,014 59,134 76,807 93,958 110,364 126,769 143,174 158,834 144,666 - - - - -
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

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 PAES 303:2000

Table 19 – Power ratings for standard single strand roller chain – No. 120
No. of Revolutions per minute of small sprocket
teeth
small 10 25 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1500 1600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000
sprocket
11 1,022 2,327 4,347 8,128 11,707 15,138 21,774 28,262 34,526 40,715 34,526 28,262 23,713 20,208 17,524 15,361 13,646 12,229 11,036 9,992 9,098 8,352 7,755 6,338
12 1,119 2,558 4,772 8,874 12,826 16,629 23,937 31,021 37,956 44,667 39,373 32,214 26,994 23,042 19,985 17,524 15,585 13,945 12,528 11,335 10,365 9,545 8,650 7,457
13 1,223 2,789 5,205 9,694 14,019 18,121 26,100 33,855 41,386 48,694 44,369 36,316 30,425 26,025 22,520 19,761 17,524 15,660 14,168 12,826 11,707 10,738 9,918 9,172
14 1,327 3,020 5,637 10,514 15,138 19,612 28,262 36,614 44,817 52,796 49,589 40,566 34,004 29,082 25,205 22,073 19,612 17,524 15,809 14,317 13,124 12,006 10,440 6,667
15 1,424 3,259 6,077 11,335 16,331 21,178 30,499 39,522 48,247 56,897 55,033 45,040 37,732 32,214 27,889 24,534 21,700 19,463 17,524 15,883 14,839 13,348 11,558 -
16 1,529 3,490 6,517 12,155 17,524 22,669 32,662 42,356 51,752 60,998 60,625 49,589 41,535 35,495 30,723 26,994 23,937 21,402 18,643 17,524 16,033 14,690 13,572 -
17 1,633 3,729 6,957 12,975 18,717 24,235 34,899 45,189 55,256 65,100 66,367 54,287 45,488 38,851 33,706 29,530 26,249 23,490 21,178 19,090 17,599 16,107 14,168 -
18 1,737 3,967 7,397 13,795 19,910 25,801 37,136 48,098 58,761 69,276 72,333 59,209 49,589 42,356 36,688 32,214 28,560 26,025 22,595 19,463 19,314 17,524 8,277 -
19 1,842 4,206 7,830 14,616 21,103 27,293 39,373 51,006 62,341 73,451 78,299 64,205 53,765 45,935 39,820 34,899 30,947 27,740 24,981 22,669 20,730 19,015 - -
20 1,946 4,444 8,277 15,436 22,296 28,859 41,610 53,840 65,845 77,553 85,010 69,276 58,090 49,589 42,952 37,732 33,482 29,903 26,994 24,534 23,042 20,507 - -
21 2,051 4,683 8,725 16,331 23,490 30,425 43,847 56,822 69,425 82,027 90,975 74,570 62,490 53,392 46,233 40,566 36,017 32,214 29,082 26,398 24,086 22,818 - -
22 2,163 4,922 9,172 17,151 24,683 31,991 46,084 59,731 73,004 85,756 97,687 79,790 67,038 57,195 49,589 43,549 38,627 34,526 31,170 28,262 25,801 14,168 - -
23 2,267 5,168 9,620 17,971 25,950 33,557 48,396 62,639 76,807 90,230 103,652 85,756 71,662 61,147 53,019 46,532 41,983 36,912 33,258 30,201 27,591 - - -
24 2,371 5,406 10,067 18,866 27,143 35,122 50,633 65,622 80,536 94,704 108,872 90,975 76,061 65,174 56,524 49,589 43,996 39,224 35,719 32,214 29,381 - - -
25 2,476 5,652 10,514 19,686 28,337 36,763 52,945 68,530 83,518 98,432 113,346 96,941 81,281 69,276 60,103 52,721 46,755 41,834 37,732 34,228 30,723 - - -
26 2,588 5,898 11,036 20,507 29,604 38,329 55,182 71,513 87,247 102,907 118,566 102907 85,756 73,526 63,683 55,928 49,589 44,369 40,044 36,316 27,293 - - -
28 2,804 6,391 11,931 22,222 32,065 41,535 59,805 77,553 94,704 111,855 128,260 114838 96,195 82,027 71,214 62,341 55,853 48,843 44,742 41,312 - - - -
30 3,020 6,883 12,826 23,937 34,526 44,742 64,428 83,518 102,161 120,058 137,955 127,515 106,635 90,975 79,044 68,604 61,446 54,884 49,589 31,618 - - - -
32 3,236 7,382 13,795 25,727 36,987 47,949 69,052 89,484 109,618 129,006 148,394 140,192 117,821 100,670 87,247 76,061 67,710 60,625 54,660 - - - - -
35 3,564 8,128 15,138 28,337 40,790 52,870 76,061 98,432 120,803 141,683 163,308 160,326 134,226 114,838 100,670 87,247 77,553 61,,819 35,570 - - - - -
40 4,116 9,396 17,524 32,736 47,128 60,998 87,993 114,092 139,446 164,054 188,662 173,748 164,054 140,937 121,549 106,635 94,704 66,740 - - - - - -
45 4,676 10,664 19,910 37,136 53,467 69,276 99,924 129,006 158,088 186,425 214,016 234,150 196,119 167,037 145,412 127,515 59,656 - - - - - - -
A B C
Type A: Manual or drip lubrication
Type B: Bath or disc lubrication
Type C: Oil or stream lubrication

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PAES 303:2000

Table 20 – Roller chain drive service factors

Type of input power
Type of driven load Internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine
Electric motor or turbine
with hydraulic drive with mechanical drive
Smooth 1.0 1.0 1.2
Moderate shock 1.2 1.3 1.4
Heavy shock 1.4 1.5 1.7

Table 21 – Multiple-strand factors

Number of strands Multiple strand factor
2 1.7
3 2.5
4 3.3

7.6.2 The power rating presented in Table 10 - 17 is based on a service life of 15,000 hours.
However, the commonly used design life for agricultural machines is only 5,000 hours thus
the actual power rating is:

Design power × Design life

Power rating required = ……………….………...[Eq. 4]
15,000

7.7 Lubrication

7.7.1 Type I (Manual Lubrication)

Oil is supplied periodically with brush or spout can, preferably once every eight hours of
operation. Volume and frequency should be sufficient to prevent discoloration of lubricants
in the chain joints.

7.7.2 Type II (Drip lubrication)

Oil drops are directed between the link plate edges from a drip lubricator. Volume and
frequency should be sufficient to prevent discoloration of lubricant in the chain joints.
Precaution must be taken against misdirection of the drops by windage.

7.7.3 Type III (Bath or disc lubrication)

With bath lubrication the lower strand of the chain runs through a sump of oil in the drive
housing. The oil level should reach the pitch line of the chain at its lowest point while
operating. With disc lubrication, the chain operates above the oil level. The disc picks up oil
from the sump and deposits it into the chain, usually by means of a through. The diameter of
the disc should be such as to produce rim speeds between 183 m/min minimum and 2438
m/min maximum.

7.7.4 Type IV (Oil stream lubrication)

The lubricant is usually supplied by a circulating pump capable of supplying each chain drive
with a continuous stream of oil. The oil should be applied inside the chain loop evenly across
the chain width, and directed at the lower strand.

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 PAES 303:2000

8 Safety

8.1 Enclosing the drive with cover is recommended for safety and to avoid foreign
materials from getting in contact with the drive.

8.2 Make drive inspection on a periodic basis. Drives should be inspected for tightness of
links, condition of the chains and lubricants

8.3 Use sprockets and chains with proper markings.

8.4 Use proper keys as specified in PAES 304:2000.

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PAES 303:2000

ANNEX A
(Informative)

Example of chain drive selection

A.1 Given parameters

Select a roller chain drive to transmit 7,457 W from a drive shaft to a driven shaft of a fruit
conveyor. The drive shaft is 20 mm in diameter and operates at 1200 rpm. The driven shaft
is also 20 mm in diameter and must operate between 370 and 390 rpm. Shaft centers, once
established, are fixed and by initial calculations must be approximately 572 mm. The load on
the driven shaft is uneven and presents “peaks” which places it in the heavy shock load
category. The input power is supplied by an electric motor. The driving head is fully
enclosed and all parts are lubricated from a central system.

A.2 Service factor

From Table 5 the service factor for heavy shock load and an electric motor drive is 1.5.

A.3 Design power

The power upon which the chain selection is based, is equal to the specified power multiplied
by the service factor as shown in the equation below:

Power rating = Power to be transmitte d × service factor

= 7,457 W × 1.5
= 11,185.5 W

A.4 Required power rating

The actual power required is computed as:

Designed power × Designed life 11,185W × 5,000 h

Power rating required = = = 3728.5 W
15,000 15,000 h

A.5 Chain pitch and small sprocket size for single strand drive

In selecting the type of chain and the number of teeth, refer to Tables 11 to 19. Use the table
that will give the least number of teeth. In Table 4 under 1,200 rpm and the required power
rating, a chain number 40 with a 14 teeth sprocket should be used.

A.6 Check of chain pitch and sprocket selection

From Table 10 it is seen that the 14 teeth sprocket in A.5 can be bored to fit the 29 mm
diameter main shaft. In Table 13 a 13 mm pitch chain at a small sprocket speed of 1,200 rpm
is rated at 3,602 W for a 14 teeth sprocket.

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 PAES 303:2000

A.7 Selection of large sprocket

A.7.1 Since the driver is to operate at 1200 rpm and the driven at a minimum of 378 rpm,
the speed ratio is 1,200/378 = 3.175. Therefore the large sprocket should have 14 x 3.175 =
44.45 teeth (use 45).

A.7.2 The combination of 14 and 45 teeth will produce a main drive shaft speed of 373 rpm
which is in the limitation of 370 to 390 rpm established in the original specification.

A.8 Computation of chain length

Since 14 and 45 teeth sprockets are to be placed on 572 mm, the length is determined from
the formula:

N n ⎛ N −n⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
2

LP = 2C P + + +⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ CP ⎠
thus;
572 mm 45 14 ⎛ 45 − 14 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
2

LP = 2 × + + +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 120.11
12.7 2 2 ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ 45.039 ⎠

LP = 120 pitches

A.9 Correction of center distance

Since the chain is to couple at an even number of pitches, 120 pitches will be used and the
center distance recomputed based on this figure using the formula:

P⎡
C= 2LP − N − n + (2L − N − n )2 − 0.810(N − n )2 ⎤⎥
8 ⎢⎣ ⎦

thus;

12.7 ⎡
C= 2 × 120 − 45 − 14 + (2 × 120 − 40 − 14 )2 − 0.810 (45 − 14 )2 ⎤⎥ = 571.24 mm
8 ⎢⎣ ⎦

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 304: 2000

Foreword

The development of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of the AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This Standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 2 – Development of
Standards for Engineering Materials and was circulated to various private and government
agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. These standards were
presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a
public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The
comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into
consideration in the finalization of the standards.

This Standard has been technically formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 –
Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standard. It provides
specifications of keys and its corresponding keyways and does not cover manufacturing
specifications.

This standard was based from JIS B 1301:1996, Keys and their corresponding keyways. In
the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered.

Faires, V. M. 1969. Design of Machine Elements. Macmillan Company, New York USA.

Dodge design manual

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 304:2000
Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines – Specifications
and Applications

1 Scope

This Standard specifies the parallel keys, taper keys and Woodruff keys made of steel used
for agricultural machines (hereafter referred to as “keys” in generic term) and their
corresponding keyways.

2 Reference

The following normative references contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 305:2000, Engineering Materials – Shafts for Agricultural Machines – Specifications

and Applications

3 Application

Keys are used to prevent relative movement of rotating members and the shafts or spindles to
which they are mounted.

4 Classification

Keys are classified into the following classes:

1) Parallel keys – keys whose longitudinal sides are parallel with each other.
2) Taper keys – keys with a tapered longitudinal section.
3) Woodruff keys – keys with a semi-circular cross-section.

5 Parallel keys

5.1 Nomenclature of parallel keys and keyways

Parallel keys can also be either square or rectangular with respect to its cross section. The
designation of dimensions of parallel keys and parallel keyways are shown in Figure 1 and 2
respectively and are defined as follows:

b – the cross-sectional width of the key t1 – height of keyway for the shaft
h – the cross-sectional height of the key t2 – height of keyway for the hub
l – length of the key d – shaft diameter
b1 – width of keyway for the shaft r – radius of curvature
b2 – width of keyway for the hub
PAES 304:2000

b
b l

h
Figure 1 – Designation of dimension of parallel keys

Section of keyway
r2

t2
h

b2
t1

d
b1
r1

Figure 2 - Designation of dimension of keyway for parallel key

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 PAES 304:2000

5.2 Classification of key ends

The end of the parallel key shall be classified into three classes as shown in Figure 3
according to its shape. If not specified, key ends shall be both ends rectangular or square.

Both ends round Both ends rectangular One end round

(A) or square (C)
(B)

R
b

b
l l l

Figure 3 – End of key

5.3 Specifications of parallel keys and keyways

Dimensions of parallel keys and keyways are specified in Tables 1 and 2 respectively.

Table 1 – Dimensions of parallel keys, mm

Nominal Nominal
dimension of key l dimension of key l
bxh bxh
2x2 6 to 20 25x14 70 to 280
3x3 6 to 36 28x16 80 to 320
4x4 8 to 45 32x18 90 to 360
5x5 10 to 56 (35x22) 100 to 400
6x5 14 to 70 36x20 -
6x6 14 to 70 (38x24) -
(7x7) 16 to 80 40x22 -
8x7 18 to 90 (42x26) -
10x8 22 to 110 45x25 -
10x10 22 to 110 50x28 -
12x8 28 to 140 56x32 -
14x9 36 to 160 63x32 -
(15x10) 40 to 180 70x36 -
16x10 45 to 180 80x40 -
18x11 50 to 200 90x45 -
20x12 56 to 220 100x50 -
(24x16) 70 to 280
Note: For other sizes of keys and keyways, refer to manufacturer’s
catalog. Those of parenthesized nominal dimensions which are not
specified in the International Standards shall not be used in new design

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PAES 304:2000

Table 2 –Dimension of keyways for parallel keys, mm

Nominal
Applicable
dimension of Basic dimension Basic dimension Basic dimension
shaft
key b1 and b2 of t1 of t2
diameter, d
bxh
2x2 2 1.2 1.0 6 to 8
3x3 3 1.8 1.4 8 to 10
4x4 4 2.5 1.8 10 to 12
5x5 5 3.0 2.3 12 to 17
6x6 6 3.5 2.8 17 to 22
(7x7) 7 4.0 3.3 20 to 25
8x7 8 4.0 3.3 22 to 30
10x8 10 5.0 3.3 30 to 38
12x8 12 5.0 3.3 38 to 44
14x9 14 5.5 3.8 44 to 50
(15x10) 15 5.0 5.3 50 to 55
16x10 16 6.0 4.3 50 to 58
18x11 18 7.0 4.4 58 to 65
20x12 20 7.5 4.9 65 to 75
22x14 22 9.0 5.4 75 to 85
(24x16) 24 8.0 8.4 80 to 90
25x14 25 9.0 5.4 85 to 95
28x16 28 10.0 6.4 95 to 110
32x18 32 11.0 7.4 110 to 130
(35x22) 35 11.0 11.4 125 to 140
36x20 36 12.0 8.4 130 to 150
(38x24) 38 12.0 12.4 140 to 160
40x22 40 13.0 9.4 150 to 170
(42x26) 42 13.0 13.4 160 to 180
45x25 45 15.0 10.4 170 to 200
50x28 50 17.0 11.4 200 to 230
56x32 56 20.0 12.4 230 to 260
63x32 63 20.0 12.4 260 to 290
70x36 70 22.0 14.4 290 to 330
80x40 80 25.0 15.4 330 to 380
90x45 90 28.0 17.4 380 to 440
100x50 100 31.0 19.5 440 to 500
Note: Those of parenthesized nominal dimensions which are not specified in the International Standards
shall not be used in new design

6 Taper keys

6.1 Nomenclature of taper keys and keyways

The designation of dimensions of taper keys and keyways are shown in Figure 4 and 5
respectively and are defined as follows:

b – the cross-sectional width of the key b2 – width of keyway for the hub
h – the cross-sectional height of the key t1 – height of keyway for the shaft
h1 – height of the gib head t2 – height of keyway for the hub
l – length of the key d – shaft diameter
b1 – width of keyway for the shaft r – radius of curvature

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 PAES 304:2000

6.2 Classification

The classifications of tapered keys are as follows:

Without gib head - T

With gig head - TG

Tapered key without gib head Tapered key with gib head
(C) (TG)
b

b
c

l l

30°
A-A (enlarged figure)
A
h

f b

Slope 1 +
_ 1
100 1000
h1

h
h2

c
A

Figure 4 – Designation of dimension of tapered key

Section of keyway
A
A-A
r2

t2

b2
t1

d
b1
r1

Figure 5 - Designation of dimension of keyway for tapered key

6.3 Dimensions of tapered keys and keyways

Dimensions of tapered keys and keyways are specified in Tables 3 and 4 respectively.

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PAES 304:2000

Table 3 – Dimension of tapered keys, mm

Nominal Key body
dimension
of key l b h h1
bxh
2x2 6 to 30 2 2 -
3x3 6 to 36 3 3 -
4x4 8 to 45 4 4 7
5x5 10 to 56 5 5 8
6x6 14 to 70 6 6 10
(7x7) 16 to 80 7 7.2 10
8x7 18 to 90 8 7 11
10x8 22 to 110 10 8 12
12x8 28 to 140 12 8 12
14x9 36 to 160 14 9 14
(15x10) 40 to 180 15 10.2 15
16x10 45 to 180 16 10 16
18x11 50 to 200 18 11 18
20x12 56 to 220 20 12 20
22x14 63 to 250 22 14 22
(24x16) 70 to 280 24 16.2 24
25x14 70 to 280 25 14 22
28x16 80 to 320 28 16 25
32x18 90 to 360 32 18 28
(35x22) 100 to 400 35 22.3 32
36x20 - 36 20 32
(38x24) - 38 24.3 36
40x22 - 40 22 36
(42x26) - 42 26.3 40
45x25 - 45 25 40
50x28 - 50 28 45
56x32 - 56 32 50
63x32 - 63 32 50
70x36 - 70 36 56
80x40 - 80 40 63
90x45 - 90 45 70
100x50 - 100 50 80
Note: For other sizes of keys and keyways, refer to manufacturer’s catalog. Those of parenthesized
nominal dimensions which are not specified in the International Standards shall not be used in
new design

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 PAES 304:2000

Table 4 –Dimension of keyways for tapered keys, mm

Nominal
Applicable
dimension Basic dimension Basic dimension Basic dimension
shaft
of key of b1 and b2 of t1 of t2
diameter d
bxh
2x2 2 1.2 0.5 6 to 8
3x3 3 1.8 0.9 8 to 10
4x4 4 2.5 1.2 10 to 12
5x5 5 3.0 1.7 12 to 17
6x6 6 3.5 2.2 17 to 22
(7x7) 7 4.0 3.0 20 to 25
8x7 8 4.0 2.4 22 to 30
10x8 10 5.0 2.4 30 to 38
12x8 12 5.0 2.4 38 to 44
14x9 14 5.5 2.9 44 to 50
(15x10) 15 5.0 5.0 50 to 55
16x10 16 6.0 3.4 50 to 58
18x11 18 7.0 3.4 58 to 65
20x12 20 7.5 3.9 65 to 75
22x14 22 9.0 4.4 75 to 85
(24x16) 24 8.0 8.0 80 to 90
25x14 25 9.0 4.4 85 to 95
28x16 28 10.0 5.4 95 to 110
32x18 32 11.0 6.4 110 to 130
(35x22) 35 11.0 11.0 125 to 140
36x20 36 12.0 7.1 130 to 150
(38x24) 38 12.0 12.0 140 to 160
40x22 40 13.0 8.1 150 to 170
(42x26) 42 13.0 13.0 160 to 180
45x25 45 15.0 9.1 170 to 200
50x28 50 17.0 10.0 200 to 230
56x32 56 20.0 11.1 230 to 260
63x32 63 20.0 11.1 260 to 290
70x36 70 22.0 13.1 290 to 330
80x40 80 25.0 14.1 330 to 380
90x45 90 28.0 16.1 380 to 440
100x50 100 31.0 18.1 440 to 500

7 Woodruff keys

7.1 Nomenclature of Woodruff keys and keyways

The designation of dimensions of Woodruff keys and keyways are shown in Figure 6 and 7
respectively and are defined as follows:

dO – the diameter of the key

b – the cross-sectional width of the key
h – the cross-sectional height of the key
h1 – height of Whitney form key
l – length of the key
b1 and b2 – width of keyway for the shaft and hub respectively
d1 – diameter of the cross-section of the keyway
t1 – height of keyway for the shaft
t2 – height of keyway for the hub
d – shaft diameter

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PAES 304:2000

7.2 Classification

The symbols for Woodruff keys are as follows:

Normal form - WA
Whitney form - WB

Normal form Whitney form

(WA) (WB)

l b l b
A

c
d0

h1
d0
h

h
A
c

c
Figure 6 – Designation of dimensions of Woodruff key

(In the case of conical shaft)

A-A A
b2
r2
t2

t1
d1

d1
t1

t2
r1 b1
d
d

Figure 7 - Designation of dimension of keyways for Woodruff keys

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 PAES 304:2000

7.3 Dimensions of Woodruff keys and keyways

Dimensions of Woodruff keys and keyways are specified in Tables 5 and 6 respectively.
Table 7 specifies the applicable shaft diameter applicable to Woodruff keys.

Table 5 –Dimension of Woodruff keys, mm

Nominal Informative
Dimension of key
dimension of reference
key l (Calculated
b dO h h1
b x dO value)
1x4 1 4 1.4 1.1 -
1.5x7 1.5 7 2.6 2.1 -
2x7 2 7 2.6 2.1 -
2x10 2 10 3.7 3.0 -
2.5x10 2.5 10 3.7 3.0 9.6
(3x10) 3 10 3.7 3.55 9.6
3x13 3 13 5.0 4.0 12.6
3x16 3 16 6.5 5.2 15.7
(4x13) 4 13 5.0 4.75 12.6
4x16 4 16 6.5 5.2 15.7
4x19 4 19 7.5 6.0 18.5
5x16 5 16 6.5 5.2 15.7
5.19 5 19 7.5 6.0 18.5
5x22 5 22 9.0 7.2 21.6
6x22 6 22 9.0 7.2 21.6
6x25 6 25 10.0 8.0 24.4
(6x28) 6 28 11.0 10.6 27.3
(6x32) 6 32 13.0 12.5 31.4
(7x22) 7 22 9.0 8.5 21.6
(7x25) 7 25 10.0 9.5 24.4
(7x28) 7 28 11.0 10.6 27.3
(7x32) 7 32 13.0 12.5 31.4
(7x38) 7 38 15.0 14.0 37.1
(7x45) 7 45 16.0 15.0 43.0
(8x25) 8 25 10.0 9.5 24.4
8x28 8 28 11.0 8.8 27.3
(8x32) 8 32 13.0 12.5 31.4
(8x38) 8 38 15.0 14.0 37.1
10x32 10 32 13.0 10.4 31.4
(10x45) 10 45 16.0 15.0 43.0
(10x55) 10 55 17.0 16.0 50.8
(10x65) 10 65 19.0 18.0 59.0
(12x65) 12 65 19.0 18.0 59.0
(12x80) 12 80 24.0 22.4 73.3
Note: For other sizes of keys and keyways, refer to manufacturer’s catalog. Those of parenthesized nominal
dimensions which are not specified in the International Standards shall not be used in new design

C-75
PAES 304:2000

Table 6 –Dimension of keyways for Woodruff keys, mm

Nominal
dimension Basic dimension Basic dimension of Basic dimension
d1
of key of b1 and b2 t1 of t2
b x dO
1x4 1 1.0 0.6 4
1.5x7 1.5 2.0 0.8 7
2x7 2 1.8 1.0 7
2x10 2 2.9 1.0 10
2.5x10 2.5 2.7 1.2 10
(3x10) 3 2.5 1.4 10
3x13 3 3.8 1.4 13
3x16 3 5.3 1.4 16
(4x13) 4 3.5 1.7 13
4x16 4 5.0 1.8 16
4x19 4 6.0 1.8 19
5x16 5 4.5 2.3 16
5.19 5 5.5 2.3 19
5x22 5 7.0 2.3 22
6x22 6 6.5 2.8 22
6x25 6 7.5 2.8 25
(6x28) 6 8.6 2.6 28
(6x32) 6 10.6 2.6 32
(7x22) 7 6.4 2.8 22
(7x25) 7 7.4 2.8 25
(7x28) 7 8.4 2.8 28
(7x32) 7 10.4 2.8 32
(7x38) 7 12.4 2.8 38
(7x45) 7 13.4 2.8 45
(8x25) 8 7.2 3.0 25
8x28 8 8.0 3.3 28
(8x32) 8 10.2 3.0 32
(8x38) 8 12.2 3.0 38
10x32 10 10.0 3.3 32
(10x45) 10 12.8 3.4 45
(10x55) 10 13.8 3.4 55
(10x65) 10 15.8 3.4 65
(12x65) 12 15.2 4.0 65
(12x80) 12 20.2 4.0 80
Note: For other sizes of keys and keyways, refer to manufacturer’s catalog. Those of
parenthesized nominal dimensions which are not specified in the International Standards shall
not be used in new design

C-76
 PAES 304:2000

Table 7 – Shaft diameter applicable to Woodruff keys, mm

Nominal
Shearing
dimension
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 cross
of key
sectional area
b x dO
1x4 3 to 4 3 to 4 - -
1.5x7 4 to 5 4 to 6 - -
2x7 5 to 6 6 to 8 - -
2x10 6 to 7 8 to 10 - -
2.5x10 7 to 8 10 to 12 7 to 12 21
3x10 - - 8 to 14 26
3x13 8 to 10 12 to 15 9 to 16 35
3x16 10 to 12 15 to 18 11 to 18 45
4x13 - - 11 to 18 46
4x16 12 to 14 18 to 20 12 to 20 57
4x19 14 to 16 20 to 22 14 to 22 70
5x16 16 to 18 22 to 25 14 to 22 72
5.19 18 to 20 25 to 28 15 to 24 86
5x22 20 to 22 28 to 32 17 to 26 102
6x22 22 to 25 32 to 36 19 to 28 121
6x25 25 to 28 36 to 40 20 to 30 141
6x28 - - 22 to 32 155
6x32 - - 24 to 34 180
7x22 - - 20 to 29 139
7x25 - - 22 to 32 159
7x28 - - 24 to 34 179
7x32 - - 26 to 37 209
7x38 - - 29 to 41 249
7x45 - - 31 to 45 288
8x25 - - 24 to 34 181
8x28 28 to 32 40 to - 26 to 37 203
8x32 - - 28 to 40 239
8x38 - - 30 to 44 283
10x32 32 to 38 - 31 to 46 295
10x45 - - 38 to 54 406
10x55 - - 42 to 60 477
10x65 - - 46 to 65 558
12x65 - - 50 to 73 660
12x80 - - 58 to 82 834
Remarks

1. The series one and two are the shaft diameters given in the corresponding
International Standards and are as follows:

Series 1: Adequate for the assembly where the torque is transmitted

by the key.
Series 2: Adequate for the case where the positioning is made by
key and the torque is not transmitted by it, e.g., where the
shaft and the hub are in the fit of “interference fit”.

2. Series 3 corresponds to the shearing strength at the shearing cross-section

area shown in the Table. This shearing cross-section area is the calculated
value of the part to be sheared at the time when the key is sinking
completely in the keyway.

C-77
PAES 304:2000

8 Materials

The key shall be free from cracks and harmful flaws, burrs and rust in appearance. Materials
used for keys are of AISI designation 1020 as annealed. Its tensile strength shall be 393
MPa. The key shall have a lower shearing strength than the shaft and hub material.

9 Key, shaft and hub assembly

The three types of key, shaft, and hub assembly are shown in Table 8.

Table 8 – Assembly of shaft and hub by key

Type Explanation Applicable key
Assembly that shaft and hub can slide relatively
Sliding type Parallel key
in axial direction
Assembly that hub is put into the key fixed on
Normal type Parallel key and Woodruff key
the shaft
Assembly that hub is fastened on the key fixed
Parallel key, Taper key, and
Fastening type on the shaft or assembly that the key is driven
Woodruff key
in between the combined shaft and hub.

10 Shafts

Use of appropriate shafts with keys and keyways are discussed in PAES 205:2000.

11 Marking

The following information shall be marked on the package of the keys.

1) Classification
2) Nominal dimension x length (only nominal dimension in case of Woodruff key)
3) Shape of end (in case of parallel key)
4) Manufacturer’s name, its trademark, and address

C-78
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 305: 2000

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This Standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 2 – Development of
Standards for Engineering Materials and was circulated to various private and government
agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. These standards were
presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a
public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The
comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into
consideration in the finalization of the standards.

This Standard has technically formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 – Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standard. It provides specifications and
proper application of shafts for agricultural machines and does not cover manufacturing
specifications.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered.

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Carmichael, C. (ed.) 1950. Kent’s Mechanical engineer’s handbook. Design and production
volume. 12th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.

Dodge design manual

Faires, V. M. 1969. Design of Machine Elements. Macmillan Company, New York USA.

Shigley, Joseph, E. 1989. Mechanical engineering design. 3rd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, USA.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 305:2000
Engineering Materials – Shafts for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications

1 Scope

This standard establishes specifications and provides technical information for the proper
application of shafts for drives in agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative references contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 304:2000:Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines –

Specifications and Applications

3 Application

Shafts are rotating members, usually of circular cross section used to transmit power or
motion. It provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys,
flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and the like and controls the geometry of their motion.

4 Materials

Standard shafts for agricultural machines are usually of steel designation 1020 (cold rolled).
For special purposes, stainless steel shafts usually of steel designation 304 or 316 shall be
used.

5 Power rating

Power ratings of shafts are presented in Tables 2-7. These tables can be used to find the
approximate shaft diameter for various service conditions. Standard keyseated shafting,
using a safe shear stress of approximately 41.369 MPa is the basis of Tables 2-4. For special
application requiring the use of stainless steel shafts, power ratings are computed by
multiplying a safe shear stress factor (Table 1) in order to arrive at a correct power rating.
For safe shear stress of other materials, use 1/10 of the nominal ultimate tensile strength.

Table 1 – Safe shear stress factors

Safe shear Safe shear Safe shear Safe shear Safe shear
Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor
stress, MPa stress, MPa stress, MPa stress, MPa stress, MPa
3.447 2.289 20.684 1.260 37.921 1.029 62.053 0.874 96.527 0.754
6.895 1.817 24.132 1.197 41.369 1.000 68.948 0.843 103.422 0.737
10.342 1.587 27.579 1.145 44.816 0.974 75.843 0.817 110.317 0.721
13.790 1.442 31.027 1.101 48.264 0.950 82.738 0.794 117.212 0.707
17.237 1.339 34.474 1.063 55.158 0.909 89.632 0.773 124.106 0.693
 PAES 305:2000

Table 2 – Power ratings for cold-rolled steel designation 1020 (Main power-transmitting shafts)
Shaft Power ratings at various rpm, watts
diameter,
mm 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
16 138 207 276 345 517 690 1,035 1,380 1,724 2,069 2,759 3,449 4,139 4,828 5,518 6,208
19 238 358 477 596 894 1,192 1,788 2,384 2,980 3,576 4,768 5,960 7,152 8,344 9,536 10,728
25 565 848 1,130 1,413 2,119 2,825 4,238 5,651 7,063 8,476 11,301 14,127 16,952 19,777 22,603 25,428
29 805 1,207 1,609 2,011 3,017 4,023 6,034 8,046 10,057 12,068 16,091 20,114 24,137 28,160 32,183 36,205
32 1,104 1,655 2,207 2,759 4,139 5,518 8,277 11,037 13,796 16,555 22,073 27,591 33,110 38,628 44,146 49,664
35 1,469 2,203 2,938 3,672 5,509 7,345 11,017 14,690 18,362 22,034 29,379 36,724 44,069 51,414 58,759 66,103
38 1,907 2,861 3,814 4,768 7,152 9,536 14,303 19,071 23,839 28,607 38,142 47,678 57,213 66,749 76,285 85,820
44 3,028 4,543 6,057 7,571 11,357 15,142 22,713 30,284 37,855 45,426 60,569 75,711 90,853 105,995 121,137 136,279
51 4,521 6,781 9,041 11,301 16,952 22,603 33,904 45,206 56,507 67,809 90,411 113,014 135,617 158,220 180,823 203,426
57 6,437 9,655 12,873 16,091 24,137 32,183 48,274 64,365 80,456 96,548 128,730 160,913 193,095 225,278 257,461 289,643
64 8,829 13,244 17,658 22,073 33,110 44,146 66,219 88,292 110,365 132,439 176,585 220,731 264,877 309,023 353,169 397,316
70 11,752 17,628 23,503 29,379 44,069 58,759 88,138 117,517 146,896 176,276 235,034 293,793 352,551 411,310 470,069 528,827
76 15,257 22,885 30,514 38,142 57,213 76,285 114,427 152,569 190,712 228,854 305,138 381,423 457,708 533,992 610,277 686,561
89 24,227 36,341 48,455 60,569 90,853 121,137 181,706 242,274 302,843 363,411 484,549 605,686 726,823 847,960 969,097 1,090,234
102 36,165 54,247 72,329 90,411 135,617 180,823 271,234 361,646 452,057 542,468 723,291 904,114 1,084,937 1,265,759 1,446,582 1,627,405
114 51,492 77,238 102,984 128,730 193,095 257,461 386,191 514,921 643,651 772,382 1,029,842 1,287,303 1,544,763 1,802,224 2,059,684 2,317,145
127 70,634 105,951 141,268 176,585 264,877 353,169 529,754 706,339 882,924 1,059,508 1,412,678 1,765,847 2,119,017 2,472,186 2,825,356 3,178,525
140 94,014 141,021 188,027 235,034 352,551 470,069 705,103 940,137 1,175,171 1,410,206 1,880,274 2,350,343 2,820,411 3,290,480 3,760,549 4,230,617
152 122,055 183,083 244,111 305,138 457,708 610,277 915,415 1,220,554 1,525,692 1,830,831 2,441,107 3,051,384 3,661,661 4,271,938 4,882,215 5,492,492
165 155,183 232,774 310,365 387,957 581,935 775,913 1,163,870 1,551,827 1,939,783 2,327,740 3,103,653 3,879,567 4,655,480 5,431,393 6,207,307 6,983,220

C-81
 Table 3 – Power ratings for cold-rolled steel designation 1020 (Line shafts)
Shaft Power ratings at various rpm, watts
diameter,
mm 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
16 138 207 276 345 517 690 1,035 1,380 1,724 2,069 2,759 3,449 4,139 4,828 5,518 6,208
19 238 358 477 596 894 1,192 1,788 2,384 2,980 3,576 4,768 5,960 7,152 8,344 9,536 10,728
25 565 848 1,130 1,413 2,119 2,825 4,238 5,651 7,063 8,476 11,301 14,127 16,952 19,777 22,603 25,428
29 805 1,207 1,609 2,011 3,017 4,023 6,034 8,046 10,057 12,068 16,091 20,114 24,137 28,160 32,183 36,205
32 1,104 1,655 2,207 2,759 4,139 5,518 8,277 11,037 13,796 16,555 22,073 27,591 33,110 38,628 44,146 49,664
35 1,469 2,203 2,938 3,672 5,509 7,345 11,017 14,690 18,362 22,034 29,379 36,724 44,069 51,414 58,759 66,103
38 1,907 2,861 3,814 4,768 7,152 9,536 14,303 19,071 23,839 28,607 38,142 47,678 57,213 66,749 76,285 85,820
44 3,028 4,543 6,057 7,571 11,357 15,142 22,713 30,284 37,855 45,426 60,569 75,711 90,853 105,995 121,137 136,279
51 4,521 6,781 9,041 11,301 16,952 22,603 33,904 45,206 56,507 67,809 90,411 113,014 135,617 158,220 180,823 203,426
57 6,437 9,655 12,873 16,091 24,137 32,183 48,274 64,365 80,456 96,548 128,730 160,913 193,095 225,278 257,461 289,643
64 8,829 13,244 17,658 22,073 33,110 44,146 66,219 88,292 110,365 132,439 176,585 220,731 264,877 309,023 353,169 397,316
70 11,752 17,628 23,503 29,379 44,069 58,759 88,138 117,517 146,896 176,276 235,034 293,793 352,551 411,310 470,069 528,827
76 15,257 22,885 30,514 38,142 57,213 76,285 114,427 152,569 190,712 228,854 305,138 381,423 457,708 533,992 610,277 686,561
89 24,227 36,341 48,455 60,569 90,853 121,137 181,706 242,274 302,843 363,411 484,549 605,686 726,823 847,960 969,097 1,090,234
102 36,165 54,247 72,329 90,411 135,617 180,823 271,234 361,646 452,057 542,468 723,291 904,114 1,084,937 1,265,759 1,446,582 1,627,405
114 51,492 77,238 102,984 128,730 193,095 257,461 386,191 514,921 643,651 772,382 1,029,842 1,287,303 1,544,763 1,802,224 2,059,684 2,317,145
127 70,634 105,951 141,268 176,585 264,877 353,169 529,754 706,339 882,924 1,059,508 1,412,678 1,765,847 2,119,017 2,472,186 2,825,356 3,178,525
140 94,014 141,021 188,027 235,034 352,551 470,069 705,103 940,137 1,175,171 1,410,206 1,880,274 2,350,343 2,820,411 3,290,480 3,760,549 4,230,617
152 122,055 183,083 244,111 305,138 457,708 610,277 915,415 1,220,554 1,525,692 1,830,831 2,441,107 3,051,384 3,661,661 4,271,938 4,882,215 5,492,492
165 155,183 232,774 310,365 387,957 581,935 775,913 1,163,870 1,551,827 1,939,783 2,327,740 3,103,653 3,879,567 4,655,480 5,431,393 6,207,307 6,983,220

82
 PAES 305:2000

Table 4 – Power ratings for cold-rolled steel designation 1020 (Small, short shafts)
Shaft Power ratings at various rpm, watts
diameter,
mm 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
16 193 289 386 482 723 964 1,446 1,928 2,410 2,892 3,856 4,820 5,784 6,748 7,712 8,676
19 333 500 666 833 1,249 1,666 2,499 3,332 4,165 4,998 6,663 8,329 9,995 11,661 13,327 14,993
25 790 1,185 1,579 1,974 2,962 3,949 5,923 7,897 9,872 11,846 15,795 19,743 23,692 27,641 31,590 35,538
29 1,124 1,687 2,249 2,811 4,217 5,622 8,433 11,245 14,056 16,867 22,489 28,111 33,734 39,356 44,978 50,600
32 1,542 2,314 3,085 3,856 5,784 7,712 11,568 15,425 19,281 23,137 30,849 38,561 46,274 53,986 61,698 69,411
35 2,053 3,080 4,106 5,133 7,699 10,265 15,398 20,530 25,663 30,795 41,060 51,325 61,590 71,855 82,120 92,385
38 2,665 3,998 5,331 6,663 9,995 13,327 19,990 26,654 33,317 39,980 53,307 66,634 79,961 93,288 106,615 119,941
44 4,233 6,349 8,465 10,581 15,872 21,163 31,744 42,325 52,906 63,488 84,650 105,813 126,975 148,138 169,300 190,463
51 6,318 9,477 12,636 15,795 23,692 31,590 47,384 63,179 78,974 94,769 126,358 157,948 189,537 221,127 252,716 284,306
57 8,996 13,493 17,991 22,489 33,734 44,978 67,467 89,956 112,445 134,934 179,912 224,890 269,868 314,846 359,824 404,802
64 12,340 18,509 24,679 30,849 46,274 61,698 92,547 123,397 154,246 185,095 246,793 308,491 370,190 431,888 493,586 555,285
70 16,424 24,636 32,848 41,060 61,590 82,120 123,181 164,241 205,301 246,361 328,482 410,602 492,722 574,843 656,963 739,084
76 21,323 31,984 42,646 53,307 79,961 106,615 159,922 213,229 266,537 319,844 426,459 533,073 639,688 746,302 852,917 959,532
89 33,860 50,790 67,720 84,650 126,975 169,300 253,950 338,600 423,250 507,900 677,200 846,500 1,015,801 1,185,101 1,354,401 1,523,701
102 50,543 75,815 101,086 126,358 189,537 252,716 379,074 505,432 631,790 758,149 1,010,865 1,263,581 1,516,297 1,769,013 2,021,729 2,274,446
114 71,965 107,947 143,930 179,912 269,868 359,824 539,737 719,649 899,561 1,079,473 1,439,298 1,799,122 2,158,946 2,518,771 2,878,595 3,238,419
127 98,717 148,076 197,435 246,793 370,190 493,586 740,379 987,173 1,233,966 1,480,759 1,974,345 2,467,931 2,961,518 3,455,104 3,948,690 4,442,276
140 131,393 197,089 262,785 328,482 492,722 656,963 985,445 1,313,927 1,642,408 1,970,890 2,627,853 3,284,817 3,941,780 4,598,743 5,255,707 5,912,670
152 170,583 255,875 341,167 426,459 639,688 852,917 1,279,376 1,705,834 2,132,293 2,558,751 3,411,668 4,264,585 5,117,502 5,970,419 6,823,337 7,676,254
165 216,882 325,323 433,764 542,205 813,307 1,084,409 1,626,614 2,168,818 2,711,023 3,253,227 4,337,636 5,422,045 6,506,454 7,590,863 8,675,272 9,759,681

C-83
 Table 5 – Power ratings for stainless steel designation 304 and 316 (Main power-transmitting shafts)
Shaft Power ratings at various rpm, watts
diameter,
mm 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
16 128 192 256 321 481 641 962 1,282 1,603 1,923 2,565 3,206 3,847 4,488 5,129 5,770
19 222 332 443 554 831 1,108 1,662 2,216 2,770 3,324 4,432 5,540 6,647 7,755 8,863 9,971
25 525 788 1,050 1,313 1,970 2,626 3,939 5,252 6,565 7,879 10,505 13,131 15,757 18,383 21,009 23,636
29 748 1,122 1,496 1,870 2,804 3,739 5,609 7,478 9,348 11,218 14,957 18,696 22,435 26,174 29,914 33,653
32 1,026 1,539 2,052 2,565 3,847 5,129 7,694 10,258 12,823 15,388 20,517 25,646 30,775 35,905 41,034 46,163
35 1,365 2,048 2,731 3,414 5,120 6,827 10,241 13,654 17,068 20,481 27,308 34,135 40,962 47,789 54,616 61,443
38 1,773 2,659 3,545 4,432 6,647 8,863 13,295 17,727 22,158 26,590 35,453 44,317 53,180 62,043 70,907 79,770
44 2,815 4,222 5,630 7,037 10,556 14,075 21,112 28,149 35,187 42,224 56,298 70,373 84,448 98,522 112,597 126,672
51 4,202 6,303 8,404 10,505 15,757 21,009 31,514 42,019 52,523 63,028 84,037 105,047 126,056 147,065 168,075 189,084
57 5,983 8,974 11,965 14,957 22,435 29,914 44,871 59,827 74,784 89,741 119,655 149,568 179,482 209,396 239,310 269,223
64 8,207 12,310 16,414 20,517 30,775 41,034 61,551 82,068 102,585 123,102 164,136 205,169 246,203 287,237 328,271 369,305
70 10,923 16,385 21,846 27,308 40,962 54,616 81,924 109,232 136,540 163,848 218,464 273,080 327,697 382,313 436,929 491,545
76 14,181 21,272 28,363 35,453 53,180 70,907 106,360 141,813 177,266 212,720 283,626 354,533 425,439 496,346 567,252 638,159
89 22,519 33,779 45,039 56,298 84,448 112,597 168,895 225,194 281,492 337,791 450,388 562,985 675,582 788,179 900,776 1,013,373
102 33,615 50,422 67,230 84,037 126,056 168,075 252,112 336,150 420,187 504,224 672,299 840,374 1,008,449 1,176,523 1,344,598 1,512,673
114 47,862 71,793 95,724 119,655 179,482 239,310 358,964 478,619 598,274 717,929 957,238 1,196,548 1,435,858 1,675,167 1,914,477 2,153,786
127 65,654 98,481 131,308 164,136 246,203 328,271 492,407 656,542 820,678 984,813 1,313,084 1,641,355 1,969,626 2,297,897 2,626,168 2,954,439
140 87,386 131,079 174,771 218,464 327,697 436,929 655,393 873,857 1,092,322 1,310,786 1,747,715 2,184,644 2,621,572 3,058,501 3,495,430 3,932,359
152 113,450 170,176 226,901 283,626 425,439 567,252 850,879 1,134,505 1,418,131 1,701,757 2,269,009 2,836,262 3,403,514 3,970,766 4,538,019 5,105,271
165 144,242 216,363 288,485 360,606 540,909 721,211 1,081,817 1,442,423 1,803,029 2,163,634 2,884,846 3,606,057 4,327,269 5,048,480 5,769,692 6,490,903

84
 PAES 305:2000

Table 6 – Power ratings for stainless steel designation 304 and 316 (Line shafts)
Shaft Power ratings at various rpm, watts
diameter,
mm 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
16 128 192 256 321 481 641 962 1,282 1,603 1,923 2,565 3,206 3,847 4,488 5,129 5,770
19 222 332 443 554 831 1,108 1,662 2,216 2,770 3,324 4,432 5,540 6,647 7,755 8,863 9,971
25 525 788 1,050 1,313 1,970 2,626 3,939 5,252 6,565 7,879 10,505 13,131 15,757 18,383 21,009 23,636
29 748 1,122 1,496 1,870 2,804 3,739 5,609 7,478 9,348 11,218 14,957 18,696 22,435 26,174 29,914 33,653
32 1,026 1,539 2,052 2,565 3,847 5,129 7,694 10,258 12,823 15,388 20,517 25,646 30,775 35,905 41,034 46,163
35 1,365 2,048 2,731 3,414 5,120 6,827 10,241 13,654 17,068 20,481 27,308 34,135 40,962 47,789 54,616 61,443
38 1,773 2,659 3,545 4,432 6,647 8,863 13,295 17,727 22,158 26,590 35,453 44,317 53,180 62,043 70,907 79,770
44 2,815 4,222 5,630 7,037 10,556 14,075 21,112 28,149 35,187 42,224 56,298 70,373 84,448 98,522 112,597 126,672
51 4,202 6,303 8,404 10,505 15,757 21,009 31,514 42,019 52,523 63,028 84,037 105,047 126,056 147,065 168,075 189,084
57 5,983 8,974 11,965 14,957 22,435 29,914 44,871 59,827 74,784 89,741 119,655 149,568 179,482 209,396 239,310 269,223
64 8,207 12,310 16,414 20,517 30,775 41,034 61,551 82,068 102,585 123,102 164,136 205,169 246,203 287,237 328,271 369,305
70 10,923 16,385 21,846 27,308 40,962 54,616 81,924 109,232 136,540 163,848 218,464 273,080 327,697 382,313 436,929 491,545
76 14,181 21,272 28,363 35,453 53,180 70,907 106,360 141,813 177,266 212,720 283,626 354,533 425,439 496,346 567,252 638,159
89 22,519 33,779 45,039 56,298 84,448 112,597 168,895 225,194 281,492 337,791 450,388 562,985 675,582 788,179 900,776 1,013,373
102 33,615 50,422 67,230 84,037 126,056 168,075 252,112 336,150 420,187 504,224 672,299 840,374 1,008,449 1,176,523 1,344,598 1,512,673
114 47,862 71,793 95,724 119,655 179,482 239,310 358,964 478,619 598,274 717,929 957,238 1,196,548 1,435,858 1,675,167 1,914,477 2,153,786
127 65,654 98,481 131,308 164,136 246,203 328,271 492,407 656,542 820,678 984,813 1,313,084 1,641,355 1,969,626 2,297,897 2,626,168 2,954,439
140 87,386 131,079 174,771 218,464 327,697 436,929 655,393 873,857 1,092,322 1,310,786 1,747,715 2,184,644 2,621,572 3,058,501 3,495,430 3,932,359
152 113,450 170,176 226,901 283,626 425,439 567,252 850,879 1,134,505 1,418,131 1,701,757 2,269,009 2,836,262 3,403,514 3,970,766 4,538,019 5,105,271
165 144,242 216,363 288,485 360,606 540,909 721,211 1,081,817 1,442,423 1,803,029 2,163,634 2,884,846 3,606,057 4,327,269 5,048,480 5,769,692 6,490,903

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 Table 7 – Power ratings for stainless steel designation 304 and 316 (Small, short shafts)
Shaft Power ratings at various rpm, watts
diameter,
mm 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
16 179 269 358 448 672 896 1,344 1,792 2,240 2,688 3,584 4,480 5,376 6,272 7,169 8,065
19 310 465 619 774 1,161 1,548 2,323 3,097 3,871 4,645 6,194 7,742 9,290 10,839 12,387 13,936
25 734 1,101 1,468 1,835 2,753 3,670 5,505 7,341 9,176 11,011 14,681 18,352 22,022 25,692 29,362 33,033
29 1,045 1,568 2,090 2,613 3,919 5,226 7,839 10,452 13,065 15,678 20,904 26,129 31,355 36,581 41,807 47,033
32 1,434 2,151 2,867 3,584 5,376 7,169 10,753 14,337 17,921 21,506 28,674 35,843 43,011 50,180 57,349 64,517
35 1,908 2,862 3,817 4,771 7,156 9,541 14,312 19,083 23,853 28,624 38,165 47,707 57,248 66,790 76,331 85,872
38 2,477 3,716 4,955 6,194 9,290 12,387 18,581 24,775 30,968 37,162 49,549 61,936 74,324 86,711 99,098 111,486
44 3,934 5,901 7,868 9,835 14,753 19,671 29,506 39,341 49,176 59,012 78,682 98,353 118,023 137,694 157,364 177,035
51 5,872 8,809 11,745 14,681 22,022 29,362 44,044 58,725 73,406 88,087 117,450 146,812 176,175 205,537 234,900 264,262
57 8,361 12,542 16,723 20,904 31,355 41,807 62,711 83,614 104,518 125,421 167,228 209,035 250,843 292,650 334,457 376,264
64 11,470 17,205 22,939 28,674 43,011 57,349 86,023 114,697 143,371 172,046 229,394 286,743 344,091 401,440 458,788 516,137
70 15,266 22,899 30,532 38,165 57,248 76,331 114,496 152,662 190,827 228,993 305,324 381,655 457,986 534,316 610,647 686,978
76 19,820 29,729 39,639 49,549 74,324 99,098 148,647 198,197 247,746 297,295 396,393 495,492 594,590 693,688 792,786 891,885
89 31,473 47,209 62,946 78,682 118,023 157,364 236,047 314,729 393,411 472,093 629,458 786,822 944,187 1,101,551 1,258,915 1,416,280
102 46,980 70,470 93,960 117,450 176,175 234,900 352,350 469,799 587,249 704,699 939,599 1,174,498 1,409,398 1,644,298 1,879,197 2,114,097
114 66,891 100,337 133,783 167,228 250,843 334,457 501,685 668,914 836,142 1,003,370 1,337,827 1,672,284 2,006,741 2,341,197 2,675,654 3,010,111
127 91,758 137,637 183,515 229,394 344,091 458,788 688,183 917,577 1,146,971 1,376,365 1,835,154 2,293,942 2,752,731 3,211,519 3,670,307 4,129,096
140 122,129 183,194 244,259 305,324 457,986 610,647 915,971 1,221,295 1,526,619 1,831,942 2,442,590 3,053,237 3,663,884 4,274,532 4,885,179 5,495,827
152 158,557 237,836 317,115 396,393 594,590 792,786 1,189,180 1,585,573 1,981,966 2,378,359 3,171,146 3,963,932 4,756,718 5,549,505 6,342,291 7,135,078
165 201,592 302,387 403,183 503,979 755,969 1,007,958 1,511,937 2,015,916 2,519,895 3,023,875 4,031,833 5,039,791 6,047,749 7,055,707 8,063,666 9,071,624

86
 PAES 305:2000

6 Shaft set-up

In order to provide support for the shaft and for shaft alignment, bearings should be used.
Bearings should be mounted on adequate supports so that accurate alignment may be
maintained. Misalignment may cause shaft or bearing failure.

7 Keys and keyways

Standards on the use of keys and keyways are specified in PAES 304:2000.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 306: 2000

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project
entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of the AFMA Through Improved Agricultural
Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of
the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This Standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 2 – Development of
Standards for Engineering Materials and was circulated to various private and government
agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. These standards were
presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a
public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The
comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into
consideration in the finalization of the standards.

This Standard has technically formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 – Rules for
the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standard. It provides specifications and
proper application of drives using spur gears and does not cover manufacturing
specifications.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered.

Browning power transmission equipment. 1975. Catalog number 8.

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Faires, V. M. 1969. Design of Machine Elements. Macmillan Company, New York USA.

Horton, H. L. (Ed.) 1984. Machinery’s handbook. 23rd Edition. Industrial press inc, New
York.

PNS 374:1991, Spur gears for general engineering – Shapes and dimensions.

Quayle J. P. (Ed.) 1971. Kempe’s engineer’s yearbook. Volume 1. Morgan-Grampian Book

Publishing Co. Ltd, London.

Shigley, Joseph, E. 1977. Mechanical engineering design. 3rd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, USA.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 306:2000
Engineering Materials – Spur Gears for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and
Applications

1 Scope

This standard establishes specifications and provides technical information for the proper
application of spur gears for agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative references contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 305:2000, Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines

3 Application

Spur gears are used to connect parallel shafts and have teeth formed in cylindrical blanks
parallel to the shaft axis. They can be used in transmitting motion and power between two
shaft in the same or in opposite directions. They can also be used in transmitting linear
motion. For the purpose of this standard, only transmission of power between two shafts of
opposite directions will be discussed.

4 Definitions

4.1
spur gear
a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight lines parallel to the axis. Generally, it
transmits rotational motion and power between two axes

4.2
gear tooth
each of the projecting parts of a gear which are intended to ensure, by contact with the teeth
of another gear, that one of the other gear turns the other

4.3
module
the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of the
reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)

4.4
pitch circle
the line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear
(see Fig. 1)
PAES 306:2000

4.5
addendum
the radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle (see Fig. 1)

Tooth Space

dth
wi
ce
Fa

Tooth Element
Ad d e n d um C i r c l e

ce
Fa Pitch Surface
Cuts Here
Space Width
ircle Tooth
Pitch C
Wo

nk
Ad

Thickn
ess Fla
rkin
den
dum

pt
Wo r k i n g -De h C i r c l e
Dep
W

th
ho

ded
le
De

end

Ba se Ci r c l e
pth

um

Cle

cle
en d um C i r
aran

De d
ce

Figure 1 – Nomenclature of spur gears

4.6
addendum circle
the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth (Fig. 1)

4.7
dedendum
the radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle (see Fig. 1)

4.8
dedendum circle
the line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
gear (see Fig.1)

4.9
clearance
the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its meshing
gear (Fig. 1)

4.10
pitch diameter
the diameter of the pitch circle

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 PAES 306:2000

4.11
addendum diameter
the diameter of the addendum circle

4.12
dedendum diameter
the diameter of the of the dedendum circle

4.13
tooth depth
the radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle

4.14
circular pitch
the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding profiles (see
Fig. 1)

4.15
tooth thickness
the width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch (Fig.1)

4.16
tooth space
the space between teeth measured along the pitch circle (Fig.1)

4.17
backlash
the tooth space minus the tooth thickness

4.18
face width
the width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the
reference cylinder (see Fig. 1)

4.19
tooth flank
the portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root surface (Fig. 1)

4.20
pressure angle
angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle (see Fig. 2)

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PAES 306:2000

4.21
base circle
of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the tooth profiles
(see Fig. 2)

rcle
circle
Base ci
Pitch
Pressure
angle

rcle
rcle
Pitch ci
Base ci

Fig. 2 – Pressure angle and base circle

4.22
tooth profile
the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the reference surface

4.23
tooth trace
the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface

4.24
involute cylindrical gear
a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc of an involute to a circle
(See Fig. 3)

4.25
involute to a circle

a plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating line"), which rolls out
without slip on the base circle (Fig 3)

Base Circle
Involute
A4
A3 B4
A2 B3
A1 B2
B1
A0

Fig. 3 – Construction of an involute curve

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 PAES 306:2000

5 Types

Spur gears shall be classified into 6 types according to its shape: A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, and C2
(see Figure 4).

A1 B1 C1

Figure 4 – Spur gear types

6 Materials

Spur gear materials shall be of hot-rolled steel designation 1045 and 3140 with an ultimate
tensile strength of 600 MPa and 724 MPa and a Brinell Hardness Number of 215 and 205
respectively.

7 Recommended design practices

7.1 Calculation of gear dimensions

Table 1 specifies the formula for calculating the different dimensions of standard spur gears.

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PAES 306:2000

Table 1 – Spur gear calculations

To obtain: Given: Formula:
Circular pitch
Circular pitch
π
Module
Pitch diameter
Number of teeth and pitch diameter
Number of teeth
Pitch diameter Number of teeth and module Number of teeth × module
Pitch diameter
Number of teeth Pitch diameter and module
Module
Tooth thickness on the
Module 1.5708 × module
pitch line
Outside diameter Pitch diameter and addendum Add 2 addendums to the pitch diameter
Minimum whole depth Module Coarser than 1.0583 module, 2.35 × module
Addendum Module addendum = module
Dedendum Module dedendum = 1.25x module
Clearance Whole depth and addendum Subtract two addendums from the whole depth

Center distance
Number of teeth of driver and
driven gear, t1 and t2
(
module t1 + t 2 )
Module 2

7.2 Power ratings

7.2.1 Power ratings presented in this standard are based on module facewidth, and pressure
angle that are shown in Table 2 and a material of hot-rolled steel designation 1045. For
power ratings of hot-rolled steel designation 3140, multiply table values by 1.5.

Table 2 - Standard modules and face width

Module,
1.25 1.5 2.0 2.50 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
mm/tooth
Face width, mm 16 19 25 32 38 50 63 75 100
Pressure angle, ° 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

7.2.2 Power ratings of spur gears according to the number of teeth and its rpm are shown on
Tables 3.-11.

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 PAES 306:2000

Table 3 – Power ratings* of 1.25 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 27 40 54 67 130 249 358 459 552 638 718 766 861 926 987 1,045 1,099 1,149
12 32 47 62 78 151 289 414 528 633 730 819 870 979 1,051 1,118 1,180 1,239 1,295
13 36 54 72 89 174 331 472 601 718 826 925 978 1,101 1,179 1,252 1,320 1,384 1,444
14 41 62 82 102 197 374 532 675 804 923 1,031 1,086 1,222 1,307 1,385 1,459 1,527 1,591
15 46 69 92 114 221 416 590 747 888 1,016 1,133 1,189 1,337 1,428 1,511 1,589 1,661 1,728
16 50 75 100 124 239 449 636 802 951 1,086 1,208 1,263 1,421 1,515 1,601 1,681 1,755 1,824
17 55 82 108 134 259 485 684 861 1,018 1,160 1,288 1,342 1,510 1,607 1,696 1,778 1,854 1,925
18 59 88 116 145 279 520 731 917 1,083 1,231 1,364 1,416 1,593 1,693 1,785 1,869 1,947 2,019
19 64 95 125 155 299 555 779 974 1,147 1,301 1,439 1,490 1,676 1,779 1,873 1,959 2,038 2,111
20 68 101 134 166 319 592 827 1,032 1,212 1,372 1,515 1,564 1,759 1,864 1,960 2,048 2,129 2,203
21 73 109 144 178 341 630 878 1,093 1,281 1,448 1,596 1,642 1,847 1,955 2,053 2,143 2,225 2,301
22 77 115 152 188 359 661 919 1,141 1,335 1,505 1,656 1,700 1,912 2,021 2,121 2,211 2,294 2,370
24 86 127 168 208 396 724 1,001 1,237 1,441 1,619 1,776 1,812 2,039 2,150 2,251 2,343 2,426 2,502
25 90 134 177 219 417 760 1,048 1,292 1,502 1,685 1,845 1,878 2,113 2,226 2,328 2,421 2,505 2,582
27 100 148 195 241 457 828 1,136 1,394 1,615 1,805 1,972 1,998 2,247 2,363 2,467 2,560 2,646 2,723
28 104 155 204 252 476 860 1,177 1,442 1,667 1,860 2,029 2,051 2,307 2,423 2,528 2,622 2,707 2,784
30 113 168 221 273 515 925 1,258 1,535 1,769 1,968 2,141 2,154 2,424 2,541 2,647 2,741 2,827 2,904
32 123 182 239 296 555 991 1,342 1,630 1,872 2,077 2,254 2,259 2,541 2,660 2,766 2,861 2,947 3,024
33 128 189 249 307 576 1,024 1,383 1,678 1,923 2,131 2,309 2,310 2,599 2,719 2,825 2,920 3,006 3,083
35 138 203 267 330 616 1,090 1,466 1,771 2,023 2,236 2,418 2,410 2,711 2,832 2,939 3,034 3,119 3,197
36 143 211 277 341 637 1,123 1,506 1,816 2,073 2,288 2,471 2,459 2,766 2,887 2,993 3,089 3,174 3,251
40 163 240 315 387 718 1,252 1,665 1,994 2,262 2,484 2,672 2,642 2,972 3,094 3,201 3,296 3,381 3,457
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 16 mm average face width.

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PAES 306:2000

Table 4 – Power ratings* of 1.5 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 46 69 91 113 221 419 598 761 909 1,044 1,169 1,236 1,390 1,489 1,580 1,666 1,746 1,821
12 54 80 106 132 256 485 689 873 1,040 1,191 1,330 1,399 1,574 1,682 1,782 1,875 1,962 2,043
13 62 92 122 152 294 554 785 991 1,177 1,345 1,497 1,568 1,764 1,881 1,990 2,090 2,183 2,270
14 71 105 139 173 334 625 882 1,111 1,315 1,498 1,664 1,735 1,952 2,078 2,194 2,301 2,400 2,492
15 79 118 156 193 373 695 978 1,226 1,448 1,645 1,823 1,894 2,131 2,264 2,386 2,499 2,603 2,699
16 86 128 169 210 404 750 1,051 1,315 1,547 1,754 1,940 2,007 2,258 2,395 2,521 2,636 2,742 2,840
17 93 139 184 228 437 809 1,129 1,408 1,653 1,870 2,063 2,127 2,392 2,534 2,663 2,781 2,889 2,989
18 101 150 198 245 470 866 1,205 1,498 1,754 1,979 2,179 2,238 2,518 2,663 2,795 2,915 3,025 3,127
19 108 161 213 263 503 924 1,281 1,588 1,854 2,088 2,294 2,349 2,643 2,791 2,926 3,048 3,160 3,262
20 116 172 228 282 537 983 1,358 1,679 1,955 2,197 2,410 2,460 2,767 2,918 3,055 3,179 3,293 3,396
21 124 185 244 302 574 1,045 1,440 1,775 2,063 2,313 2,533 2,577 2,899 3,054 3,193 3,320 3,434 3,539
22 131 195 257 318 604 1,096 1,505 1,850 2,145 2,401 2,624 2,662 2,995 3,151 3,291 3,418 3,533 3,638
24 146 216 285 352 665 1,197 1,634 1,998 2,307 2,572 2,802 2,827 3,180 3,338 3,480 3,607 3,722 3,827
25 154 228 300 371 699 1,255 1,708 2,084 2,401 2,671 2,905 2,924 3,290 3,450 3,592 3,721 3,837 3,942
27 170 251 331 408 766 1,365 1,847 2,242 2,573 2,853 3,094 3,099 3,487 3,649 3,793 3,922 4,038 4,144
28 177 262 345 426 798 1,417 1,911 2,315 2,651 2,935 3,178 3,176 3,573 3,736 3,880 4,009 4,126 4,231
30 193 285 375 462 861 1,519 2,038 2,458 2,805 3,096 3,343 3,327 3,743 3,906 4,051 4,180 4,295 4,400
32 209 309 405 499 927 1,624 2,168 2,603 2,960 3,257 3,509 3,478 3,913 4,077 4,222 4,351 4,466 4,570
33 217 321 421 518 960 1,677 2,232 2,675 3,037 3,337 3,591 3,553 3,997 4,161 4,306 4,435 4,550 4,653
35 234 345 452 556 1,027 1,782 2,360 2,816 3,187 3,493 3,750 3,696 4,158 4,323 4,468 4,596 4,711 4,814
36 242 357 468 575 1,060 1,833 2,422 2,886 3,260 3,568 3,827 3,766 4,237 4,402 4,546 4,674 4,789 4,891
40 276 406 531 652 1,192 2,036 2,665 3,152 3,540 3,857 4,120 4,029 4,532 4,697 4,841 4,967 5,080 5,180
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 19 mm average face width.

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 PAES 306:2000

Table 5 – Power ratings* of 2.0 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 108 160 212 263 507 948 1,334 1,676 1,980 2,252 2,498 2,598 2,923 3,108 3,277 3,433 3,578 3,711
12 125 186 247 306 588 1,093 1,532 1,916 2,255 2,556 2,826 2,924 3,290 3,490 3,673 3,841 3,996 4,138
13 144 215 284 352 675 1,247 1,739 2,166 2,540 2,871 3,165 3,259 3,667 3,882 4,078 4,257 4,421 4,572
14 164 244 322 399 764 1,404 1,949 2,418 2,826 3,184 3,501 3,589 4,037 4,266 4,473 4,662 4,835 4,993
15 184 273 361 446 851 1,557 2,152 2,659 3,098 3,481 3,818 3,897 4,384 4,624 4,841 5,037 5,217 5,381
16 200 297 392 485 921 1,676 2,306 2,840 3,299 3,696 4,044 4,111 4,625 4,870 5,090 5,290 5,471 5,637
17 217 322 425 525 996 1,803 2,470 3,032 3,510 3,923 4,283 4,337 4,879 5,129 5,354 5,556 5,740 5,908
18 234 347 458 565 1,069 1,925 2,628 3,214 3,710 4,136 4,505 4,546 5,115 5,369 5,596 5,801 5,986 6,155
19 252 373 491 607 1,143 2,049 2,786 3,396 3,909 4,348 4,726 4,753 5,347 5,605 5,835 6,042 6,228 6,398
20 270 399 526 649 1,219 2,175 2,945 3,578 4,108 4,559 4,946 4,958 5,578 5,839 6,071 6,280 6,467 6,638
21 289 428 563 694 1,300 2,309 3,114 3,772 4,320 4,783 5,180 5,177 5,824 6,089 6,324 6,534 6,724 6,895
22 305 451 593 731 1,366 2,415 3,246 3,920 4,478 4,948 5,348 5,330 5,996 6,261 6,496 6,706 6,894 7,065
24 338 499 655 807 1,499 2,627 3,506 4,210 4,787 5,268 5,675 5,625 6,328 6,594 6,828 7,036 7,223 7,391
25 357 527 691 850 1,576 2,749 3,656 4,378 4,967 5,456 5,869 5,802 6,527 6,794 7,029 7,238 7,425 7,592
27 394 580 760 934 1,722 2,977 3,934 4,686 5,294 5,795 6,216 6,116 6,881 7,148 7,384 7,592 7,777 7,943
28 411 606 793 974 1,790 3,083 4,061 4,826 5,441 5,946 6,368 6,252 7,034 7,301 7,536 7,743 7,927 8,092
30 447 657 860 1,054 1,929 3,294 4,312 5,100 5,728 6,240 6,666 6,518 7,333 7,599 7,832 8,036 8,218 8,381
32 484 711 929 1,138 2,071 3,510 4,567 5,377 6,017 6,536 6,965 6,785 7,633 7,898 8,129 8,332 8,512 8,673
33 503 738 964 1,181 2,143 3,617 4,693 5,514 6,160 6,682 7,112 6,916 7,780 8,045 8,275 8,477 8,656 8,816
35 541 793 1,035 1,266 2,286 3,829 4,941 5,781 6,437 6,964 7,396 7,168 8,064 8,327 8,556 8,756 8,933 9,090
36 560 821 1,070 1,308 2,357 3,934 5,062 5,911 6,571 7,100 7,534 7,289 8,201 8,463 8,690 8,890 9,065 9,221
40 638 932 1,212 1,479 2,638 4,341 5,530 6,408 7,083 7,618 8,052 7,746 8,714 8,973 9,196 9,390 9,561 9,713
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 25 mm average face width.

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PAES 306:2000

Table 6 – Power ratings* of 2.5 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 214 318 421 521 997 1,836 2,551 3,168 3,706 4,179 4,598 4,718 5,308 5,611 5,886 6,137 6,367 6,577
12 250 371 489 606 1,155 2,112 2,919 3,607 4,202 4,722 5,179 5,286 5,947 6,272 6,566 6,833 7,076 7,299
13 288 427 563 696 1,322 2,403 3,303 4,064 4,716 5,281 5,775 5,865 6,598 6,945 7,256 7,538 7,794 8,028
14 327 485 639 790 1,494 2,699 3,690 4,521 5,227 5,834 6,362 6,431 7,235 7,600 7,927 8,222 8,490 8,733
15 366 542 714 882 1,664 2,986 4,063 4,957 5,711 6,355 6,912 6,957 7,827 8,207 8,546 8,851 9,127 9,377
16 398 589 775 957 1,798 3,208 4,344 5,278 6,060 6,724 7,295 7,313 8,227 8,612 8,955 9,262 9,539 9,790
17 432 639 841 1,036 1,941 3,443 4,640 5,616 6,428 7,113 7,699 7,689 8,650 9,041 9,387 9,697 9,976 10,228
18 466 689 905 1,115 2,080 3,669 4,922 5,936 6,773 7,476 8,074 8,034 9,039 9,433 9,782 10,094 10,373 10,626
19 501 739 970 1,195 2,222 3,897 5,205 6,255 7,116 7,835 8,445 8,375 9,422 9,820 10,171 10,484 10,764 11,016
20 536 791 1,038 1,277 2,366 4,127 5,489 6,573 7,457 8,192 8,812 8,712 9,801 10,201 10,554 10,868 11,148 11,400
21 574 847 1,110 1,364 2,520 4,372 5,791 6,912 7,821 8,572 9,204 9,072 10,206 10,610 10,966 11,281 11,562 11,814
22 606 893 1,170 1,437 2,645 4,565 6,022 7,165 8,086 8,844 9,478 9,317 10,481 10,884 11,238 11,550 11,829 12,078
24 671 987 1,291 1,584 2,896 4,947 6,476 7,659 8,602 9,371 10,010 9,788 11,012 11,411 11,760 12,068 12,341 12,586
25 708 1,041 1,360 1,668 3,040 5,167 6,739 7,947 8,905 9,683 10,328 10,075 11,334 11,734 12,083 12,390 12,663 12,906
27 780 1,145 1,494 1,829 3,314 5,577 7,222 8,471 9,451 10,242 10,893 10,578 11,901 12,299 12,645 12,949 13,218 13,458
28 815 1,195 1,558 1,906 3,442 5,766 7,441 8,705 9,693 10,487 11,138 10,794 12,143 12,540 12,884 13,185 13,451 13,688
30 885 1,296 1,687 2,061 3,699 6,141 7,872 9,165 10,166 10,965 11,616 11,214 12,616 13,008 13,347 13,644 13,905 14,137
32 958 1,400 1,821 2,221 3,964 6,521 8,308 9,627 10,641 11,445 12,097 11,637 13,092 13,480 13,815 14,107 14,364 14,592
33 995 1,454 1,889 2,302 4,096 6,711 8,524 9,856 10,875 11,680 12,333 11,844 13,325 13,711 14,044 14,334 14,589 14,815
35 1,070 1,560 2,025 2,465 4,360 7,083 8,945 10,299 11,327 12,135 12,787 12,243 13,773 14,155 14,484 14,769 15,020 15,242
36 1,107 1,614 2,093 2,546 4,491 7,266 9,150 10,514 11,546 12,355 13,006 12,434 13,988 14,368 14,694 14,978 15,227 15,447
40 1,259 1,830 2,366 2,870 5,007 7,974 9,938 11,333 12,376 13,184 13,829 13,151 14,795 15,165 15,483 15,758 15,998 16,210
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 32 mm average face width.

C-98
 PAES 306:2000

Table 7 – Power ratings* of 3.0 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 365 541 714 883 1,676 3,042 4,177 5,135 5,955 6,663 7,283 7,389 8,312 8,745 9,135 9,486 9,806 10,097
12 425 630 830 1,026 1,938 3,492 4,766 5,828 6,729 7,501 8,171 8,245 9,276 9,737 10,149 10,521 10,857 11,162
13 490 725 954 1,178 2,217 3,965 5,379 6,546 7,526 8,360 9,079 9,116 10,255 10,742 11,176 11,566 11,917 12,236
14 556 823 1,082 1,335 2,501 4,443 5,993 7,260 8,314 9,205 9,968 9,962 11,207 11,717 12,170 12,575 12,939 13,269
15 623 921 1,210 1,490 2,781 4,906 6,581 7,937 9,056 9,996 10,796 10,743 12,086 12,613 13,080 13,496 13,870 14,207
16 677 1,000 1,312 1,615 3,002 5,259 7,018 8,427 9,582 10,545 11,361 11,260 12,668 13,199 13,668 14,085 14,458 14,794
17 735 1,084 1,422 1,748 3,236 5,633 7,479 8,944 10,136 11,124 11,957 11,807 13,283 13,819 14,291 14,710 15,084 15,420
18 792 1,167 1,529 1,879 3,464 5,991 7,915 9,430 10,653 11,661 12,507 12,307 13,845 14,384 14,857 15,275 15,649 15,983
19 851 1,252 1,639 2,013 3,696 6,351 8,352 9,913 11,165 12,192 13,049 12,799 14,399 14,939 15,413 15,831 16,203 16,536
20 911 1,339 1,752 2,149 3,931 6,714 8,788 10,394 11,673 12,717 13,585 13,284 14,944 15,487 15,961 16,378 16,749 17,081
21 975 1,433 1,873 2,295 4,182 7,100 9,253 10,906 12,215 13,278 14,158 13,805 15,530 16,075 16,551 16,969 17,340 17,671
22 1,029 1,511 1,972 2,415 4,384 7,400 9,602 11,281 12,602 13,670 14,551 14,149 15,918 16,459 16,930 17,344 17,710 18,036
24 1,138 1,668 2,174 2,658 4,789 7,993 10,287 12,011 13,353 14,428 15,308 14,813 16,664 17,197 17,659 18,064 18,421 18,738
25 1,201 1,759 2,290 2,797 5,021 8,335 10,686 12,440 13,799 14,882 15,767 15,222 17,124 17,656 18,117 18,519 18,874 19,189
27 1,322 1,933 2,513 3,064 5,461 8,969 11,413 13,213 14,595 15,688 16,575 15,934 17,926 18,453 18,907 19,303 19,652 19,960
28 1,381 2,016 2,618 3,190 5,666 9,259 11,740 13,556 14,943 16,037 16,922 16,237 18,266 18,789 19,239 19,631 19,975 20,280
30 1,499 2,184 2,832 3,445 6,077 9,832 12,382 14,227 15,624 16,719 17,599 16,825 18,929 19,443 19,884 20,268 20,605 20,902
32 1,621 2,359 3,053 3,709 6,498 10,413 13,030 14,902 16,308 17,403 18,280 17,419 19,596 20,103 20,537 20,914 21,243 21,534
33 1,684 2,447 3,165 3,842 6,708 10,701 13,349 15,234 16,644 17,739 18,613 17,709 19,923 20,426 20,857 21,230 21,556 21,844
35 1,809 2,625 3,390 4,108 7,126 11,266 13,971 15,877 17,293 18,386 19,255 18,267 20,551 21,046 21,470 21,836 22,156 22,438
36 1,872 2,714 3,502 4,240 7,333 11,542 14,273 16,189 17,606 18,698 19,564 18,535 20,852 21,344 21,764 22,127 22,443 22,722
40 2,125 3,071 3,950 4,769 8,145 12,609 15,428 17,369 18,787 19,869 20,721 19,536 21,978 22,455 22,860 23,210 23,514 23,781
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 38 mm average face width.

C-99
PAES 306:2000

Table 8 – Power ratings* of 4.0 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 847 1,253 1,646 2,029 3,792 6,703 9,009 10,881 12,430 13,734 14,846 14,793 16,643 17,379 18,032 18,614 19,137 19,610
12 986 1,456 1,912 2,353 4,373 7,662 10,225 12,279 13,961 15,365 16,553 16,406 18,457 19,231 19,915 20,522 21,066 21,556
13 1,135 1,674 2,195 2,699 4,988 8,664 11,484 13,716 15,527 17,026 18,287 18,036 20,291 21,100 21,811 22,442 23,005 23,510
14 1,290 1,899 2,487 3,054 5,615 9,670 12,736 15,135 17,064 18,648 19,972 19,610 22,061 22,899 23,634 24,284 24,862 25,379
15 1,443 2,122 2,776 3,405 6,228 10,638 13,925 16,468 18,496 20,150 21,524 21,047 23,678 24,537 25,288 25,950 26,538 27,063
16 1,567 2,302 3,007 3,684 6,705 11,362 14,785 17,407 19,479 21,159 22,548 21,965 24,711 25,569 26,317 26,974 27,557 28,077
17 1,700 2,494 3,254 3,983 7,212 12,127 15,692 18,395 20,516 22,225 23,630 22,939 25,806 26,666 27,413 28,068 28,647 29,163
18 1,831 2,683 3,497 4,275 7,702 12,854 16,544 19,316 21,474 23,203 24,619 23,821 26,799 27,656 28,399 29,050 29,624 30,135
19 1,965 2,876 3,744 4,572 8,198 13,583 17,391 20,227 22,420 24,167 25,592 24,688 27,774 28,629 29,368 30,014 30,583 31,089
20 2,102 3,074 3,997 4,875 8,699 14,313 18,235 21,130 23,355 25,118 26,550 25,541 28,734 29,585 30,321 30,962 31,526 32,027
21 2,250 3,285 4,267 5,199 9,234 15,089 19,133 22,093 24,354 26,138 27,580 26,463 29,770 30,622 31,355 31,994 32,555 33,052
22 2,373 3,460 4,489 5,464 9,660 15,680 19,791 22,777 25,044 26,824 28,258 27,047 30,428 31,268 31,991 32,620 33,171 33,659
24 2,622 3,815 4,938 5,998 10,508 16,839 21,071 24,100 26,374 28,145 29,563 28,170 31,691 32,510 33,213 33,822 34,355 34,825
25 2,765 4,018 5,195 6,303 10,995 17,512 21,824 24,888 27,177 28,952 30,370 28,880 32,490 33,304 34,001 34,604 35,132 35,597
27 3,040 4,408 5,687 6,887 11,910 18,746 23,181 26,292 28,594 30,366 31,773 30,102 33,865 34,664 35,346 35,936 36,450 36,902
28 3,172 4,593 5,920 7,162 12,333 19,303 23,783 26,905 29,205 30,970 32,368 30,613 34,440 35,229 35,902 36,483 36,990 37,435
30 3,439 4,969 6,390 7,715 13,178 20,400 24,960 28,101 30,396 32,146 33,525 31,607 35,558 36,329 36,986 37,551 38,043 38,475
32 3,716 5,357 6,875 8,284 14,038 21,507 26,144 29,303 31,593 33,329 34,691 32,614 36,690 37,446 38,087 38,639 39,118 39,539
33 3,856 5,553 7,120 8,571 14,468 22,055 26,726 29,892 32,179 33,909 35,263 33,107 37,245 37,993 38,627 39,172 39,646 40,061
35 4,138 5,947 7,609 9,143 15,316 23,122 27,855 31,030 33,309 35,023 36,360 34,052 38,309 39,042 39,662 40,195 40,656 41,061
36 4,280 6,144 7,853 9,427 15,734 23,643 28,401 31,579 33,852 35,558 36,886 34,505 38,819 39,544 40,158 40,684 41,140 41,539
40 4,849 6,930 8,823 10,553 17,363 25,634 30,472 33,647 35,891 37,561 38,852 36,194 40,719 41,415 42,003 42,505 42,940 43,320
* Based on steel designation 1045, steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 50 mm average face width.

C-100
 PAES 306:2000

Table 9 – Power ratings* of 5.0 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 1,656 2,440 3,196 3,926 7,228 12,473 16,454 19,577 22,094 24,165 25,899 25,457 28,639 29,740 30,706 31,560 32,321 33,003
12 1,927 2,834 3,706 4,546 8,316 14,204 18,592 21,989 24,696 26,904 28,739 28,102 31,615 32,763 33,765 34,649 35,434 36,135
13 2,216 3,255 4,250 5,206 9,462 16,003 20,795 24,456 27,344 29,682 31,612 30,766 34,612 35,802 36,838 37,748 38,553 39,272
14 2,515 3,689 4,810 5,884 10,627 17,802 22,972 26,875 29,926 32,376 34,387 33,326 37,491 38,715 39,777 40,707 41,529 42,261
15 2,813 4,118 5,363 6,551 11,759 19,519 25,023 29,131 32,313 34,852 36,923 35,646 40,102 41,348 42,426 43,369 44,199 44,937
16 3,053 4,463 5,803 7,079 12,631 20,781 26,476 30,680 33,910 36,471 38,549 37,085 41,720 42,957 44,024 44,956 45,775 46,501
17 3,310 4,831 6,273 7,642 13,556 22,114 28,007 32,313 35,597 38,184 40,274 38,618 43,446 44,677 45,738 46,661 47,472 48,189
18 3,562 5,192 6,733 8,191 14,447 23,373 29,436 33,822 37,143 39,745 41,838 39,998 44,998 46,220 47,270 48,182 48,982 49,689
19 3,821 5,561 7,201 8,749 15,345 24,629 30,851 35,312 38,666 41,280 43,374 41,353 46,522 47,734 48,774 49,676 50,465 51,162
20 4,086 5,938 7,678 9,317 16,251 25,883 32,256 36,784 40,168 42,792 44,886 42,685 48,020 49,223 50,253 51,145 51,925 52,612
21 4,370 6,342 8,189 9,924 17,216 27,217 33,753 38,358 41,778 44,419 46,519 44,132 49,649 50,846 51,869 52,754 53,527 54,207
22 4,605 6,674 8,606 10,416 17,975 28,212 34,823 39,444 42,857 45,480 47,559 45,019 50,646 51,824 52,829 53,696 54,453 55,119
24 5,083 7,345 9,446 11,404 19,480 30,156 36,897 41,539 44,932 47,518 49,557 46,722 52,562 53,702 54,673 55,508 56,236 56,874
25 5,357 7,729 9,928 11,971 20,346 31,291 38,128 42,804 46,204 48,787 50,817 47,823 53,801 54,930 55,890 56,716 57,434 58,064
27 5,884 8,466 10,847 13,048 21,961 33,354 40,327 45,035 48,428 50,988 52,989 49,702 55,915 57,017 57,951 58,754 59,450 60,060
28 6,135 8,815 11,280 13,553 22,704 34,276 41,291 45,998 49,375 51,916 53,898 50,478 56,787 57,873 58,793 59,583 60,267 60,867
30 6,643 9,520 12,151 14,567 24,179 36,086 43,173 47,873 51,220 53,723 55,666 51,989 58,487 59,543 60,436 61,201 61,863 62,442
32 7,170 10,248 13,048 15,607 25,677 37,908 45,063 49,759 53,077 55,547 57,456 53,526 60,217 61,246 62,115 62,859 63,502 64,064
33 7,437 10,615 13,500 16,129 26,423 38,806 45,991 50,682 53,987 56,440 58,333 54,280 61,065 62,082 62,940 63,673 64,307 64,861
35 7,973 11,350 14,400 17,168 27,889 40,552 47,783 52,461 55,735 58,154 60,015 55,724 62,689 63,683 64,519 65,233 65,850 66,388
36 8,241 11,717 14,848 17,683 28,609 41,399 48,649 53,317 56,574 58,976 60,821 56,415 63,467 64,449 65,275 65,980 66,588 67,118
40 9,315 13,176 16,621 19,714 31,399 44,624 51,912 56,528 59,714 62,045 63,825 58,990 66,364 67,300 68,087 68,756 69,333 69,835
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 63 mm average face width.

C-101
PAES 306:2000

Table 10 – Power ratings* of 6.0 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 2,819 4,138 5,403 6,616 12,009 20,271 26,303 30,901 34,521 37,446 39,858 38,758 43,603 45,086 46,376 47,509 48,512 49,406
12 3,277 4,802 6,258 7,651 13,784 23,006 29,609 34,570 38,434 41,528 44,062 42,635 47,964 49,498 50,829 51,993 53,021 53,935
13 3,767 5,510 7,169 8,749 15,650 25,839 33,000 38,309 42,402 45,654 48,300 46,529 52,345 53,925 55,291 56,483 57,533 58,464
14 4,273 6,239 8,104 9,874 17,537 28,656 36,335 41,957 46,251 49,637 52,377 50,255 56,537 58,153 59,546 60,759 61,824 62,768
15 4,775 6,960 9,025 10,979 19,365 31,330 39,457 45,337 49,788 53,276 56,082 53,615 60,317 61,955 63,363 64,585 65,658 66,605
16 5,179 7,536 9,755 11,848 20,758 33,265 41,626 47,608 52,101 55,599 58,399 55,648 62,604 64,222 65,610 66,813 67,866 68,795
17 5,612 8,151 10,534 12,774 22,234 35,306 43,912 50,006 54,548 58,065 60,867 57,825 65,054 66,658 68,031 69,219 70,258 71,173
18 6,037 8,753 11,293 13,675 23,649 37,223 46,031 52,207 56,778 60,298 63,091 59,774 67,245 68,832 70,186 71,356 72,377 73,276
19 6,471 9,367 12,066 14,589 25,072 39,131 48,126 54,376 58,971 62,492 65,276 61,686 69,397 70,965 72,302 73,455 74,460 75,344
20 6,916 9,993 12,852 15,516 26,503 41,029 50,200 56,516 61,131 64,651 67,424 63,567 71,513 73,064 74,384 75,521 76,511 77,380
21 7,392 10,663 13,693 16,507 28,028 43,050 52,414 58,810 63,456 66,983 69,753 65,621 73,824 75,363 76,671 77,796 78,775 79,633
22 7,786 11,212 14,376 17,306 29,212 44,529 53,961 60,353 64,971 68,463 71,196 66,844 75,199 76,709 77,990 79,090 80,046 80,884
24 8,583 12,320 15,748 18,904 31,552 47,411 56,953 63,326 67,884 71,305 73,967 69,194 77,843 79,298 80,528 81,584 82,499 83,299
25 9,040 12,954 16,535 19,821 32,902 49,104 58,747 65,143 69,696 73,103 75,747 70,743 79,585 81,022 82,237 83,278 84,179 84,968
27 9,918 14,167 18,030 21,556 35,404 52,158 61,926 68,325 72,840 76,197 78,791 73,366 82,537 83,934 85,112 86,120 86,991 87,752
28 10,335 14,740 18,732 22,366 36,547 53,511 63,306 69,683 74,166 77,490 80,052 74,439 83,744 85,118 86,276 87,266 88,121 88,868
30 11,180 15,895 20,142 23,988 38,810 56,161 65,995 72,328 76,747 80,006 82,508 76,532 86,098 87,430 88,550 89,506 90,331 91,051
32 12,053 17,084 21,590 25,648 41,102 58,824 68,697 74,991 79,352 82,553 85,003 78,670 88,504 89,798 90,886 91,813 92,612 93,308
33 12,495 17,684 22,317 26,480 42,240 60,134 70,022 76,295 80,628 83,802 86,226 79,720 89,685 90,962 92,034 92,947 93,734 94,419
35 13,380 18,880 23,764 28,130 44,470 62,673 72,576 78,802 83,077 86,195 88,570 81,730 91,947 93,190 94,233 95,120 95,884 96,548
36 13,823 19,476 24,482 28,946 45,562 63,903 73,806 80,006 84,252 87,342 89,692 82,692 93,029 94,256 95,285 96,160 96,912 97,567
40 15,592 21,841 27,316 32,151 49,773 68,561 78,430 84,512 88,636 91,617 93,872 86,273 97,057 98,223 99,198 100,026 100,737 101,355
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 75 mm average face width.

C-102
 PAES 306:2000

Table 11 – Power ratings* of 8.0 module spur gears, watts

Number rpm (driver)
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 6,586 9,605 12,461 15,167 26,814 43,523 54,935 63,223 69,516 74,456 78,438 75,076 84,461 86,793 88,800 90,544 92,074 93,428
12 7,647 11,126 14,403 17,493 30,648 49,115 61,458 70,291 76,925 82,089 86,224 82,162 92,432 94,821 96,870 98,646 100,201 101,573
13 8,780 12,745 16,462 19,954 34,654 54,865 68,105 77,451 84,399 89,768 94,041 89,258 100,415 102,855 104,941 106,745 108,321 109,709
14 9,948 14,407 18,568 22,461 38,681 60,540 74,591 84,383 91,598 97,134 101,517 96,014 108,016 110,492 112,603 114,425 116,014 117,411
15 11,104 16,044 20,635 24,912 42,552 65,874 80,598 90,740 98,150 103,801 108,253 102,061 114,819 117,309 119,428 121,254 122,843 124,238
16 12,029 17,342 22,258 26,819 45,447 69,626 84,636 94,862 102,275 107,897 112,306 105,581 118,778 121,223 123,300 125,086 126,638 127,999
17 13,018 18,727 23,986 28,847 48,507 73,581 88,900 99,228 106,664 112,272 116,654 109,384 123,057 125,467 127,511 129,265 130,788 132,122
18 13,987 20,077 25,664 30,807 51,417 77,262 92,813 103,198 110,625 116,200 120,539 112,761 126,856 129,226 131,232 132,951 134,442 135,747
19 14,977 21,451 27,366 32,791 54,332 80,908 96,669 107,101 114,515 120,056 124,354 116,078 130,587 132,919 134,890 136,578 138,039 139,316
20 15,987 22,849 29,092 34,797 57,251 84,521 100,473 110,943 118,342 123,848 128,106 119,343 134,260 136,556 138,494 140,152 141,585 142,838
21 17,069 24,344 30,936 36,938 60,358 88,374 104,550 115,083 122,487 127,975 132,207 122,937 138,305 140,574 142,487 144,121 145,533 146,766
22 17,957 25,557 32,417 38,640 62,719 91,107 107,295 117,756 125,073 130,478 134,634 124,982 140,605 142,822 144,689 146,282 147,658 148,858
24 19,752 27,997 35,380 42,032 67,357 96,400 112,580 122,893 130,041 135,287 139,300 128,923 145,038 147,159 148,942 150,460 151,770 152,910
25 20,780 29,395 37,081 43,980 70,048 99,551 115,810 126,108 133,216 138,416 142,387 131,600 148,050 150,140 151,894 153,387 154,674 155,795
27 22,749 32,053 40,292 47,638 74,984 105,168 121,466 131,668 138,656 143,742 147,610 136,090 153,102 155,122 156,815 158,254 159,492 160,570
28 23,681 33,301 41,789 49,333 77,211 107,619 123,881 134,006 140,917 145,934 149,742 137,902 155,139 157,122 158,781 160,192 161,405 162,459
30 25,562 35,808 44,784 52,711 81,601 112,404 128,584 138,555 145,317 150,204 153,900 141,442 159,122 161,034 162,633 163,990 165,157 166,169
32 27,502 38,381 47,846 56,154 86,030 117,210 133,317 143,153 149,783 154,555 158,154 145,087 163,223 165,074 166,620 167,931 169,057 170,034
33 28,481 39,675 49,379 57,872 88,219 119,569 135,635 145,404 151,972 156,690 160,243 146,880 165,240 167,063 168,585 169,874 170,981 171,941
35 30,437 42,247 52,416 61,264 92,490 124,121 140,092 149,724 156,167 160,779 164,243 150,313 169,102 170,872 172,347 173,596 174,667 175,596
36 31,413 43,524 53,918 62,936 94,571 126,317 142,232 151,795 158,175 162,736 166,158 151,956 170,950 172,694 174,147 175,377 176,431 177,345
40 35,292 48,562 59,805 69,452 102,534 134,588 150,244 159,522 165,660 170,021 173,280 158,066 177,824 179,472 180,842 182,001 182,992 183,851
* Based on steel designation 1045, 20° pressure angle and 100 mm average face width.

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PAES 306:2000

7.3 Service factors

Selection of gears is based on type of load and the method of lubrication. Service factors for
type of load and type of lubrication are given in Tables 12 and 13 respectively. The service is
computed as follows:

Service factor = service factor for load + service factor for lubrication...……....[Eq. 1]

Table 12 – Additional service factors for type of load

Hours of operation per
Uniform loading Light shock Heavy shock
day
8-10 1.0 1.2 1.4
11-16 1.1 1.3 1.5
17-24 1.2. 1.4 1.6

Table 13 – Service factors for type of lubrication

Type of lubrication Service factor
Intermittent 0.7
Grease 0.4
Oil, drip 0.2
Oil, bath 0

7.4 Minimum number of teeth

The minimum number of teeth to mesh with another gear is shown on Figure 5.
20
Minimum number of teeth in gear 1 ( 1 )

19

18

17

16

15
Interference
14 region
13

12
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of teeth in gear 2 ( 2 )
Fig. 5 – Minimum number of teeth for 20° full-depth

7.5 Gear ratio

7.5.1 Definition

Gear ratio is the ratio between the number of teeth of the driver and the driven gear (see
Equation 2).

t2
Gear ratio = …………………………………………………………………..[Eq.2]
t1

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 PAES 306:2000

7.5.2 Hunting tooth gear ratio

7.5.2.1 When using a hunting tooth gear ratio, a particular tooth in the pinion must mesh once
with every tooth on the meshing gear when the pinion has completed as many revolutions as
the number of teeth in the meshing gear. This is done in order to distribute the wear more
evenly.

7.5.2.2 In a hunting tooth gear ratio, the teeth in a pair of meshing gears are such that they do
not have a common divisor. Hunting tooth gear ratios are obtained by having the sum of the
teeth in each pair equal to a prime number.

7.5.2.3 Hunting tooth is used when both gears are hardened or hardened and ground. It is
also used for gear pairs that are subjected to high cyclic loads.

7.6 Design power

The required power is computed as follows:

Design power = Power to be transmitted x service factor……………………….[Eq. 3]

7.7 Center distance

Desired center distance given the module and speed ratio can be computed using the
following equation:

module(t1 + t 2 )
Center distance = ………………………………………………[Eq. 4]
2

8 Markings

8.1 The following information shall be marked on the gear:

a) Type

b) Module

c) Number of teeth

d) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

8.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

e) Type

f) Module

g) Number of teeth

h) Manufacturer’s name, trademark and address

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PAES 306:2000

9 Safety

9.1 Enclosing the drive with covers is recommended for safety and to avoid foreign
materials from getting in contact with the drive.

9.2 Make drive inspection on a periodic basis. Inspect gears for wear and tear, for quality
of lubricant, and for its alignment. Tightness of keys and setscrews should also be inspected
periodically.

9.3 Use gears with proper markings.

9.4 Use proper keys as specified in PAES 304:2000, Keys and Keyways for Agricultural
Machines.

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 PAES 306:2000

Annex A
(Informative)

Example of spur gear drive selection

A.1 Given parameters

A drive is desired for 1,500 W, 200 rpm drive shaft to 70 rpm driven shaft to operate at
11—16 h/day and at a center distance of approximately 80 mm, with light shock load and
with drip lubrication.

A.2 Speed ratio

The speed ratio is computed as

n1
Speed ratio =
n2

where:
n1 = rpm of driver gear
n2 = rpm of driven gear

n1 200
Speed ratio = = = 2.0
n 2 100

A.3 Service factor

From Table 12 and 13, the service factor for load and lubrication are 1.3 and 0.2 respectively.
Thus, the service factor is computed as:

Service factor = 1.3 + 0.2 = 1.5

A.4 Design power

The design power is computed as:

Design power = 1,500 W x 1.5 = 2,250 W

A.5 Module and number of teeth of driving gear

A.5.1 Selection of the module and number of teeth shall be based on the design power of the
drive, the gear with the next higher power rating to the design power can be considered
suitable for the drive (assuming an allowable 10% deviation of the design power to the power
rating).

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PAES 306:2000

A.5.2 Given a driving gear rpm of 200 and the design power, a gear with a power rating that
surpasses the design power can be selected by scanning through Tables 3-11. Table A.1
presents the gears that are suitable for the drive based on power rating.

Table A.1 – Summary of gear selection data

Number of teeth Center distance,
Module Power rating, watts
Driver Driven mm
1 35 70 2.0 2,286 105.00
2 36 72 2.0 2,357 108.00
3 20 40 2.5 2,366 75.00

A.6 Number of teeth of driven gear

The number of teeth of the driven gear is computed using the following equation (see Table
A.1 for computed values):

t2
Gear ratio =
t1

where: t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear

t1 = number of teeth of the driver gear
Gear ratio = speed ratio

A.7 Center distance

The center distance can be computed as follows (see Table A.1 for computed values):

Center distance =
(
module t1 + t2 )
2

A.8 Gear selection

Since the requirement for center distance is approximately 80 mm, the most suitable for the
drive is a gear of module 2.5 and 20 teeth (driver gear) since it conforms to both the design
power and the requirement for the center distance.

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 307: 2001
Engineering Materials – Helical Gears for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of the AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards. It
provides specifications and proper application of drives using helical gears.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered:

Browning power transmission equipment. 1975. Catalog number 8.

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Dodge design manual

Faires, V. M. 1969. Design of Machine Elements. Macmillan Company, New York USA.

Horton, H. L. (Ed.) 1984. Machinery’s handbook. 23rd Edition. Industrial Press Inc, New
York.

PNS 375:1991, Helical gears for general engineering – Shapes and dimensions.

Shigley, Joseph, E. 1977. Mechanical engineering design. 3rd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, USA.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 307:2001
Engineering Materials – Helical Gears for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications

1 Scope

This standard establishes specifications and provides sufficient technical data for the proper
application of helical gears for agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative reference contains provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this standard:

PAES 304: 2000, Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

3 Application

Helical gears can be used in transmitting motion and power between two shafts in the same or
in opposite directions. They can also be used in transmitting linear motion. Helical gears are
used for higher speed application due to more quiet operation. For the purpose of this
standard, only transmission of power between shafts of opposite directions shall be discussed.

4 Definitions

4.1
helical gear
cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational motion and power
between two parallel axes (Fig. 1)

Figure 1 – Helical gear

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 PAES 307:2001

4.2
gear tooth
each of the projecting parts of a gear which is intended to ensure, by contact with the teeth of
another gear, that one gear turns the other

4.3
module
quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of the
diametral pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)

4.4
normal module
quotient of the normal circular pitch (expressed in millimeters)and the number π, where the
normal circular pitch is the product of the circular pitch and the cosine of the helix angle

4.5
pitch circle
line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear (see
Fig. 2)

4.6
addendum
radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle (see Fig. 2)

4.7
addendum circle
circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth (see Fig. 2)

Ad dth
d en wi
du ce
m Fa
cir
cle
Wo
rki Pitc
ng h c
-d ir
De epth cle Tooth element
den cir
du cle
m
cir
Ba cle
se
cir
cle
Sp idth
W
ac
e Thick

Helix angle
To ness
ot h

De
den
d
Cle um
ara
nce

Ad
de
Wo ndum
rki
ng
Wh dep
ole th
dep
th

Figure 2 – Nomenclature of helical gears

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PAES 307:2001

4.8
dedendum
radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle (see Fig. 2)

4.9
dedendum circle
line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear
(see Fig.2)

4.10
clearance
amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its meshing gear
(Fig. 2)

4.11
pitch diameter
diameter of the pitch circle

4.12
addendum diameter
diameter of the addendum circle

4.13
dedendum diameter
diameter of the of the dedendum circle

4.14
tooth depth
radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle

4.15
circular pitch
length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding points of adjacent
teeth

4.16
normal circular pitch
length of the arc, living between the tooth traces of two consecutive corresponding flanks of a
cylindrical normal helix

4.17
tooth thickness
width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch (Fig.2)

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 PAES 307:2001

4.18
tooth space
space between teeth measured along the pitch circle (Fig.2)

4.19
backlash
difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness

4.20
face width
width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the
reference cylinder (see Fig. 2)

4.21
tooth flank
portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root surface (Fig. 2)

4.22
pressure angle
pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle (see Fig. 3)

rcle
circle
Base ci
Pitch

Pressure
angle
rcle
rcle
Pitch ci
Base ci

Figure 3 – Pressure angle and base circle

4.23
normal pressure angle
pressure angle at a point on a tooth trace

4.24
helix
curve whose tangents are inclined at a constant angle to the axis of the cylinder

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PAES 307:2001

4.25
normal helix
in a cylinder on which helix is considered, a helix which is perpendicular to that helix

4.26
helix angle
acute angle between the tooth trace and the generator of any imaginary cylinder or cone
coaxial with a gear whose tooth trace is under consideration

4.27
base circle
of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the tooth profiles
(see Fig. 3)

4.28
tooth profile
the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the reference surface

4.29
tooth trace
the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface

4.30
involute cylindrical gear
a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc of an involute to a circle (See
Fig. 4)

4.31
involute to a circle
a plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating line"), which rolls out
without slip on the base circle (Fig. 4)

Base Circle
Involute
A4
A3 B4
A2 B3
A1 B2
B1
A0

Figure 4 – Construction of an involute curve

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 PAES 307:2001

5 Classification

Helical gears shall be classified according to its shape into 6 types: A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, and
C2 (see Figure 5). A1, B1, and C1 are available as cold-rolled steel while A2, B2, and C2 are
available as cast steel.

A1 B1 C1

Figure 5 – Helical gear types

6 Materials

Helical gear materials discussed in this standard are of AISI designation C1045 and 4140 (as
hot-rolled), its mechanical properties are in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 – Mechanical Properties of helical gear materials

AISI No. Ultimate tensile strength, MPa Brinell hardness number
C1045 586-724 175-215
4140 621-689 185-210

7 Recommended design practices

7.1 Calculation of gear dimensions

Table 2 specifies the formulas for calculating the different dimensions of standard helical
gears.

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PAES 307:2001

Table 2 – Helical gear calculations

To obtain Method Formula
Divide the number of teeth by the
product of the normal diametral T
Pitch diameter PD =
pitch and the cosine of the helix NPxCos a
angle
Add twice the addendum to the
Outside diameter OD = PD + 2Add
pitch diameter
Divide the sum of the pitch PD1 + PD2
Center distance
diameters by two CD =
2
Divide 1 by the normal diametral 1
Addendum Add =
pitch NP
Multiply 2.157 by the normal W = 2.175 × Normal module
Whole depth of tooth
module
Normal tooth thickness at pitch Multiply 1.157 by the normal TP = 1.157 × Normal module
line module
Circular pitch
Divide the circular pitch by π
π
Module
Divide the pitch diameter by the Pitch diameter
number of teeth Number of teeth
Divide the number of teeth by the PD × Cos a
Normal module product of the pitch diameter and Normal Module =
the cosine of the helix angle T

7.2 Power ratings

7.2.1 Power ratings presented in this standard are based on module facewidth, and pressure
angle shown in Table 3. For the purpose of this standard, only power ratings of helical gears
made of AISI steel designation C1045 shall be presented.

Table 3 – Standard modules and face width

Module,
1.25 1.5 2.0 2.50 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
mm/tooth
Face width, mm 16 19 25 32 38 50 63 75 100
Pressure angle, ° 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

7.2.2. Tables 4 to 12 present power ratings for helical gears with 30° helix angle. Helical
gears with 30° helix angle have a higher power rating as compared to helical gears with 45°
helix angle.

7.2.3 Tables 13 to 21 present power ratings of helical gears with 45° helix angle. This type
of helical gear is used for parallel gears and can operate at 90°, however its power is limited
and is used for transmission of motion only.

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 PAES 307:2001

Table 4 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 1.25 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 89 132 174 215 408 740 1,015 1,246 1,444 1,615 1,764 1,787 2,011 2,115 2,208 2,292 2,368 2,438
12 100 148 195 241 455 817 1,114 1,360 1,568 1,747 1,901 1,916 2,155 2,261 2,356 2,441 2,518 2,588
13 111 164 216 267 501 894 1,210 1,470 1,688 1,873 2,032 2,037 2,292 2,399 2,494 2,580 2,657 2,727
14 119 176 232 286 535 947 1,274 1,541 1,762 1,948 2,107 2,101 2,364 2,470 2,563 2,647 2,722 2,790
15 131 193 253 312 582 1,026 1,375 1,657 1,890 2,085 2,251 2,238 2,518 2,627 2,724 2,810 2,887 2,957
16 141 209 274 337 626 1,095 1,460 1,751 1,989 2,188 2,356 2,333 2,625 2,734 2,830 2,915 2,992 3,061
17 152 225 295 362 669 1,163 1,541 1,841 2,084 2,286 2,455 2,421 2,724 2,833 2,928 3,013 3,088 3,156
18 163 241 315 387 712 1,229 1,621 1,928 2,175 2,379 2,549 2,505 2,818 2,926 3,021 3,105 3,179 3,246
19 174 256 335 411 754 1,292 1,695 2,009 2,259 2,464 2,635 2,580 2,903 3,010 3,104 3,187 3,260 3,326
20 185 272 356 436 796 1,354 1,768 2,087 2,340 2,546 2,717 2,653 2,984 3,090 3,183 3,265 3,337 3,402
21 193 283 370 454 826 1,400 1,822 2,145 2,401 2,608 2,779 2,708 3,046 3,152 3,244 3,326 3,398 3,462
22 204 299 390 477 865 1,458 1,888 2,216 2,473 2,681 2,851 2,770 3,116 3,221 3,312 3,392 3,463 3,526
24 225 329 429 524 943 1,569 2,015 2,349 2,609 2,816 2,985 2,885 3,246 3,348 3,436 3,514 3,582 3,643
25 236 345 449 548 982 1,624 2,077 2,414 2,674 2,881 3,049 2,940 3,307 3,408 3,495 3,572 3,639 3,698
27 254 371 482 588 1,046 1,714 2,178 2,518 2,779 2,985 3,153 3,028 3,407 3,506 3,591 3,665 3,731 3,788
28 264 386 501 610 1,081 1,762 2,231 2,572 2,833 3,038 3,204 3,071 3,455 3,552 3,636 3,709 3,773 3,830
30 285 415 538 654 1,151 1,856 2,332 2,675 2,934 3,137 3,300 3,151 3,545 3,639 3,721 3,791 3,853 3,908
32 306 444 575 698 1,219 1,946 2,428 2,772 3,030 3,230 3,389 3,226 3,629 3,721 3,799 3,868 3,927 3,980
33 313 455 588 713 1,243 1,977 2,462 2,807 3,064 3,263 3,422 3,253 3,660 3,751 3,829 3,897 3,956 4,008
35 334 484 625 756 1,309 2,063 2,553 2,897 3,152 3,349 3,505 3,322 3,737 3,826 3,902 3,967 4,024 4,074
36 344 498 642 777 1,341 2,103 2,595 2,939 3,193 3,387 3,542 3,352 3,771 3,859 3,933 3,998 4,054 4,103
40 381 549 706 852 1,452 2,241 2,737 3,077 3,325 3,514 3,662 3,450 3,881 3,964 4,035 4,095 4,148 4,195
* Based on AISI designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 16 mm average face width.

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PAES 307:2001

Table 5 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 1.5 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 152 224 295 364 684 1,220 1,650 2,005 2,301 2,552 2,768 2,774 3,121 3,266 3,396 3,512 3,616 3,711
12 170 251 330 407 760 1,343 1,805 2,179 2,489 2,750 2,972 2,961 3,331 3,478 3,608 3,725 3,829 3,923
13 189 279 366 450 837 1,465 1,955 2,348 2,669 2,937 3,165 3,136 3,528 3,676 3,807 3,923 4,027 4,120
14 203 299 392 482 891 1,548 2,053 2,452 2,776 3,044 3,269 3,224 3,627 3,772 3,899 4,012 4,113 4,203
15 222 327 428 526 969 1,674 2,210 2,631 2,971 3,250 3,485 3,427 3,855 4,004 4,135 4,251 4,354 4,446
16 240 354 463 568 1,041 1,783 2,340 2,772 3,118 3,401 3,636 3,561 4,006 4,154 4,284 4,398 4,499 4,590
17 259 380 497 609 1,111 1,889 2,464 2,906 3,257 3,542 3,778 3,686 4,147 4,293 4,421 4,534 4,634 4,723
18 277 407 531 651 1,181 1,992 2,584 3,035 3,389 3,676 3,912 3,803 4,279 4,424 4,550 4,661 4,759 4,847
19 295 433 565 691 1,248 2,090 2,696 3,154 3,511 3,798 4,034 3,909 4,398 4,541 4,665 4,774 4,871 4,956
20 314 460 599 731 1,314 2,186 2,805 3,269 3,628 3,916 4,150 4,010 4,511 4,652 4,775 4,882 4,976 5,060
21 327 479 623 761 1,363 2,256 2,886 3,354 3,716 4,004 4,239 4,087 4,598 4,739 4,861 4,967 5,060 5,143
22 345 504 656 800 1,426 2,344 2,985 3,457 3,820 4,107 4,340 4,174 4,695 4,834 4,953 5,058 5,149 5,231
24 381 556 721 877 1,550 2,514 3,172 3,650 4,013 4,297 4,526 4,331 4,873 5,007 5,123 5,223 5,311 5,389
25 399 581 753 916 1,611 2,597 3,263 3,743 4,105 4,388 4,615 4,407 4,958 5,090 5,203 5,302 5,388 5,464
27 430 625 808 981 1,713 2,733 3,411 3,893 4,254 4,535 4,759 4,528 5,094 5,223 5,333 5,429 5,513 5,586
28 447 649 839 1,017 1,769 2,806 3,487 3,970 4,329 4,607 4,828 4,586 5,159 5,285 5,394 5,488 5,569 5,642
30 481 698 899 1,088 1,877 2,945 3,634 4,115 4,470 4,743 4,959 4,693 5,280 5,402 5,507 5,597 5,676 5,745
32 516 746 960 1,159 1,984 3,079 3,772 4,252 4,602 4,870 5,081 4,794 5,393 5,512 5,612 5,699 5,775 5,841
33 528 763 981 1,184 2,021 3,125 3,821 4,300 4,650 4,916 5,126 4,831 5,435 5,553 5,652 5,738 5,813 5,879
35 563 811 1,041 1,254 2,124 3,252 3,951 4,427 4,772 5,034 5,239 4,924 5,539 5,653 5,749 5,832 5,904 5,968
36 580 835 1,070 1,288 2,173 3,311 4,011 4,485 4,827 5,086 5,288 4,964 5,585 5,697 5,791 5,873 5,944 6,006
40 641 919 1,174 1,408 2,344 3,512 4,210 4,675 5,007 5,256 5,449 5,094 5,731 5,836 5,925 6,001 6,068 6,126
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 19 mm average face width.

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 PAES 307:2001

Table 6 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 2.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 351 518 678 834 1,537 2,661 3,517 4,191 4,736 5,186 5,563 5,476 6,161 6,401 6,613 6,800 6,967 7,116
12 394 579 758 930 1,703 2,916 3,824 4,528 5,091 5,551 5,933 5,808 6,534 6,774 6,984 7,170 7,334 7,482
13 437 642 838 1,027 1,869 3,166 4,119 4,849 5,426 5,894 6,280 6,117 6,882 7,121 7,329 7,512 7,674 7,818
14 469 688 898 1,098 1,985 3,330 4,301 5,036 5,611 6,073 6,452 6,257 7,039 7,270 7,471 7,647 7,803 7,942
15 513 751 979 1,197 2,154 3,590 4,616 5,386 5,984 6,463 6,855 6,629 7,457 7,694 7,899 8,079 8,237 8,378
16 555 812 1,056 1,289 2,306 3,808 4,863 5,646 6,250 6,729 7,119 6,858 7,716 7,949 8,150 8,326 8,481 8,618
17 597 872 1,133 1,381 2,455 4,017 5,098 5,892 6,498 6,977 7,365 7,070 7,954 8,183 8,381 8,553 8,704 8,838
18 639 932 1,209 1,472 2,601 4,219 5,324 6,125 6,734 7,211 7,596 7,269 8,177 8,402 8,596 8,764 8,912 9,043
19 681 991 1,284 1,560 2,741 4,410 5,533 6,340 6,948 7,422 7,803 7,445 8,376 8,597 8,786 8,951 9,095 9,222
20 722 1,050 1,358 1,649 2,880 4,596 5,735 6,546 7,153 7,624 8,001 7,613 8,565 8,781 8,967 9,128 9,268 9,392
21 753 1,093 1,413 1,713 2,981 4,732 5,885 6,700 7,308 7,779 8,154 7,746 8,714 8,928 9,112 9,271 9,410 9,532
22 793 1,151 1,485 1,798 3,112 4,902 6,065 6,882 7,487 7,953 8,323 7,887 8,873 9,083 9,263 9,418 9,553 9,672
24 874 1,264 1,627 1,965 3,364 5,224 6,404 7,219 7,816 8,272 8,632 8,145 9,163 9,365 9,536 9,684 9,813 9,927
25 915 1,321 1,698 2,049 3,489 5,380 6,566 7,380 7,973 8,424 8,779 8,268 9,301 9,499 9,667 9,812 9,938 10,048
27 984 1,417 1,818 2,188 3,695 5,635 6,830 7,641 8,227 8,670 9,016 8,466 9,524 9,716 9,879 10,018 10,140 10,246
28 1,023 1,471 1,884 2,265 3,806 5,768 6,965 7,770 8,350 8,787 9,129 8,558 9,627 9,815 9,974 10,110 10,229 10,333
30 1,100 1,578 2,015 2,418 4,023 6,023 7,219 8,015 8,583 9,008 9,339 8,728 9,819 9,999 10,152 10,282 10,395 10,494
32 1,178 1,684 2,145 2,568 4,233 6,265 7,459 8,244 8,800 9,214 9,535 8,888 9,999 10,172 10,318 10,443 10,551 10,646
33 1,205 1,721 2,191 2,620 4,307 6,351 7,544 8,327 8,879 9,290 9,608 8,949 10,067 10,238 10,383 10,506 10,613 10,706
35 1,282 1,827 2,319 2,767 4,509 6,579 7,767 8,539 9,080 9,480 9,788 9,095 10,232 10,397 10,536 10,655 10,757 10,847
36 1,320 1,878 2,381 2,838 4,604 6,684 7,868 8,633 9,168 9,563 9,867 9,158 10,303 10,465 10,602 10,718 10,818 10,906
40 1,454 2,059 2,600 3,087 4,933 7,036 8,202 8,943 9,456 9,832 10,119 9,359 10,529 10,680 10,807 10,916 11,009 11,090
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 25 mm average face width.

C-11
PAES 307:2001

Table 7 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 2.5 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 696 1,022 1,334 1,633 2,960 4,985 6,458 7,578 8,458 9,168 9,753 9,474 10,659 11,017 11,328 11,602 11,844 12,059
12 780 1,142 1,488 1,818 3,269 5,441 6,987 8,145 9,044 9,763 10,350 10,002 11,253 11,607 11,914 12,182 12,419 12,629
13 864 1,264 1,643 2,004 3,576 5,882 7,493 8,682 9,595 10,319 10,907 10,491 11,803 12,152 12,454 12,717 12,949 13,154
14 928 1,354 1,757 2,139 3,788 6,163 7,791 8,977 9,879 10,588 11,161 10,692 12,028 12,364 12,653 12,905 13,126 13,322
15 1,014 1,477 1,915 2,329 4,103 6,628 8,339 9,574 10,509 11,240 11,828 11,301 12,714 13,057 13,351 13,607 13,831 14,029
16 1,096 1,594 2,063 2,504 4,381 7,005 8,752 9,999 10,934 11,661 12,243 11,657 13,114 13,449 13,737 13,986 14,203 14,396
17 1,178 1,710 2,209 2,678 4,651 7,364 9,142 10,397 11,330 12,052 12,626 11,984 13,482 13,809 14,090 14,332 14,544 14,730
18 1,260 1,826 2,355 2,850 4,916 7,711 9,514 10,774 11,704 12,418 12,984 12,289 13,825 14,145 14,418 14,655 14,860 15,042
19 1,341 1,940 2,497 3,016 5,168 8,034 9,856 11,116 12,040 12,746 13,304 12,558 14,127 14,440 14,707 14,937 15,137 15,312
20 1,422 2,053 2,638 3,182 5,417 8,348 10,185 11,444 12,362 13,059 13,608 12,813 14,415 14,721 14,981 15,204 15,399 15,570
21 1,481 2,135 2,741 3,303 5,598 8,580 10,431 11,693 12,608 13,302 13,847 13,019 14,646 14,948 15,205 15,425 15,617 15,785
22 1,560 2,245 2,877 3,461 5,830 8,863 10,722 11,979 12,885 13,569 14,103 13,232 14,886 15,180 15,430 15,645 15,831 15,995
24 1,717 2,462 3,144 3,772 6,277 9,397 11,263 12,505 13,391 14,055 14,571 13,618 15,321 15,602 15,839 16,043 16,219 16,374
25 1,796 2,571 3,278 3,926 6,496 9,655 11,523 12,757 13,633 14,287 14,794 13,803 15,528 15,803 16,035 16,234 16,406 16,556
27 1,928 2,753 3,501 4,183 6,856 10,074 11,942 13,162 14,022 14,661 15,154 14,102 15,865 16,130 16,353 16,544 16,709 16,854
28 2,003 2,854 3,625 4,325 7,049 10,289 12,151 13,360 14,208 14,836 15,320 14,236 16,016 16,275 16,493 16,679 16,840 16,980
30 2,151 3,055 3,868 4,603 7,423 10,700 12,547 13,732 14,557 15,165 15,631 14,487 16,298 16,545 16,753 16,931 17,084 17,217
32 2,299 3,254 4,108 4,875 7,783 11,089 12,919 14,080 14,883 15,471 15,920 14,721 16,562 16,798 16,997 17,167 17,313 17,440
33 2,351 3,324 4,192 4,971 7,909 11,227 13,052 14,207 15,004 15,586 16,031 14,813 16,665 16,899 17,095 17,262 17,406 17,531
35 2,498 3,521 4,428 5,237 8,253 11,590 13,396 14,527 15,303 15,868 16,298 15,029 16,908 17,133 17,321 17,481 17,619 17,739
36 2,570 3,616 4,541 5,364 8,414 11,756 13,550 14,669 15,434 15,990 16,413 15,121 17,012 17,232 17,416 17,573 17,708 17,825
40 2,825 3,953 4,939 5,809 8,965 12,308 14,056 15,130 15,857 16,381 16,778 15,411 17,338 17,543 17,714 17,859 17,984 18,092
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 32 mm average face width.

C-12
 PAES 307:2001

Table 8 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 3.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 1,180 1,725 2,243 2,736 3,252 8,018 10,209 11,824 13,065 14,047 14,844 14,275 16,059 16,533 16,941 17,298 17,611 17,889
12 1,321 1,926 2,499 3,041 3,582 8,718 10,999 12,655 13,912 14,898 15,693 15,017 16,895 17,360 17,760 18,108 18,413 18,683
13 1,463 2,128 2,755 3,346 3,908 9,391 11,750 13,437 14,704 15,691 16,480 15,703 17,666 18,122 18,513 18,852 19,149 19,411
14 1,569 2,278 2,942 3,566 4,129 9,807 12,175 13,846 15,089 16,049 16,813 15,959 17,953 18,390 18,763 19,086 19,368 19,616
15 1,713 2,483 3,203 3,877 4,465 10,525 13,001 14,735 16,017 17,003 17,784 16,841 18,946 19,389 19,768 20,095 20,380 20,631
16 1,851 2,677 3,446 4,163 4,755 11,089 13,603 15,342 16,617 17,592 18,361 17,331 19,498 19,930 20,297 20,614 20,891 21,133
17 1,988 2,869 3,686 4,444 5,037 11,624 14,168 15,908 17,174 18,135 18,891 17,780 20,003 20,423 20,781 21,088 21,356 21,591
18 2,125 3,060 3,924 4,723 5,312 12,138 14,704 16,441 17,696 18,644 19,386 18,198 20,473 20,883 21,230 21,529 21,788 22,016
19 2,260 3,247 4,154 4,991 5,573 12,615 15,193 16,923 18,164 19,097 19,825 18,565 20,886 21,285 21,622 21,912 22,163 22,383
20 2,394 3,433 4,384 5,258 5,828 13,075 15,663 17,383 18,609 19,528 20,241 18,914 21,278 21,666 21,995 22,276 22,520 22,733
21 2,492 3,568 4,551 5,452 6,015 13,417 16,017 17,736 18,956 19,867 20,574 19,198 21,598 21,981 22,305 22,582 22,821 23,031
22 2,623 3,748 4,771 5,705 6,252 13,829 16,428 18,132 19,335 20,230 20,922 19,486 21,922 22,294 22,609 22,878 23,111 23,314
24 2,883 4,102 5,202 6,200 6,705 14,601 17,188 18,860 20,028 20,891 21,555 20,007 22,508 22,861 23,159 23,413 23,633 23,824
25 3,013 4,279 5,417 6,445 6,926 14,972 17,552 19,207 20,359 21,206 21,857 20,256 22,788 23,133 23,423 23,671 23,884 24,070
27 3,232 4,574 5,774 6,852 7,289 15,573 18,139 19,767 20,892 21,716 22,345 20,661 23,244 23,576 23,854 24,092 24,296 24,474
28 3,354 4,739 5,971 7,074 7,482 15,879 18,428 20,035 21,142 21,950 22,567 20,839 23,444 23,768 24,039 24,270 24,469 24,642
30 3,598 5,063 6,358 7,510 7,853 16,459 18,971 20,539 21,610 22,388 22,980 21,172 23,818 24,126 24,385 24,604 24,793 24,957
32 3,840 5,383 6,738 7,936 8,210 17,006 19,480 21,008 22,046 22,797 23,365 21,483 24,168 24,463 24,709 24,918 25,098 25,254
33 3,924 5,495 6,871 8,084 8,334 17,201 19,665 21,182 22,210 22,953 23,515 21,607 24,308 24,598 24,841 25,047 25,224 25,378
35 4,165 5,811 7,242 8,498 8,672 17,709 20,135 21,615 22,612 23,329 23,871 21,895 24,632 24,911 25,143 25,340 25,509 25,656
36 4,281 5,962 7,419 8,694 8,830 17,940 20,344 21,805 22,786 23,491 24,022 22,017 24,769 25,041 25,269 25,461 25,627 25,770
40 4,696 6,498 8,041 9,378 9,364 18,702 21,024 22,416 23,344 24,006 24,502 22,397 25,197 25,449 25,660 25,838 25,990 26,122
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 38 mm average face width.

C-13
PAES 307:2001

Table 9 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 4.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 2,713 3,935 5,078 6,150 10,642 16,766 20,744 23,537 25,606 27,199 28,465 26,975 30,347 31,066 31,680 32,211 32,674 33,082
12 3,032 4,383 5,641 6,814 11,665 18,112 22,202 25,028 27,098 28,679 29,926 28,238 31,768 32,467 33,063 33,576 34,023 34,416
13 3,353 4,833 6,203 7,474 12,663 19,396 23,574 26,420 28,483 30,047 31,274 29,399 33,074 33,754 34,332 34,828 35,260 35,638
14 3,590 5,161 6,606 7,940 13,320 20,143 24,291 27,079 29,082 30,590 31,767 29,764 33,484 34,130 34,677 35,147 35,554 35,911
15 3,916 5,619 7,180 8,616 14,361 21,542 25,851 28,724 30,776 32,315 33,512 31,337 35,254 35,907 36,459 36,933 37,343 37,702
16 4,225 6,045 7,705 9,224 15,231 22,584 26,916 29,772 31,795 33,304 34,473 32,147 36,166 36,798 37,332 37,789 38,184 38,530
17 4,532 6,466 8,220 9,819 16,067 23,567 27,909 30,740 32,733 34,212 35,352 32,886 36,997 37,609 38,126 38,567 38,948 39,281
18 4,837 6,883 8,730 10,404 16,878 24,501 28,844 31,649 33,610 35,058 36,171 33,573 37,770 38,364 38,864 39,290 39,658 39,979
19 5,135 7,288 9,221 10,965 17,640 25,359 29,690 32,461 34,387 35,803 36,889 34,171 38,442 39,017 39,501 39,913 40,268 40,578
20 5,434 7,691 9,707 11,520 18,383 26,183 30,497 33,234 35,126 36,511 37,570 34,738 39,080 39,638 40,107 40,506 40,849 41,149
21 5,651 7,984 10,062 11,924 18,929 26,801 31,115 33,838 35,713 37,084 38,128 35,215 39,617 40,165 40,626 41,018 41,355 41,649
22 5,939 8,370 10,524 12,446 19,608 27,528 31,810 34,494 36,333 37,671 38,690 35,677 40,137 40,669 41,115 41,494 41,821 42,105
24 6,508 9,126 11,424 13,458 20,896 28,876 33,087 35,690 37,458 38,738 39,706 36,512 41,076 41,578 41,998 42,354 42,661 42,927
25 6,793 9,503 11,870 13,956 21,521 29,521 33,696 36,260 37,995 39,247 40,193 36,914 41,528 42,016 42,424 42,770 43,068 43,326
27 7,270 10,129 12,609 14,779 22,539 30,563 34,678 37,181 38,864 40,074 40,985 37,570 42,266 42,733 43,124 43,454 43,738 43,984
28 7,536 10,475 13,012 15,225 23,072 31,082 35,149 37,610 39,260 40,442 41,331 37,848 42,579 43,034 43,413 43,734 44,010 44,249
30 8,062 11,154 13,801 16,092 24,091 32,060 36,033 38,413 39,998 41,129 41,978 38,369 43,165 43,596 43,956 44,260 44,520 44,746
32 8,582 11,820 14,570 16,932 25,061 32,976 36,857 39,161 40,687 41,772 42,583 38,858 43,716 44,126 44,468 44,757 45,004 45,218
33 8,764 12,054 14,838 17,226 25,403 33,307 37,162 39,444 40,953 42,025 42,826 39,060 43,942 44,347 44,683 44,968 45,211 45,422
35 9,278 12,705 15,583 18,035 26,315 34,154 37,920 40,133 41,589 42,620 43,388 39,516 44,456 44,842 45,164 45,435 45,667 45,868
36 9,525 13,016 15,937 18,416 26,735 34,534 38,254 40,431 41,861 42,871 43,624 39,706 44,669 45,047 45,360 45,625 45,852 46,048
40 10,402 14,108 17,165 19,731 28,146 35,774 39,327 41,382 42,721 43,663 44,362 40,292 45,329 45,678 45,967 46,211 46,419 46,599
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 50 mm average face width.

C-14
 PAES 307:2001

Table 10 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 5.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 5,252 7,559 9,686 11,654 19,629 29,840 36,099 40,329 43,379 45,682 47,483 44,548 50,117 51,109 34,634 52,673 53,301 53,851
12 5,859 8,402 10,732 12,873 21,422 32,071 38,441 42,679 45,703 47,968 49,729 46,478 52,288 53,247 36,038 54,753 55,355 55,882
13 6,470 9,246 11,772 14,079 23,160 34,184 40,631 44,861 47,850 50,074 51,793 48,248 54,279 55,206 37,326 56,658 57,237 57,742
14 6,918 9,853 12,506 14,916 24,267 35,347 41,692 45,803 48,684 50,814 52,454 48,722 54,812 55,688 37,617 57,056 57,600 58,075
15 7,539 10,713 13,570 16,155 26,098 37,699 44,257 48,473 51,411 53,576 55,238 51,218 57,620 58,504 39,498 59,880 60,427 60,904
16 8,122 11,503 14,528 17,249 27,580 39,372 45,916 50,078 52,957 55,069 56,683 52,434 58,988 59,840 40,370 61,165 61,690 62,147
17 8,698 12,280 15,464 18,313 28,997 40,939 47,453 51,555 54,375 56,433 58,001 53,539 60,232 61,054 41,162 62,330 62,835 63,275
18 9,272 13,049 16,386 19,356 30,361 42,422 48,896 52,935 55,696 57,702 59,226 54,567 61,388 62,182 41,898 63,413 63,899 64,322
19 9,830 13,791 17,270 20,350 31,635 43,771 50,189 54,160 56,859 58,813 60,293 55,454 62,386 63,153 42,530 64,340 64,809 65,216
20 10,387 14,528 18,143 21,329 32,870 45,063 51,420 55,323 57,963 59,867 61,305 56,297 63,335 64,077 43,132 65,224 65,676 66,068
21 10,792 15,064 18,780 22,043 33,782 46,042 52,378 56,249 58,858 60,737 62,154 57,021 64,149 64,878 43,658 66,003 66,446 66,831
22 11,328 15,764 19,603 22,957 34,898 47,166 53,426 57,224 59,773 61,603 62,980 57,702 64,914 65,620 44,139 66,707 67,135 67,506
24 12,381 17,131 21,196 24,715 37,001 49,240 55,342 58,997 61,432 63,170 64,472 58,929 66,295 66,958 45,007 67,977 68,377 68,724
25 12,907 17,808 21,981 25,577 38,016 50,230 56,254 59,843 62,225 63,921 65,190 59,522 66,963 67,606 45,428 68,595 68,983 69,319
27 13,785 18,932 23,277 26,995 39,665 51,827 57,727 61,212 63,512 65,144 66,361 60,496 68,058 68,672 46,122 69,615 69,985 70,305
28 14,272 19,547 23,979 27,755 40,515 52,607 58,418 61,834 64,082 65,674 66,860 60,898 68,510 69,107 46,402 70,022 70,381 70,691
30 15,230 20,751 25,345 29,227 42,133 54,072 59,711 62,997 65,148 66,665 67,793 61,651 69,357 69,922 46,927 70,787 71,125 71,417
32 16,175 21,927 26,669 30,644 43,663 55,440 60,917 64,082 66,144 67,594 68,670 62,362 70,158 70,694 47,426 71,514 71,834 72,111
33 16,506 22,338 27,132 31,141 44,206 55,940 61,371 64,502 66,538 67,969 69,029 62,662 70,495 71,023 47,641 71,830 72,145 72,418
35 17,434 23,480 28,405 32,495 45,636 57,202 62,480 65,502 67,460 68,832 69,846 63,330 71,246 71,749 48,111 72,518 72,818 73,077
36 17,880 24,023 29,006 33,129 46,289 57,761 62,962 65,931 67,850 69,193 70,185 63,603 71,554 72,045 48,302 72,795 73,088 73,341
40 19,448 25,912 31,077 35,298 48,463 59,573 64,502 67,285 69,074 70,320 71,238 64,444 72,500 72,952 48,884 73,641 73,910 74,141
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 63 mm average face width.

C-15
PAES 307:2001

Table 11 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 6.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 8,854 12,650 16,103 19,256 31,652 46,675 55,448 61,199 65,260 68,281 70,616 65,768 73,989 75,248 76,309 77,217 78,002 78,688
12 9,862 14,034 17,798 21,212 34,412 49,955 58,809 64,527 68,526 71,478 73,748 68,452 77,008 78,218 79,237 80,107 80,858 81,512
13 10,875 15,413 19,477 23,137 37,071 53,042 61,937 67,606 71,534 74,416 76,622 70,910 79,774 80,940 81,919 82,753 83,472 84,099
14 11,613 16,395 20,645 24,449 38,712 54,654 63,351 68,827 72,592 75,339 77,432 71,477 80,411 81,509 82,429 83,212 83,886 84,473
15 12,643 17,804 22,369 26,436 41,545 58,165 67,115 72,709 76,537 79,321 81,436 75,057 84,439 85,543 86,468 87,255 87,931 88,520
16 13,601 19,081 23,895 28,157 43,770 60,562 69,441 74,935 78,669 81,373 83,420 76,726 86,316 87,378 88,266 89,020 89,669 90,232
17 14,548 20,334 25,382 29,825 45,886 62,794 71,587 76,976 80,618 83,243 85,226 78,241 88,021 89,043 89,897 90,621 91,243 91,783
18 15,487 21,570 26,840 31,451 47,914 64,899 73,595 78,880 82,432 84,983 86,904 79,648 89,604 90,590 91,412 92,109 92,707 93,226
19 16,398 22,758 28,233 32,995 49,795 66,801 75,383 80,558 84,018 86,495 88,355 80,857 90,964 91,914 92,706 93,377 93,952 94,450
20 17,305 23,933 29,603 34,509 51,613 68,617 77,083 82,150 85,524 87,931 89,735 82,008 92,259 93,176 93,941 94,587 95,141 95,621
21 17,964 24,790 30,604 35,615 52,961 70,009 78,424 83,438 86,767 89,138 90,912 83,014 93,390 94,290 95,039 95,673 96,215 96,685
22 18,833 25,902 31,886 37,017 54,588 71,573 79,856 84,761 88,004 90,307 92,028 83,935 94,426 95,296 96,019 96,630 97,154 97,607
24 20,534 28,060 34,357 39,701 57,634 74,447 82,466 87,160 90,242 92,421 94,043 85,596 96,296 97,110 97,787 98,358 98,846 99,269
25 21,381 29,127 35,569 41,012 59,098 75,816 83,710 88,306 91,315 93,438 95,015 86,403 97,203 97,993 98,648 99,202 99,675 100,084
27 22,791 30,890 37,564 43,160 61,473 78,026 85,720 90,166 93,062 95,098 96,608 87,731 98,698 99,450 100,075 100,601 101,051 101,440
28 23,568 31,849 38,636 44,301 62,681 79,086 86,645 90,994 93,820 95,803 97,271 88,267 99,301 100,031 100,637 101,148 101,584 101,960
30 25,096 33,719 40,713 46,500 64,971 81,074 88,375 92,541 95,235 97,120 98,513 89,274 100,434 101,123 101,695 102,176 102,587 102,942
32 26,596 35,536 42,716 48,609 67,129 82,928 89,987 93,987 96,563 98,360 99,685 90,230 101,508 102,162 102,704 103,159 103,548 103,883
33 27,120 36,172 43,418 49,349 67,899 83,614 90,604 94,557 97,098 98,870 100,175 90,641 101,971 102,614 103,147 103,595 103,977 104,307
35 28,586 37,927 45,333 51,350 69,905 85,321 92,090 95,894 98,331 100,026 101,272 91,541 102,984 103,597 104,103 104,530 104,893 105,206
36 29,287 38,757 46,232 52,282 70,815 86,070 92,729 96,461 98,847 100,505 101,724 91,907 103,395 103,993 104,488 104,903 105,258 105,563
40 31,742 41,630 49,309 55,446 73,822 88,485 94,759 98,242 100,457 101,990 103,114 93,024 104,652 105,202 105,655 106,036 106,361 106,641
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 75 mm average face width.

C-16
 PAES 307:2001

Table 12 – Power ratings* for 30° helix angle, 8.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 20,608 29,033 36,491 43,142 67,884 95,177 109,906 119,124 125,436 130,029 133,521 123,094 138,480 140,304 141,833 143,132 144,250 145,223
12 22,891 32,086 40,150 47,280 73,322 101,188 115,867 124,928 131,078 135,527 138,893 127,690 143,651 145,395 146,853 148,090 149,154 150,078
13 25,170 35,109 43,745 51,320 78,509 106,799 121,378 130,270 136,259 140,567 143,815 131,899 148,387 150,056 151,451 152,632 153,647 154,527
14 26,804 37,211 46,174 53,975 81,520 109,447 123,556 132,069 137,764 141,841 144,905 132,624 149,202 150,766 152,071 153,176 154,123 154,945
15 29,130 40,315 49,893 58,188 87,173 116,087 130,516 139,166 144,928 149,042 152,127 139,062 156,445 158,014 159,322 160,428 161,377 162,199
16 31,256 43,061 53,086 61,705 91,379 120,306 134,498 142,929 148,515 152,487 155,458 141,869 159,603 161,106 162,358 163,415 164,321 165,106
17 33,345 45,737 56,175 65,088 95,341 124,207 138,150 146,365 151,780 155,618 158,481 144,414 162,466 163,909 165,108 166,121 166,988 167,738
18 35,409 48,360 59,183 68,364 99,111 127,866 141,556 149,562 154,815 158,528 161,291 146,780 165,127 166,514 167,666 168,638 169,469 170,188
19 37,398 50,864 62,032 71,445 102,570 131,136 144,555 152,350 157,444 161,034 163,700 148,795 167,395 168,728 169,834 170,768 171,565 172,255
20 39,370 53,329 64,820 74,445 105,893 134,247 147,403 154,998 159,943 163,419 165,995 150,719 169,559 170,843 171,908 172,806 173,573 174,236
21 40,806 55,128 66,861 76,650 108,385 136,680 149,707 157,199 162,065 165,480 168,008 152,447 171,503 172,760 173,803 174,681 175,432 176,080
22 42,678 57,433 69,436 79,392 111,312 139,318 152,072 159,367 164,089 167,396 169,841 153,969 173,215 174,427 175,432 176,278 177,001 177,625
24 46,322 61,874 74,354 84,593 116,743 144,132 156,360 163,286 167,745 170,855 173,148 156,714 176,303 177,435 178,371 179,159 179,832 180,412
25 48,126 64,052 76,752 87,115 119,342 146,426 158,409 165,168 169,508 172,529 174,755 158,056 177,812 178,908 179,815 180,577 181,228 181,789
27 51,116 67,637 80,675 91,227 123,541 150,131 161,734 168,235 172,393 175,281 177,404 160,281 180,316 181,358 182,219 182,943 183,560 184,093
28 52,748 69,563 82,753 93,375 125,629 151,855 163,213 169,554 173,600 176,407 178,468 161,149 181,292 182,302 183,136 183,838 184,435 184,951
30 55,938 73,292 86,748 97,487 129,566 155,081 165,976 172,019 175,860 178,518 180,466 162,783 183,131 184,082 184,868 185,528 186,090 186,574
32 59,048 76,889 90,571 101,398 133,254 158,088 168,560 174,333 177,991 180,516 182,364 164,345 184,888 185,788 186,531 187,154 187,685 188,142
33 60,136 78,148 91,914 102,776 134,586 159,228 169,577 175,273 178,878 181,365 183,185 165,038 185,668 186,553 187,283 187,896 188,418 188,868
35 63,149 81,587 95,534 106,452 137,996 161,996 171,966 177,426 180,871 183,243 184,976 166,523 187,338 188,180 188,873 189,455 189,951 190,377
36 64,578 83,199 97,215 108,145 139,521 163,195 172,978 178,323 181,692 184,010 185,701 167,117 188,006 188,826 189,503 190,070 190,553 190,969
40 69,543 88,720 102,909 113,832 144,509 167,013 176,158 181,116 184,227 186,362 187,917 168,916 190,031 190,782 191,401 191,920 192,361 192,741
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 100 mm average face width.

C-17
PAES 307:2001

Table 13 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 1.25 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 60 89 117 145 277 511 710 882 1,032 1,164 1,281 1,314 1,479 1,563 1,640 1,710 1,774 1,833
12 67 99 131 162 309 566 782 966 1,126 1,265 1,387 1,415 1,592 1,679 1,758 1,829 1,895 1,954
13 74 110 145 180 342 621 853 1,049 1,216 1,362 1,489 1,511 1,700 1,789 1,869 1,942 2,007 2,068
14 80 119 156 193 365 659 901 1,103 1,274 1,422 1,550 1,565 1,761 1,849 1,929 2,000 2,065 2,123
15 88 130 171 211 398 715 974 1,189 1,370 1,525 1,660 1,671 1,880 1,972 2,054 2,128 2,195 2,255
16 95 140 185 228 429 765 1,037 1,260 1,447 1,606 1,743 1,748 1,967 2,059 2,141 2,215 2,281 2,342
17 102 151 199 245 459 814 1,098 1,329 1,521 1,683 1,822 1,820 2,048 2,140 2,222 2,296 2,362 2,422
18 110 162 213 262 489 863 1,157 1,396 1,592 1,757 1,898 1,888 2,124 2,217 2,299 2,372 2,438 2,497
19 117 173 227 279 519 909 1,214 1,458 1,659 1,826 1,967 1,951 2,194 2,287 2,368 2,441 2,506 2,564
20 124 183 240 296 548 955 1,269 1,519 1,723 1,892 2,034 2,010 2,262 2,354 2,435 2,507 2,571 2,629
21 130 191 251 308 569 988 1,310 1,564 1,770 1,941 2,084 2,056 2,312 2,404 2,485 2,557 2,621 2,679
22 137 202 264 324 597 1,031 1,361 1,620 1,828 2,000 2,144 2,108 2,371 2,463 2,543 2,614 2,677 2,734
24 151 223 291 357 653 1,115 1,459 1,725 1,938 2,111 2,255 2,204 2,480 2,570 2,648 2,718 2,779 2,834
25 159 233 305 373 680 1,156 1,507 1,777 1,990 2,164 2,308 2,251 2,532 2,621 2,699 2,767 2,828 2,882
27 171 251 327 401 727 1,224 1,585 1,860 2,076 2,250 2,393 2,325 2,616 2,704 2,780 2,847 2,906 2,959
28 178 261 340 416 752 1,260 1,627 1,904 2,120 2,294 2,436 2,362 2,657 2,744 2,819 2,885 2,944 2,996
30 192 281 366 447 802 1,332 1,707 1,987 2,204 2,377 2,518 2,431 2,734 2,819 2,893 2,957 3,013 3,064
32 206 301 392 478 852 1,401 1,784 2,066 2,283 2,455 2,594 2,495 2,807 2,890 2,961 3,024 3,079 3,127
33 211 308 401 489 869 1,425 1,811 2,094 2,311 2,483 2,622 2,518 2,833 2,916 2,987 3,048 3,103 3,151
35 225 329 426 519 918 1,492 1,884 2,169 2,385 2,555 2,693 2,578 2,900 2,981 3,050 3,110 3,163 3,210
36 232 338 439 534 941 1,523 1,917 2,203 2,419 2,588 2,724 2,604 2,930 3,009 3,078 3,137 3,189 3,235
40 257 374 484 587 1,024 1,631 2,033 2,318 2,531 2,697 2,829 2,690 3,027 3,103 3,168 3,224 3,273 3,317
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 16 mm average face width.

C-18
 PAES 307:2001

Table 14 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 1.5 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 102 151 199 246 466 847 1,163 1,430 1,658 1,856 2,029 2,059 2,316 2,437 2,546 2,644 2,733 2,815
12 114 169 222 275 519 936 1,277 1,561 1,802 2,009 2,188 2,208 2,484 2,607 2,717 2,817 2,907 2,988
13 127 187 247 304 573 1,024 1,388 1,688 1,941 2,155 2,340 2,348 2,642 2,767 2,878 2,978 3,069 3,150
14 136 201 265 326 611 1,085 1,462 1,770 2,026 2,242 2,427 2,424 2,727 2,850 2,959 3,057 3,145 3,225
15 149 220 289 356 665 1,175 1,578 1,904 2,173 2,400 2,593 2,582 2,905 3,032 3,145 3,246 3,337 3,418
16 161 238 313 385 716 1,255 1,675 2,013 2,289 2,520 2,715 2,692 3,029 3,156 3,269 3,369 3,459 3,539
17 174 256 336 414 766 1,333 1,770 2,117 2,399 2,633 2,830 2,795 3,144 3,272 3,383 3,483 3,571 3,651
18 186 275 360 442 815 1,409 1,861 2,217 2,504 2,741 2,940 2,892 3,254 3,380 3,491 3,590 3,677 3,756
19 199 292 383 470 863 1,482 1,947 2,311 2,602 2,840 3,039 2,980 3,353 3,478 3,588 3,685 3,772 3,849
20 211 310 406 498 910 1,553 2,032 2,401 2,696 2,936 3,135 3,065 3,448 3,572 3,681 3,777 3,862 3,938
21 220 323 423 518 945 1,605 2,093 2,468 2,766 3,007 3,208 3,129 3,520 3,644 3,752 3,848 3,932 4,007
22 232 341 445 545 990 1,672 2,171 2,551 2,850 3,092 3,292 3,202 3,602 3,725 3,831 3,925 4,008 4,082
24 257 376 490 599 1,079 1,801 2,318 2,706 3,008 3,250 3,448 3,336 3,753 3,873 3,977 4,067 4,148 4,219
25 269 394 513 626 1,124 1,864 2,389 2,780 3,084 3,325 3,522 3,400 3,825 3,943 4,046 4,135 4,214 4,284
27 290 424 551 672 1,198 1,968 2,506 2,902 3,206 3,447 3,643 3,503 3,941 4,057 4,157 4,245 4,321 4,390
28 302 440 572 697 1,238 2,024 2,567 2,965 3,269 3,508 3,702 3,553 3,997 4,111 4,210 4,296 4,371 4,438
30 325 474 614 747 1,318 2,132 2,685 3,084 3,387 3,624 3,815 3,646 4,102 4,214 4,309 4,392 4,465 4,529
32 349 507 657 798 1,397 2,236 2,797 3,198 3,498 3,732 3,920 3,734 4,201 4,309 4,402 4,482 4,552 4,614
33 357 519 672 815 1,424 2,273 2,836 3,238 3,538 3,771 3,958 3,766 4,237 4,344 4,436 4,516 4,585 4,647
35 381 553 714 865 1,501 2,372 2,942 3,343 3,641 3,872 4,055 3,847 4,327 4,432 4,521 4,598 4,665 4,725
36 393 569 734 889 1,537 2,419 2,991 3,392 3,688 3,917 4,098 3,882 4,367 4,470 4,558 4,634 4,700 4,759
40 434 628 807 975 1,665 2,579 3,155 3,553 3,843 4,065 4,239 3,997 4,497 4,594 4,677 4,749 4,811 4,866
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 19 mm average face width.

C-19
PAES 307:2001

Table 15 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 2.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 236 348 458 565 1,055 1,866 2,509 3,030 3,463 3,826 4,137 4,123 4,638 4,844 5,026 5,189 5,335 5,467
12 264 390 512 631 1,172 2,053 2,739 3,289 3,739 4,114 4,432 4,392 4,942 5,149 5,331 5,494 5,639 5,770
13 293 433 567 697 1,288 2,236 2,962 3,537 4,002 4,387 4,711 4,645 5,225 5,433 5,615 5,777 5,921 6,051
14 315 464 608 747 1,372 2,360 3,105 3,687 4,155 4,538 4,859 4,768 5,364 5,566 5,744 5,900 6,040 6,165
15 345 507 664 814 1,491 2,549 3,340 3,953 4,442 4,842 5,174 5,062 5,695 5,903 6,085 6,245 6,388 6,515
16 373 549 717 878 1,599 2,712 3,531 4,159 4,655 5,058 5,391 5,254 5,910 6,116 6,296 6,454 6,594 6,719
17 402 590 770 942 1,706 2,869 3,713 4,354 4,856 5,261 5,594 5,431 6,110 6,314 6,491 6,646 6,783 6,906
18 431 631 823 1,006 1,811 3,022 3,889 4,540 5,047 5,453 5,786 5,598 6,297 6,499 6,673 6,826 6,960 7,080
19 459 672 874 1,067 1,913 3,167 4,054 4,713 5,223 5,628 5,959 5,747 6,466 6,664 6,835 6,985 7,117 7,234
20 487 712 926 1,129 2,014 3,309 4,213 4,879 5,391 5,796 6,125 5,889 6,626 6,821 6,990 7,136 7,266 7,380
21 508 742 964 1,174 2,087 3,413 4,331 5,003 5,517 5,923 6,251 6,000 6,750 6,944 7,111 7,257 7,385 7,498
22 536 781 1,014 1,234 2,182 3,544 4,475 5,151 5,665 6,069 6,394 6,121 6,886 7,077 7,241 7,384 7,509 7,620
24 591 860 1,113 1,352 2,368 3,794 4,747 5,428 5,940 6,338 6,657 6,343 7,136 7,320 7,478 7,615 7,735 7,841
25 619 900 1,163 1,411 2,460 3,916 4,878 5,561 6,071 6,467 6,783 6,449 7,255 7,436 7,591 7,725 7,843 7,946
27 666 966 1,247 1,510 2,612 4,115 5,091 5,776 6,284 6,675 6,985 6,619 7,447 7,623 7,774 7,904 8,017 8,117
28 693 1,004 1,294 1,565 2,696 4,221 5,201 5,885 6,389 6,776 7,083 6,699 7,537 7,710 7,858 7,985 8,096 8,194
30 746 1,078 1,386 1,674 2,858 4,423 5,411 6,091 6,588 6,967 7,266 6,849 7,706 7,872 8,015 8,137 8,243 8,337
32 799 1,152 1,479 1,781 3,017 4,617 5,610 6,285 6,775 7,145 7,436 6,989 7,863 8,024 8,161 8,279 8,381 8,470
33 818 1,178 1,511 1,819 3,072 4,685 5,680 6,354 6,842 7,211 7,499 7,042 7,922 8,082 8,217 8,333 8,434 8,523
35 871 1,252 1,602 1,925 3,225 4,869 5,866 6,534 7,014 7,375 7,656 7,171 8,067 8,221 8,352 8,464 8,561 8,646
36 898 1,288 1,647 1,976 3,298 4,954 5,950 6,615 7,091 7,448 7,726 7,227 8,130 8,282 8,410 8,520 8,615 8,699
40 991 1,417 1,804 2,158 3,550 5,243 6,233 6,883 7,343 7,684 7,949 7,405 8,331 8,474 8,594 8,697 8,786 8,864
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 25 mm average face width.

C-20
 PAES 307:2001

Table 16 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 2.5 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 466 686 899 1,105 1,357 3,514 4,638 5,520 6,232 6,818 7,309 7,187 8,085 8,397 8,671 8,913 9,129 9,322
12 522 768 1,005 1,232 1,503 3,850 5,040 5,961 6,695 7,294 7,792 7,619 8,572 8,883 9,155 9,395 9,607 9,798
13 579 851 1,111 1,361 1,648 4,179 5,428 6,381 7,134 7,742 8,244 8,022 9,025 9,334 9,603 9,840 10,049 10,236
14 622 912 1,189 1,455 1,750 4,394 5,666 6,625 7,374 7,974 8,467 8,202 9,228 9,527 9,787 10,015 10,216 10,395
15 680 996 1,297 1,585 1,899 4,736 6,079 7,083 7,863 8,485 8,993 8,688 9,774 10,081 10,346 10,578 10,782 10,964
16 736 1,076 1,399 1,707 2,033 5,022 6,403 7,424 8,209 8,832 9,338 8,987 10,110 10,412 10,672 10,899 11,099 11,276
17 792 1,156 1,501 1,828 2,163 5,296 6,711 7,744 8,533 9,155 9,658 9,262 10,420 10,716 10,972 11,194 11,389 11,562
18 848 1,235 1,602 1,949 2,292 5,562 7,005 8,049 8,840 9,459 9,958 9,520 10,710 11,001 11,251 11,468 11,659 11,827
19 902 1,313 1,701 2,066 2,415 5,812 7,278 8,329 9,119 9,734 10,227 9,750 10,968 11,253 11,498 11,710 11,896 12,060
20 958 1,392 1,799 2,183 2,537 6,055 7,542 8,598 9,386 9,997 10,484 9,967 11,213 11,493 11,733 11,940 12,121 12,281
21 998 1,448 1,871 2,268 2,625 6,234 7,738 8,799 9,588 10,198 10,683 10,140 11,407 11,684 11,921 12,126 12,305 12,462
22 1,052 1,524 1,966 2,380 2,740 6,456 7,974 9,036 9,821 10,424 10,903 10,323 11,614 11,885 12,116 12,316 12,491 12,644
24 1,159 1,675 2,154 2,601 2,961 6,877 8,415 9,474 10,248 10,839 11,304 10,658 11,990 12,250 12,471 12,662 12,828 12,974
25 1,213 1,750 2,248 2,711 3,071 7,082 8,627 9,684 10,453 11,036 11,495 10,817 12,169 12,424 12,641 12,827 12,989 13,132
27 1,304 1,877 2,406 2,895 3,251 7,415 8,971 10,023 10,782 11,355 11,803 11,074 12,459 12,706 12,915 13,095 13,251 13,388
28 1,356 1,948 2,493 2,996 3,348 7,589 9,146 10,192 10,943 11,508 11,949 11,193 12,592 12,834 13,038 13,214 13,367 13,500
30 1,458 2,089 2,667 3,197 3,538 7,921 9,477 10,510 11,244 11,794 12,221 11,414 12,841 13,073 13,269 13,437 13,582 13,709
32 1,560 2,230 2,838 3,395 3,722 8,238 9,789 10,807 11,526 12,061 12,475 11,620 13,073 13,296 13,484 13,645 13,784 13,905
33 1,596 2,279 2,898 3,464 3,786 8,349 9,900 10,915 11,629 12,160 12,570 11,699 13,161 13,382 13,568 13,727 13,864 13,984
35 1,698 2,418 3,068 3,658 3,963 8,646 10,190 11,190 11,889 12,406 12,804 11,889 13,375 13,588 13,766 13,919 14,051 14,166
36 1,748 2,485 3,149 3,751 4,046 8,783 10,322 11,313 12,004 12,514 12,905 11,971 13,467 13,676 13,851 14,000 14,130 14,242
40 1,926 2,725 3,438 4,079 4,333 9,243 10,756 11,714 12,376 12,861 13,231 12,230 13,759 13,954 14,117 14,256 14,376 14,481
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 32 mm average face width.

C-21
PAES 307:2001

Table 17 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 3.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 795 1,167 1,523 1,865 3,387 5,720 7,424 8,724 9,748 10,576 11,258 7,300 12,319 12,739 13,104 13,425 13,709 13,963
12 890 1,304 1,699 2,077 3,742 6,245 8,035 9,381 10,428 11,267 11,953 7,710 13,011 13,426 13,787 14,102 14,381 14,628
13 986 1,443 1,877 2,290 4,094 6,754 8,621 10,003 11,068 11,913 12,601 8,090 13,652 14,062 14,417 14,726 14,998 15,240
14 1,059 1,546 2,007 2,445 4,339 7,079 8,967 10,347 11,400 12,229 12,900 8,247 13,917 14,312 14,652 14,948 15,208 15,438
15 1,157 1,687 2,188 2,662 4,700 7,615 9,600 11,039 12,129 12,984 13,673 8,719 14,713 15,116 15,462 15,763 16,027 16,260
16 1,251 1,821 2,357 2,863 5,019 8,050 10,079 11,533 12,625 13,476 14,157 8,996 15,181 15,575 15,913 16,206 16,462 16,689
17 1,345 1,954 2,525 3,062 5,330 8,467 10,532 11,995 13,086 13,931 14,604 9,250 15,610 15,995 16,325 16,611 16,860 17,080
18 1,439 2,086 2,692 3,259 5,635 8,868 10,964 12,434 13,521 14,358 15,022 9,488 16,010 16,387 16,709 16,988 17,230 17,444
19 1,531 2,216 2,854 3,450 5,926 9,242 11,361 12,833 13,914 14,741 15,396 9,697 16,364 16,733 17,047 17,317 17,553 17,761
20 1,624 2,346 3,016 3,641 6,213 9,606 11,744 13,215 14,288 15,107 15,751 9,897 16,700 17,060 17,367 17,631 17,860 18,062
21 1,691 2,440 3,134 3,779 6,422 9,874 12,030 13,504 14,576 15,390 16,030 10,056 16,970 17,326 17,628 17,888 18,115 18,313
22 1,781 2,566 3,290 3,961 6,689 10,203 12,368 13,837 14,898 15,701 16,330 10,223 17,251 17,598 17,893 18,146 18,366 18,559
24 1,961 2,814 3,597 4,318 7,204 10,823 12,999 14,452 15,490 16,270 16,877 10,524 17,760 18,091 18,372 18,612 18,820 19,003
25 2,051 2,939 3,750 4,495 7,457 11,122 13,301 14,745 15,772 16,541 17,137 10,668 18,003 18,327 18,601 18,835 19,038 19,216
27 2,203 3,147 4,006 4,790 7,873 11,608 13,789 15,218 16,228 16,978 17,559 10,902 18,397 18,709 18,973 19,199 19,394 19,564
28 2,288 3,264 4,148 4,953 8,096 11,859 14,034 15,450 16,446 17,184 17,753 11,007 18,574 18,879 19,137 19,357 19,547 19,713
30 2,458 3,494 4,428 5,273 8,529 12,338 14,496 15,885 16,854 17,569 18,117 11,203 18,905 19,197 19,442 19,652 19,833 19,990
32 2,627 3,723 4,703 5,586 8,945 12,790 14,929 16,292 17,235 17,928 18,457 11,386 19,214 19,493 19,728 19,929 20,101 20,252
33 2,686 3,803 4,800 5,696 9,091 12,950 15,085 16,440 17,376 18,062 18,586 11,457 19,334 19,611 19,842 20,040 20,210 20,358
35 2,855 4,029 5,071 6,003 9,489 13,374 15,487 16,815 17,727 18,393 18,899 11,626 19,620 19,885 20,108 20,297 20,460 20,602
36 2,937 4,138 5,201 6,149 9,676 13,567 15,667 16,981 17,881 18,536 19,034 11,698 19,741 20,001 20,219 20,405 20,564 20,703
40 3,230 4,525 5,659 6,662 10,315 14,211 16,259 17,521 18,377 18,995 19,463 11,925 20,124 20,366 20,569 20,741 20,888 21,016
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 38 mm average face width.

C-22
 PAES 307:2001

Table 18 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 4.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 1,832 2,672 3,467 4,220 7,464 12,122 15,305 17,619 19,376 20,757 21,870 20,936 23,553 24,205 24,767 25,254 25,682 26,061
12 2,049 2,981 3,859 4,687 8,211 13,154 16,457 18,820 20,594 21,975 23,081 21,992 24,741 25,379 25,927 26,402 26,817 27,184
13 2,269 3,293 4,252 5,153 8,944 14,146 17,549 19,948 21,731 23,107 24,203 22,964 25,835 26,460 26,994 27,455 27,859 28,214
14 2,432 3,522 4,537 5,487 9,439 14,749 18,153 20,522 22,265 23,601 24,658 23,311 26,224 26,821 27,329 27,768 28,150 28,486
15 2,655 3,838 4,938 5,963 10,198 15,812 19,366 21,818 23,612 24,981 26,061 24,582 27,654 28,259 28,774 29,217 29,603 29,943
16 2,868 4,135 5,308 6,397 10,848 16,635 20,233 22,686 24,466 25,816 26,876 25,272 28,431 29,019 29,519 29,948 30,322 30,649
17 3,079 4,429 5,674 6,824 11,477 17,415 21,044 23,492 25,255 26,584 27,623 25,904 29,142 29,713 30,198 30,614 30,975 31,292
18 3,290 4,722 6,036 7,245 12,090 18,162 21,813 24,251 25,994 27,303 28,321 26,491 29,803 30,359 30,829 31,233 31,583 31,889
19 3,497 5,007 6,387 7,652 12,670 18,852 22,513 24,935 26,655 27,940 28,937 27,006 30,381 30,922 31,378 31,769 32,108 32,404
20 3,704 5,292 6,735 8,054 13,237 19,517 23,184 25,587 27,284 28,546 29,522 27,494 30,931 31,456 31,900 32,279 32,607 32,894
21 3,854 5,498 6,989 8,347 13,653 20,013 23,691 26,089 27,776 29,027 29,992 27,896 31,383 31,901 32,338 32,711 33,033 33,315
22 4,055 5,772 7,322 8,729 14,176 20,606 24,275 26,648 28,309 29,536 30,479 28,298 31,835 32,339 32,763 33,124 33,437 33,710
24 4,453 6,310 7,974 9,473 15,176 21,713 25,354 27,673 29,281 30,460 31,363 29,024 32,653 33,129 33,530 33,871 34,166 34,422
25 4,652 6,579 8,298 9,841 15,664 22,245 25,868 28,162 29,744 30,901 31,785 29,373 33,044 33,509 33,899 34,231 34,517 34,767
27 4,987 7,028 8,837 10,450 16,461 23,106 26,699 28,950 30,492 31,615 32,469 29,939 33,682 34,128 34,502 34,820 35,094 35,332
28 5,174 7,277 9,133 10,783 16,883 23,541 27,105 29,324 30,840 31,940 32,775 30,186 33,959 34,394 34,758 35,067 35,334 35,565
30 5,546 7,768 9,714 11,433 17,694 24,366 27,868 30,027 31,490 32,547 33,347 30,646 34,477 34,891 35,237 35,530 35,782 36,002
32 5,914 8,252 10,283 12,066 18,470 25,141 28,582 30,682 32,096 33,114 33,882 31,078 34,963 35,357 35,687 35,966 36,206 36,414
33 6,044 8,421 10,483 12,288 18,742 25,418 28,842 30,925 32,326 33,333 34,091 31,251 35,158 35,547 35,872 36,147 36,384 36,589
35 6,409 8,896 11,038 12,901 19,476 26,137 29,500 31,528 32,885 33,856 34,585 31,652 35,608 35,981 36,292 36,555 36,780 36,976
36 6,586 9,125 11,303 13,192 19,817 26,462 29,792 31,792 33,126 34,080 34,795 31,820 35,797 36,162 36,466 36,723 36,943 37,134
40 7,215 9,929 12,228 14,202 20,971 27,532 30,738 32,638 33,895 34,789 35,456 32,344 36,387 36,724 37,005 37,243 37,446 37,622
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 50 mm average face width.

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 PAES 307:2001

Table 19 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 5.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 3,556 5,154 6,647 8,046 13,891 21,814 26,935 30,518 33,164 35,199 36,813 34,853 39,209 40,123 40,904 41,577 42,165 42,682
12 3,973 5,740 7,382 8,912 15,219 23,554 28,814 32,436 35,082 37,099 38,688 36,473 41,032 41,920 42,677 43,328 43,895 44,393
13 4,393 6,328 8,116 9,773 16,516 25,214 30,582 34,226 36,861 38,855 40,417 37,961 42,706 43,570 44,303 44,933 45,480 45,960
14 4,704 6,757 8,642 10,381 17,367 26,175 31,500 35,067 37,623 39,545 41,043 38,422 43,225 44,045 44,739 45,334 45,851 46,303
15 5,131 7,355 9,392 11,262 18,720 27,985 33,515 37,189 39,807 41,768 43,291 40,447 45,503 46,331 47,032 47,632 48,152 48,607
16 5,534 7,912 10,076 12,054 19,847 29,329 34,884 38,533 41,114 43,035 44,521 41,485 46,670 47,472 48,149 48,728 49,229 49,667
17 5,935 8,461 10,748 12,828 20,931 30,595 36,159 39,776 42,316 44,197 45,647 42,431 47,735 48,511 49,165 49,724 50,207 50,629
18 6,335 9,006 11,412 13,590 21,981 31,798 37,360 40,941 43,439 45,281 46,695 43,310 48,724 49,476 50,110 50,650 51,116 51,522
19 6,724 9,534 12,051 14,320 22,968 32,902 38,445 41,982 44,434 46,235 47,613 44,074 49,584 50,312 50,925 51,447 51,897 52,289
20 7,114 10,059 12,685 15,041 23,928 33,962 39,481 42,972 45,380 47,141 48,484 44,800 50,400 51,107 51,700 52,205 52,640 53,019
21 7,398 10,442 13,147 15,567 24,634 34,758 40,275 43,747 46,133 47,874 49,200 45,411 51,087 51,782 52,365 52,861 53,288 53,660
22 7,774 10,945 13,748 16,245 25,512 35,691 41,166 44,586 46,925 48,626 49,918 46,001 51,752 52,426 52,990 53,470 53,883 54,242
24 8,517 11,930 14,919 17,559 27,175 37,422 42,802 46,117 48,364 49,988 51,217 47,068 52,952 53,587 54,119 54,570 54,957 55,293
25 8,889 12,421 15,499 18,206 27,981 38,250 43,582 46,846 49,051 50,640 51,839 47,582 53,530 54,148 54,664 55,102 55,478 55,804
27 9,512 13,236 16,459 19,274 29,296 39,588 44,840 48,025 50,162 51,697 52,851 48,421 54,474 55,065 55,559 55,977 56,336 56,647
28 9,859 13,686 16,983 19,852 29,982 40,253 45,442 48,572 50,667 52,166 53,293 48,776 54,873 55,448 55,928 56,334 56,683 56,985
30 10,544 14,569 18,006 20,975 31,295 41,506 46,571 49,597 51,609 53,043 54,118 49,440 55,620 56,166 56,620 57,005 57,334 57,620
32 11,222 15,436 19,004 22,064 32,544 42,679 47,624 50,552 52,488 53,863 54,891 50,065 56,323 56,842 57,274 57,639 57,952 58,223
33 11,460 15,739 19,353 22,445 32,984 43,104 48,014 50,914 52,829 54,187 55,201 50,323 56,613 57,125 57,550 57,910 58,217 58,484
35 12,129 16,586 20,319 23,491 34,157 44,188 48,983 51,793 53,640 54,945 55,918 50,906 57,269 57,758 58,164 58,506 58,799 59,053
36 12,452 16,991 20,777 23,985 34,697 44,673 49,408 52,174 53,986 55,267 56,219 51,147 57,541 58,018 58,415 58,750 59,036 59,283
40 13,593 18,407 22,368 25,684 36,510 46,258 50,777 53,385 55,082 56,275 57,159 51,895 58,382 58,823 59,188 59,496 59,759 59,987
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 63 mm average face width.

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 PAES 307:2001

Table 20 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 6.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 6,012 8,660 11,105 8,913 22,577 34,437 41,746 46,703 50,285 52,995 55,116 51,755 58,224 59,396 60,391 61,246 61,989 62,639
12 6,708 9,628 12,307 9,848 24,650 37,029 44,474 49,445 52,999 55,666 57,742 54,012 60,764 61,897 62,857 63,679 64,392 65,016
13 7,409 10,597 13,502 10,774 26,660 39,486 47,027 51,992 55,508 58,129 60,157 56,083 63,093 64,190 65,116 65,908 66,594 67,193
14 7,923 11,295 14,348 11,417 27,944 40,845 48,273 53,102 56,493 59,005 60,940 56,646 63,727 64,764 65,637 66,383 67,028 67,591
15 8,635 12,283 15,572 12,368 30,060 43,574 51,254 56,208 59,668 62,222 64,184 59,556 67,001 68,046 68,926 69,677 70,325 70,890
16 9,304 13,191 16,674 13,209 31,778 45,523 53,193 58,086 61,479 63,970 65,877 60,981 68,604 69,612 70,459 71,181 71,804 72,346
17 9,966 14,085 17,753 14,027 33,421 47,350 54,989 59,815 63,139 65,568 67,421 62,277 70,061 71,035 71,852 72,547 73,146 73,667
18 10,625 14,969 18,815 14,830 35,004 49,080 56,677 61,431 64,687 67,056 68,858 63,481 71,416 72,357 73,145 73,816 74,392 74,894
19 11,266 15,823 19,835 15,595 36,483 50,655 58,190 62,866 66,050 68,358 70,108 64,521 72,586 73,495 74,256 74,902 75,458 75,941
20 11,906 16,671 20,842 16,349 37,918 52,163 59,631 64,229 67,344 69,594 71,296 65,510 73,699 74,578 75,314 75,938 76,474 76,940
21 12,371 17,288 21,576 16,899 38,976 53,306 60,750 65,311 68,392 70,612 72,289 66,357 74,652 75,516 76,238 76,850 77,376 77,832
22 12,987 18,095 22,526 17,603 40,274 54,620 61,978 66,455 69,466 71,629 73,258 67,155 75,550 76,386 77,084 77,676 78,184 78,624
24 14,198 19,671 24,366 18,959 42,721 57,045 64,224 68,535 71,412 73,468 75,011 68,596 77,171 77,957 78,612 79,166 79,641 80,053
25 14,803 20,452 25,273 19,624 43,902 58,203 65,293 69,528 72,343 74,350 75,853 69,292 77,954 78,717 79,353 79,890 80,351 80,750
27 15,813 21,748 26,771 20,719 45,822 60,072 67,020 71,133 73,853 75,784 77,227 70,434 79,238 79,967 80,574 81,086 81,525 81,905
28 16,373 22,458 27,583 21,306 46,813 60,986 67,831 71,865 74,523 76,408 77,813 70,906 79,770 80,478 81,067 81,564 81,990 82,358
30 17,477 23,848 29,163 22,444 48,701 62,704 69,350 73,232 75,776 77,573 78,910 71,791 80,765 81,435 81,992 82,462 82,864 83,211
32 18,566 25,207 30,696 23,540 50,488 64,309 70,766 74,507 76,948 78,666 79,940 72,627 81,706 82,342 82,870 83,316 83,696 84,025
33 18,947 25,682 31,232 23,924 51,120 64,895 71,299 74,999 77,410 79,105 80,362 72,979 82,101 82,728 83,248 83,686 84,061 84,384
35 20,017 27,002 32,708 24,972 52,790 66,375 72,602 76,176 78,494 80,119 81,322 73,763 82,983 83,580 84,076 84,493 84,849 85,157
36 20,530 27,629 33,404 25,463 53,554 67,031 73,169 76,680 78,952 80,544 81,721 74,084 83,344 83,928 84,412 84,819 85,167 85,467
40 22,340 29,816 35,807 27,144 56,097 69,161 74,981 78,274 80,393 81,871 82,960 75,073 84,457 84,995 85,439 85,813 86,132 86,408
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 75 mm average face width.

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PAES 307:2001

Table 21 – Power ratings* for 45° helix angle, 8.0 module helical gears, watts
Number rpm of driver gear
of teeth
(Driver) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
11 13,869 19,741 25,044 29,855 48,486 70,475 83,027 91,143 96,821 101,017 104,244 96,784 108,882 110,604 112,054 113,292 114,361 115,293
12 15,437 21,879 27,647 32,842 52,617 75,281 87,902 95,944 101,517 105,607 108,735 100,629 113,207 114,861 116,250 117,433 118,454 119,343
13 17,009 24,004 30,218 35,775 56,585 79,793 92,430 100,378 105,838 109,821 112,855 104,151 117,170 118,759 120,092 121,226 122,202 123,052
14 18,150 25,508 31,994 37,754 58,995 82,087 94,404 102,061 107,282 111,070 113,944 104,902 118,015 119,509 120,760 121,823 122,737 123,532
15 19,751 27,683 34,640 40,790 63,248 87,273 99,926 107,735 113,036 116,869 119,770 110,107 123,870 125,372 126,628 127,695 128,611 129,407
16 21,233 29,643 36,963 43,392 66,540 90,743 103,264 110,916 116,077 119,793 122,596 112,484 126,544 127,987 129,192 130,214 131,091 131,853
17 22,695 31,561 39,223 45,909 69,661 93,969 106,337 113,829 118,853 122,456 125,166 114,642 128,972 130,359 131,517 132,497 133,338 134,068
18 24,144 33,449 41,434 48,360 72,646 97,005 109,211 116,543 121,435 124,931 127,554 116,647 131,228 132,564 133,677 134,620 135,428 136,128
19 25,547 35,262 43,540 50,679 75,407 99,740 111,761 118,928 123,687 127,077 129,615 118,364 133,160 134,447 135,519 136,425 137,201 137,874
20 26,942 37,052 45,611 52,949 78,069 102,348 114,184 121,192 125,825 129,116 131,574 120,001 135,001 136,243 137,276 138,149 138,897 139,544
21 27,957 38,358 47,123 54,611 80,050 104,357 116,109 123,036 127,605 130,843 133,259 121,442 136,623 137,840 138,853 139,708 140,440 141,073
22 29,289 40,046 49,053 56,706 82,423 106,594 118,142 124,909 129,354 132,498 134,838 122,747 138,091 139,266 140,243 141,068 141,773 142,384
24 31,897 43,317 52,763 60,705 86,853 110,693 121,841 128,301 132,517 135,485 137,688 125,101 140,739 141,839 142,752 143,522 144,180 144,748
25 33,192 44,930 54,580 62,654 88,980 112,646 123,605 129,924 134,036 136,925 139,066 126,246 142,027 143,093 143,978 144,723 145,360 145,910
27 35,346 47,593 57,565 65,843 92,424 115,798 126,459 132,560 136,512 139,281 141,328 128,136 144,153 145,169 146,010 146,719 147,324 147,847
28 36,531 49,037 59,163 67,530 94,166 117,298 127,759 133,722 137,575 140,270 142,260 128,891 145,003 145,988 146,804 147,491 148,077 148,584
30 38,856 51,846 62,252 70,775 97,462 120,107 130,190 135,894 139,563 142,121 144,006 130,310 146,599 147,529 148,298 148,945 149,498 149,974
32 41,134 54,571 65,224 73,878 100,562 122,726 132,457 137,925 141,429 143,865 145,657 131,659 148,117 148,997 149,726 150,338 150,860 151,311
33 41,930 55,524 66,266 74,968 101,671 123,702 133,332 138,732 142,188 144,589 146,354 132,245 148,775 149,642 150,359 150,961 151,475 151,918
35 44,151 58,148 69,101 77,905 104,548 126,112 135,423 140,614 143,924 146,218 147,903 133,520 150,210 151,034 151,716 152,288 152,776 153,197
36 45,210 59,386 70,426 79,268 105,847 127,167 136,319 141,408 144,647 146,891 148,537 134,035 150,789 151,594 152,258 152,817 153,292 153,703
40 48,914 63,657 74,953 83,884 110,129 130,552 139,154 143,895 146,897 148,970 150,486 135,606 152,557 153,295 153,904 154,416 154,851 155,226
* Based on AISI steel designation C1045, 20° pressure angle and 100 mm average face width.

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 PAES 307:2001

7.3 Service factors

Selection of gears is based on type of load and the method of lubrication. Service factors for
type of load and type of lubrication are given in Tables 22 and 23 respectively. The service
factor is computed as follows:

Service factor = service factor for load + service factor for lubrication………...[Eq. 1]

Table 22 – Service factors for type of load

Hours of operation per day Uniform load Light shock Heavy shock
8-10 1.0 1.2 1.4
11-16 1.1 1.3 1.5
17-24 1.2 1.4 1.6

Table 23 – Service factors for type of lubrication

Type of lubrication Service factor
Intermittent 0.7
Grease 0.4
Oil, drip 0.2
Oil, bath -

7.4 Minimum number of teeth

The minimum number of teeth to mesh with another gear is shown on Figure 6.

20
1)

19
Minimum number of teeth in gear 1 (

18

17

16

15
Interference
14 region
13

12
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of teeth in gear 2 ( 2 )
Figure 6 – Minimum number of teeth for 20° full-depth
7.5 Gear ratio

7.5.1 Gear ratio is the ratio between the number of teeth of the driven and the driver gear
(see Equation 2).
t
Gear ratio = 2 …………………………………………………………………..[Eq.2]
t1
Where: t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear
t1 = number of teeth of the driving gear

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PAES 307:2001

7.5.2 Hunting tooth gear ratio

7.5.2.1 When using a hunting tooth gear ratio, a particular tooth in the pinion must mesh once
with every tooth on the meshing gear when the pinion has completed as many revolutions as
the number of teeth in the meshing gear. This is done in order to distribute the wear more
evenly.

7.5.2.2 In a hunting tooth gear ratio, the teeth in a pair of meshing gears are such that they do
not have a common divisor. Hunting tooth gear ratios are obtained by having the sum of the
teeth in each pair equal to a prime number.

7.6 Design power

The required power is computed as follows:

Design power = Power to be transmitted x service factor……………………….[Eq. 3]

7.7 Center distance

Desired center distance given the module and speed ratio can be computed using the
following equation:

module(t1 + t 2 )
Center distance = ………………………………………………………...[Eq. 4]
2

8 Markings

The following information shall be marked on the gear and /or its packaging:

a) Type

b) Module

c) Number of teeth

d) Helix angle

e) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark and address

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 PAES 307:2001

9 Safety

9.1 Enclosing the drive with a cover is recommended for safety and to avoid foreign
materials from getting in contact with the drive.

9.2 Make drive inspection on a periodic basis. Inspect gears for wear and tear, for quality
of lubricant, and for its alignment. Tightness of keys and setscrews should also be inspected
periodically.

9.3 Use gears with proper markings.

9.4 Use proper keys as specified in PAES 304:2000 Keys and Keyways for Agricultural
Machines.

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PAES 307:2001

Annex A
(informative)

Example of helical gear drive selection

A.1 Given parameters

A drive is desired for 1200 W, 200 rpm driver shaft and a 100 rpm driven shaft to operate for
8 to 10 h/day and at a center distance of approximately 100 mm, with heavy shock load and
with grease lubrication.

A.2 Speed ratio

The speed ratio is computed as

n1
Speed ratio =
n2

where:
n1 = rpm of driver gear
n2 = rpm of driven gear

n1 200
Speed ratio = = = 2.0
n 2 100

A.3 Service factor

From Tables 22 and 23, the service factor for load and lubrication are 1.4 and 0.4
respectively. Thus, the service factor is computed as:

Service factor = 1.4 + 0.4 = 1.8

A.4 Design power

The design power is computed as:

Design power = 1200 W x 1.8 = 2160 W

A.5 Module and number of teeth of driving gear

A.5.1 Selection of the module and number of teeth shall be based on the design power of the
drive, the gear with the next higher power rating to the design power can be considered
suitable for the drive (assuming an allowable 10% deviation of the design power to the power
rating).

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 PAES 307:2001

A.5.2 Given a driving gear rpm of 200 and the design power, a gear with a power rating that
surpasses the design power can be selected by scanning through Tables 4-12 for helical gears
with 30° helix angle. Table A.1 presents the gears that are suitable for the drive based on
power

Table A.1 – Summary of gear selection data

Number of teeth Power rating, Center
Module
Driver Driven watts distance, mm
1 36 72 1.5 2,173 81.00
2 40 80 1.5 2,344 90.00
3 16 32 2.0 2,306 48.00

A.6 Number of teeth of driven gear

The number of teeth of the driven gear is computed using the following equation (see Table
A.1 for computed values):

t2
Gear ratio =
t1

where: t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear

t1 = number of teeth of the driver gear
Gear ratio = speed ratio

A.7 Center distance

The center distance can be computed as follows (see Table A.1 for computed values):

module(t1 + t 2 )
Center distance =
2

A.8 Gear selection

Since the requirement for center distance is approximately 100 mm, the most suitable for the
drive is a gear of module 1.5 and 40 teeth (driving gear) since it conforms to both the design
power and the requirement for the center distance.

C-31
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 308: 2001
Engineering Materials – Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications

Foreword

The formulation of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery
Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the
Implementation of the AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which
was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards. It
provides specifications and proper application of drives using straight bevel gears.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following references were considered:

Browning power transmission equipment. 1975. Catalog number 8.

Baumeister, Theodore (ed.) 1997. Mark’s handbook for mechanical engineers. 10th Edition.
Mc Graw Hill Book Company, USA.

Faires, V. M. 1969. Design of Machine Elements. Macmillan Company, New York USA.

Horton, H. L. (Ed.) 1984. Machinery’s handbook. 23rd Edition. Industrial Press Inc, New
York.

Quayle, J. P. (Ed.) 1971. Kempe’s engineer’s yearbook. Volume 1. Morgan-Grampian Book

Publishing Co. Ltd, London.

Shigley, Joseph, E. 1977. Mechanical engineering design. 3rd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, USA.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 308:2001
Engineering Materials – Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications

1 Scope

This standard establishes specifications and provides sufficient technical information for the
proper application of straight 90° bevel gears for agricultural machinery.

2 Reference

The following normative reference contains provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this standard:

PAES 305:2000, Engineering Materials – Keys and Keyways for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

3 Application

Bevel gears may be used to transmit power between shafts at practically any angle. For the
purpose of this standard, only straight bevel gears with a shaft angle of 90° will be discussed.

4 Definitions

4.1
bevel gears
gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having intersecting axes

4.2
straight bevel gears
bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so that they would intersect the
axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward

4.3
miter gears
bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven gear teeth and operate at axes with
right angles

4.4
module
the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of the
reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)

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PAES 308:2001

4.5
circular pitch
the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding profiles which
is measured at the large end of the tooth

4.6
pitch diameter
the diameter of the pitch circle at the large end of the tooth

4.7
addendum angle
the angle between the elements of the face cone and the pitch cone (see Fig. 1)

4 .8
dedendum angle
the angle between the elements of the root cone and the pitch cone (Fig. 1)

4.9
facewidth
the length of teeth along the cone distance (Fig. 1)

4.10
cone distance
the distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch apex (Fig. 1)

4.11
pitch angle
the angle formed between an element of the pitch cone and the bevel gear axis, it is the half
angle of the pitch cone (Fig. 1)
Pitch apex to back
Pitch apex Crown
to crown to back
Crown
Root
angle
Pitch
Face apex
angle
ne Pinion
Cotance
di s

ce
Fa dth
ara rm

Pitch Shaft
wi
e
nc

angle
c l e n i fo

angle
U

um Gear
nd
e de gle
D an
Pitch diameter
Outside diameter
tan one

Back Front Back

cone
ce

angle angle
d i s ck c
Ba

C-34 Figure 1 – Nomenclature of bevel gears

 PAES 308:2001

4.12
back angle
the angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of rotation (Fig. 1)

4.13
back cone
the angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a sphere containing a trace of the pitch
circle (Fig. 1)

4.14
back cone distance
the distance along an element of the back cone from the apex to the pitch circle (Fig. 1)

4.15
mounting distance
for assembled bevel gears, the distance from the crossing point of the axes to the registering
surface, measured along the gear axis; ideally it should be identical to the apex to back

4.16
mounting surface
the diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which is used in locating the gear in the
application assembly

4.17
crown
the sharp corner forming the outside diameter (Fig. 1)

4.18
crown-to-back
the distance from the crown to the rear of the gear (Fig. 1)

4.19
pitch apex to back
the distance along the axis from apex of pitch cone to a locating registering surface on back
(Fig. 1)

4.20
root angle
the angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of the bevel gear (Fig. 1)

4.21
shaft angle
the angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the sum of the two pitch angles (Fig. 1)

NOTE For the purpose of this standard, the shaft angle shall be 90°.

4.22
face angle
the between an element of the face cone and its axis (Fig. 1)

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PAES 308:2001

4.23
front angle
the angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation (Fig. 1)

4.24
heel
the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end

4.25
toe
the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end

5 Materials

Straight bevel gear materials discussed in this standard are AISI designation C1045 and 4140
(as hot-rolled), its mechanical properties are in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 – Mechanical Properties of helical gear materials

AISI No. Ultimate tensile strength, MPa Brinell hardness number
1045 586-724 175-215
4140 621-689 185-210

6 Recommended design practices

6.1 Calculation of gear dimensions

Table 2 specifies the formula for calculating the different dimensions of standard straight
bevel gears.

Table 2 – Bevel gear calculations

Dimension Driver Driven
2.000
Working depth hk = Same as driver gear
Pd
2.188
Whole depth ht = Same as driver gear
Pd
t1 t2
Pitch diameter d = D=
Pd Pd

− 1 t1 Γ = 90° − γ
Pitch angle γ = tan
t2
D
Outer cone distance Ao = Same as driver gear
2 sin Γ
π
Circular pitch p= Same as driver gear
Pd

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 PAES 308:2001

Table 2 – Continued
Dimension Driver Driven
0.540 0.460
Addendum a 1 = hk − a 2 a2 = +
P (t 2 /t 1 )
P 2

2.188 2.188
Dedendum b1 = + a1 b2 = + a2
Pd Pd
Clearance c = ht − h k Same as driver gear
− 1 b1 − 1 b2
Dedendum angle δ 1 = tan δ 2 = tan
Ao Ao
Face angle of blank γO = γ +δ2 ΓO = Γ + δ 1
Root angle γ R = γ − δ1 ΓR = Γ − δ 2
Outside diameter d O = d + 2a 1 cosγ DO = D + 2a 2 cosΓ

6.2 Power ratings

6.2.1 Power ratings presented in this standard are based on modules, and pressure angle that
are shown in Table 3. The material used as the basis of the power ratings is of AISI steel
designation C1045.

Table 3 - Standard modules

Module,
1.25 1.5 2.0 2.50 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
mm/tooth
Pressure angle, ° 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

6.2.2 Power ratings of straight bevel and miter gears are shown in Tables 4 and 5,
respectively.

6.3 Bearing spacing

For both straddle mounted and overhung mounted gears the space between bearings should
never be less than 70% of the pitch diameter of the gear. On over hung mounted gears the
spread should be at least 2 ½ times the overhang and, in addition the shaft diameter should be
equal to or preferably greater than the overhang to provide sufficient shaft stiffness.

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PAES 308:2001

Table 4 –Power ratings* of straight bevel gears, watts

Gear Gear combination rpm of smaller gear
Module
ratio (No. of teeth) 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
1.25 2.00 20 10 20 28 34 41 66 106 137 164 187 209 229 257 266 282 299 314 329 343
1.50 1.50 24 16 42 57 71 84 136 214 277 330 378 421 462 518 534 568 600 630 660 688
1.50 2.00 24 12 48 65 81 95 152 239 307 366 418 465 509 570 588 624 659 692 724 754
1.50 2.00 32 16 83 112 138 161 256 397 508 602 686 763 833 932 961 1,019 1,075 1,128 1,179 1,229
1.50 3.00 48 16 216 285 346 400 620 939 1,188 1,400 1,587 1,756 1,912 2,135 2,194 2,324 2,447 2,565 2,678 2,786
1.50 4.00 64 16 420 548 658 757 1,152 1,722 2,164 2,538 2,868 3,167 3,442 3,837 3,939 4,168 4,385 4,592 4,791 4,982
2.00 1.50 27 18 118 159 195 228 365 568 728 864 986 1,096 1,198 1,341 1,382 1,467 1,547 1,625 1,699 1,770
2.00 2.00 36 18 227 303 369 429 672 1,030 1,309 1,547 1,757 1,948 2,124 2,374 2,443 2,589 2,728 2,861 2,989 3,112
2.00 2.00 36 18 227 303 369 429 672 1,030 1,309 1,547 1,757 1,948 2,124 2,374 2,443 2,589 2,728 2,861 2,989 3,112
2.00 2.00 48 24 382 505 613 710 1,101 1,672 2,117 2,495 2,829 3,132 3,411 3,809 3,916 4,147 4,368 4,578 4,780 4,975
2.00 3.00 54 18 573 750 903 1,041 1,591 2,386 3,004 3,526 3,988 4,407 4,792 5,344 5,488 5,807 6,111 6,401 6,680 6,948
2.00 4.00 72 18 1,101 1,425 1,703 1,951 2,937 4,351 5,444 6,369 7,184 7,923 8,602 9,581 9,830 10,392 10,927 11,439 11,930 12,402
2.50 1.50 30 20 266 356 435 506 799 1,230 1,568 1,856 2,111 2,343 2,556 2,859 2,943 3,120 3,289 3,451 3,606 3,755
2.50 2.00 40 20 505 667 809 936 1,450 2,200 2,783 3,279 3,717 4,115 4,481 5,002 5,142 5,446 5,735 6,011 6,276 6,531
2.50 2.00 50 25 748 984 1,189 1,372 2,111 3,182 4,015 4,721 5,345 5,911 6,432 7,176 7,373 7,805 8,216 8,608 8,985 9,348
2.50 3.00 60 20 1,243 1,617 1,938 2,224 3,368 5,014 6,288 7,366 8,317 9,179 9,972 11,112 11,404 12,061 12,686 13,283 13,856 14,407
2.50 4.00 60 15 1,460 1,888 2,255 2,582 3,882 5,748 7,189 8,408 9,483 10,456 11,352 12,643 12,970 13,711 14,417 15,091 15,738 16,360
3.00 2.00 40 20 825 1,086 1,312 1,516 2,335 3,524 4,448 5,232 5,925 6,553 7,131 7,958 8,177 8,656 9,112 9,549 9,967 10,370
3.00 3.00 48 16 1,383 1,800 2,158 2,478 3,757 5,599 7,024 8,230 9,295 10,259 11,146 12,421 12,749 13,484 14,184 14,852 15,493 16,110
3.00 4.00 64 16 2,632 3,388 4,034 4,608 6,888 10,150 12,667 14,794 16,670 18,368 19,930 22,187 22,751 24,044 25,274 26,450 27,578 28,663
3.00 4.00 72 18 3,207 4,118 4,896 5,588 8,330 12,250 15,272 17,826 20,078 22,116 23,991 26,703 27,378 28,930 30,406 31,817 33,170 34,472
4.00 2.00 36 18 1,477 1,936 2,334 2,690 4,119 6,188 7,794 9,154 10,356 11,445 12,448 13,884 14,260 15,091 15,882 16,638 17,363 18,061
4.00 2.00 42 21 1,944 2,540 3,054 3,514 5,357 8,018 10,080 11,826 13,369 14,765 16,051 17,896 18,375 19,441 20,455 21,424 22,353 23,248
4.00 2.00 48 24 2,451 3,193 3,833 4,404 6,688 9,979 12,527 14,684 16,589 18,313 19,900 22,180 22,768 24,083 25,334 26,530 27,677 28,781
4.00 3.00 45 15 2,656 3,439 4,112 4,712 7,101 10,531 13,182 15,423 17,402 19,193 20,841 23,215 23,818 25,183 26,481 27,722 28,912 30,058
4.00 4.00 60 15 5,031 6,448 7,658 8,732 12,988 19,065 23,750 27,706 31,196 34,353 37,258 41,461 42,504 44,907 47,194 49,379 51,476 53,493
5.00 2.00 30 15 1,933 2,532 3,050 3,514 5,375 8,067 10,155 11,924 13,487 14,903 16,207 18,074 18,562 19,643 20,671 21,653 22,596 23,503
5.00 3.00 45 15 4,789 6,175 7,362 8,418 12,616 18,627 23,268 27,190 30,651 33,783 36,664 40,823 41,869 44,255 46,524 48,693 50,774 52,776
5.00 4.00 60 15 9,020 11,516 13,644 15,529 22,992 33,631 41,825 48,744 54,845 60,364 65,441 72,799 74,608 78,809 82,805 86,624 90,287 93,812
6.00 2.00 32 16 3,532 4,602 5,524 6,347 9,638 14,380 18,052 21,160 23,905 26,390 28,677 31,963 32,810 34,705 36,508 38,231 39,884 41,475
6.00 3.00 42 14 6,881 8,854 10,541 12,041 17,996 26,517 33,090 38,645 43,545 47,979 52,058 57,952 59,427 62,804 66,016 69,086 72,031 74,865
6.00 4.00 56 14 12,952 16,507 19,533 22,214 32,817 47,921 59,550 69,367 78,024 85,854 93,057 103,504 106,063 112,022 117,691 123,108 128,305 133,305
8.00 2.00 30 15 6,762 8,768 10,492 12,028 18,154 26,956 33,761 39,517 44,598 49,196 53,429 59,522 61,075 64,580 67,914 71,101 74,159 77,101
* Based on 20° pressure angle and AISI steel designation C1045.

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 PAES 308:2001

Table 5 – Power ratings* of straight miter gears, watts

Number Gear rpm
Module
of teeth 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
1.25 16 10 14 17 21 35 56 74 90 103 116 128 144 149 159 169 254 186 195
1.50 15 14 20 25 30 50 82 107 129 149 167 183 206 214 228 241 362 266 278
1.50 18 21 29 37 43 72 116 151 182 209 234 258 290 300 319 338 508 372 389
1.50 21 29 40 50 59 97 156 203 243 280 313 343 386 399 424 449 674 494 516
1.50 30 61 83 103 121 196 310 401 479 548 611 669 751 775 824 870 1,306 957 998
1.50 20 26 36 45 53 88 142 185 222 255 286 314 352 364 388 410 616 452 472
1.50 25 42 57 71 84 137 219 283 339 389 434 476 535 552 587 621 932 683 713
2.00 24 85 116 144 169 274 432 558 666 762 849 929 1,042 1,076 1,143 1,207 1,811 1,327 1,384
2.00 25 93 126 156 184 297 468 603 719 822 916 1,003 1,125 1,160 1,233 1,301 1,953 1,431 1,492
2.00 28 117 159 196 230 370 581 748 890 1,017 1,132 1,239 1,388 1,431 1,520 1,605 2,407 1,763 1,838
2.00 32 130 176 216 253 406 633 813 966 1,102 1,226 1,340 1,501 1,548 1,643 1,733 2,599 1,903 1,984
* Based on 20° pressure angle and AISI steel designation C1045.

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PAES 308:2001

6.4 Service factors

Selection of gears is based on type of load and the method of lubrication. Service factors for
type of load and type of lubrication are given in Tables 6 and 7 respectively. The service is
computed as follows:

Service factor = service factor for load + service factor for lubrication...……....[Eq. 1]

Table 6 – Service factors for type of load

Hours of operation per
Uniform loading Light shock Heavy shock
day
8-10 1.0 1.2 1.4
11-16 1.1 1.3 1.5
17-24 1.2 1.4 1.6

Table 7 – Service factors for type of lubrication

Type of lubrication Service factor
Intermittent 0.7
Grease 0.4
Oil, drip 0.2
Oil, bath -

6.5 Minimum number of teeth

The minimum number of teeth to mesh with another gear is shown on Figure 2.
20
1)

19
Minimum number of teeth in gear 1 (

18

17

16

15
Interference
14 region
13

12
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of teeth in gear 2 ( 2)

Fig. 2 – Minimum number of teeth for 20° full-depth

6.6 Gear ratio

6.6.1 Gear ratio is the ratio between the number of teeth of the driven and the driver gear
(see Equation 2).
t
Gear ratio = 2 …………………………………………………………………..[Eq.2]
t1
Where: t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear
t1 = number of teeth of the driving gear

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 PAES 308:2001

6.6.2 Hunting tooth gear ratio

6.6.2.1 When using a hunting tooth gear ratio, a particular tooth in the driver gear must mesh
once with every tooth on the meshing gear when the driver gear has completed as many
revolutions as the number of teeth in the meshing gear. This is done in order to distribute the
wear more evenly.

6.6.2.2 In a hunting tooth gear ratio, the teeth in a pair of meshing gears are such that they do
not have a common divisor. Hunting tooth gear ratios are obtained by having the sum of the
teeth in each pair equal to a prime number.

6.7 Design power

6.7.1 The required power is computed as follows:

Power to be transmitted x service factor

Design power = ……………………..[Eq. 1]
Load distribution factor

6.7.2 Load distribution factors are presented in Table 8.

Table 8 – Load distribution factors for bevel gears

Type of mounting Load distribution factor
Both gears straddle mounted 1 to 1.1
On gear straddle, one over hung 1.1 to 1.25
Both gears overhung 1.25 to 1.4

7 Markings

7.1 The following information shall be marked on the gear:

a) Module

b) Number of teeth

c) Pitch angle

d) Manufacturer’s name and/or its trademark

7.2 The following information shall be marked on the packaging:

a) Module

b) Number of teeth

c) Pitch angle

d) Manufacturer’s name, trademark, and address

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PAES 308:2001

8 Safety

8.1 Enclosing the drive with covers is recommended for safety and to avoid foreign
materials from getting in contact with the drive.

8.2 Make drive inspection on a periodic basis. Inspect gears for wear and tear, for quality
of lubricant, and for its alignment. Tightness of keys and setscrews should also be inspected
periodically.

8.3 Use gears with proper markings.

8.4 Use proper keys as specified in PAES 304:2000, Keys and Keyways for Agricultural
Machines.

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 PAES 308:2001

Annex A
(informative)

Example of bevel gear drive selection

A.1 Given parameters

A drive is desired to transmit a power of 1200 W from a 200 rpm driver shaft to a 100 rpm
driven shaft with a power source operating for 12 h/day at heavy shock load and with oil
(bath) lubrication. Mounting of bearings is such that both gears are overhung.

A.2 Speed ratio

The speed ratio is computed as:

n1
Speed ratio =
n2

where:
n1 = rpm of driver gear
n2 = rpm of driven gear

n1 200
Speed ratio = = = 2.0
n 2 100

A.3 Service factor

From Tables 6 and 7, the service factor for load and lubrication are 1.5 and 0.0 respectively.
Thus, the service factor is computed as:

Service factor = 1.5 + 0 = 1.5

A.4 Load distribution factor (LDF)

Load distribution factor when both gears are overhung ranges from 1.25 – 1.40 (Table 8).
Use an average LDF value of 1.325 for the computation of the design power on the
assumption that the material where the gear shall be mounted is average on strength.

A.5 Design power

The design power is computed as:

Power to be transmitted x service factor

Design power =
Load distribution factor
1,200 × 1.5
=
1.325
= 1,358 W

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PAES 308:2001

A.6 Module and number of teeth

Given the design power and rpm of the driver shaft, and referring to Table 4, the following
can be obtained:

Module = 2.5
Number of teeth:
Driven = 40 teeth
Driver = 20 teeth

A.7 Pitch angle

A.7.1 Driver gear

The pitch angle of the driver gear is computed as:

γ = tan − 1
t1
t2
20
= tan -1
40
= 26.56°

A.7.2 Driven gear

The pitch as angle of the driven gear is computed as:

Γ = 90° − γ
= 90° − 26.56
= 63.44°

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 109 : 2000

Foreword

The formulation of this Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of
AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development
of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and
government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This
standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and
subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council
(NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing
were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard.

This standard has been formulated in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for the
Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on walking-type agricultural tractor

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 109 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Part 1 : Pull-type

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for walking-type agricultural tractor which is
classified as pull-type. This includes tractors with chain and sprocket transmission system,
gear transmission system and combination thereof.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling.

PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –

Specifications.

PAES 108:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hexagonal Axle and Hub for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor –Specifications.

PAES 111:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of

Test.

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
walking-type agricultural tractor
hand tractor
pedestrian tractor
self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

3.2
pull type
traction type
capable of pulling various kinds of implements
 PAES 109 : 2000

4 Construction

The basic construction and components of the tractor is shown in Figure 1.

Main clutch lever

Engine Belt guard
Input shaft pulley
Throttle lever
Handle bar
Engine pulley Handle bar adjustment

Engine
mounting frame
Hand grip

Hitch Assembly
Idler pulley Transmission assembly
Mud guard
Stand assembly

Axle
Cage wheel

Figure 1 – Components of Walking-type Agricultural Tractor (Pull-type)

5 Materials of Construction

5.1 The tractor shall be generally made of steel bars and sheet metals.

5.2 At least ISO chain number 10A-1 (ANSI chain number 50) shall be used for the chain
and sprocket transmission system.

5.3 The handle bar shall be made of Black Iron (BI) pipe (schedule 40) with a minimum
diameter of 25 mm.

6 Controls

6.1 Throttle Lever

6.1.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s right-hand side of the handle bar.

6.1.2 Types of throttle levers

6.1.2.1 Vertical type

For this type, the throttle lever is pushed forward to increase engine speed and pulled
rearward to decrease engine speed.

A-89
PAES 109 : 2000

6.1.2.2 Horizontal Type

For this type, the throttle lever is pulled to the left to increase engine speed and to the right to
decrease engine speed.

6.2 Main Clutch Lever

6.2.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s-left hand side of the handle bar.

6.2.2 In the case of a vertical lever, the lever shall be pushed forward to start the forward
motion of the tractor and shall be pulled rearward to stop the tractor. An over-center linkage
shall lock the lever in the forward engaged position.

6.2.3 In the case of a horizontal lever, the lever shall be pushed upward to start the forward
motion of the tractor and shall be pulled downward to stop the tractor. A lock shall be
provided to hold the lever in the upward engaged position.

7 Performance Requirements

The tractor when tested in accordance with PAES 111 shall conform to the following
requirements:

7.1 The peak transmission efficiency of the tractor shall be at least 85%.

7.2 The manufacturer’s specified minimum field capacity of the tractor shall be attained.

7.3 The noise emitted by the tractor measured 50 mm away from the operator’s ear level
shall not be more than 92 db (A). *

8 Other Requirements

8.1 For operator’s safety, the following shall be provided:

8.1.1 Belt guard or cover

8.1.2 Mud guard

8.1.3 Rubber hand grip

8.2 Mechanisms for transmission belt adjustment shall be provided.

8.3 Mechanism for handle bar height adjustment shall be provided.

8.4 The hitch of the tractor shall be in accordance with the specifications of
PAES 107.

_________________________
*
Allowable noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Ministry of Labor, Philippines. 1983.

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 PAES 109 : 2000

8.5 The hexagonal axle of the tractor shall be in accordance with the specifications of
PAES 108.

8.6 When the tractor is in transport mode, agricultural rubber tires shall be used.

9 Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The tractor shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental to its
operation.

9.2 Any uncoated metallic surfaces shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

9.3 The tractor shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the operator.

10 Warranty for Construction and Durability

10.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except on consumable maintenance parts such as belts within six (6) months from
the purchase of the tractor.

10.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components (i.e. transmission systems, etc) within six (6) months from purchase by the first
buyer.

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 Each tractor unit shall be provided with the following basic hand tools: three (3)
pieces open wrenches; one (1) piece each of Philips and flat screw driver; and one (1) piece
adjustable wrench.

11.2 An operator’s manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

12 Sampling

The tractor shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

13 Testing

The sampled tractor shall be tested in accordance with PAES 111.

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PAES 109 : 2000

14 Marking and Labeling

Each tractor shall be marked with the following information using a plate, stencil or by
directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

14.1 Registered Trademark of the Manufacturer

14.2 Brand

14.3 Model

14.4 Serial number

14.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

14.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported (optional)

14.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

14.8 Power requirement, kW

14.9 Safety/precautionary markings

A-92
 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 110: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Part 2: Rotary Tilling-type

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

AMTEC Test Reports on Walking-type Agricultural Tractors (tilling-type)

A research paper on Power Tiller by S.H. Mahmud. Taxila, Pakistan. 1979

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3789-2:1982 – Tractors, machinery for

agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment – Location and method of
operation of operator’s controls- Part 2: Controls for Agricultural tractors and machinery.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

A-1
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 110: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Part 2: Rotary Tilling-type

1 Scope

This standard specifies the minimum requirements for walking-type agricultural tractor which
is classified as rotary tilling-type.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 107:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hitch for Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –

Specifications

PAES 108:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Hexagonal Axle and Hub for Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor –Specifications

PAES 111:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor – Methods of

Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
rotary tilling type
a type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller which cuts, breaks up,
and mixes the soil and/or plant residues

3.2
walking-type agricultural tractor
hand tractor
pedestrian tractor
self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or
mounted agricultural implements and machinery

A-2
 PAES 110: 2001

4 Construction

The basic construction and components of the tractor is shown in Figure 1.

Speed change levers

Engine Main clutch / Brake lever

Drive pulley
Throttle lever
Driven pulley
Handle

Steering clutch lever

Front stand Tillage depth

Chassis control handle

Depth wheel

Wheel

Transmission
gear box
Rotary blades

a) PTO-driven rotary tiller

Throttle lever
Handle

Engine

Clutch lever

Counterweight
Transmission box
Rear skid

Rotary blade

b) Axle-driven rotary tiller

Figure 1 – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor (rotary tilling-type)

A-3
PAES 110: 2001

5 Materials of Construction

5.1 The tractor shall be generally made of steel materials.

5.2 Chain and sprocket and/or gears shall be used to transmit power from the transmission
drive shaft to the axle.

5.3 The handle bar shall be made of steel pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 3 mm
and with a minimum outside diameter of 25 mm.

6 Controls

6.1 Throttle Lever

6.1.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s right-hand side of the handle bar.

6.1.2 Types of throttle lever

6.1.2.1 Vertical type

For this type, the throttle lever is pushed forward to increase engine speed and pulled
rearward to decrease engine speed.

6.1.2.2 Horizontal Type

For this type, the throttle lever is pulled to the left to increase engine speed and to the right to
decrease engine speed.

6.2 Main Clutch Lever

6.2.1 This shall be accessible to the operator’s left-hand side of the handle bar.

6.2.2 In the case of a vertical lever, the lever shall be pushed forward to operate the tractor
and shall be pulled rearward to stop the tractor.

6.2.3 In the case of a horizontal lever, the lever shall be pushed upward to operate the
tractor and shall be pulled downward to stop the tractor.

6.3 Steering Clutch

6.3.1 In the case of right-hand steering clutch lever, the lever shall be gripped toward the
handle to disengage the right-hand clutch and stop the right-hand driving wheel, causing the
tractor to turn to the right. Releasing the lever will re-engage the right-hand wheel.

6.3.2 In the case of left-hand steering clutch lever, the lever shall be gripped toward the
handle bar to disengage the left-hand clutch and stop the left-hand driving wheel, causing the
tractor to turn toward the left. Releasing the lever will re-engage the left-hand wheel.

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 PAES 110: 2001

7 Performance Requirements

The tractor when tested in accordance with PAES 111 shall conform to the following
requirements:

7.1 The peak transmission efficiency of the axle-driven rotary tiller shall be at least 80%.

7.2 The manufacturer’s specified minimum field capacity of the tractor shall be attained.

7.3 The noise emitted by the tractor measured 50 mm away from the operator’s ear level
shall not be more than 92 db (A). *

7.4 The tractor shall have no breakdowns/malfunctions (i.e. failure of components, etc)
during 5-hour continuous running test.

8 Other Requirements

8.1 For operator’s safety, the following shall be provided:

8.1.1 Belt guard or cover

8.1.2 Mud guard

8.1.3 Rubber hand grip

8.2 Mechanism for transmission belt adjustment shall be provided.

8.3 Mechanism for handle bar height adjustment shall be provided.

8.4 Mechanism for automatic disengagement of power transmission shall be provided.

8.5 Mechanism that minimize/reduce vibration shall be provided.

9 Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The tractor shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental to its
operation.

9.2 Any uncoated metallic surfaces shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

9.3 The tractor shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the operator.

_________________________
*
Allowable noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Ministry of Labor. Philippines.1983.

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PAES 110: 2001

10 Warranty for Construction and Durability

10.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for consumable maintenance parts such as belts within six (6) months from
the purchase of the tractor.

10.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six (6) months from purchase by the first buyer.

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 Each tractor unit shall be provided with the following basic hand tools: three (3)
pieces open wrenches; one (1) piece each of Philips and flat screw driver; and one (1) piece
adjustable wrench.

11.2 An instruction manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

12 Sampling

The tractor shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

13 Testing

Sampled tractor shall be tested in accordance with PAES 111.

14 Marking and Labeling

Each tractor shall be marked in English language with the following information using a
plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

14.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

14.2 Brand

14.3 Model

14.4 Serial number

14.5 Name and address of the manufacturer

14.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported (optional)

14.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

14.8 Power requirement, kW

14.9 Safety/precautionary markings

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 118: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards. In
compliance with metrication law “Batas Pambansa Bilang 8” enacted on January 1, 1983,
some data are converted to International System of Units (SI).

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Hunt, Donnel. Farm Power and Machinery Management. 7th Edition. Iowa State University
Press, Ames, Iowa.1977.

Machinery Management Lecture Notes. Wedd, Stephen. University of Sydney, Orange.

November 3, 1999.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S203.10:1982 Rear Power Take-off for
Agricultural Tractors

American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S217.10:1984 Three-point Free-link

Attachment for Hitching Implements to Agricultural Wheel Tractors

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 500:1979 Agricultural Tractors –

Power-take-off and drawbar – Specification

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 500:1991 Agricultural Tractors – Rear-

mounted Power-take-off – Types 1, 2 and 3

Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery (RNAM) Test Codes And Procedures for Farm
Machinery. Technical Series No. 12 :1983.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 118: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for the construction and operation of agricultural
four-wheel tractor.

This is applicable to two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive tractors with a net power range of
4 kW to 400 kW.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 104:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Location and Method of Operation of Operator’s

Controls – Control for Agricultural Tractors and Machinery

PAES 119:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Methods of Test

ISO 500:1991, Agricultural Tractors – Rear-mounted Power-take-off – Types 1, 2 and 3

ISO 730-1:1994, Rear-mounted three-point linkage – Categories 1, 2, 3 and 4

ISO 6489-3:1992, Agricultural Vehicles – Mechanical Connections on Towing Vehicles –

Part 3: Tractor Drawbar.

ISO 3776:1989, Tractors for Agriculture – Seat Belt Anchorages.

ISO 4253:1993, Agricultural Tractors – Operator’s seating accommodation – Dimensions.

ISO/DIS 8082:2001, Roll-over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Laboratory tests and

Performance Requirements.

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PAES 118: 2001

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
drawbar
bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched

3.2
drawbar power
power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters

3.3
four-wheel tractor
self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or propel agricultural
implements and machines

3.3.1
four-wheel drive
type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels

3.3.2
two-wheel drive
type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels with small front wheels
being pushed along

3.4
linchpin
retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs

3.5
lower hitch point tire clearance
clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from the lower hitch point to the outside
diameter of the tire with the implement in raised position and all side sway removed from the
links (see Figure 1a)

3.6
lower hitch point tractor clearance
horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost parts of the tractor in the area between the two
lower links and the horizontal line through the two lower hitch points throughout the range of
vertical movement of the hitch points (see Figure 1b)
NOTE The power-take-off master shield may be removed, if necessary to meet this
dimension.

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 PAES 118: 2001

a) Tire clearance b) Tractor clearance

Figure 1 – Lower Hitch Point Tire and Tractor Clearance

3.7
power-take-off (PTO) shaft
external shaft usually at the rear of the tractor providing rotational power to implements and
machines

3.8
PTO output power
power measured at the PTO shaft

3.9
roll-over protective structure (ROPS)
roll-over protective device (ROPD)
safety frame
two- or four-post structural frames primarily used to protect a seat-belted operator from being
crushed in case the machine rolls over

3.10
three-point linkage
combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the tractor and the
implement at opposite ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor (see Figure 2)

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PAES 118: 2001

Upper link

Leveling adjustment Detail "A"

Hitch point

Link point

PTO shaft
Detail "A"
Lower link

Figure 2 – Three-point Linkage and its Components

3.10.1
hitch point
articulated connection between a link and the implement (see Figure 2)

NOTE For geometrical analysis, the hitch point is established as the center of the articulated
connection between a link and the implement.

3.10.2
leveling adjustment
adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved vertically with
respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the implement (see Figure 2)

3.10.3
link point
articulated connection between a link and the tractor (see Figure 2)

NOTE For geometrical analysis, the link point is established as the center of the articulated
connection between a link and the tractor.

3.10.4
upper hitch pin
pin that connects the upper link to the implement (see Figure 2)

3.10.5
upper link pin
pin that connects the upper link to the tractor (see Figure 2)

3.11
wheel tread
center to center distance between two front or rear wheels

4 Classification

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 PAES 118: 2001

4.1 two-wheel drive

Figure 3. Two-wheel drive tractor

4.2 four-wheel drive

Figure 4. Four-wheel drive tractor

5 Construction Requirements

5.1 Materials

The tractor shall be generally made of cast iron and steel materials.

5.2 Controls

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PAES 118: 2001

The various controls of the tractor as shown in Figure 5 shall be located and operated in
accordance with PAES 104.

Work light switch (front)

1000 2000

Glow plug 0
Work light switch (rear)
indicator
3000

Light switch

Starter switch

Engine stop knob

Hazard light switch

Steering wheel

Main gear shift lever

Dual speed-shift
switch
Parking brake Foot throttle
lever Hydraulic draft lever
Hydraulic position lever
Clutch pedal
Hand throttle lever

Synchro-shuttle
shift lever Remote control valve lever

Auxiliary gear
shift lever

Front wheel Hydraulic select lever

drive lever Brake
pedal PTO clutch control lever

Differential lock pedal Hydraulic lowering speed knob

Figure 5. Typical controls of a four-wheel tractor

5.3 Hydraulic Three-point Linkage System

5.3.1 The tractor shall be equipped with position and/or draft implement controls.

5.3.2 The dimensions of three-point linkage shall be based on the following categories to
enable implements to be attached to all makes of tractors. Each category covers tractor power
ranges as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 – Three-point Linkage Categories
Maximum Drawbar Power
Category
kW
1 15 – 35
2 30 – 75
3 60 – 168
4 135 – 300
Source: ASAE Standard 209, Agricultural Tractor Test Code.

NOTE For more detailed specifications of three-point linkage refer to ISO 730-1.
5.3.3 The dimensions associated with the tractor is given in Table 2 and shown in Figure 6.

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 PAES 118: 2001

Table 2 – Dimensions Associated with the Tractor under the three-point linkage categories
Dimensions in millimeters
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
*
Upper Link
Width at hitch point (C) - 44 - 51 - 51 - 64

Radius at hitch point (E) - 51 - 51 - 51 - 64

Hitch pin hole diameter (B) 19 20 25 26 32 33 45 46

Upper Hitch Pin
Diameter (A) 18 19 25 26 31 32 44 45
Distance from head to centerline of
92 - 102 - 102 - 140 -
linchpin hole (D)
Linchpin hole diameter (G) 11 12 11 12 11 12 17 18
Lower Link
Width at hitch point (J) 34 35 34 45 44 45 57 58

Radius at hitch point (F) - 45 - 67 - 76 - 76

Stud hole diameter (H) 22 23 28 29 36 37 51 52

Lower hitch point tire clearance (X) 76 - 76 - 76 - 76 -

Lower hitch point tractor clearance
457 - 457 - 457 - 457 -
(Z)
Side sway at hitch point each side
of center position with lower links 102 - 127 - 127 - 127 -
horizontal‡ (RR)
Horizontal distance from end of
PTO shaft to lower hitch points 508 559 508 559 508 559 508 559
with draft links horizontal§ (Y)
*
Side sway of the upper link must be compatible with that provided at the lower links plus necessary allowance for lateral adjustment.
‡ Means should be provided to lock the draft links in a rigid lateral position for PTO, for other operations where side sway cannot be
tolerated
and when the hitched is raised to the transport position. No maximum dimensions for side sway are specified; this must be limited in each
individual application so that hitch or implement will not come in contact with the tractor tires.
§
Dimensions pertain to 1-3/8 and 1-3/4 in. diameter, 540 rpm PTO shafts and 1-3/8 in. diameter, 1000 rpm PTO shafts. On some
previously
designed models of tractors, the minimum horizontal distance for Category 1 and Category 2 is 457 mm (18 in.). Dimensions shown
should be
increased by 102 mm (4 in) on tractors equipped with 1-3/4 in. diameter,1000 rpm PTO shafts.

C
G

E
A
B

Upper link

J D PTO F
shaft
RR RR
Lower link
H

Figure 6 – Dimensions Associated with the Tractor

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PAES 118: 2001

5.4 Drawbar

5.4.1 Types of drawbar

a) fixed drawbar b) swinging drawbar c) link drawbar

Figure 7 –Drawbar types

5.4.2 The drawbar shall be situated in the longitudinal mid-plane of the tractor. The
−0
diameter of the hole in the drawbar 33
should
+ 0.5 be mm. The thickness of the drawbar
shall be not more than 32 mm. (see Figure 8)

NOTE For more detailed specification of drawbar refer to ISO 6489-3.

32 mm

33 mm

Figure 8 – Clevis-type drawbar hole diameter and thickness

5.4.3 Mechanism for drawbar height adjustment shall be provided, as this can be useful for
setting up the implement for the most efficient output.

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 PAES 118: 2001

5.5 Transmission systems

5.5.1 Main clutch and PTO clutch

5.5.1.1 Dry type single-plate clutch

The clutch is engaged when the driven plate is gripped firmly between the flywheel and
pressure plate by the force of the pressure spring causing the rotary motion of the flywheel to
be transmitted through driven plate to main drive shaft. (see Figure 9a)

Applying a stepping force on the clutch pedal causes the rod to move in the direction of the
arrow accompanying the leftward movement of the release bearing so that the lower end of
the release lever is pushed in the same direction. The pressure plate is shifted toward the right
against the force of the pressure spring removing the pressure from the driven plate so that
transmission of the revolution of the flywheel to the driven plate is cut bringing the main
shaft to a halt. (see Figure 9b)
Pressure Plate
Pressure Spring
Release Bearing Driven Plate

Free Travel

Drive Shaft

Power From Engine

Clearance
Release Lever Power Flow
Pressure Spring
Flywheel
Pin
a) Clutch engaged

Release Bearing

Release Lever
Clearance
Clearance
b) Clutch disengaged

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PAES 118: 2001

Figure 9 – Dry Type Single-plate Clutch

5.5.1.2 Dual clutch

When both the main clutch and dual clutch parts are both engaged, the main clutch disc and
PTO clutch disc are transmitting power to the main driving shaft and PTO driving shaft,
respectively. (see Figure 10a)

The first stage of stepping on the clutch pedal causes the pin to move in the direction of the
arrow, but the original space between the pin (2) and the pressure plate (1) is wide enough to
prevent the pin (2) from pulling the pressure plate. However, the pin (1) pushes the pressure
plate towards the flywheel side until it comes apart from the main clutch disc. Thus, the first
stage recession of the clutch pedal disengages the main clutch part while the PTO clutch is
still engaged. (see Figure 10b)

The second stage of stepping on the clutch pedal deeper down causes the pin (2) to pull the
pressure plate (1) away from the PTO clutch disc making both the PTO clutch and main
clutch disengaged. (see Figure 10c)
Pin (2)
Clearance
Pin (1)

Release Lever

Flywheel Release Bearing

Running Drive Shaft

Clutch Pedal

PTO
Drive Shaft
Pressure Spring

PTO Clutch Disc

Clutch Rod
Pressure Plate (1)
Main Running Clutch Disc
Pressure Plate (2)

a) Both are engaged

No Clearance

b) Main clutch is disengaged c) Both are disengaged

but PTO clutch engaged

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 PAES 118: 2001

Figure 10 – Construction and Function of Dual Clutch

5.5.2 Transmission gears

The transmission gears shall be classified based on the following:

5.5.2.1 Sliding mesh gears

Gears on the main shaft are meshed with the other gears on the counter shaft selectively by
sliding them along the splined part of the gear. (see Figure 11)

Figure 11 – Sliding
Mesh Type Transmission Gears

5.5.2.2 Constant mesh gears

A gear on the counter shaft and an idler on the main shaft are kept in constant mesh, while
the sliding clutch (1) and (2) on the splined part of the main shaft are connected with the
gears by sliding them along to drive the main shaft. To attain the main shaft’s maximum
speed, the drive shaft shall be directly connected to the main shaft by sliding clutch (1) to the
left. If the mating clutch (1) is shifted to the right connecting it to gear 2, the main shaft will
assume the same speed as the gear 2. Similarly, when the mating clutch (2) is shifted to the
left connecting it with gear 3, the main shaft’s revolution will be reversed. (see Figure 12)
Mating Clutch (1) Mating Clutch (2)
1 2 1 2

Main Shaft

Counter Shaft

Reverse Gear

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PAES 118: 2001

Figure 12 – Constant mesh type transmission gears

5.5.2.3 Synchronous mesh gears

5.5.2.3.1 Constant load type

Cone clutches are formed between the inner part of the hub and the mating gears (1) and (2).
Mating of the clutch is done by moving the sleeve axially which gives sliding motion to the
hub via the steel balls along the main shaft. By mating of the friction clutch, the revolution of
the gear and the main shaft are made uniform.

If the sleeve is pushed further after giving same revolution to the gear and the main shaft, the
steel balls are displaced from the grooves causing the sleeve to slide on the hub resulting in
smooth meshing between the clutching gear and interval splines of the sleeve. (see Figure
13a)

5.5.2.3.2 Inertia lock type

The clutch is engaged when the sliding ring is moved by shift lever, the fixed collar moves
together by spring force and its end face presses against the cone. Differential revolution
speed, if any, between the gears (1) and (2) and the main shaft causes the cone to rotate in
one way until it halts by the side face of the fixed collar. And the more the sliding ring of the
teeth of the cone are pressed, the more the cone is pressed by cam lift generating frictional
torque in the cone clutch which result in the synchronizing action. When the speed of the
main shaft and the gear (1) or (2) is equalized, the torque given by cone clutch to rotate the
cone is lifted and the sliding ring returns the cone to its neutral position passes the teeth and
meshes with the clutching teeth of the gear (1) or (2). (see Figure 13b)
Spring Steel Ball
Main Shaft Sliding Link
Sleeve Fixed Collar
Gear (1) Gear (2) Spring Main Shaft
Cone
Hub

Gear (1)
Hub Gear (2)

a) Constant load type b) Inertia lock type

Figure 13 – Synchronous Mesh Type Transmission Gears

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 PAES 118: 2001

5.5.2.4 Planetary gears

It is composed of the sun gear fixed on the driving shaft; the planetary gear which is meshed
with it; the carrier fixed on the driving shaft which supports them; the ring gear on the
internal side of which the planetary gears are in mesh; and the brake for locking the ring gear.

When the ring gear is locked and the sun gear is driven by the driving shaft, the planetary
gears will rotate around the sun gear, at the same time, spinning by themselves, and the
carrier rotates in the same direction. (see Figure 14)
Brake

Sun Gear Carrier

Carrier

Planetary
Gear Planetary
Sun Gear Gear

Ring Gear
Brake

Figure 14 – Principles of Planetary Speed Change Gears

5.5.2.5 Fluid coupler and transmission

In hydrostatic transmission (HST), the plunger or gear pump delivers liquid to the hydraulic
motor which is similar to the pump in construction (see Figure 15). The HST makes use of a
small volume of liquid at high pressure for power transmission.

Wheel

Pump Motor
Engine

Figure 15 – Hydrostatic Transmission (HST)

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PAES 118: 2001

5.5.2.6 Tractors may have “on-the-go” shifts and/or shuttle gears which enable quick forward
and reverse selection in each gear.

5.5.3 Differential gears

When the tractor is turning (see Figure 16a), the resistance against the inner wheel becomes
greater than the resistance against the outer wheel, the difference of which is reflected to the
differential side gear as a corresponding differential resistance. This differential resistance
causes the differential pinions to turn giving different rotating speeds to the differential side
gear, resulting to different rotating speeds of the right and left driving wheels. (see Figure
16b)

Driving Wheels

Higher Revolution of
Outer Wheel
Lower Revolution of
Inner Wheel
Driving
Wheels

a) Function

Differential Case Differential

Pinion Shaft
Spiral Bevel Gear
Differential
Side Gears
Rear Axle

Driving Shaft Final Drive Gears

Spiral Bevel Differential

Pinion Gear Yoke Shaft
Differential
Pinion Gears

b) Construction

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 PAES 118: 2001

Figure 16 – Function and Construction of Differential Gears

5.5.4 Differential lock

The differential lock is a device by which a restraining force is applied to the differential
gears in case one of the wheels go into an idle spin, so that the differential yoke shafts are
rotated together as one unit. (see Figure 17)
Differential
Pinion Gears

Shift Fork Shift Fork

Differential Lock
(pin type) Differential Lock
(mating clutch type)
Differential Differential
Yoke Shaft Yoke Shaft

Differential
Side Gears

a) Pin type b) Mating clutch type

Figure 17 – Types of Differential Locks

5.5.6 PTO shaft

The main characteristics of the three types of PTO shafts shall be as specified in Table 3.

Table 3 – Characteristics of PTO Types

PTO Nominal Number and Type PTO Rated

Type Diameter of Splines Speed PTO Shaft Profile
mm rpm
Straight spline

1 35 6 straight splines 540

Involute spline

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PAES 118: 2001

21 involute
2 35 1000
splines

20 involute
3 45 1000
splines

NOTE For more detailed specifications of the PTO, refer to ISO 500.

5.6 Wheel tread adjustment

Mechanism for wheel tread adjustment shall be provided, as this can be useful for allowing
the wheel tread to be matched with implements.

5.6.1 Front tread

The length of the front axle itself shall be adjusted by changing set bolt positions as shown in
Figure 18a. The length of the tie-rod shall be adjusted accordingly. For four-wheel drive
tractors, the front tread shall be adjusted by inverting the disc or changing the position of the
wheel hub along the shaft as shown in Figure 18b.

5.6.2 Rear tread

For two-wheel and four-wheel drive tractors, the rear tread shall be adjusted by inverting the
disc, since the shaft length is not changeable. Or, it shall be adjusted by changing the position
of the wheel hub along the shaft. (see Figure 18b)
Center pivot

Front axle
A

Bolt
A and B is of the
Tie rod same pitch

a) Tread adjustment of front wheel

Axle
Disc
Rim Bolt

Tire

1 2 3 4

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 PAES 118: 2001

b) Tread adjustment of rear wheels

Figure 18 – Examples of Wheel Tread Adjustment

5.7 Brake system

The brake system shall be classified according to:

5.7.1 manner of applying braking force

5.7.1.1 internal expansion type

The motion of the brake cam in the direction of the arrow makes the brake shoes open
outward until the brake linings are pressed hard against the brake drum for braking
(see Figure 19 a).

5.7.1.2 external contraction type

The motion of the link arm in the direction of the arrow makes the brake band tightly in
contact with the brake drum for braking (see Figure 19 b).

5.7.1.3 disc type

The steel balls between the two actuating discs pushed them outward until they are pressed
hard against the brake discs for braking (see Figure 19 c).

Adjusting Anchor
Brake lining Cam (or Hydraulic slave cylinder) yokes
Brake pedal
Axle Brake drum Brake lining

Retracting spring

Brake shoes Link arm

Brake band Brake drum

Adjusting screw

a) internal expansion type b) external contraction type

Brake discs
Steel ball

Actuating disc
Pull rod

Actuating arm

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PAES 118: 2001

c) disc type

Figure 19 – Types of Brake based on Brake Force Application

5.7.2 manner of transmitting the force from the control

5.7.2.1 mechanical brake

The motion of the brake rod in the direction of the arrow is transmitted through the brake
lever to rotate the brake cam for braking. (see Figure 20a)

5.7.2.2 hydraulic brake

The stepping force on the brake pedal is converted to hydraulic forces by the master cylinder
and then transmitted through the pipe to the wheel cylinder. (see Figure 20b)

Brake pedal

Brake rod

Brake lever
Brake cam

a) mechanical brake

Brake pedal
Brake oil

Wheel cylinder

Master cylinder

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 PAES 118: 2001

b) hydraulic brake

Figure 20 – Types of Brake based on Brake Force Transmission

6 Performance Requirements

6.1 The drawbar power and field performance shall be tested in accordance with
PAES 119.

6.2 The allowable wheel slip for maximum efficiency is shown in Table 4.
Table 4 – Acceptable Level of Wheel slip

Tractor type Firm Soil Tilled or Soft Soil

% %
Two-wheel drive 7 – 11 10 – 15

Four-wheel drive 6 – 10 8 – 13
Source: Machinery Management Notes #1 – Traction.

6.3 The tractor equipped with three-point linkage shall have the minimum hydraulic lift
force capacity available throughout the power range, at a distance of 610 mm beyond the
lower hitch points (without external assist hydraulic cylinders) as shown in Table 5.
Table 5 – Hydraulic Lift Force Capacity
Maximum drawbar power Lift force per drawbar power*
kW kN/kW
65 and below 0.31
20.15 plus 0.155 kN/kW for the succeeding drawbar
Above 65
power
Source: ASAE Standard S217.10,Three-point Free-link Attachment for Hitching Implements to Agricultural Wheel Tractors

6.4 Tractor speed during field operations

The tractor shall be able to pull field implements up to 8 km/h.

7 Safety Requirements

7.7.1 When the PTO is in use, a cover or casing that protects the sides of the PTO shaft
shall be fitted. An additional non-rotating casing shall also be provided when the PTO is not
in use. This casing shall enclose the PTO shaft completely and be fixed to the tractor body.

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PAES 118: 2001

7.7.2 A seat shall be provided which will adequately support the operator in all working
and operating modes. Adequate and comfortable support and protection for the feet shall be
provided.

NOTE For more detailed specification of seat and ROPS refer to ISO 4253 and
ISO/DIS 8082, respectively.
7.7.3 All tractors powered by 15 kW engines or higher shall be equipped with ROPS and
seat belts.
NOTE For more detailed specification of seat belt refer to ISO 3776.

7.7.4 The noise emitted by the tractor measured 50 mm away from the operator’s ear level
shall not be more than 92 db (A). *

8 Other Requirement

8.1 The engine of the tractor shall be equipped with cooling system suitable for tropical
operations.

8.2 Mechanism that minimize/reduce vibration shall be provided.

9 Workmanship and Finish

9.1 The tractor shall be free from manufacturing defects that may be detrimental to its
operation.

9.2 Any uncoated metallic surface shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

9.3 The tractor shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the operator.

10 Warranty for Construction and Durability

10.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for consumable maintenance parts (i.e. fan belts, oil filter, fuel filter, etc.)
within six (6) months from the purchase of the tractor.

10.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components (i.e. transmission, cooling, lubrication systems, etc) within six (6) months from
purchase by the first buyer.

11 Maintenance and Operation

11.1 Each tractor unit shall be provided with the following minimum quantity of basic
hand tools: three (3) pieces open wrenches, one (1) piece each of Philips and flat screw
driver, one (1) pair of mechanical pliers, one (1) piece adjustable wrench, one (1) piece
grease gun, one (1) piece of tire wrench and one (1) piece of lifting jack.

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 PAES 118: 2001

_________________________
*
Allowable noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Ministry of Labor, Philippines. 1983.
11.2 An instruction manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

11.3 All components that require regular maintenance, servicing and adjustment should be
easily accessible.

12 Sampling

The tractor shall be sampled for testing in accordance with PAES 103.

13 Testing

The sampled tractor shall be tested in accordance with PAES 119.

14 Marking and Labeling

Each tractor shall be marked in English language with the following information using a
plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

14.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

14.2 Brand

14.3 Model

14.4 Serial number

14.5 Name and address of manufacturer

14.6 Name and address of importer (optional)

14.7 Country of manufacture

14.8 Safety/precautionary markings

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 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 116: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Small Engine – Specifications

Foreword

The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing
and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation
of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the
Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).

This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC
Directives Part 3:1997) – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards.

The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform
to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted.

The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as
particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that certain course of action
is preferred but not necessarily required.

In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered:

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J608:1958 Minimum Identification markings for

small air-cooled engines

Hunt Donnel. Farm Power and Machinery Management 7th Ed. IOWA State University Press,
Ames, Iowa. 1977.

Stone A.A. and H.E. Gulvin. Machines for Power Farming 3rd Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc,
USA.1977.

Republic Act No. 7394 otherwise known as “The Consumer Act of the Philippines” enacted
on July 22, 1991.

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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 116: 2001

Agricultural Machinery – Small Engine – Specifications

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for construction and performance of fully equipped
internal combustion engines with one or two cylinders of up to 20 kW rating used for
agricultural purposes.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation

PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling

PAES 117:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Small Engines – Methods of Test

3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1
air-cooled
direct cooling system
system wherein air is used to remove excess heat from the engine through metal fins or
shrouds which are located around the cylinder thus creating the flow of air to the engine body
in order to maintain its operating temperature

3.2
cycle
series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the events after
the last one has occurred

3.2.1
four-stroke
piston requires four movements to complete one cycle

NOTE One movement of piston for each of the events such as intake, compression, power
and exhaust.

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 PAES 116: 2001

3.2.2
two-stroke cycle
piston requires two movements to complete one cycle

NOTE One downward movement of piston for the events exhaust and intake and one
upward movement of piston for the events compression and power

3.3
engine
heat engine
mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of fuel into mechanical
energy

3.4
internal combustion engine
type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder

3.4.1
compression ignition engine
diesel engine
engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high temperature is
achieved to initiate combustion of fuel

NOTE As the compressed air inside the cylinder reaches a high temperature, atomized fuel
is injected in the combustion chamber, it ignites on contact with high temperature air to
generate power.

3.4.2
spark ignition engine
gasoline engine
engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on the compressed fuel
and air mixture

NOTE Fuel and air mixture is first introduced inside the cylinder in gaseous condition. It is
then compressed and ignited resulting to the generation of power.

3.5
overhead valve (OHV)
I-head arrangement
arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head

3.6
side valves (SV)
L-head arrangement
arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located on one side of the
cylinder block

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PAES 116: 2001

3.7
water-cooled
liquid-cooled
indirect cooling system
system in which water/liquid-coolant serves as the cooling medium which circulates in the
water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine

4 Classification

The classification of internal combustion engines shall be based on the following:

4.1 Type of fuel used

4.1.1 Gasoline

4.1.2 Diesel

4.2 Type of fuel ignition system

4.2.1 Spark ignition

4.2.2 Compression ignition

4.3 Orientation of engine cylinder

4.3.1 Vertical

4.3.2 Horizontal

4.3.3 Inclined/Diagonal

4.4 Type of cooling system

4.4.1 Water-cooled

4.4.2 Air-cooled

4.5 Arrangement of valves and camshaft

4.5.1 Side valves (SV)

4.5.2 Overhead valve (OHV)

4.6 Number of cycle

4.6.1 Two-stroke

4.6.2 Four-stroke

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 PAES 116: 2001

4.7 Type of starting system

4.7.1 Hand cranked

4.7.2 Electrically started

5 Performance Requirements

The engine when tested in accordance with PAES 117 shall conform to the following
requirements:

5.1 The engine shall be easily started as indicated in PAES 117.

5.2 At least 80% of the rated maximum output power shall be attained during the varying
load test.

5.3 A performance curve, which shows output power, torque, fuel consumption and
specific fuel consumption plotted against engine shaft speed at full throttle setting, shall be
provided.

5.4 The rated continuous output power of the engine specified on the nameplate or 80%
of the rated maximum power (if no rating on continuous power is indicated) shall be attained
at rated engine speed.

5.5 The engine shall have no breakdowns/malfunctions (i.e. overheating, failure of

components, etc) during 5-hr continuous running test.

5.6 The noise emitted by the engine measured 50 mm away from the operator’s ear level
shall not be more than 92 db (A). *

6 Other Requirements

6.1 The fuel tank shall have a capacity which shall not require replenishment of fuel for at
least two hours of operation at rated continuous power.

6.2 The base shall be durable and have provision for easy mounting of the engine.

6.3 There shall be provisions that will orient the exhaust away from the operator.

6.4 The engine shall be equipped with cooling system suitable for tropical operations.

_________________________
*
Allowable noise level for six (6) hours of continuous exposure based on Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
Ministry of Labor. Philippines.1983.

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PAES 116: 2001

7 Workmanship and Finish

7.1 Castings shall be free of shrink holes, blowholes, cracks, scales, blisters and other
similar injurious defects. The surface of castings shall be cleaned by sandblasting, shot
blasting, pickling or any other standard method.

7.2 The engine shall be free from sharp edges and surfaces that may injure the operator.

7.3 Any uncoated metallic surfaces shall be free from rust and shall be painted properly.

8 Warranty for Construction and Durability

8.1 Warranty against defective materials and workmanship shall be provided for parts and
services except for consumable maintenance parts (i.e. spark plug, air cleaner element, etc)
within six (6) months from the purchase of the engine.

8.2 The construction shall be rigid and durable without breakdown of its major
components within six (6) months from purchase by the first buyer.

9 Maintenance and Operation

9.1 Each engine unit shall be provided with the following basic hand tools: two (2) pieces
open wrenches, one (1) piece adjustable wrench and one (1) piece each of Philips and flat
screw-driver. For gasoline engines, a spark plug wrench shall also be provided.

9.2 An instruction manual, which conforms to PAES 102, shall be provided.

10 Sampling

Engines shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103.

11 Test Method

The sampled engines shall be tested for performance and durability in accordance with
PAES 117.

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 PAES 116: 2001

12 Marking and Labeling

Each engine shall be marked in English language with the following information using a
plate, stencil or by directly punching it at the most conspicuous place:

12.2.1 Registered trademark of the manufacturer

12.2.2 Brand

12.2.3 Model

12.2.4 Serial number

12.2.5 Name and address of manufacturer

12.2.6 Name and address of the importer, if imported (optional)

12.2.7 Country of manufacture (if imported) / “Made in the Philippines” (if manufactured in
the Philippines)

12.2.8 Output power (kW) at rated speed

12.2.8.1 Maximum

12.2.8.2 Continuous

12.2.9 Displacement (cc)

12.2.10 Safety/precautionary markings

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