Course Content (dkslZ dh varoZLrq)

Lesson ¼ikB½ (Page No.)

1) Before we start ¼‚kq#vkr djus ls igys½ 8-17

 Letters of Hindi & English Alphabet ¼fgUnh o vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds v{[email protected]½
 Greeting ¼vfHkoknu½
 Manners ¼f‛k’Vkpkj½
 What is the time? ¼le; fdruk gqvk½ & vaxzst+h esa le; crkuk
 Numerals & Their Pronunciations ¼la[;k,¡ o muds mPpkj.k½
 Punctuation Marks ¼fojke fpUg½
 Seven Days of a Week ¼g¶rs ds lkr fnu½
 Twelve Months of a year ¼lky ds ckjg eghus½

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2) Few Basics of English (vaxzsth+ dh dqN ewy ckrsa) 18-28
 Sentences & Their Types ( okD; o mlds izdkj½
 Parts of a sentence ¼fdlh okD; ds Hkkx½
 Subjects Types ¼Subjects(drkZ) ds izdkj½

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 1st Person, 2nd Person, 3rd Person “Singular-Plural” Concept
 Use of “This, That, These, Those” ¼“This, That, These, Those” dk iz;ksx½

 Use of Apostrophe s ¼ ‟s dk iz;ksx ½
NT
Difference between Living & Non Living ¼ltho o futhZo ds chp QdZ½

 Let‟s cram a few things ¼vkb, dqN pht+sa jV ysa½

3) Pronunciation ¼izuufl,‛ku½ & mPpkj.k 29-35
OI
 Pronunciation of vowels ¼Lojksa dk mPpkj.k½
 Sound of „A‟ („A‟ dh /ofu½
 Sound of „E‟ („E‟ dh /ofu½
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 Sound of „I‟ („I‟ dh /ofu½

ER

 Sound of „O‟ („O‟ dh /ofu½

 Sound of „U‟ („U‟ dh /ofu½
 Miscellaneous Pronunciation ¼fofo/k mPpkj.k½
 Pronunciation of “l” and “'k” ¼“l” vkSj “'k” dk mPpkj.k½
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 Sound of “'k” - Few exceptions (‚k dh /ofu & dqN viokn½

 Sound of “t”, “t+” and “'k+” (“t”, “t+” vkSj “'k+”dh /ofu½
 Words starting with „S‟, not followed by „h‟
TO

(„S‟ ls ‚kq# gksus okys ‚kCn ftuesa „S‟ ds rqjUr ckn „h‟ u vk;s½
 Sound of TH – „da‟ & „tha‟ (TH dk mPpkj.k & „n‟ vkSj „Fk‟)
 „S‟ follows „tion‟ – Sound „shcha‟ („S‟ ds ckn „tion‟ gks & ^‚p^ dh /ofu½
 Pronunciation of „C‟ – „sa‟ & „ka‟) ( „C‟ dk mPpkj.k & ^l^ vkSj ^d^½
 Pronunciation of „G‟ – „ga‟ & „ja‟) ( „G‟ dk mPpkj.k & ^x^ vkSj ^t^½
4) Vocabulary & Pronunciation Exercises & ‚kCnkoyh ,oa mPpkj.k dk vH;kl 36-49
5) WH Family (WH ifjokj½ 50-52
6) Parts of Speech- ‚kCn Hksn 53
7) Noun ¼laKk½ 54-58
 Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk½
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  Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk½
 Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½
 Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk½
 Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk½
 Gerund¼tSjUM½ & ¼fØ;kokpd laKk½
 Countable & Uncountable Noun ¼x.kuh; o vx.kuh; laKk½
 The Noun: Gender (fyax)
 The Noun: Number ¼opu½
 The Noun: Always ending with „s‟ ¼ftuds vUr esa „s‟ gks½
8) Pronoun ¼loZuke½ 59-60
 Subjective, Objective, Possessive & Reflexive Pronoun

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 Difference between possessive cases e.g. My – Mine, Our – Ours
9) Adjective ¼fo‛ks’k.k½ 61-63
 Three degrees of adjectives - Use of „er‟ / „est‟
 Three degrees of adjectives - Use of more/most
 Three degrees of adjectives - Irregular pattern

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10) Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½ 64-67
 Types of Verbs - Main Verb & Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb
NT
¼fØ;k ds izdkj & eq[; fØ;k ,oa lgk;d fØ;k½
 Three forms of the verbs ¼fØ;kvksa ds rhu #i½
11) Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k½ 68-71
 Three degrees of adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa dh rhu Jsf.k;k¡½
OI
 Few Examples of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k½
12) Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½ 72
13) Articles (A{,}, An{,su}, The{n ;k nh}) 73-77
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 When to use „A‟ and when to use „An‟ ¼dgk¡ ij „A‟ vkSj dgk¡ ij „An‟½
 How to pronounce – „the‟ or „thee‟ (“The” dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa½
ER

 When to use „The‟ („The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij½

 When not to use „The‟ („The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha½
14) Prepositions ¼lEcU/k lwpd vO;; vFkok iwoZlxZ½ 78-92
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15) Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & ¼fu/kkZjd½ 93-95

 Articles (A, An, The)
 Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
 Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its)
TO

 Quantifiers (Each, Every, Few, Some, Little, Any, All, More, Less etc.)
16) Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½ 96-109
 Simple Present
 Category I: „Is/Am/Are‟
 Category II: „Has/Have‟
 Simple Past
 Category I: „Was/Were‟
 Category II: „Had‟
 Simple Future
 Category I: „Will be‟

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  Category II: „Will have‟
 Simple Sentences-Practice Exercise
 Simple Sentences-Test Papers
17) There ¼nsvj½ 110-117
 Concept
 Concept No 1
 Concept No 2
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
18) Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½ 118-123
 Concept
 Practice Exercise

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 Test Papers
19) Tense & ¼dky½ 124-156
 Concept
 Present Indefinite Tense

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 Present Continuous Tense
 Present Perfect Tense
NT
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
 Past Indefinite Tense
 Past Continuous Tense
 Past Perfect Tense
OI
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
 Future Indefinite Tense
 Future Continuous Tense
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 Future Perfect Tense

 Future Perfect Continuous Tense
ER

 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
20) It ¼bV½ & ¼;g] ;s½ 157-166
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 Concept
 Concept No 1
 Concept No 2
 Concept No 3
TO

 Concept No 4
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
21) Modals ¼eksMkYl½ & #ikRed fØ;k,¡ 167-178
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
22) Conjunctions ¼dutaD‛kUl½ & leqPp; cks/kd vO;; 179-202
 Concept
 Practice Exercise

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  Test Papers

23) Imperative Sentences & ¼vkKklwpd okD;½ 203-210

 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
24) Let & ¼djus nsuk½ 211-218
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
25) Causative Verbs (Get & Make) 219-226
 Concept

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 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
26) Active & Passive Voice 227-239
 Concept

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 Passive of „Tenses‟
 Passive of „Modals‟
 Passive of „Let‟
 Practice Exercise
NT
 Test Papers
27) Special Cases 240-249
OI
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
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28) Fillers 250

29) Question Tags 251-252
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30) Phrasal Verbs 253-260

31) Prepositional Phrases 261-262
32) Confusing Similar Words ¼Hkzfer djus okys ,d tSls ‚kCn½ 263-268
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 Exercise – I
 Exercise – II
33) One Word Substitution ¼iwjk okD; flQZ ,d ‚kCn es½a 269-270
34) Special & Complex Sentences
TO

271-282
35) Extensive Translation Exercise 283-294
36) Objective Exercises 295-307
 Verbs
 Articles
 Prepositions
37) Sentence Correction Exercises 308-319
 Exercise – I
 Exercise – II
38) Mixed Practice Exercises 320-321
39) Mixed Test Papers 322-331
40) Translation Exercises 332-337

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  English to Hindi Translation Exercises
 Hindi to English Translation Exercises

41) Written Conversations 338-364

 Conversation-1 ¼okrkZyki & 1½ & Rakesh at Dr. Bansal‟s Clinic
 Conversation-2 ¼okrkZyki & 2½ & Shopping (Seema is buying a Teddy Bear)
 Conversation-3 ¼okrkZyki & 3½ & Teacher & Student
 Conversation-4 ¼okrkZyki & 4½ & Two friends: Sagar & Kamal
 Conversation-5 ¼okrkZyki & 5½ & Two friends: Ram & Shyam
 Conversation-6 ¼okrkZyki & 6½ & Rohit & Shalini
 Conversation-7 ¼okrkZyki & 7½ & Teacher & Student (Priya)
 Conversation-8 ¼okrkZyki & 8½ & Gyming
 Conversation-9 ¼okrkZyki & 9½ & Living away from Home

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 Conversation-10 ¼okrkZyki & 10½ & Mr. Goyal & his servent
 Conversation-11 ¼okrkZyki & 11½ & A Family
 Conversation-12 ¼okrkZyki & 12½ & Brother & Sister
 Conversation-13 ¼okrkZyki & 13½ & Two friends
 Conversation-14 ¼okrkZyki & 14½ & Professor & his student

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 Conversation-15 ¼okrkZyki & 15½ & Two passengers
 Conversation-16 ¼okrkZyki & 16½ & Two friends over the phone
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 Conversation-17 ¼okrkZyki & 17½ & Banker & Customer
 Conversation-18 ¼okrkZyki & 18½ & Bus conductor & Aman
 Conversation-19 ¼okrkZyki & 19½ & Manager & his employee Pooja
 Conversation-20 ¼okrkZyki & 20½ & Shopping (Ruby is purchasing a suit)
 Conversation-21 ¼okrkZyki & 21½ & A family conversation
OI
 Conversation-22 ¼okrkZyki & 22½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Pavitra (Student)
 Conversation-23 ¼okrkZyki & 23½ & Sagar at Doctor‟s clinic
 Conversation-24 ¼okrkZyki & 24½ & Two friends (Ravi & Saleem)
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 Conversation-25 ¼okrkZyki & 25½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Vivek (Student)
 Conversation-26 ¼okrkZyki & 26½ & Abhishek & Ayushi (Chat on a social site)
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 Conversation-27 ¼okrkZyki & 27½ & Friends (Boby, Himanshu, Nikhil, Sagar)
 Conversation-28 ¼okrkZyki & 28½ & Husband & Wife
 Conversation-29 ¼okrkZyki & 29½ & Bikrant & his uncle (Pushkar Singh Rana)
 Conversation-30 ¼okrkZyki & 30½ & Families meeting in a party.
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42) Few Passages 365-367

43) Idioms & Proverbs 368-371
44) Englishwale Certification - Written/Telephonic/Recording Assessment 372
TO

45) Written Interviews 373-381

46) English – Hindi Dictionary (vaxzst+h&fgUnh “kCndks”k) 382-400

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Lesson – 1
Before we start (‚kq#vkr djus ls igys)
vkb,] bl dkslZ ds Concept pSIVlZ dks ‚kq# djus ls igys ge vkidks vaxzst+h Hkk’kk dh dqN NksVh&2 ckrksa
dh tkudkjh nsAa
Before we start concept chapters, we would like to let you know about a few basics of
English language.

vkils gekjk igyk iz‛u gS fd vaxzst+h esa fdrus Alphabet gksrs gSa \ gesa mEehn gS fd vkiesa ls dbZ dgsx
a s 26A ;g lgh
mŸkj ugha gSA lgh mŸkj gS & ,d (one). Alphabet rks dsoy ,d ‚kCn (word) gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS o.kZekykA

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Alphabet ¼o.kZekyk½ rks ,d gh gS] 26 rks v{[email protected] (letters) gksrs gSaA

Our first question to you is “How many alphabets are there in English?” Most of you would answer
“26”. Not really! The correct answer is 1. Why so???? You must wonder!! Alphabet is just a name

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given to the group of all the Letters in a language; comprising vowels & consonants.

vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa dqy 26 v{[email protected] gksrs gSa (There are 26 letters in English Alphabet) –

A B C D E F G
NTH I J K L M N O
, ch lh Mh bZ ,sQ th ,p vkb ts ds ,sy ,se ,su vks
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
OI
ih D;w vkj ,sl Vh ;w oh MCY;w ,sDl ok; t+SM

vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & Loj (vowel) o O;atu (consonant)
Vowels (Loj) : There are 5 vowels. ¼5 Loj gksrs gSa½ & a, e, i, o, u
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Consonants (O;atu) : Rest 21 are consonants. ¼ckdh cps 21 O;atu dgykrs gSa½
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b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

fgUnh o.kZekyk esa dqy 46 o.kZ gksrs gSa &

There are 46 letters in Hindi Alphabet –
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fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu (Hindi‟s vowels and consonants)

Loj (Vowels)
TO

v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%
a aa e/i ee u/o oo/u e/ai ai o au/ou ang ah

O;atu (Consonants)
d [k x ?k ³ p N t ÷k ´ V B M < .k
ka kh ga gha nga cha chha ja jha yan ta tha da dha ana

r Fk n Ëk u i Q c Hk e ; j y o ‚k
th/t th/tha da/th dha na pa pha/fa ba bha ma ya ra la va/wa sh

‘k l g {k = K
sh sa ha ksh tra gya

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vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gS &
Upper Case (Capital Letters) cM+s o.kZ – A, B, C, D, E……… W, X, Y, Z.
Lower Case (Small Letters) NksVs o.kZ – a, b, c, d, e……… w, x, y, z.

vaxzst+h ds Loj vkSj O;atu ds lkFk lkFk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu dh tkudkjh gksuk Hkh csgn t+#jh gSA tc ge vkidks
Articles Chapter i<+k;saxs rks fcuk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu tkus vki dHkh lgh Article (A, An, The) dk iz;ksx
ugha dj ik;saxsA “The” dks “n” vkSj “nh” nksuksa rjhds ls cksyk tkrk gS ij dgk¡ “n” cksyuk gS vkSj dgk¡ “nh”, ;s Hkh vki
“Article” chapter esa i<+sxs ij fcuk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu tkus ;s lEHko gh ugha gSA

You must know about vowels & consonants of Hindi Alphabet as well, because when we‟ll teach
you about “Articles” i.e. A, An, The; you would understand how significant it is to know about it.

Ë;ku nhft, (Please pay attention) &

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fiNys ist esa geus crk;k fd “Å” dks “oo/u” fy[ksaxsA ij vxj vki ns[ksa rks ,d ‚kCn gS “cook”. ;gk¡ ij “oo” gS ij
bldk mPpkj.k “dwd” ugha cfYd “dqd” gSA ;kfu cM+h “Å” ugha cfYd NksVh “m” dk iz;ksx gqvkA blls ;s irk pyrk gS
fd gj ckj fl[kk;k x;k fu;e gh lgh ugha gksrk] dbZ viokn (exceptions) Hkh gksrs gSaA
¼t+½

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blh rjg vkius ns[kk gksxk fd dgha ij ÞtÞ ds uhps ,d fcUnq yxk;k gksrk gS tSls vkSj dgha ij ÞtÞ ds
uhps fcUnq ugha gksrkA nksuksa ds mPpkj.k esa cgqr T+;knk QdZ gksrk gS !
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‚kCnksa ds mPpkj.k (Pronunciation) dks vki vkus okys Pronunciation pSIVj esa foLrkj (detail) ls i<+us okys gSaA

D;k vki tkurs gSa (Do you know?) &

OI
Letters form a word. v{kjksa ls feydj 'kCn curk gSA
Words form a sentence. 'kCnksa ls feydj okD; curk gSA
Sentences form a paragraph. okD;ksa ls feydj iSjkxzkQ curk gSA
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mnkgj.k & “Mojib is a good guy. He is my best friend. I love him a lot.”
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Åij fn;s x;s iSjkxzkQ esa rhu okD; gSa & There are 3 sentences in above paragraph -
1) Mojib is a good guy. 2) He is my best friend. 3) I love him a lot.
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15 ‚kCn vkSj 43 v{kj gSaA There are 15 words and 43 letters.

Mojib Good Is Friend Him

Is Guy My I A
TO

A He Best Love lot

vfHkoknu (Greeting)

vfHkoknu dk rjhdk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ftl O;fDr dk vki vfHkoknu djuk pkgrs gSa oks vkils mez es]a fj‛rs
esa ;k fQj vksgns esa cM+k gS] NksVk gS ;k fQj gemez ;kfu leku mez dk gSA
Choosing words while Greeting someone depends on the age, relation and position of
the person whom you need to greet at time.

vDlj vius ls cM+s o ftuls vki T+;knk reht+ ls is‛k vkrs gSa tSls eqgYys ds dksbZ vady vkaVh] vkWfQl esa ckWl ;k dksbZ
lhfu;j] muds lkFk vkidks le; ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, &
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lqcg ls ysdj nksigj 12 cts rd& Good Morning (feyus ij)
Bye / Take care / See you / Have a nice day (fonk ysus ij)

nksigj 12 cts ls ysdj ‚kke 5 cts rd& Good Afternoon (feyus ij)
Bye / Take care / See you / Have a nice day (fonk ysus ij)

‚kke 5 cts ls lksus rd& Good Evening (feyus ij)

Good Night / Take care / Bye / See you (fonk ysus ij)

eku yhft, vki jkr ds 8 cts fdlh ls feys rks feyrs oDr D;k dgsx
a s \ ;s er lksfp, fd vaËksjk gks x;k gS rks vki
Good night dgsx a sA tSlk crk;k x;k gS fd jkr ds 11 cts Hkh vxj vfHkoknu djuk iM+s rks feyus ij Good
Evening gh dguk gksxk vkSj fonk ysus ij Good Night dguk lcls csgrj fodYi gSA

OM
gk¡] vxj vki vius fdlh nksLr ;k HkkbZ&cgu ;k fQj dksbZ [kkl ftlds lkFk vki cgqr frank gksa ;k fQj vkils mez esa
;k vksgns (position) esa NksVk dksbZ] ls feysa rks vki Hi, Hello dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

Basically, if you need to be formal with someone whom you greet, you can use Good

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Morning / Good Afternoon / Good Evening, however in informal/casual meet, you can
certainly use “Hi”, “Hello” etc.
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f‛k’Vkpkj (Manners)

vPNs f‛k’Vkpkj dks fn[kkus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk csgn Ë;ku j[ksa &
To show your good manners, keep in mind –
OI
1- vki fdlh ls dqN ek¡x jgs gksa rks “Please”, “Kindly” tSls ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx dfj,A
If you are asking someone for something, use “Please”, “Kindly” sort of words.
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2- vkidks dqN fn;k x;k ;k vkidh fdlh ckr dks egRo fn;k x;k rks “Thanks” dguk er Hkwfy,A
ER

If your were given something or given importance , always say “Thanks”.

( “Thank you” is more formal than “Thanks”.)

3- vxj dksbZ vkidk /kU;okn djs rks dgsa “Welcome” ;k “Mention not” ;k “My pleasure” ;k “It‟s
PP

ok” vkfnA
If someone thanks you for something, you can say: “Welcome”, “Mention not”, “My
pleasure”, “It‟s ok”, “It‟s alright” etc.
TO

4- tc vki fdlh ls Qksu ij ckr dj jgs gksa vkSj dksbZ ckr ;k ‚kCn vki lqu ugha ik;s rks dqN bl rjg dfg, &
“I beg your pardon” ;k “I am sorry” ;k “I didn‟t get it” ;k “Excuse me” ;k uezrk ls dg
ldrs gSa “Will you please repeat, I didn‟t get you” vkfnA
While talking over the phone, if you couldn‟t hear something, you can say – “I beg
your pardon” or “I am sorry” or “I didn‟t get it” or “Excuse me” or you may politely
say “Will you please repeat, I didn‟t get you” etc.

5- vki fdlh efgyk ;k fdlh vius ls cM+s dks ;k fdlh cqtqxZ dks jkLrk nsrs oDr dgsa & “After you” bldk vFkZ
gS fd vki dguk pkgrs gSa igys vki] fQj eSaA
While giving a way/path to a lady, someone older/elder or elderly person, politely
say “After you”. It simply implies that you respect that person and gives him/her
more importance than yourself.
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 6- vxj dksbZ vkils iwNs “How are you?” rks vkerkSj ij vki dgrs gSa “I am fine.” ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk
vkidks ml O;fDr dk gky pky Hkh iwNuk pkfg,A vki dg ldrs gSa & “I am fine. What about you?”
;k “Great. You tell?” ;k “Fine and you?” vkfnA
If someone asks you “How are you?”; it‟s pretty common, you say “I am fine.” But it‟s
better to ask him/her as well about how he/she is. You can rather say - “I am fine.
What about you?” or “Great. You tell?” or “Fine and you?” etc.

7- vxj vki fdlh dh ckr chp esa gh jksddj viuh ckr dguk pkgsa rks dqN bl rjg dfg, & “Sorry to
interrupt you” or “Sorry to intervene” vkSj tc oks O;fDr vki ij /;ku ns rks viuh ckr jf[k,A
If you wish to cut someone short or interrupt, say politely – “Sorry to interrupt you”
or “Sorry to intervene” and then proceed.
tc vki yksxksa ds lkFk ckr djrs gSa vkSj vPNk O;ogkj fn[kkrs gSa rks vkidks lekt esa bT+t+r nh tkrh gSA ;s Hkh ;kn jgs

OM
fd dsoy bu ‚kCnksa ;k okD;k‛kksa dk iz;ksx djuk gh dkQh ugha] cfYd tks Hkh cksysa] uezrk vkSj izse ls cksyAsa f‛k’Vkpkj ;gha
ij [kRe ugha gksrk] cfYd tSls&2 oDr ds lkFk vki vaxzsth Hkk’kk dh xgjkbZ dks vkSj csgrj le÷ksaxs] dbZ u;h ckrsa vkids
lkeus vk;saxhA
When you behave civilized & cultured, you are given respect in society. Just a mere use of
such words or phrases is not enough, you need to be polite and humble in your speaking as

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well. It doesn‟t end here, rather newer ideas will emerge with time when you delve more
into this foreign language.
NT
le; fdruk gqvk (What is the time?)
vkb, lh[ksa fd vxj dksbZ vkils iwNs fd “fdrus cts gSa \” rks bafXy‛k esa vki dSls crk;saxsA fgUnh esa vki dqN bl rjg
dgrs gSa & “ik¡p cts gSa” ;k “ik¡p ctdj nl feuV” ;k “lkr ctus esa nks feuV” ;k “lok nks” ;k “lk<+s rhu” vkfnA
OI
igys lef÷k, &
2 cts dks dgsaxs & 2 o‟clock ( 2 vks DykWd)
11 cts dks dgsaxs & 11 o‟clock ( 11 vks DykWd)
P

7 cts dks dgsaxs & 7 o‟clock ( 7 vks DykWd)

vc lef÷k, &
ER

“brus ctdj brus feuV” dk QkWeqZyk gS & { feuV + past + ?k.Vk }

vxj vkidks dguk gS “ik¡p ctdj nl feuV” gq, gSaA lksfp, feuV fdrus gq, gSa & 10 vkSj ?kaVs fdrus gq, gSa & 5 rks
QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 10 past 5.
PP

vxj “vkB ctdj chl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 20 past 8. V~oUs Vh ikLV ,sV
vxj “lkr ctdj iPphl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 25 past 7. V~osUVh Q+kbo ikLV lsou
vxj “nks ctdj ckbZl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 22 past 2. V~osUVh Vw ikLV Vw
TO

vxj “ik¡p ctdj N% feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 6 past 5. flDl ikLV Q+kbo

“brus ctus esa brus feuV” dk QkWeZqyk gS & { feuV + to + ?k.Vk }

vxj vkidks dguk gS “ik¡p ctus esa nl feuV” gSaA lksfp, feuV fdrus cps gSa & 10 vkSj dkSu lk ?kaVk gksus ds fy, &
5 rks QkWeZwys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 10 to 5.

vxj “vkB ctus esa chl feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 20 to 8. V~osUVh Vq ,V
vxj “nks ctus esa ckjg feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 12 to 2. V~osYo Vq Vw
vxj “X;kjg ctus eas ckjg feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 12 to 11. V~osYo Vq bysou
vxj “rhu ctus es ik¡p feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 5 to 3. Q+kbo Vq Fkzh

11
uksV & 1 ?kaVs esa 60 feuV gksrs gSaA 60 feuV dk vk/kk 30 feuV gksrk gS blfy, 30 feuV dks gkQ (half) dgrs gSa vkSj
30 feuV dk Hkh vk/kk 15 feuV gksrk gS blfy, 15 feuV dks DokVj (quarter) dgrs gSaA lef÷k, &

tSlk fd vkius i<+k

vxj “vkB ctdj iUnzg feuV” ;kfu “lok vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 15 past 8 ¼fQ+¶Vhu ikLV ,V½
;gk¡ ij 15¼fQ+¶Vhu½ dh txg vki DokVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gSa
& Quarter past 8 ¼DokVj ikLV ,V½

blh rjg
vxj “vkB ctus esa iUnzg feuV” ;kfu “ikSus vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 15 to 8. ¼fQ+¶Vhu Vq ,V½
;gk¡ ij 15¼fQ+¶Vhu½ dh txg vki DokVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gSa

OM
& Quarter to 8 ¼DokVj Vq ,V½

Bhd blh rjg

vxj “vkB ctdj rhl feuV” ;kfu “lk<+s vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs

.C
& 30 past 8. ¼FkVhZ ikLV ,V½
;gk¡ ij 30¼FkVhZ½ dh txg vki gkQ+ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gSa
NT & Half past 8 ¼gkQ+ ikLV ,V½

vxj dkWUlSIV dks i<+dj le÷kus esa t+jk Hkh fnDdr vk jgh gks rks ?kcjkb, ugha ] uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.k le÷kus dk iz;Ru
djs]a vkWfM;ks ySDpj Hkh lqfu;s] fQ+j Hkh dksbZ ijs‛kkuh vk;s rks www.englishwale.com ds LVwMSUV gSYiMSLd esa viuk
iz‛u jf[k;s ;k gesa bZesy ds t+fj, lEidZ dfj;sA
OI
vkb, ns[ksa dqN mnkgj.k &
11 cts – 11 o‟clock
P

5 cts – 5 o‟clock
7 cts – 7 o‟clock
ER

11 ctdj chl feuV – 20 past 11

1 ctus esa lkr feuV – 7 to 1
2 ctdj rhl feuV – Half past 2 ;k Half to 3
(D;ksafd 2 ctdj rhl feuV dks 3 ctus esa rhl feuV Hkh rks dg ldrs gSaA)
PP

lok vkB – 15 past 8

10 ctus esa 10 feuV – 10 to 10
ikSus 5 – Quarter to 5
TO

lk<+s 10 – Half past 10

<kbZ cts – Half past 2

jkr ds ckjg cts ds ckn ls nksigj ds ckjg cts ls igys rd ds le; ds lkFk “AM” dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa tcfd
nksigj ds ckjg cts ds ckn ls jkr ds ckjg cts ls igys rd ds le; ds lkFk “PM” dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

jkr ds 12 cts - 12 AM nksigj ds 12 cts - 12 PM

jkr ds 1 cts - 1 AM nksigj ds 1 cts - 1 PM
lqcg ds 5 cts - 5 AM ‚kke ds 5 cts - 5 PM
lqcg ds 10 cts - 10 AM ‚kke ds 7 cts - 7 PM
lqcg ds 11 cts - 11 AM jkr ds 11 cts - 11 PM
lqcg ds 11 ctdj 59 feuV - 11.59 AM jkr ds 11 ctdj 59 feuV - 11.59 PM
12
 la[;k,¡ o muds mPpkj.k (Numerals & their Pronunciations)

1 One (ou) ,d 15 Fifteen (fQ+¶Vhu) iUnzg

2 Two (Vw) nks 16 Sixteen (flDlVhu) lksyg
3 Three (Fkzh) rhu 17 Seventeen (lSouVhu) l«kg
4 Four (Q+ksj) pkj 18 Eighteen (,Vhu) vBkjg
5 Five (Q+kbo) ik¡p 19 Nineteen (ukbuVhu) mUuhl
6 Six (flDl) N% 20 Twenty (V~osUVh) chl
7 Seven (lSou) lkr 30 Thirty (FkVhZ) rhl
8 Eight (,V) vkB 40 Forty (Q+kWVhZ) pkyhl
9 Nine (ukbu) ukS 50 Fifty (fQ+¶Vh) ipkl
10 Ten (VSu) nl 60 Sixty (flDlVh) lkB
11 Eleven (bySou) X;kjg 70 Seventy (lSouVh) lRrj

OM
12 Twelve (V~oSYo) ckjg 80 Eighty (,Vh) vLlh
13 Thirteen (FkVhZu) rsjg 90 Ninety (ukbuVh) uCcs
14 Fourteen (Q+ksVhZu) pkSng 100 Hundred (gUMªSM) lkS

.C
1000 Thousand (Fkkmt+SUM) gt+kj
100000 Lac / Lakh (ySd@yS[k ) yk[k
1000000 Ten Lacs (VSu ySDl) nl yk[k ;k ,d fefy;u (Million)
NT
10000000 Crore (djksj) djksM+
1000000000 Arab (vjc) vjc ;k ,d fcfy;u (Billion)

vki dkSu lh Dykl esa gSa & Which class you are in –
OI

First 1st Q+LVZ igyh Seventh 7th lSoUFk lkroha

Second 2nd Eight 8th
P

lsdM a nwljh ,V~Fk vkBoha

Third 3rd FkMZ rhljh Nineth 9th ukbUFk uoha
ER

Fourth 4th Q+ksFkZ pkSFkh Tenth 10th VSaFk nloha

Fifth 5th fQ+¶Fk ik¡poh Eleventh 11th bySoUFk X;kjgoha
Sixth 6th flDlFk NBh Twelth 12th V~oSYFk ckjgoha
;k fQj (or in)
PP

Graduation xzStq,‛ku Lukrd

Post Graduation iksLV xzStq,‛ku LukrdksŸkj

fxykl fdruk Hkjk gS & How much is the glass filled –

TO

1/2 Half vk/kk 1/5 One fifth ,d dk ik¡pok Hkkx

1/3 One third ,d frgkbZ 2/3 Two third nks frgkbZ
1/4 One fourth ,d pkSFkkbZ 3/4 Three fourth rhu pkSFkkbZ

fdrus xquk gS & “How fold” or “How many time” -

,d xquk Single flaxy

nks xquk ¼nqxquk½ Double / Twice / Two fold Mcy ;k V~okbl ;k Vw Q+kYs M
rhu xquk Three times/ Three fold/ Thrice Fkzh Vkbe ;k Fkzh Q+ksYM ;k Fkzkbl
,d xquk Four times/ Four fold Q+ksj Vkbe ;k Q+ksj Q+ksYM

13
 fojke fpUg (Punctuation Marks)
fdlh Hkh ckr dks fy[krs oDr fojke fpUg dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ jksy gksrk gSA fojke fpUgksa ds ek/;e ls okD; ds izdkj o
Bgjko (Pauses & Stops) dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA fdlh ds }kjk dgh x;h ckr dks flQZ fy[k nsus ls ;g irk ugha
pyrk fd og ckr fdl vankt+ esa cksyh x;hA fojke fpUgksa ds ek/;e ls ;g irk py tkrk gS fd og okD; pkSadrs gq,
cksyk x;k ;k fQj dqN iwNk x;k ;k dqN crk;k x;kA vkb,] dqN izk;% iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys fojke fpUgksa dks i<+rs gSa &

1) Question Mark Dos‛pu ekdZ ( ? ) – iz‛uokpd fpUg

;g fpUg iz‛uokpd okD;ksa ds vUr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSsls fd &
This mark is used at the end of Interrogative Sentences. For example -

a) Who are you? gw vkj ;w \ rqe dkSu gks \

OM
b) What is he doing? oV bt+ gh Mwbax \ oks D;k dj jgk gS \
c) Do you love your mom? Mq ;w yo ;kSj ekWe \ D;k vki viuh eEeh ls I;kj djrs gks \

2) Exclamation Mark ,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ ( ! ) – foLe;kfn cks/kd fpUg

.C
;g fpUg ,sls okD;ksa ds vUr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa vPkkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr fd;k tk;sA vpkud gqbZ
fdlh ?kVuk ls eu dh Hkkoukvksa dk O;Dr gksuk tSls [kq‛kh ;k nq[k izdV djuk] gSjku gksuk] ukjkt+xh t+kfgj djuk] ‚kkck‛kh
NT
nsuk] nqvk nsuk vkfnA uhps fn;s x;s dqN mnkgj.kksa dks ;kn dj yhft, vkSj tc ekSdk feys] iz;ksx dhft,A

Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn ns! God bless you! xkWM CySl ;w!
okg! ] xt+c! ] cgqr cf<+;k! Wow! , Wonderful! oko! oUMjQ+qy!
OI
Hkxoku dh n;k ls!] izHkq dh —ik ls! By God‟s grace ! ck; xkWM~l xzsl!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS!] fdruk nq[kn! How sad! , How tragic! gko lSM! gko VªSftd!
mldh bruh fgEer! How dare he! gko Msvj gh!
P

vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½ Oh honey! , Oh dear! vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
cgqr cM+h xyrh! Terrible mistake! VSfjcy feLVsd!
ER

vfo‛oluh;!] cgqr gh tcjnLr! Incredible!, Amazing!, Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax! vkWle!

cdokl! Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful! ,sCt+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS! Thank God! FkSad xkWM!
;s gqbZ u ckr! ¼thr dh [kq‛kh½ Hurry! , That‟s it! gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
PP

ut+j u yxs! Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!

t+#j!] D;ksa ugha! iDdk! Sure! , Why not!, of course! ‚;ksj! ] ok; ukWV! ] vQ+ dkst+!
‚kkckl! Well done! oSy Mu!
D;k [kcj gS! ¼[kq‛kh ls dguk½ What a news! oV v U;wt+!
TO

lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½ Really! , Is it! fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!

cgqr&2 /kU;okn! Thanks a lot! FkSaDl v ykWV!
c/kkbZ gks! Congratulations! dkWUxzSpqys‛kUl!
D;k vkbfM;k gS! What an idea! oV ,su vkbfM;k!

3) Full Stop Q+qy LVkWi ( . ) – iw.kZ fojke

Qqy LVkWi dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh ,sls okD; ds vUr esa fd;k tkrk gS tks u gh iz‛uokpd gks vkSj u gh foLe;kfn cks/kd okD;]
cfYd ftl okD; esa ckr iw.kZr% lekIr gksA QqyLVkWi yxkus dk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd okD; [kRe gks x;k gSA tSls &

14
Full stop indicates the end of a sentence; used with sentences which are neither interrogative
nor exclamatory.

eSa vk jgk g¡wA I am coming. vkbZ ,se dfeaxA

jke vPNk yM+dk gSA Ram is a good boy. jke bt+ v xqM ckW;A

Qqy LVkWi dk iz;ksx Abbreviations ¼vczhfo;s‛kUl½ ds lkFk Hkh gksrk gSA vki ;s tkuuk pkgsaxs fd Abbreviations D;k
gksrs gSa \ Abbreviations fdlh Hkh ‚kCnksa ds lewg dk laf{kIr #i gksrs gSaA
Full stops are used with abbreviations too. Abbreviations are basically the short form of a
group of words. Examples are given below:

M.P. - Member of Parliament lkaln

M.L.A.- Member of Legislative Assembly fo/kk;d
P.M. - Prime Minister

OM
iz/kkuea«kh
B.A. - Bachelor of Arts vkV~Zl esa Lukrd
e.g. - exempli gratia (a latin word) bldk eryc gksrk gS “for example” ;kfu “mnkgj.k
ds rkSj ij”
i.e. - id est (a latin word) bldk eryc gksrk gS “that is” ;kfu “tks gaS”

.C
etc. - etcetera ¼,sVlSVªk½ bR;kfn] vkfn

 eSa dbZ ;¡«k ctk ldrk g¡w mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fxVkj] flrkj] fi;Suks vkfnA
NT
I can play many instruments e.g. Guitar, Sitar, Piano etc.

 eSa dsoy 3 ;¡«k ctk ldrk g¡w tks gSa fxVkj] flrkj vkSj fi;kuksA
OI
I can play only 3 instruments i.e. Guitar, Sitar and Piano.

4) Comma dkSek ( , ) – vYi fojke

P

tc vkidks fdlh okD; dks cksyrs gq, chp esa t+jk lk fojke nsuk gks rks dkSek dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA uhps dqN mnkgj.k
ER

fn;s x;s gSa &

While speaking, when you need to give a short pause in a sentence, “comma” is used. Few
examples are given below:
PP

i) Ram, come here.

jke] ;gk¡ vkvksA
ii) I have many friends such as Aman, Amit, Sandeep etc.
esjs dbZ nksLr gSa tSls veu] vfer] lanhi vkfnA
TO

iii) He will come on Monday, 20th September.

oks@og lkseokj] 20 flrEcj dks vk;sxkA
iv) If he comes, I will not come.
vxj oks vk;k rks eSa ugha vkšxkA
v) Ram, my best friend, is his brother.
jke] esjk lcls vPNk nksLr] mldk HkkbZ gSA

15
 5) Quotation mark dksVs‛ku ekdZ
( “ ) – ‚kq# esa At the beginning
( ” ) – vUr esa At the end
fdlh dh dgh gqbZ ckr dks dksV‛s ku ekdZ ds vUnj fy[k ldrs gSaA
Saying of someone can be written inside the quotation marks.

a) Ram said, “I am the best”. jke us dgk] “eSa lcls vPNk g¡w”A
b) Manager says, “Customer is very important”. eSustj dgrs gSa] “dLVej cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS”A
vxj vki /;ku nsa rks dksVs‛ku ekdZ dks fy[kus dk rjhdk okD; ds ‚kq#vkr o vUr esa vyx&2 gksrk gSA okD; ds ‚kq# esa
( “ ) gS tcfd vUr esa ( ” ) gSA
If you notice, the way you write inverted comma at the beginning of the quoted sentence and

OM
at the end of the quoted sentence; both are different.

6) Colon dksyu (:)

izk;% dksyu dk eryc gS “tSls fd”A dksyu dk iz;ksx vf/kdrj rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vki O;fDr;ks]a phtksa ;k txgksa

.C
vkfn dh lwph ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa dks /;ku ls lef÷k,A
Colon is often used when you enumerate a list of persons, things, places etc. Look at the
following examples. NT
a) I met many people: Binita, Anjali, Kuldeep, Dimpal, and Seema.
eSa dbZ yksxksa ls feyk tSls fd fcuhrk] vatfy] dqYnhi] fMEiy vkSj lhekA
OI
b) I have many things: book, pen, vegetables, sugar, rice etc.
esjs ikl dbZ phtsa+ gSa tSls fd fdrkc] iSu] lfCt+;k¡] phuh] pkoy bR;kfnA
P

7) Semicolon lsehdksyu ( ; ) – v/kZ fojke

ER

lsehdksyu dks le÷kus ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.k ij /;ku nsaA
Semicolon‟s basic usage can be understood through following example:

a) Meeting was held on 25th October, 2008, 15th January, 2010 and 23rd March, 2012. (Incorrect)
PP

b) Meeting was held on 25th October, 2008; 15th January, 2010; and 23rd March, 2012. (Correct)
ehfVax 25th vDVwcj 2008] 15th tuojh 2010 vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dks gqbZA

okD; (a) xyr gS tcfd okD; (b) lghA nsf[k, ;s ckr lkQ gS fd ehfVax rhu vyx&2 fnuksa esa gqbZ : 25th vDVwcj 2008]
TO

15th tuojh 2010 vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dksA ysfdu vxj okD; (a) dks /;ku ls ns[ksa rks dkSek ds iz;ksx dh otg ls ,slk
yxrk gS fd ehfVax rhu vyx&2 fnuksa esa ugha cfYd ik¡p vyx&2 fnuksa esa gqbZ : 25th vDVwcj dks] 2008 esa] 15th tuojh
dks] 2010 esa vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dksA blfy, okD; (b) esa 2008 ds ckn dkSek dh ctk; lsehdksyu dk iz;ksx djuk iM+kA

8) Apostrophe vikslVªkWQh (‟)-

vikslVªkWQh dk iz;ksx izk;% nks ekSdksa ij gksrk gS&
Apostrophe is generally used in two situations –

16
 i) tc vki dgrs gSa & jke dk] fdrkc dk] cPpksa dk] eEeh dk vkfnA bls bafXy‛k esa (possession) it+‛s ku
dgrs gSaA
jke dk & Ram‟s, fdrkc dk & Book‟s, cPpksa dk& Children‟s, eEeh dk& Mother‟s
ii) nks ‚kCnksa dks ,d cukus ds fy,A bu nks ‚kCnksa esa ls ,d ‚kCn lgk;d fØ;k gksuh pkfg, o nwljk ‚kCn ;k rks
loZuke gks ;k “not”
To make two words one. One of these words needs to be a helping verb and the other
one either a “pronoun” or “not”

Does not (Mt+ ukWV) – Doesn‟t (Mt+UV) ;k (Mt+u)

Is not (bt+ ukWV) – Isn‟t (bt+UV) ;k (bt+u)
Do not (Mw ukWV) – Don‟t (MksUV)
Has not (gSt+ ukWV) – Hasn‟t (gSt+UV) ;k (gSt+u)

OM
I have (vkb gSo) – I‟ve (vkbo)
You are (;w vkj) – You‟re (;ksj)
;gk¡ ij “does”, “is”, “do”, “have”, “are”, “has” lgk;d fØ;k,¡ (helping verbs) gSa vkSj “I” o “you” loZuke
(pronoun) gSaA loZuke ds ckjs esa ge vkus okys loZuke pSIVj esa foLrkj ls i<+asxsA

.C
NT
g¶rs ds lkr fnu (Seven Days of a Week)

lkseokj & Monday eaMs

eaxyokj & Tuesday V~;t
w +Ms
OI
cq/kokj & Wednesday osUt+Ms ¼ osMuslMs o osUt+Ms nksuksa rjhdksa ls mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ½
c`gLifrokj & Thursday Fkt+ZMs
‚kqØokj & Friday ÝkbMs
Saturday
P

‚kfuokj & lSVjMs

jfookj & Sunday laMs
ER

lky ds ckjg eghus (Twelve Months of a year)

tuojh & January tSU;qjh tqykbZ & July tqyk;

PP

Q+jojh & February Q+Scjjh vxLr & August vkWxLV

ekpZ & March ekpZ flrEcj & September lSIVSEcj
vizSy & April ,fizy vDVwcj & October vkWDVkscj
ebZ & May es uoEcj & November uoSEcj
TO

twu & June twu fnlEcj & December fMlSEcj

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir

17
 Lesson – 2
Few Basics of English (vaxzst+h dh dqN ewy ckrsa)

vkb,] vaxzst+h ds Basics dh FkksM+k vkSj tkudkjh ysAa bl pSIVj ds vUr esa fn;s x;s NksVs&2 ‚kCnksa ds lewgksa
dks Hkh vPNh rjg ;kn dj yhft,A vkidks budk egRo vkus okys pSIVlZ dks le÷krs oDr eglwl gksxkA

Sentences ¼okD;½

gj Hkk’kk esa dqN Hkh dgus ;k fy[kus ds fy, ‚kCnksa ds lewgksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ‚kCnksa dk og lew g ftlesa fdlh ckr dk
Hkko iw.kZr% Li’V gks] mls okD; dgrs gSaA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd okD; os gSa ftuls lquus okys dks iw.kZ lans‛k dk

OM
irk py ik;sA
In every language, there is a need of group of words to communicate. Such group of words that
communicate a complete message is called a sentence.

.C
eku yhft, vkius eq÷kls iwNk “D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\”, eSaus mÙkj fn;k “ugha”. vki le÷k x;s fd eSa vkWfQl ugha tkÅ¡xkA
vkidk iz‛u “D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\” Hkh ,d okD; gS vkSj esjk mÙkj “ugha” Hkh ,d okD; gSA ;s ckr vyx gS fd esjk okD;
NT
flQZ ,d ‚kCn ls cuk gS] dbZ ‚kCnksa ls ughaA egRoiw.kZ ;g ugha fd okD; esa ‚kCn fdrus gSa] egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd dgs x;s
okD; }kjk fn;k x;k lans‛k i;kZIr gS ;k ughaA vxj vki /;ku ls lkspsa rks esjs dgus dk rkRi;Z Li’V Fkk fd “eSa vkWfQl
ugha tkÅ¡xk” ] blfy, esjk okD; iw.kZ o i;kZIr gSA
OI
Sentence Types:
Classification 1
P

okD;ksa dks muds Hkko o vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr 4 oxksZa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS &
ER

On the basis of their sense & meaning, sentences are classified in following 4 categories –

1. Assertive or Declarative Sentences (LohdkjkRed ;k dFkkRed okD;):

PP

,sls okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k tkrk gS ;k fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ckr pkgs oks ,d rF; gks ;k ,d lkspA
Such sentences state a fact, opinion or idea.
TO

mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Ayansh is my son. ¼v;k¡‛k esjk csVk gSA½
2. Aman is not at home. ¼veu ?kj ij ugha gSA½
3. Arnavi doesn‟t go to school. ¼vjuoh Ldwy ugha tkrh gSA½
4. Mom scolds me. ¼eEeh th eq÷ks Mk¡Vrh gaSA½

Åij fn;s x;s lHkh okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gSA vke cksypky esa lcls vf/kd tks okD;
iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa os blh oxZ ds gksrs gSaA

18
2. Interrogative Sentences (iz‛uokpd okD;):

,sls okD; ftuesa dksbZ iz‛u iwNk tkrk gSA

Sentences, where a question is asked.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Is Aman not at home? ¼D;k veu ?kj ij ugha gS\½
2. Do you play? ¼D;k rqe [ksyrs gks\½
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa iz‛u iwNs x;s gSaA bl rjg ds okD; ge vDlj lqurs gSaA

3. Imperative Sentences (vkKklwpd okD;):

OM
,sls okD; tks vkKk] vkns‛k ;k izkFkZuk O;Dr djsAa
Sentences, which are used to permit, command or request are known as imperative sentences.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Sit there. ¼ogk¡ cSBksA½

.C
2. Let me go. ¼eq÷ks tkus nksA½
Åij fn;s x;s igys okD; esa vkns‛k fn;k x;k gS tcfd nwljs okD; esa izkFkZuk vFkkZr fuosnu fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg ds
NT
okD; ge vkxs vkus okys “Imperative Sentences” pSIVj esa i<+asxsA

4. Exclamatory Sentences (foLe;kfncks/kd okD;):

OI
,sls okD; ftuesa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa tSls nq[k] [kq‛kh] gSjkuh] Mj vkfn dh vfHkO;fDr gksA
Sentences, which are used to express sudden emotions such as joy, grief, shock, fear etc.
mnkgj.k (Example):
P

1. Wow! ¼xtc! ;k cgqr cf<+;k!½

ER

2. Thank God! ¼Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS!½

Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa eu esa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA bl rjg ds okD; ge fiNys pSIVj esa i<+
pqds gSa vkSj vkxs vkus okys “Interjection” pSIVj esa Hkh i<+saxsA
PP

Classification 2
nwljs oxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj okD; fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa &
TO

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1

(Sentence Type) Example-1
Affirmative¼ldkjkRed½ jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA
,sls okD; ftuesa u “ugha” dk iz;ksx gks] u gh dksbZ iz‛u iwNk x;k gksA Ram is a good boy.
Negative¼udkjkRed½ jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx rks gks ij dksbZ iz‛u u iwNk x;k gksA Ram is not a good boy.
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½ D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx u gks ij iz‛u iwNk x;k gksA Is Ram a good boy?
Negative Interrogative¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gS\
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx Hkh gks vkSj iz‛u Hkh iwNk x;k gksA Is Ram not a good boy?

19
 okD; ds rhu Hkkx (Three parts of a sentence)

1. Subject ¼lctSDV½ & drkZ

Subject oks gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa okD; esa ;k rks ckr gks jgh gks ;k fQj oks tks fdlh fØ;k ;kfu dke dks dj
jgk gksA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa] Subject fdlh Hkh okD; dk izeq[k dsUæ gksrk gSA
Subject is the one whom/which we talk about or the one who performs an action.

2. Verb ¼fØ;k½ & deZ] dke ;k dk;Z

fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.

OM
vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand) &
ekuk eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA” bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & v;k¡‛k vkSj Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa
Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA” Subject gS & v;k¡‛kA ;gk¡ ij v;k¡‛k dksbZ dk;Z ugha

.C
dj jgk cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd
voLFkk@fLFkfr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq,
NT
dy esa ;k fQj vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk@fLFkfr esa gSA

xkSj dfj, &

Ayansh is sleeping. ¼v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA½

OI
¼v;k¡‛k lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh is 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA½

P

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
ER

Ayansh was 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk FkkA½

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh will be 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gksxkA½

PP

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; “Tenses(dky)” esa vkrs gSa vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD; “Simple
TO

Sentences(ljy okD;)” esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+x
sa sA

fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa (Verbs are of two types):

a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)

;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk]
xkuk] lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to
write, to see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.

20
 t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls fd;k tk jgk gks ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp jgs gSa rks
Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk gS ;kfu Mental work rks gks gh jgk gS blfy, lkspuk Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA
Action doesn‟t only mean the physical work. When you think, your brain works, so „to think‟
is also an action ; hence it is a verb.

b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)

;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA Subject ds vuqlkj o le;dky ¼orZeku] Hkwr o Hkfo’;½ ds
vuqlkj budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls le÷ksaxsA
Examples:
is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.

OM
3. Object ¼vkWctSDV½ & dkjd
dkjd og gksrk gS ftl ij drkZ ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk dk izHkko iM+rk gSA
Object is the one, which gets affected by the action or the state of the subject.

.C
uhps nh x;h rkfydk esa dqN mnkgj.k fn;s x;s gSa (A few examples are appended in the table) &

NT Main Verb
Sentence ¼okD;½ Subject Object
¼eq[; fØ;k½
jke esjk nksLr gSA jke esjk nksLr &
oks ikxy ugha gSA oks Ikkxy &
OI
ge lc eEeh ds lkFk FksA ge lc eEeh &
jkgqy ;gk¡ ugha gSA jkgqy ;gk¡ &
ikik [ksyrs gSaA ikik & [ksyuk
P

ikik ikdZ esa [ksyrs gSaA ikik ikdZ [ksyuk

ER

jke vk;sxkA jke & vkuk

eSa rqEgsa ;kn djrk g¡wA eSa Rkqe ;kn djuk
jkgqy ds ikl iSls ugha gSaA jkgqy iSls &
PP

jf'e dh pkj cgusa FkhA jf'e pkj cgusa &

jke ikdZ esa FkkA jke ikdZ
rqe esjs fny esa jgrs gksA rqe esjk fny jguk
oks Ldwy ugha tkrk FkkA oks Ldwy tkuk
TO

cPps D;k ns[krs gSa\ cPps & ns[kuk

Subjects nks rjg ds gksrs gSa (Subjects are of two types) –

Singular - flUxqyj ¼,dopu½ tc Subject ,d O;fDr] ,d oLrq ;k ,d LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA

When the subject refers to one person/place/thing.

Plural – IY;wjy ¼cgqopu½ tc Subject ,d ls T+;knk O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA
When the subject refers to more than one person/place/thing.

21
 Singular ¼,dopu ½ Plural ¼cgqopu ½
Ram ¼,d yM+dk gS½
Shyam ¼,d yM+dk gS½ Ram & Shyam ¼,d ls T+;knk ;kfu nks yM+ds gS½
Sky ¼vkleku ,d gS½ People¼yksx½
This- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds fy,½ Crowd¼HkhM+½
That- og] oks ¼,d ds fy,½ These- ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
It- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds fy,½ Those og] oks] os ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
Pen ¼,d iSu dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ Pens ¼,d ls T+;knk iSuksa dh ckr gks jgh gSA½

Personal Pronoun Subjects: Singular & Plural

OM
First Person, Second Person & Third Person

Person Singular Plural

First Person

.C
I ¼eSa½ We ¼ge½
The person or people speaking
NT Thou¼rqe ;k vki {,d O;fDr}½ You¼rqe ;k vki
Second Person
(Obsolete now & replaced with {,d ls T+;knk
The person or people being spoken to „You‟ in present English) O;fDr}½
He ¼og {,d yM+ds ds fy, }½ They - os ¼,d
Third Person
She ¼og {,d yM+dh ds fy, }½ ls T+;knk yksxksa ds
OI
The person or people being spoken about fy, ½

ekuk eSa vkils jke ds ckjs esa ckr djk g¡w] rks ;gk¡ ij eSa¼I½ First Person g¡w , vki ¼You½ Second Person gks vkSj
P

jke¼Ram½ Third Person gSA

ER

/;ku nhft,] vki ¼You½ pkgs ,d O;fDr gksa ;k ,d ls vf/kd] vaxzst+h Hkk’kk esa You dks cgqopu dh rjg gh iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS o You ds lkFk ogh lgk;d fØ;k,¡ iz;ksx dh tkrh gSa ftUgsa cgqopu subject ds lkFk iz;ksx djrs gSa tSls are,
have, do etc.
“You” is always treated as a plural subject & its singular form is obsolete now. That‟s why, “You”
PP

is always followed by the helping verbs, which are used with Plural subjects.
TO

“This, That, These, Those” dk iz;ksx (Use of “This, That, These, Those”)

vkb, le>sa fd This, That, These & Those dk iz;ksx dSls djuk gSA
Let‟s understand how to use This, That, These & Those.

Singular ¼,dopu½ Plural ¼cgqopu½

Near ¼ikl½ This ¼;s] ;g½ These ¼;s] ;g½

Far ¼nwj½ That ¼og] oks] os½ Those ¼og] oks] os½

22
vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku gekjs lkeus gS] rks Åij nh x;h Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks „this‟ dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k
fQj „these‟ dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks „this‟ vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks „these‟ A blh rjg vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k
LFkku gels nwj gS] rks Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks „that‟ dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k fQj „those‟ dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks
„that‟ vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks „those‟ A

If a person, place or thing is nearby, as per the table we must use either „this‟ or „these‟. If it is
singular then „this‟ and if plural then „these‟. Similarly if a person, place or thing is afar, we must
use either „that‟ or „those‟. If it is singular then „that‟ and if plural then „those‟.

bls vkSj csgrj le÷kus ds fy, uhps nh x;h rkfydk dks le÷ksaA
This concept can be better understood with the help of the table below:

OM
;g@;s fdrkc This book fdrkc ikl gS vkSj ,dopu gS blfy, „this‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA vxj fdrkc
nwj gksrh rks eSa Þ;g@;s fdrkcÞ ugha cfYd Þoks@og fdrkcÞ dgrkA
Book is near and singular, hence used „this‟.
og@oks fdrkc That book fdrkc nwj gS vkSj ,d gS blfy, „that‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Book is afar and singular, hence used „that‟.

.C
;s@;g fdrkcsa These books fdrkcsa ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Books are near and plural; hence used „these‟.
NT
Okks@og@os Those books fdrkcsa nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
fdrkcsa Books are afar and plural, hence used „those‟.
os cPps Those/They cPps nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡wfd cPps
children ltho gSa blfy, „they‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
OI
Children are afar and plural, hence used „those‟. Since
Children are living being so we can also use „they‟.
;s eNfy;k¡ These fishes eNfy;k¡ ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
P

Fishes are near and plural, hence used „these‟.

ER

;s lc yM+ds These all yM+ds ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
boys Boys are near and plural, hence used „these‟.
oks nksuksa yM+ds Those/They yM+ds nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡wfd
both boys yM+ds ltho gSa blfy, „they‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
PP

Boys are afar and plural, hence used „these‟. Since boys
are living being so we can also use „they‟.
TO

ltho o futhZo dk QdZ (Difference between Living & Non-Living)

 ltho mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku gksrh gS ;kfu tks lk¡l ysrk gSA
Living is the one that breathes.
 futhZo mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku ugha gksrh ;kfu tks lk¡l ugha ysrk gSA
Non-living is the one that doesn‟t breath.
ltho ds mnkgj.k & bUlku] tkuoj] isM+ ikS/ks vkfnA
futhZo ds mnkgj.k & dksbZ pht@oLrq vkfnA

23
rkTtqc gksrk gS fd isM+ ikS/ks ltho dSls gSa ! ij lR; ;gh gS fd os ltho gSa D;ksfa d oks Hkh bUlku dh rjg lk¡l ysrs gSA
QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd bUlku lk¡l ysrs oDr vkWDlhtu vUnj ysrk gSa vkSj dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM ckgj fudkyrk gSa tcfd
isM+ ikS/ks dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM vUnj ysrs gSa vkSj vkWDlhtu ckgj fudkyrs gSaA

lHkh ltho uhps fn;s x;s lkrksa dk;Z djrs gSa] tcfd futhZo ughaA
1. Feeding
2. Breathing
3. Excretion(Removal of waste)
4. Growth
5. Reproduction

‟s dk iz;ksx (Use of Apostrophe S)

OM
jke dk iSu Ram‟s pen / Pen of Ram

egRoiw.kZ ckr & tSlk fd Åij fy[kk x;k gS] pkgs Ram‟s pen dgsa ;k fQj Pen of Ram] ckr ,d gh gS ij
egRoiw.kZ QdZ ;g gS fd igys rjhds ls fy[kus esa jke dks T+;knk egRo fn;k x;k gS iSu dks ugha tcfd nwljs rjhds esa iSu

.C
dks T+;knk egRo fn;k x;k gS jke dks ughaA

lhrk dk HkkbZ
jkgqy dh eEeh
NT
Seeta‟s brother / Brother of Seeta
Rahul‟s mother / Mother of Rahul
yM+dh dk HkkbZ Girl‟s brother / Brother of the girl
yM+fd;ksa ds HkkbZ Girls‟ brothers / Brothers of the girls
OI
esjs ikik ds nksLr dh csVh My father‟s friend‟s daughter / The daughter of my father‟s friend
esjs HkkbZ dk iSu My brother‟s pen / The pen of my brother
esjs HkkbZ;ksa ds iSu My brothers‟ pen / The pens of my brothers
P

esjs fny dh ckr My heart‟s feelings / The feeling of my heart

rqEgkjs eksckbZy dh vkokt+ Your mobile‟s sound / The sound of your mobile
ER

‚ksj dh ngkM+ Lion‟s roar / Roar of the lion

xhrk dh vkokt+ Geeta‟s voice / Voice of Geeta

/;ku nhft,] vxj eSa dg¡w ÞyM+dh dk HkkbZÞA yM+dh ,d gh gS blfy, ÞyM+dh dkÞ ds fy, ge girl‟s dgsaxsA ij vxj eSa
PP

dg¡w ÞyM+fd;ksa dk HkkbZÞA yM+fd;k¡ ,d ls T+;knk gS blfy, ÞyM+fd;ksa dkÞ ds fy, ge girls‟s ugha dgsaxs cfYd flQZ
girls‟ dgsaxsA gksrk ;s gS fd vxj dksbZ cgqopu ‚kCn ftlds vUr esa s gks vkSj ml ‚kCn ds lkFk ‟s yxkuk gks rks
apostrophe( ‟ ) ds ckn okyk s ugha yxk;k tkrkA
TO

If I say „girl‟s brother‟, it is clear that there is only one girl but if there are more than
one girl, then I can‟t say „girls‟s brother‟, rather I would say „girls‟ brother‟. Whenever
we need to use ‟s after a plural word ending with s, as per the rule we must not use „s‟
after apostrophe.

24
 vkb, dqN pht+as jV ysa (Let‟s cram a few things)

uhps fn;s x;s NksV&

s 2 ‚kCn lewgksa dks ;kn dj ysus ls vkidks dkQh enn feyxh vkus okys pSIVlZ esAa
Words or group of words given below will help you in coming chapters so you are
requested to learn them.

Both ¼nksuks½a
ge nksuksa We both / Both of us oh cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ vl
rqe nksuksa You both / Both of you ;w cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ ;w
os@oks nksuksa They both / Both of them ns cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ nSe

All ¼lc ;k lHkh½

ge lHkh We all / All of us

OM
rqe lHkh You all/ All of you
;s lHkh These all ¼ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
oks lHkh Those all ¼ ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
os@oks lHkh Those/They all ¼ltho ds fy,½ (For living being)

.C
;s lHkh fdrkcsa These all books / All of these books
oks lHkh iSu Those all pens / All of those pens
oks lHkh yksx Those / They all people
NT
ftruk gks lds] ;kn dj yhft,A buls vkidks dkQh enn feysxhA ;s lHkh okD;ksa esa vDlj iz;ksx esa vkrs gSaA
Learn the following. It will help you significantly while making sentences.
OI
ge rhuksa We three / Three of us oh Fkzh@Fkzh vkWQ+ vl
ge pkjksa We four / Four of us oh Q+kjs @Q+ksj vkWQ+ vl
oks ik¡pksa They five/Those five ns Q+kbo@nkst+ Q+kbo
P

rqEgkjh vkokt+ Your voice ;kSj okWbl

Ram‟s voice
ER

jke dh vkokt+ jkEl okWbl

rqEgkjs eksckby dh vkokt+ Your mobile‟s Sound ;kSj eksckbZYl lkmUM
rqEgkjs dEI;wVj dh vkokt+ Your computer‟s sound ;kSj dEI;wVlZ lkmUM
,slk rksgQk Such a gift lp v fx¶V
PP

,sls rksgQs Such gifts lp fx¶V~l

,slh dgkuh Such a story lp v LVksjh
,slh dgkfu;k¡ Such stories lp LVksjht+
,slk fnu Such a day lp v Ms
TO

,sls fnu Such days lp Mst+

,sls yksx Such people lp ihiy
rqEgkjh ckrsa Your words ;kSj oM~Zl
esjh ;knsa My memories ek; eSejht+
rqEgkjk xqLlk Your anger ;kSj ,sUxj
vkidk cM+Iiu Your kindness ;kSj dkbUMusl
esjh et+hZ My will ek; foy
esjh bPNk My desire ek; fMt+k;j
ml yM+ds ds iSls That boy‟s money nSV ckW;t+ euh
bu cPpksa ds fy, For these children/kids Q+kj nht+ fpYMªu@fdM~l
esjs [okc My dreams ek; MªhEl
25
mldh ckrsa His/Her words fgt+@gj oM~Zl
ge nksuksa dh fdrkcsa Books of we both cqDl vkWQ+ oh cksFk
dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡ Room‟s windows dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡
eNfy;ksa dk [kkuk Fishes‟ food fQ+‛kt+ QwM
gj iy dh [kcj Every moment‟s news ,ojh ekWeSUV~l U;wt+
fdlh dk nksLr Someone‟s friend leoUl ÝSUM
fdlh ds lkFk With someone fon leou
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk With someone else fon leou ,sYl
fdlh dk HkkbZ Someone‟s brother leoUl cznj
dqN@FkksM+k ikuh Some water le okWVj
esjs eksckby dh dher My mobile‟s cost ek; eksckbYl dkWLV
fdlh vkSj dh dgkuh Someone else‟s story leou ,sYlt+ LVksjh
Someone else‟s house

OM
fdlh vkSj dk ?kj leou ,sYlt+ gkÅl
dksbZ vkSj Someone else leou ,sYl
dksbZ vkSj ugha No one else uksou ,sYlt
fQj dHkh Some other time le vnj VkbZe
vkSj fdlh fnu Some other day le vnj Ms

.C
,slk gh dqN Something like this lefFkax ykbd fnl
,slk dqN ugha Nothing as such ufFkax ,st+ lp
Qkyrw esa
Tkkucw>dj
Unnecessarily
Knowingly
NT vuuSlslSfjyh
uksbaxyh
vuTkkus esa Unknowingly vuuksbaxyh
fny yxkdj Whole heartedly ÝkWe n dksj vkWQ+ ek; gkVZ@gksy gkVZsMyh
OI
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk With someone else fon leou ,sYl
fny dk nnZ The pain of heart n isu vkWQ+ gkVZ
ek¡ dk fny Mother‟s heart enlZ gkVZ
P

cPPkksa dh lksp Thinking of children fFkafdax vkWQ+ fpYMªu

esjk HkkbZ My brother / Brother of mine ek; cznj@cznj vkWQ+ ekbu
ER

esjs HkkbZ My brothers/ Brothers of mineek; cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ ekbu

mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+ds ds½ His brothers / Brothers of his fgt+ cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ fgt+
mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+dh ds½ Her brothers / Brothers of hersgj cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ glZ
rqEgkjk crkZo Your behaviour ;kSj fcgsfo;j
PP

rqEgkjk jkLrk Your way ;kSj os

rqEgkjs tSlk Like you ykbd ;w
fcYdqy rqEgkjs tSlk Just like you tLV ykbd ;w
TO

mldh dgkuh His story fgt+ LVksjh

mlds fcuk Without him fonkmV fge
rqEgkjs fcuk Without you fonkmV ;w
rqEgkjs fy, For you Q+kWj ;w
flQZ rqEgkjs fy, Only for you vksUyh Q+kWj ;w
ml yM+ds ds lkFk With that boy fon nSV ckW;
esjs fy, For me Q+kj eh
rqEgkjs ckjs esa About you vckmV ;w
fdlh ds ihNs Behind Someone fcgkUM leou
nhokj ds ihNs Behind the wall fcgkUM n okWy
unh ds fdukjs At the bank of river ,sV n cSad vkWQ+ fjoj
unh ds ml ikj Across the river vØkWl n fjoj
26
lM+d ds ml ikj Across the road vØkWl n jksM
isM+ ds ihNs Behind the tree fcgkUM n Vªh
gekjh rjQ Towards us VqoM~Zl vl
rqEgkjs ?kj dh rjQ Towards your home VqoM~Zl ;kSj gkse
esjs vkxs Ahead of me vgsM vkWQ+ eh
lc yksxksa ds vkxs Ahead of all the people vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy n ihiy
esjs lkeus In front of me bu ÝUV vkWQ+ eh
jfo ds cxy esa Next to Ravi / Adjacent Ravi / Beside Ravi / By Ravi
uSDLV Vq jfo @,tlSUV jfo@fclkbM jfo@ck; jfo
dqN yksxksa ds ckjs esa About few people vckmV ¶;w ihiy
esjh gFksyh ij On my palm vkWu ek; ike
Vscy ds uhps Under the table vUMj n Vscy
esjs ikik ds ckjs esa About my dad vckmV ek; MSM

OM
lcls vkxs Ahead of all vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy
fiadh ds lkeus In front of Pinki/Before Pinki bu ÝUV vkWQ+ fiadh@fcQksj fiadh
phrs ds cxy esa Next to tiger uSDLV Vw Vkbxj
esjs ckjs esa About me vckmV eh

.C
ml Vscy ij On that table vkWu n Vscy
fnYyh dh rjQ Towards Delhi VqoM~Zl MSgyh
lcls ihNs Behind all NT fcgkUM vkWy
rqEgkjs I;kj ds fy, For your love Q+kj ;kSj yo
esjs flj ds Åij On my head vkWu ek; gSM
‚;ke ds cxy esa Next to Shyam uSDLV Vw ‚;ke
With Ram
OI
jke ds lkFk fon jke
mldh dgkuh ds fy, For his story Q+kj fgt+ LVksjh
VwVk gqvk fny Broken heart czkd
s u gkVZ
P

VwVk gqvk dk¡p Broken glass czkd

s u XYkkl
gekjh [okfg‛ksa Our desires vkj@voj fMt+k;lZ
ER

f‛ko dh iwtk Worship of Lord Shiva ojf‛ki vkWQ ykWMZ f‛kok

lkspus dk rjhdk The way of thinking n os vkWQ+ fFkafdax
[kkus dk rjhdk The way of eating n os vkWQ+ bZfVax
pyus dk rjhdk The way of walking n os vkWQ+ okWfdax
PP

rqEgkjh otg ls Due to you / because of you M~;w Vq ;w@fcdt+ vkWQ ;w

jke dh otg ls Due to Ram / because of Ram M~;w Vq jke@fcdt+ vkWQ jke
cPpksa ds dkj.k Due to children / because of children M~;w Vq fpYMªu@fcdt+ vkWQ fpYMªu
TO

iSls ds dkj.k Due to money / because of money M~;w Vq efu@fcdt+ vkWQ efu
cPps dh otg ls Due to the kid / because of the kid M~;w Vq n fdM@fcdt+ vkWQ n fdM
esjs lkFk With me fon eh
rqEgkjs lkFk With you fon ;w
mlds lkFk With him/her fon fge@gj
gekjs lkFk With us fon vl
muds lkFk ¼T+;knk yksxksa ds lkFk½ With them fon nSe
fdlh ds lkFk With Someone fon leou
lks;k gqvk Asleep vLyhi
txk gqvk Awake vosd
Fkdk gqvk Tired Vk;MZ
pkSadk gqvk Shocked ‚kkWDM
27
[kks;k gqvk Lost ykWLV
fiVk gqvk Beaten chVu
Mjk gqvk Scared, Terrified Lds;MZ] VSjhQ+kbM
VwVk gqvk Broken czkd
s u
eqM+k gqvk Bent cSUV
QVk gqvk Torn VkWuZ
fy[kk gqvk Written fjVu
:dk gqvk Stopped LVkWIM
cSBk gqvk Sitting flfVax
[kM+k gqvk Standing LVSfUMax
x<+k gqvk] nQuk;k gqvk Buried cjhM
fNik gqvk Hidden fgMu
Kept

OM
j[kk gqvk dSIV
ltk gqvk Decorated MSdjsVM

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

.C
1. Don't let the fear of losing be greater than the excitement of winning.
NT
gkjus ds Mj dks thrus dh [kq‛kh ls T+;knk er c<+us nksA

2. If you think of something difficult, that means you have not understood it well.
vxj vkidks dqN eqf‛dy yxrk gS] rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd vkius mls <ax ls le÷kk ughaA
OI
3. What's the point of being alive if you don't try to do something remarkable.
thfor jgus ds D;k ek;us vxj vki dqN vlk/kkj.k djus dk iz;Ru u djsAa

4. There are two types of people who will tell you that you cannot make a difference
P

in this world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed.
nks rjg ds yksx vkidks ;s dgsx a s fd vki bl nqfu;k esa dqN vyx ugha dj ldrs & ,d oks tks [kqn iz;kl djus ls
ER

Mjrs gSa vkSj nwljs oks ftUgsa vkids lQy gksus dk Mj gSA

5. Don't wish it were easier, wish you were better.

;s er pkgks fd dke vklku gks] cfYd ;s pkgks fd vki csgrj gksAa
PP
TO

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir

28
Lesson – 3
Pronunciation ¼izuufl,‛ku½ & mPpkj.k

lgh mPpkj.k ds fcuk fdlh Hkh Hkk’kk dk egRo de gks tkrk gSA vki Hkys gh fdruh Hkh vPNh baxfy‛k
fy[kuk o cksyuk lh[k ysa ysfdu lgh mPpkj.k ds fcuk vki g¡lh dk ik«k cu ldrs gSaA bl pSIVj ds ek/;e
ls vki vaxzst+h ‚kCnksa ds mPpkj.k dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le÷k ik;sx
a sA gj pSIVj esa vaxzst+h okD;ksa ds lkFk mPpkj.k
Hkh fn;k x;k gS vkSj bl ckr dk Hkh csgn /;ku j[kk x;k gS fd mPpkj.k fcYdqy xyr u fy[kk gks D;ksfa d
ge ij vkidk vkSj vki tSls djksM+ks fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dk tks fo‛okl gS] ogh gekjh lQyrk gSA
There is no significance of a language without proper pronunciation. Irrespective of how
good you are in Grammar or even how fluently you speak, incorrect pronunciation of

OM
words can make people laugh at you. This lesson will help you improve your
pronunciation.

t+#jh gS fd ge tc Hkh fdlh ‚kCn dks cksysa rks mls lgh rjhds ls cksysaA xyr rjhds ls cksyus ij mldk vFkZ cny tkrk

.C
gSA Always pronounce a word properly or else the meaning of the word can change.

NT
,d ‚kCn gS – Cheek, ftldk eryc gS “xky”A bls cksysaxs – “phd” ij vxj vkius cksyk “fpd” rks fpd(chick)
eryc “eqxhZ dk cPpk”A NksVh b ;k cM+h bZ ls gh dkQh QdZ iM+ tkrk gSA Bhd blh rjg ,d ‚kCn gS – Sleep, ftldk
eryc gS “lksuk”A bls cksysaxs – Lyhi A ij vxj vkius cksyk fLyi rks fLyi (slip) eryc fQlyukA pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks
vkidks nh x;h gSA mls lqudj vki bl pSIVj dks vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxsA
OI
,d ckr vkSj] igys rks ;s tkfu, fd “Pronunciation” dk lgh mPpkj.k “izuufl,‛ku” gS] u fd “izukmufl,‛ku”A
yksx vDlj xyrh djrs gSaA gk¡ ;s ckr lgh gS fd “Pronounce” dk lgh mPpkj.k “izukmUl” gS] “izuUl” ughaA
P

dksbZ Hkh ijQ+SDV gksus dk nkok ugha dj ldrk ij ge ijQ+SD‛ku ds cgqr djhc rks tk ldrs gSa uA rks vkb, iz;kl djsAa
ER

lcls igys tkfu, vaxzsth+ o fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu ds ckjs esAa

First of all, Let‟s have a look at vowels and consonants of English & Hindi language.

vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa dqy 26 o.kZ gksrs gSa &

PP

There are 26 letters in English Alphabet -

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
, ch lh Mh bZ ,sQ th ,p vkb ts ds ,sy ,se ,su vks
TO

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ih D;w vkj ,l Vh ;w oh MCY;w ,sDl ok; t+SM

vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & Loj (vowel) o O;atu (consonant)

Vowels (Loj) : There are 5 vowels. ¼5 Loj gksrs gSa½ & a, e, i, o, u

Consonants (O;atu) : Rest 21 are consonants. ¼ckdh cps 21 O;atu dgykrs gSa½
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

29
fgUnh o.kZekyk esa dqy 46 o.kZ gksrs gSa &
There are 46 letters in Hindi Alphabet –

Loj (Vowels)
v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%
a aa e/i ee u/o oo/u e/ai ai o au/ou ang ah

O;atu (Consonants)
d [k x ?k ³ p N t ÷k ´ V B M < .k
ka kh ga gha nga cha chha ja jha yan ta tha da dha ana
r Fk n Ëk u i Q c Hk e ; j y o ‚k
th/t th/tha da/th dha na pa pha/fa ba bha ma ya ra la va/wa sh
‘k l g {k = K

OM
sh sa ha ksh tra gya

izk;% fdlh Hkh ‚kCn dk mPpkj.k ml ‚kCn esa vkus okys Loj ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA gkyk¡fd viokn gj txg gSa ysfdu tc
vki fdlh Hkk’kk dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa vkxs c<+rs tkrs gSa rks [kqn c [kqn vki bu vioknksa dks tkuus yxrs gSaA Lojksa dk
jksy vge gksus dh otg ls ge ‚kq#vkr Lojksa ds mPpkj.k ls djrs gSa mlds ckn dqN ,sls O;tauksa ds mPpkj.k dks le÷ksx a s

.C
ftuds fcuk vaxzsth+ Hkk’kk dks lgh rjhds ls cksyuk ukeqefdu gSA
Often, pronunciation of a word depends on the sound of the vowel in the word itself.
NT
Exceptions are certainly there, but when you keep learning a language, you come to
know such exceptions yourselves. Since the vowels are the base of pronunciation, we
start with vowels first; however, we‟ll cover those consonants too, without knowing
their pronunciation, it is next to impossible to pronounce correctly.
OI
Lojksa dk mPpkj.k (Pronunciation of vowels)
P

bafXy‛k ds ik¡p Loj & a, e, i, o, u

A dk mPpkj.k
ER

lcls igys ;s tkfu;s fd tc Hkh „a‟ fdlh okD; esa vdsys vkrk gS] rks mls „,‟ ugha cfYd ges‛kk „v‟ dgrs gSaA
A man is standing there. v eSu bt+ LVSfUMax nsvjA
He is a good boy. gh bt+ v xqM ckW;A
PP

A, AI, AY – „,‟ ¼ s ½
Name ¼use½ & uke Fame ¼Q+es ½ & izflf) Game ¼xse½ & [ksy Rate ¼jsV½ & ewY;
TO

Shame¼‛kse½ & ‚keZ Ape ¼,i½ & yaxwj Shape¼‛ksi½ & vkdkj Same ¼lse½ & leku
Pain ¼isu½ & nnZ Rain ¼jsu½ & ckfj‛k Day ¼Ms½ & fnu Say ¼ls½ & dguk

A – „,s‟ ¼ S ½
Ash ¼,sl½ & jk[k At ¼,sV½ & ij] esa An ¼,su½ & ,d Anchor ¼,sd
a j½ & ,sadj
Gas ¼xSl½ & xSl Map ¼eSi½ & eSi Man ¼eSu½ & vkneh Cat ¼dSV½ & fcYyh

A – „,v‟ ¼ sv ½
Rare ¼jsvj½ & nqyZHk Dare ¼Msvj½ & fgEer djuk Share ¼‛ksvj½ & feydj djuk

A – „v‟ ¼ k ½
Alert ¼vyVZ½ & lpsr Agree ¼vxzh½ & lger gksuk Ajar ¼vtkj½ & v/k[kqyk
30
A – „vk‟ ¼ kk ½
Are ¼vkj½ & ,d lgk;d fØ;k After ¼vk¶+Vj½ & ckn esa Far ¼Q+kj½ & nwj

A, AW – „vkW‟ ¼ W ½
Tall ¼VkWy½ & yEck Hall ¼gkWy½ & cM+k dejk Call ¼dkWy½ & Q+ksu djuk] iqdkjuk
Awesome ¼vkWle½ & cgqr cf<+;k Aweful ¼vkWQ+y½ & cgqr csdkj Awkward ¼vkWdoMZ½ & vViVk

E dk mPpkj.k
E, EE, EA – „ bZ ‟ ¼ h ½ cM+h bZ
Me ¼eh½ & eq÷ks He ¼gh½ & og Be ¼ch½ & gksuk
Week ¼ohd½ & lIrkg Teen ¼Vhu½ & fd‛kksj Keep ¼dhi½ & j[kuk
Weak ¼ohd½ & det+kjs Heap ¼ghi½ & <sj Sea ¼lh½ & lkxj

OM
E – „,s‟ ¼ S ½
Hen ¼gSu½ & eqxhZ Pen ¼iSu½ & izflf) Enter ¼,sUVj½ & izos‛k djuk

E – „ b ‟ ¼ f ½ NksVh b

.C
Example ¼bXtS+Eiy½ & mnkgj.k Eleven¼bySou½ & X;kjg Engagement ¼baxstesaV½ & lxkbZ

I – „ b ‟ ¼ f ½ NksVh b
NT
I dk mPpkj.k

It ¼bV ½ & ;g Is ¼bt+½ & lgk;d fØ;k Injury ¼bUtjh½ & pksV
Sin ¼flu½ & iki Hindustan ¼fgUnqLrku½ & fgUnqLrku] Hkkjr Hill ¼fgy½ & igkM+
OI
I – „ vk; ‟
Hi ¼gk;½ & gSyks] vfHkoknu djuk Hire ¼gk;j½ & fdjk;s ij ysuk Retire¼fjVk;j½ &fjVk;j gksuk
P

Expire ¼,Dlik;j½ & le; lhek [kRe Attire ¼vVk;j½ & iks‛kkd Dire ¼Mk;j½ & Hk;kud
ER

I – „ vkb ‟
File ¼Q+kby½ & Q+kby Nile ¼ukby½ & uhy unh Grind ¼xzkbUM½ & ihluk Hide ¼gkbM½ & fNikuk
Pile ¼ikby½ & <sj Chile¼pkby½ & fpyh ¼,d ns‛k½ Strike ¼LVªkbd½ & gM+rky Kite ¼dkbV½ & irax
PP

I–„v ‟
Flirt ¼¶yVZ½ & ¶yVZ djuk First ¼QLVZ½ & izFke] igyk Third ¼FkMZ½ & r`rh;] rhljk
Dirt ¼MVZ½ & xanxh Shirt ¼‛kVZ½ & deht+ Shirk ¼‛kdZ½ & Hkkxuk ¼ft+Eesnkjh ls½
TO

IE – „ bZ ‟ ¼ h ½ cM+h bZ
Niece ¼uhl½ & Hkrhth Piece ¼ihl½ & VqdM+k Believe ¼fcyho½ & ekuuk] fo‛okl djuk

IO – „ vk; ‟
Lion ¼yk;u½ & ‚ksj Riot ¼jk;V½ & naxk Ion ¼vk;u½ & v.kq ¼HkkSfrdh (physics) es½a

O dk mPpkj.k
O, OW – „ vks ‟ ¼ ks ½
Om ¼vkse½ & Å¡ Old ¼vksYM½ & cw<k+ Only ¼vksUyh½ & dsoy] bdykSrk
More ¼eksj½ & T+;knk Bold ¼cksYM½ & lkglh] lkgfld Rope ¼jksi½ & jLlh
Bow ¼cks½ & /kuq’k Snow ¼Luks½ & fgeikr] cQZ Eyebrow ¼vkbczk½s & HkkSgsa
31
Yellow ¼;yks½ & ihyk jax Slow ¼Lyks½ & /khek Pillow ¼fiyks½ & rfd;k
OO – „ m ‟ ¼ q ½ NksVh m
Cook ¼dqd½ & jlksb;k Look ¼yqd½ & ns[kuk Good ¼xqM½ & vPNk To ¼Vq½ & dks

OO – „ Å ‟ ¼ w ½ cM+h Å
Too ¼Vw½ & Hkh Shoot ¼‛kwV½ & xksyh ekjuk Groom ¼xzwe½ & nwYgk Loot ¼ywV½ & ywVuk

O–„v‟
Done ¼Mu½ & gks x;k Oppose ¼vikst+½ & fojks/k djuk Occur ¼vdj½ & ?kfVr gksuk Son ¼lu½ & csVk

O – „ vkW ‟
Opt ¼vkWIV½ & pquuk On ¼vkWu½ & ds Åij] ij Stop ¼LVkWi½ & #dks] #duk Lot ¼ykWV½ & cgqr
Chop ¼pkWi½ & dkVuk Hop ¼gkWi½ & dwnuk Shop ¼‛kkWi½ & nqdku Rob ¼jkWc½ & ywVuk

OM
OW – „ vko ‟
Cow ¼dko½ & xk; Shower ¼‛kkoj½ & ugkuk ds fy, Tower ¼Vkoj½ & ehukj How ¼gko½ & dSlk

OU – „ vkm ‟

.C
Doubt ¼MkmV½ & lansg Shout ¼‛kkmV½ & fpYykuk About ¼vckmV½ & ckjs esa Rout¼jkmV½& HkxnM+

OI – „ vkWb ‟
Join ¼tkWbu½ & ‚kkfey gksuk
NT
Coin ¼dkWbu½ & flDdk

OY – „ vkW; ‟
OI
Enjoy ¼,sutkW;½ & ets djuk Boy ¼ckW;½ & yM+dk Royal ¼jkW;y½ & jktlh Loyal¼ykW;y½& oQ+knkj

U dk mPpkj.k
P

U – „ m ‟ ¼ q ½ NksVh m
ER

Bull ¼cqy½ & cSy Full ¼Q+qy½ & Hkjk gqvk Raipur ¼jk;iqj½ & txg dk uke

U–„v ‟
Shut ¼‛kV½ & cUn Run ¼ju½ & nkSM+uk Bulb ¼cYc½ & cYc Under ¼vUMj½ & ds uhps
PP

Utter ¼vVj½ & dguk Urgent ¼vtsZUV½ & t+#jh Cut ¼dV½ & dkVuk But ¼cV½& ysfdu

U – „ ;w ‟
Use ¼;wt+½ & iz;ksx djuk Salute ¼lY;wV½ & lyke Tube ¼V~;wc½& V~;wc Uniform¼;wuhQ+keZ½ & onhZ
TO

U – „ ;ks ‟
Cure ¼D;ksj½ & bykt Tenure ¼VSU;ksj½ & dk;Zdky Sure ¼‛;ksj½& iDdk Allure ¼vY;ksj½ & Qqlykuk

fofo/k mPpkj.k (Miscellaneous Pronunciation)

“l” vkSj “'k” dk mPpkj.k

vxj fdlh ‚kCn esa S ds Bhd vkxs H vk;s rks ßlÞ ugha cfYd Þ'kÞ dk mPpkj.k gksxkA
If in a word, S is followed by H, there will not be „s‟ sound, but „sh‟ sound.

32
 l dh /ofu (Words with „S‟ sound)
S (l)
Sun¼lu½ & lwjt Saturn¼lSVuZ½ & ‚kfu xzg Saline¼lykbu½ & [kkjk
Salute¼lY;wV½ & lyke Salt¼lkWYV½ & ued Taste¼VsLV½ & Lokn
Safety¼ls¶Vh½ & lqj{kk Sound¼lkmUM½ & /ofu Curse¼dlZ½ & vfHk‛kki
Satire¼lVk;j½ & O;ax Sweet¼LohV½ & ehBk Sweat¼LoSV½ & ilhuk

CE (l)
Peace¼ihl½ & ‚kkfUr Cell¼lSy½ & lSy Century ¼lSUpqjh ½ & lnh
Ice ¼vkbl½ & cQ+Z Center¼lSUVj½ & dsanz Nice ¼ukbl½ & vPNk

‚k dh /ofu (Words with „SH‟ sound)

OM
SH (‚k)
Shirt¼‛kVZ½ & deht+ Shelter¼‛kSYVj½ & vkJ;] ?kj Shoot¼‛kwV½ & xksyh ekjuk
Fish¼fQ+‛k½ & eNyh Crush¼Ø‛k½ & pkgr Trash¼VªS‛k½ & dpjk

TIO (‚k)

.C
Nation¼us‛ku½ & jk’Vª Diction¼fMD‛ku½ & cksyus dk <ax Reaction¼fj,sD‛ku½ & izfrfØ;k
Ratio¼js‛kks½ & vuqikr Rational¼jS‛kuy½ & rdZlaxr
NT Action¼,sD‛ku½ & dk;Z

 (‚k dh /ofu) - Few exceptions ¼¶;w ,sDlsI‛kUl½ & dqN viokn

dqN ,sls ‚kCn Hkh gksrs gSa ftuesa S ds Bhd vkxs H ugha vkrk fQj Hkh mPpkj.k esa ÞlÞ ugha cfYd Þ‛kÞ gksrk gSA
OI
Sugar – phuh] bls lqxj ugha cfYd ‚kqxj dgrs gSaA
Sure – iDdk] bls L;ksj ugha cfYd ‚;ksj dgrs gSaA
Passion¼iS‛ku½ & tks‛k Pressure¼izS‛kj½ & ncko Sugar ¼‛kqxj½ & phuh
P

Sure¼‛;ksj½ & iDdk Asia¼,f‛k;k½ & ,f‛k;k Russia ¼jf‛k;k½ & #l ¼ns‛k dk uke½
ER

 vUrj lef÷k, & Understand the difference:

See lh ns[kuk
Sea lh leqnz Suit lwV lwV
PP

She ‚kh og ¼,d yM+dh ds fy,½ Shoot ‚kwV xksyh ekjuk

Seat lhV cSBus dh txg Sell lSy cspuk

Sheet ‚khV pknj Sale lsy fcØh
TO

Shell ‚kSy [kksy

Sign lkbu gLrk{kj
Shine ‚kkbu ped Sigh lk; ÷kkSadk
Shy ‚kk; ‚kehZyk
Sip fli ?k¡wV
Ship f‛ki tgkt+ Sort lkWVZ izdkj
Short ‚kkWVZ de
Save lso cpkuk
Shave ‚kso gtker Shower ‚kkoj ugkuk
Sour lkoj [kV~Vk
So lks blfy,
Show ‚kks izn‛kZu Shame 'kse 'keZ dh ckr
33
Same lse
s leku
cgqr egRoiw.kZ mPpkj.k ¼t dh /ofu½
t t+ 'k+
1st type 2nd type 3rd type

D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd t ds uhps fcUnq gksus dk D;k eryc gSA
nwljs okys t ds uhps ,d fcUnq (point) gS vkSj rhljs okys esa 'k ds uhps fcUnq (point) gSA
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk fd ‚k ds uhps fcUnq gksus ls bldk mPpkj.k t dh rjg dSls gks tkrk gSA vki bUgsa dsoy lqudj
gh igpku ldrs gSa vkWfM;ks ,Dljlkbt+ esAa uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ds ek?;e ls dsoy fy[kus dk rjhdk lef÷k,A

1st type- t & Jug - ¼tx½ & ikuh dk tx

2nd type- t+ & Gazal - ¼xt+y½ & ,d rjg dk xhr vankt+
3rd type- ‚k+ & Television ¼VSyhfo'k+u½ & Vhoh

OM
t& J, G, DG
Magic¼eSftd½ tknw Gadget¼xStV½ ;a«k Pigeon¼fitu½ dcwrj
Japan¼tSiSu½ tkiku Jealous¼tSyl½ tyu Jewellery¼Tkwyjh½ tsoj

.C
Judge¼tt½ tt Courage¼djst½ lkgl Budge¼ct½ fgyuk
Age¼,t½ mez Edge¼,st½ fdukjk] dksuk Bulge¼cYt½ mHkjk gqvk

t+ & Z, S, X
NT
Music¼E;wft+d½ laxhr Magazine¼eSxt+hu½ if«kdk Rise¼jkbt+½ c<+uk
Maze¼est+½ my÷ku Zoo¼t+w½ fpfM+;k?kj Buzz¼ct+½ fHkufHkukuk
OI
Lizard¼fyt+MZ½ fNidyh Was¼okWt+½ Fkk] Fks] Fkh Wizard¼fot+MZ½ tknwxj
Example¼bXt+SEiy½ mnkgj.k Xerox¼t+hjkWDl½ QksVksdkWih Reason¼jht+u½ dkj.k
P

‚k+ & S, SU, SIO

Vision¼fo‛k+u½ n`f’V Leisure¼yS‛k+j½vodk‛k] [kkyh Television¼VSyhfo‛k+u½ Vhoh
ER

Provision¼izkfs o‛k+u½ izko/kku Elusion¼bY;w‛k+u½Nykok] tks u gks oks yxuk Revision¼fjfo‛k+u½ la‛kks/ku
Pleasure¼IyS‛k+j½ vkuan Treasury¼VªS‛k+jh½ [kt+kuk Measure¼eS‛k+j½ ukiuk
PP

“S” ls ‚kq# gksus okys ‚kCn ij “S” ds rqjUr ckn “H” u vk;s
Words starting with “S”, not immediately followed by “H”
TO

tc Hkh fdlh ‚kCn dh 'kq#vkr “s” ls gksrh gS (ij “s” ds ckn “h” u vk;s) rks ml ‚kCn dks cksyrs oDr mldh 'kq#vkr
vk/ks l ;kfu “L” ls gksrh gS tcfd dbZ yksx mlds vkxs b yxk nsrs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd vki Hkh ;s xyrh djrs gksAa blds
mnkgj.k Hkh vkWfM;ks ySDpj esa fn;s x;s gSaA

 School - ;s Ldwy gS] u fd bLdwy

 Smile - ;s Lekby gS] u fd bLekby
 Style - ;s LVkby gS] u fd bLVkby

Smile ¼Lekby½ eqLdqjkuk School¼Ldwy½ fo|ky; Style ¼LVkby½ ‚kSyh] vankt+

Stoll ¼LVksy½ ‚kkWy Stool ¼LVwy½ LVwy Start ¼LVkVZ½ ‚kq# djuk
Spice ¼Likbl½ elkyk Strange¼LVªsat½ vuks[kk Slow ¼Lyks½ gYdk] /khek
Screw¼LØw½ isap Strain¼LVªsu½ ruko] VSa‛ku Stress¼LVªSl½ ruko] VSa‛ku
34
 Storm¼LVkWeZ½ vka/kh Skill ¼fLdy½ dkS‛ky] dyk Skull ¼Ldy½ [kksiM+h

TH dk mPpkj.k (Sound of TH)

n Fk
TH – n
The ¼n ;k nh½ & n ;k nh There ¼nsvj½ & ogk¡ That ¼nSV½ & og This¼fnl½& ;g
TH – Fk
Threat ¼FkzSV½ & /kedh Think ¼fFkad½ & lkspuk Theme¼Fkhe½ & fo’k; Thank¼FkSad½& /kU;okn nsuk

S ds ckn TION gks rks mPpkj.k

‚p

OM
Question ¼Dos‛pu½ & iz‛u Suggestion ¼ltS‛pu½ & lq÷kko Digestion ¼MkbtS‛pu½ & ikpu

C dk mPpkj.k

.C
l d
C (l) NT
Peace¼ihl½ & ‚kkfUr Cell¼lSy½ & lSy Century ¼lSUpqjh ½ & lnh
Ice ¼vkbl½ & cQ+Z Center¼lSUVj½ & dsanz Nice ¼ukbl½ & vPNk

C (d)
OI
Cool ¼dwy½ & BaMk Cute¼D;wV½ & I;kjk Shock ¼‛kkWd½ & ÷kVdk Crime ¼Økbe½ & vijk/k
P

G dk mPpkj.k
x t
ER

G (x)
Gold¼xksYM½ & lksuk Get¼xSV½ & ikuk Gate ¼xsV½ & xsV
Give¼fxo½ & nsuk Singer¼flaxj½ & xk;d Golf ¼xkWYQ½ & ,d [ksy
PP

G (t)
Magic ¼eSftd½ & tknw Cage¼dst½ & fiatjk Courage¼djst½ & lkgl
TO

mPpkj.k ;gha ij [kRe ugha gqvk] ;s rks ,d ‚kq#vkr gSA vkius flQZ dqN fu;eksa o vioknksa dks le÷kk gSA vkus okys pSIVjksa esa
vki dbZ ,sls ‚kCnksa ls #c# gksx
a s ftuesa vkidks dbZ vkSj mPpkj.k ns[kus dks feysaxsA

35
 Lesson – 4
Vocabulary & Pronunciation Exercises
¼odScyjh ,aM izuufl,‛ku ,Dljlkbt+t+½ & ‚kCnkoyh ,oa mPpkj.k vH;kl
vxj vki bl dkslZ dks vPNh rjg ls lh[kuk pkgrs gSa rks gekjh lykg ;s gS fd bl pSIVj dh ‚kCnkoyh
,Dljlkbt+t esa fn;s x;s ‚kCnksa dks fn;s x;s mPpkj.k ds lkFk ;kn djus dk iz;Ru djsAa vxj lHkh ‚kCn ugha
rks de ls de 10 ‚kCn jkst+ ;kn djus dh dksf‛k‛k djsAa D;ksafd vkxs vkus okys dkWUlsIV pSIVjksa] izSfDVl
,Dljlkbt+t o VSLV isijlZ esa bu ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksxk vkSj vxj vkidks vf/kdrj ‚kCn ;kn gksa oks Hkh lgh
mPpkj.k ds lkFk] rks dkWUlsIV le÷kus] izSfDVl djus ;k VSLV isij lkWYo djus esa vklkuh gksxhA

OM
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken

.C
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
NT a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir
OI
Exercise-I
;gk¡ fn;s x;s 'kCn dkQh vklku gSaA gks ldrk gS fd vki bUgsa igys ls gh tkurs gkas] fQj Hkh ,d ckj ns[k yhft,] gks
P

ldrk gS dqN u;s 'kCnksa ls vki #c# gksaA

The words out here are pretty easy. However, have a look at these once, It is possible that you
ER

might not know a few.

1. Move ewo fgyuk ;k fgykuk 18. Come de vkuk

2. Go xks tkuk 19. Laugh ykQ g¡luk
PP

3. Eat bZV [kkuk 20. Learn yuZ lh[kuk

4. Walk okWd ?kweuk] iSny pyuk 21. Ask vkLd iwNuk
5. Drink fMªda ihuk 22. Say ls dguk
TO

6. See lh ns[kuk 23. Tell VSy crkuk

7. Look yqd ns[kuk (/;ku ls) 24. Cheat phV /kks[kk nsuk
8. Watch okp ns[kuk ¼fgyrh pht@O;fDr½ 25. Push iq‛k /kDdk nsuk
9. Write jkbV fy[kuk 26. Pull iqy [khapuk
10. Read jhM i<+uk 27. Play Iys [ksyuk
11. Think fFkad lkspuk 28. Game xse [ksy
12. Speak Lihd ckr djuk 29. Home gkse ?kj
13. Talk VkWd ckr djuk 30. Deaf MSQ+ cgjk
14. Get Up xSV vi mBuk ;k txuk 31. Dumb Me xw¡xk
15. Sleep Lyhi lksuk 32. Lame yse y¡xM+k
16. Stand LVSUM [kM+s gksuk 33. Alive vykbo thfor
17. Sit flV cSBuk 34. Stay LVs Bgjuk
36
35. Find QkbUM ikuk] <w¡<uk 82. Cage dst fiatjk
36. Buy ck; [kjhnuk 83. Cave dso xqQk
37. Here fgvj ;gk¡ 84. Den MSu xqQk (jgus dh) tSls 'ksj dh
38. There nsvj ogk¡ 85. Deep Mhi xgjk
39. Give fxo nsuk 86. Dust MLV /kwy
40. Take Vsd ysuk] ys tkuk 87. Early vYkhZ tYnh
41. Beat chV ihVuk 88. Keep dhi j[kuk
42. Win fou thruk 89. Towards VqoMZ~l dh rjQ+
43. Scold LdkWYM Mk¡Vuk 90. Threaten FkzSVu /kedh nsuk
44. Knife ukbQ pkdw 91. Enter ,sUVj ?kqluk] izo‛s k djuk
45. Sword lksMZ ryokj 92. See Off lh vkWQ fonk djuk
46. Cut dV dkVuk 93. Look For yqd QkWj <¡w<uk
47. Bite ckbV nk¡r ls dkVuk 94. Look After yqd vk¶Vj ns[kHkky djuk

OM
48. Bow cks /kuq"k 95. Mosquito ekWfLdVks ePNj
49. Arrow ,sjks rhj 96. Sour lkWj ;k lkoj [kV~Vk
50. Spoon Liwu pEep 97. Bitter fcVj dM+ok
51. Open vksiu [kksyuk 98. Hope gksi vk‛kk] mEehn

.C
52. Close Dyksl [kkl ;kfu djhch 99. Hop gkWi dwnuk
53. Close Dykst+ cUn djuk 100. Miss fel ;kn djuk
54. Smile
55. Brave
56. Coward
Lekby
czso
dkWoMZ
eqLdqjkuk
cgknqj
dk;j
NT 101. About
102. Send
vckmV
lSUM
103. Gorgeous xkWTkZl
ckjs esa
Hkstuk
cgqr lqUnj
57. Forever QjSoj ges‛kk 104. Perhaps ijgSIl 'kk;n
OI
58. Radish jSfM‛k ewyh 105. Maybe esch 'kk;n
59. Carrot dSjV xkt+j 106. Probably izkcs SCyh 'kk;n
60. Pain isu nnZ 107. Blame Cyse nks"k nsuk
yk;u 'ksj
P

61. Lion 108. Roof #Q+ Nr ¼?kj ds vUnj dh rjQ+½

62. Tiger Vkbxj ck?k ;k ydM+cX?kk 109. Terrace VSjl Nr ¼?kj ds Åij dh½
ER

63. Cheetah phrkg phrk 110. Against vXksaLV fo#)

64. Fox QkWDl ykseM+h 111. Loose Ykwt+ <hyk
65. Tall VkWy yEck 112. Lose Ykwt+ [kksuk
66. Short 'kkWVZ NksVk 113. Loss YkkWl uqdlku] gkfu
PP

67. My ek; esjk 114. Lonely yksUyh vdsyk

68. Mine ekbu esjk 115. Tired Vk;ZM Fkdk gqvk
69. His fgt+ mldk 116. Remind fjekbUM ;kn fnykuk
70. Her gj mldk 117. Remember fjeSecj ;kn djuk
TO

71. Hers glZ mldk 118. Leave yho NksM+uk] NqV~Vh

72. Their nsvj mudk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 119. Beg csx ek¡xuk
73. Theirs nsvlZ mudk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 120. Postpone iksLiksu jn~n djuk] fujLr djuk
74. Our voj gekjk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 121. Purchase ijpst+ [kjhnuk
75. Ours volZ gekjk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 122. Break czsd rksM+uk
76. Then nSu rc 123. Succeed lDlhM lQ+y gksuk
77. Few ¶;w FkksMk+] dqN ¼ftls fxu ldrs gSa½ 124. Ascribe vLØkbc Js; nsuk
78. Some le FkksMk] dqN ¼ftls fxu ugha ldrs½ 125. Buyer ck;j [kjhnus okyk
79. Blanket CySUdSV dEcy 126. Seller lSyj cspus okyk
80. Bring fczax ykuk] ys tkuk 127. Mouse ekml pqfg;k
81. Bunch cUp xqPNk 128. Rat jSV pwgk
37
129. Past ikLV chrk gqvk 133. Awful vkWQ+y cdokl] csdkj
130. Future ¶;wpj vkus okyk dy 134. Awkward vkWdoMZ vViVk
131. Amazing vesft+ax tcjnLr 135. Marriage eSfjt ‚kknh
132. Awesome vkWle csgrjhu

Exercise – II

1. tgk¡ dgha Wherever 40. Achieve ikuk] izkIr djuk

2. When tc ;k dc 41. dgha ugha Nowhere
3. Then rc 42. Somewhere dgha
4. Few dqN 43. Patrol x‛r yxkuk tSls iqfyl dh x‛r
5. Above Åij 44. Hop mNydwn djuk

OM
6. ,slk D;ksa Why so 45. tks dqN Hkh Whatever
7. iwNuk Ask 46. tc dHkh Whenever
8. Able ;ksX;] leFkZ 47. Little FkksM+k] NksVk
9. dghsa Hkh Anywhere 48. Enter izo‛s k djuk] ?kqluk

.C
10. Her mldk ¼yM+dh dk½ 49. vc ls From now, Now onwards
11. Blanket dEcy 50. His mldk ¼yM+ds dk½
12. Below uhps NT 51. Ever dHkh
13. Bit FkksM+k] VqdM+k 52. See off fonk djuk
14. ykuk Bring 53. dkSu lk Which
15. Bunch xqPNk 54. fdldk Whose
16. Cage fiatjk 55. Footfall dneksa dh vkokt+
OI
17. Cave xqQk 56. Look for <¡w<uk
18. ,slk D;ksa Why so 57. ns[kHkky djuk Look after, see after
19. Den xqQk ¼jgus dh½ 58. Remind ;kn fnykuk
P

20. Dust /kwy 59. Awake txk gqvk] mBk gqvk

Mosquito
ER

21. Early tYnh 60. ePNj

22. Get up mBuk 61. Rainbow bUnz/kuq"k
23. Below uhps 62. HkkSaduk Bark
24. In front of ds lkeus 63. Petrol isVªksy ¼xkM+h dk½
PP

25. yVdkuk] yVduk Hang 64. Sour [kV~Vk

26. Hold idM+uk 65. Hope mEehn djuk
27. dgk¡ ls From where 66. Miss ;kn djuk
28. Keep j[kuk 67. ihNs Behind
TO

29. Memorize ;kn djuk 68. Right now bl oDr

30. dc rd Until when 69. Something dqN
31. Towards dh rjQ 70. Cheat /kks[kk nsuk
32. Threaten /kedh nsuk 71. cky >M+uk Hair fall
33. Fist eqB~Bh 72. Hkstuk Send
34. Sound vkokt+ 73. Tremble dk¡iuk] FkjFkjkuk
35. Suggestion lq>ko 74. Escape cp fudyuk] Hkkx tkuk
36. Enough dkQh 75. dM+ok Bitter
37. Much T+;knk 76. Extremely cgqr T+;knk
38. dbZ Many 77. Gorgeous cgqr lqUnj
39. fcydqy ughsa Not at all 78. Perhaps ‚kk;n

38
79. deh Lack, Discrepancy 111. Pretty lqUnj] cgqr
80. gYdk Light 112. gkj ekuuk Give in
81. Feverish cq[kkj tSlk 113. cxy esa Beside, next to, adjacent
82. Drop in come (vkuk) 114. Ekkeyk Matter, issue, concern
83. pkjksa rjQ All around 115. However fQj Hkh
84. Fully packed [kpk[kp Hkjk gqvk 116. Than rqyuk esa
85. Forever ges‛kk ds fy, 117. Lonely vdsyk
86. Absolutely fcYdqy] iwjh rjg ls 118. yxHkx Almost, approximately
87. /;ku nsuk Pay attention 119. mnklhu Aloof
88. A lot cgqr T+;knk 120. Learner lh[kus okyk
89. Hence blfy, 121. Ckpiu Childhood
90. [kjk mrjuk Live up to 122. vkokt+ Voice, Sound
[ksn gksuk] nq[k gksuk Then also/ Even then

OM
91. Regret 123. rc Hkh
92. vlqfo/kk Inconvenience 124. Asleep lks;k gqvk
93. Finalize QSlyk djuk 125. Away nwj
94. Blame nks"k nsuk 126. Ban izfrca/k yxkuk
95. Very first lcls igyk 127. jt+kbZ Quilt

.C
96. dks;y Cuckoo 128. Bow /kuq"k
97. tYn gh Soon, very soon 129. Tired Fkdk gqvk
98. Unwell rfc;r Bhd u gksuk NT 130. lqjk[k Hole
99. Against fo#) 131. Drain ukyk
100. n`<+ fu‛p; Firm determination 132. Flock ny] xqPNk
101. Surely iDdk 133. uk[kqu Nail
Already, beforehand
OI
102. igys ls gh 134. Spread QSykuk
103. Your place rqEgkjs ;gk¡ 135. ekQ djuk Forgive
104. At this time bl le;] bl iy 136. Crazy ikxy ¼fdlh pht+ ;k O;fDr ds fy,½
P

105. At the moment bl le;] bl iy 137. fdl ls From whom

106. As per ds vuqlkj 138. Ascribe Js; nsuk
ER

107. tc ls Ever since 139. Kind n;kyw

108. tc rd By the time 140. Keen mRlqd gksuk
109. rc rd Till then, By then 141. Alternative fodYi
110. HkxnM+ Stampede 142. Incredible csgrjhu] tcjnLr
PP
TO

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Definiteness of purpose is the starting point of all achievement.

mn~ns‛; dk izcy gksuk lHkh miyfC/k;ksa dh igyh lh<+h gSA ¼MCY;w DySesUV LVksu½

2. Fortune favors the brave.

fdLer cgknqjksa dk lkFk nsrh gSA

3. In most of the cases, you will have to fight a battle more than once to win it.
vf/kdka‛kr%] fdlh yM+kbZ dks thrus ds fy, vkidks mls ,d ls vf/kd ckj yM+uk gksxkA

39
 Exercise – III

1) At once ,d lkFk
ge ,d lkFk fpYyk;sA we shouted at once.
2) In a while FkksM+h nsj esa
eSa FkksM+h nsj esa vk tkšxkA I will come in a while.
3) For a while FkksM+h nsj ds fy,
eq>s FkksM+h nsj ds fy, viuk eksckby ns nksA Give me your mobile for a while.
4) Quite often vDlj
eSa vDlj ogk¡ tkrk gw¡A I go there quite often.
5) Quite iwjh rjg ls

OM
vc eSa iwjh rjg Bhd gw¡A I am quite well now.
6) Similarly blh izdkj
eSa x;k vkSj mlls feyk] blh rjg ls oks Hkh feykA I went and met him. Similarly, he met too.
7) Simultaneously ,d gh le; ij] ,d gh lkFk
I am studying, working simultaneously.

.C
eSa i<+ jgk gw¡A lkFk esa tkWc Hkh dj jgk gw¡A
8) Needless t+:jr ugha
dgus dh t+:jr ugha] fd oks ikxy gSA NT Needless to say that he is mad.
iwNus dh t+:jr ugha] oks igys ls gh tkurk gSA Needless to ask, he already knows.
9) Continuously yxkrkj
Ckkfj‛k yxkrkj gks jgh gSA It is raining continuously.
10) Continually :d :d dj
OI
Ckkfj‛k :d :d dj gks jgh gSA It is raining continually.
11) Pass by cxy ls xqtjuk
oks esjs cxy ls xqtjhA She passed by me.
P

12) Of no use/avail dksbZ Qk;nk ugha

I went to doctor but of no use.
ER

eSa MkWDVj ds ikl x;k ij dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gqvkA

;s iSls fdlh dke ds ughaA This money is of no use.
13) Worthwhile Qk;ns dk lkSnk] ykHknk;d
;s Qk;ns dk lkSnk ugha gSA It‟s not worthwhile.
PP

D;k ogk¡ tkuk Qk;nsena gS \ Is it worthwhile going there?

14) After a long cgqr nsj ckn
jke cgqr nsj ckn vk;kA Ram came after a long.
15) Cup of tea cl dh ckr gksuk
TO

;s esjs cl dh ckr ugha gSA It is not my cup of tea.

dkWy lsUVj dh tkWc esjs fy, ugha gSA Call center job is not my cup of tea.
16) All the while iwjs fnu] iwjs oDr] lkjk oDr
eSa lkjs fnu i<+rk jgkA I kept on studying all the while.
oks lkjs oDr Vhoh ns[k jgk FkkA He was watching TV all the while.
17) Rip off ywVuk] csodwQ cukuk
lCt+h okyk eq>s ywV jgk FkkA Vegetable seller was ripping me off.
18) Shirk th pqjkuk] Hkkxuk
eSa ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ls dHkh th ugha pqjkrkA I never shirk responsibilities.
19) At large idM+ ls ckgj
vijk/kh idM+ ls ckgj gSA Criminal is at large.
40
20) Impose Fkksiuk
rqe eq> ij viuh et+hZ Fkksi jgs gksA You are imposing your will on me.
21) Offhand fcuk fdlh rS;kjh ds
eSa bUVjO;w esa fcuk fdlh rS;kjh ds x;kA I went for interview off hand.
22) Over cast cknyksa ls Hkjk gqvk
vkleku cknyksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA The sky is over cast.
23) Sigh of relief pSu dh lk¡l ysuk
eSaus pSu dh lk¡l yhA I sighed of relief.
rqe vc pSu dh lk¡l ys ldrs gksA Now you can sigh of relief.
24) Fond of ‚kkSdhu
eSa dkjksa dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A I am fond of cars.
25) Unnecessarily csotg] Qkyrw esa
You are unnecessarily sitting here.

OM
rqe Qkyrw esa ;gk¡ cSBs gksA
26) Knowingly tku cw>dj
mlus tkucw>dj esjk fny nq[kk;kA He hurt me knowingly.
27) Unknowingly vutkus esa
mlus vutkus esa eq>s nq[k igq¡pk;kA He hurt me unknowingly.

.C
28) Remind ;kn fnykuk
rqe eq>s jke dh ;kn fnykrs gksA You remind me of Ram.
rqEgkjk psgjk eq>s fdlh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA
29) Negligence
NT Your face reminds me of someone.
ykijokgh
rqEgsa ykijokgh dh ltk feysxhA You will be punished for negligence.
30) Altogether iwjh rjg ls
OI
ge iwjh rjg ls vyx gSaA We are different altogether.
31) Put out cq>kuk
vkx cq>k nksA Put out the fire.
P

32) Get in / on fdlh okgu esa p<+uk

eSa cl esa p<+kA I got in/on the bus.
ER

33) Get off fdlh okgu ls mrjuk

eSa cl ls mrjkA I got off the bus.
34) Stand by lkFk nsuk
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk lkFk nsrk gw¡A I always stand by you.
PP

35) Bring up ikyuk] ikyu iks"k.k djuk

esjs ekek us rqEgsa ikykA My maternal uncle brought you up.
eSa fnYyh esa iyk c<+kA I was brought up in Delhi.
TO

36) Materialize lp dj nsuk] lkdkj dj nsuk

mlus lkspk vkSj lp dj fn;kA He thought and materialized.
lius lkdkj dj nw¡xk eSaA I will materialize the dreams.
37) Pass away eqR;qZ gks tkuk] xqt+j tkuk
mlds ikik fiNys lky xqt+jsA His father passed away last year.
38) Chill out ets djuk] VSa‛ku u ysuk
vktdy eSa dksbZ VSa‛ku ugha ys jgk gw¡A I am chilling out these days.
39) Ascribe Js; nsuk
eSa viuh lQyrk dk Js; esjs viuksa dks nsrk gw¡A I ascribe my success to my real ones.
40) Go on pyuk
vktdy D;k py jgk gS \ What is going on these days?

41
 41) Ooze fdlh nzo ;k fyfDoM dk fudyuk
?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA Blood is oozing from the wound.
42) Lisp rqrykuk
NksVs cPps rqrykrs gaSA Small kids lisp.
43) Stammer gdykuk
oks gdyk jgk FkkA He was stammering.
44) Whisper QqlQqlkuk
rqe mlds dku esa D;k QqlQqlk jgs gks \ What are you whispering in his ear?
45) Totter yM+[kM+kuk
Hkkjr ikfdLrku ds fo#) yM+[kM+k jgk gSA India is tottering against Pakistan.
46) Fumble VVksyuk
eSa vyekjh esa dqN VVksy jgk gw¡A I am fumbling something in Almirah.
47) Peel off

OM
fNydk mrkjuk] fNyuk
lhrk vkyw Nhy jgh gSA Seeta is peeling off the potatoes.
48) Like anything cqjh rjg
oks cqjh rjg esgur dj jgk gSA He is working hard like anything.
oks cgqr tcjnLr rjhds ls yM+kA He fought like anything.

.C
49) At least de ls de
de ls de ,d ckj rks vkvksA Come at least once.
50) Etcetera (Full form of etc.)
esjs ikl dbZ pht+sa gaS tSls iSu] fdrkc bR;kfnA
NT vkfn] bR;kfn
I have many things such as pen, book etc.

Exercise-IV
OI
1. Hair gsvj cky 23. Throat FkzkVs xyk
2. Head gSM flj 24. Shoulders 'kksYMj~l da/ks
P

3. Forehead QksjgSM ekFkk 25. Collar dkWyj xnZu vkSj da/ks ds chp
4. Skull Ldy [kksiM+h dk fgLlk
ER

5. Eyebrow vkbczks HkkSgsa 26. Arms vkEl Hkqtk] ckgq

6. Eyelid vkbfyM iyd 27. Hand gSUM gkFk (dykbZ ls uk[kqu rd
7. Eyelash vkbyS‛k iyd dk cky dk fgLlk)
28. Elbow ,sYcks
PP

8. Eyeball vkbckWy vk¡[k dh iqryh dksguh

9. Eyes vkbt+ vk¡[ksa 29. Wrist fjLV dykbZ
10. Ear bvj dku 30. Palm ike gFksyh
11. Nose ukst+ ukd 31. Fist fQLV eqV~Bh
TO

12. Mouth ekmFk eq¡g 32. Finger fQUxj m¡xyh

13. Tooth VqFk nk¡r 33. Thumb FkEc v¡xwBk (gkFk dk)
14. Face Qsl psgjk 34. Nail usy uk[kqu
15. Tongue Vax thHk 35. Chest pSLV Nkrh (iq#"k dh)
16. Lips fyIl gksBa 36. Breast czSLV Nkrh (efgyk dh)
17. Cheek phd xky 37. Stomach LVed isV
18. Jaw tkW tcM+k 38. Belly CkSyh rksna
19. Chin fpu Bks<+h ;k BqM~Mh 39. Abdomen ,scMkseu mnj
20. Mustache eq‛VSp ew¡N 40. Waist osLV dej
21. Beard fc;MZ nk<+h 41. Leg ysx iSj
22. Neck uSd xnZu 42. Thigh Fkkb tk¡?k

42
43. Knee uh ?kqVuk 47. Bone cksu gM~Mh
44. Calf dkQ+ ?kqVus o ryos ds chp dk fgLlk 48. Skeleton LdSySVu dadky
45. Feet QhV ryok 49. Lungs yaXl QsQM+s
46. Toe Vks iSj dk v¡xwBk 50. Lever fyoj xqnkZ

Exercise – V

1) Materialize ¼eVhfjvykbt+½ lp@lkdkj dj nsuk 38) Groom ¼xzwe½ nwYgk

2) Allure ¼,sY;kSj½ ykyp nsuk] yqHkkuk 39) Bride ¼czkbM½ nqYgu
3) Momentous ¼ekWeSUVl½ egRoiw.kZ] cgqr t+#jh 40) Worship¼ojf‛ki½ iwtk djuk
4) Exonerate ¼bXt+kujsV½ funzks"k djkj dj nsuk 41) Pliers ¼Iyk;lZ½ Iykl
5) Sneeze ¼Luht+½ Nhaduk 42) Corrupt¼djIV½ Hkz"V] csbZeku

OM
6) Testy ¼VSLVh½ fpM+fpM+k] xqLlSy 43) Spendthrift¼LiSUMfFkz¶V½ [kphZyk O;fDr
7) Aspect ¼vkliSDV½ igyw 44) Genuine¼tSuqvu½ vlyh
8) Futile ¼¶;wVkby½ Qkyrw] fujFkZd 45) Ridiculous¼fjMhfdyl½ cdokl] csdkj
9) Confluence ¼dkWU¶yqvUl½ laxe tSls ufn;ksa dk 46) International¼bUVjuS‛kuy½ vUrZjk"Vªh;
10) Conquer ¼dUDoSj½ thruk] dCt+k djuk 47) Zoo¼t+w½ fpfM+;k?kj

.C
11) Consequence¼dkWfUlDosUl½ ifj.kke 48) Extraordinary¼,DlVªkWMujh½ vlk/kkj.k
12) Conservative¼dUTk+josfVo½ #f<+oknh] tks NT 49) Unbelievable¼vufcyhoscy½ vfo‛oluh;
iqjkus [;kykrksa esa thrk gks 50) Engineer ¼baftfu;j½ baftfu;j
13) Conservatory¼dUt+josVjh½ ,d ,slh txg 51) Entertaining¼,UVjVsfuax½ euksjatd
tgk¡ ukt+qd isM+ ikS/kksa dks mxk;k tkrk gS 52) Astrology ¼,LVªkWyth½ T;ksfr"k foKku
14) Absolutism¼,scLY;wfVt+e½ fujadq‛krk ;kfu 53) Australia¼vkWLVªsfy;k½ ,d ns‛k dk uke
OI
tgk¡ fdlh vkSj dh ckr u lquh tk;s
54) Belgium¼cSfYt;e½ ,d ns‛k dk uke
15) Waist ¼osLV½ dej
55) Shoot ¼‛kwV½ xksyh ekjuk] ‚kwfVax djuk
16) West ¼oSLV½ if‛pe fn‛kk
56) Russia ¼jf‛k;k½ ,d ns‛k dk uke
P

17) Affluence ¼v¶yw,Ul½ vehjh

57) Rural ¼#jy½ xzkeh.k
18) Protest ¼izkVs sLV½ fonzksg
58) Algorithm ¼,syxkWfjne½ eSFkseSfVDl dk VkWfid
ER

19) Ailment ¼,yesUV½ chekjh

59) Necessarily ¼uSlslSfjyh½ t+#jh gS] vfuok;Zr%
20) Imitate ¼bfeVsV½ udy djuk
60) Unnecessarily¼vuuSlslSfjyh½ t+#jh ugha gS
21) Debris ¼MScfjl½ dpjk] eyck
61) Perfect ¼ijQSDV½ ,dne lgh
22) Mist ¼feLV½ dksgjk
PP

62) Present ¼izStSV+a ½ mifLFkr gksuk] fx¶V

23) Fog ¼QkWx½ dksgjk] /kq¡?k
63) Enhance ¼,sugkUl½ c<+kuk] T+;knk dj nsuk
24) Hail ¼gsy½ vksys] vksys iM+uk
64) Window ¼foUMks½ f[kM+dh
25) Brutal ¼czqVy½ fuZn;h] Øwj
65) Fantastic¼QSUVSfLVd½ cgqr gh cf<+;k
TO

26) Masticate ¼eSLVhdsV½ pckuk] dwVuk] ihluk

66) Zebra ¼tS+czk½ tkuoj dk uke
27) Credulous ¼ØSMqyl½ Hkksyk Hkkyk
67) Z ¼tS+M½ vaxzst+h dk v{kj
28) Accomplish ¼vdfEIy‛k½ iwjk@lQy dj nsuk
68) Shy ¼‛kk;½ ‚kehZyk] ‚kekZuk
29) Rapture ¼jSIpj½ [kq‛kh
69) Shameless¼‛kseySl½ cs‛keZ
30) Though ¼nks½ ;|fi] gkyk¡fd
70) Exile ¼,sXt+kby½ cuokl
31) Extensive ¼,sDlVSfUlo½ foLr`r] O;kid
71) Standard¼LVSUMMZ½ Lrj] #rck
32) Retaliate ¼fjVSfy,V½ djkjk tokc nsuk
72) Shelter ¼‛kSYVj½ ‚kj.k] iukg
33) Thoroughfare¼FkjQs;j½ vke jkLrk
73) Zodiac Sign¼tkSfM;sd lkbu½ jkf‛k dk uke
34) Tribute ¼fVªC;wV½ J)k¡tfy
74) Pisces ¼ikbflt+½ ehu jkf‛k
35) Admire ¼,Mek;j½ iz‛kalk djuk
75) Abortion ¼vckW‛kZu½ xHkZikr
36) Proximity ¼izkSfDlfeVh½ fudVrk
76) Foeticide¼QhVlkbM½ Hkzw.kgR;k
37) Destroy¼fMLVªkW;½ cckZn dj nsuk
43
77) Example¼bXt+SEiy½ mnkgj.k 89) Poverty ¼ikWoVhZ½ xjhch
78) Exams ¼bXt+SEl½ ijh{kk 90) Evil ¼bfoy½ cqjkbZ
79) Poison ¼ikWbt+u½ t+gj 91) Permission¼ifeZ‛ku½ vkKk
80) Discriminate¼fMfLØfeusV½ i{kikr djuk 92) Ingredient¼buxzhfM,UV½ iz;ksx dh lkexzh
81) Infanticide ¼buQSfUVlkbM½ f‛k‛kq gR;k 93) Harass ¼gjkl½ rax djuk] lrkuk
82) Mortality¼ekWVSZfyVh½ e`R;qnj 94) Television¼VSyhfo‛k+u½ Vhoh
83) Abnormality¼,cukeSZfyVh½ vViVk O;ogkj gksuk 95) Melt ¼eSYV½ xyuk
84) Generations¼tujs‛kUl½ ihf<+;k¡ 96) Prefer ¼izSQj½ roTtks nsuk
85) Suggestion¼ltS‛pu½ lq>ko 97) Priority ¼izk;kSfjVh½ roTtks nsuk
86) Question¼DoS‛pu½ iz‛u 98) Politics¼ikWfyfVDl½ jktuhfr
87) Literacy¼fyVªSlh½ lk{kjrk 99) Gasp ¼xSLi½ gk¡Quk
88) Majority¼eStkWjsVh½ cgqer 100) Facial ¼Qsf‛k;y½ psgjs dh ekfy‛k

OM
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Dream big and dare to fail.

cM+k liuk ns[kks vkSj gkj lgus dh fgEer j[kksA

.C
2. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. (Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½
NT
3. People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never
forget how you made them feel.
yksx Hkwy tk;sx
a s vkius D;k dgk] yksx Hkwy tk;sx
a s vkius D;k fd;k] ij yksx dHkh ugha Hkwyx
sa s fd vkius mUgsa dSlk
eglwl djok;kA
OI
4. I am not a product of my circumstances. I am a product of my decisions.
eSa gkykrksa ls fufeZr izk.kh ugha] esjk fuekZ.k esjs QSlyksa ls gqvk gSA
P

5. What's the point of being alive if you don't try to do something remarkable.
thfor jgus ds D;k ek;us vxj vki dqN vlk/kkj.k djus dk iz;Ru u djsAa
ER

6. There are two types of people who will tell you that you cannot make a difference in this
world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed.
nks rjg ds yksx vkidks ;s dgsx a s fd vki bl nqfu;k esa dqN vyx ugha dj ldrs & ,d oks tks [kqn iz;kl djus ls
PP

Mjrs gSa vkSj nwljs oks ftUgsa vkids lQy gksus dk Mj gSA

7. Don't wish it were easier, wish you were better.

;s er pkgks fd dke vklku gks] cfYd ;s pkgks fd vki csgrj gksAa
TO

8. When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off
against the wind, not with it. (Henry Ford)
tc lc dqN vkids f[kykQ gks jgk gks] rks ;s ckr ;kn djuk fd gokbZtgkt Hkh gok ds fo#) gh mM+ku Hkjrk gS]
mlds lkFk ughaA ¼gSujh QksMZ½

9. Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.
(Abraham Lincoln)
vki eq÷ks ,d isM+ dkVus ds fy, 6 ?kaVs nsaxs rks eSa igys 4 ?kaVs dqYgkM+h dh /kkj rst djus esa yxkÅ¡xkA¼vczkge
fyadu½

10. He that has patience can achieve anything that he wants.

ftlds ikl /kS;Z gS oks tks pkgs ik ldrk gSA

44
 Exercise – VI

1. Military ¼fefyVjh½ lsuk 41. Niece¼uhl½ Hkk¡th ;k Hkrhth

2. Opportunity¼vkWijP;wfuVh½ volj] ekSdk 42. Nephew ¼usO;w½ Hkk¡tk ;k Hkrhtk
3. Bicycle ¼ckbfldy½ lkbZfdy 43. Agree¼vxzh½ lger gksuk
4. Tiffin box ¼fVfQu ckWDl½ fVfQu ckWDl 44. Musician¼E;wt+hf‛k;u½ laxhrK
5. Heel¼ghy½ ,M+h 45. Essential¼blSfU‛kvy½ cgqr t+#jh
6. Sugar¼‛kqxj½ phuh 46. Spacious ¼LiS‛kl½ cM+h txg
7. Water¼okWVj½ ikuh 47. Zoom¼t++we½ vkdkj esa c<+kuk
8. Was¼okWt+½ Fkk] Fks] Fkh 48. Shift¼f‛k¶V½ f[klduk
9. Because¼fcdt+½ D;ksfa d 49. Echo¼,sdks½ vkokt+ xw¡tuk
10. Gorgeous¼xkWjtl½ cgqr lqUnj 50. University¼;wfuoflZVh½ fo‛ofo|ky;

OM
11. Government¼xoesaV½ ljdkj 51. Noise¼ukWbt+½ gYyk] ‚kksj
12. Pressure ¼izS‛kj½ ncko 52. Altogether¼vkWyVqxSnj½ iwjh rjg ls
13. Wednesday¼osUt+Ms½ cq/kokj 53. Yamaha ¼;ekgk½ ,d dEiuh
14. Saturday¼lSVjMs½ ‚kfuokj 54. Honda¼gksUMk½ ,d dEiuh

.C
15. April¼,fizy½ vizSy dk eghuk 55. And¼,sUM½ vkSj
16. May¼es½ ebZ dk eghuk 56. End¼,UM½ vUr] vkf[kj
17. August ¼vkWxLV½ vxLr dk eghuk NT 57. Sit¼flV½ cSBuk
18. November¼uoSEcj½ uoEcj dk eghuk 58. Stand¼LVSUM½ [kM+k gksuk
19. December¼fMlSEcj½ fnlEcj dk eghuk 59. Communication¼dE;wfuds‛ku½ lapkj.k
20. January ¼tSU;qjh½ tuojh dk eghuk 60. Enjoy ¼,UtkW;½ ets djuk
21. Development¼fMoSyIkeSUV ;k MoyieSUV½fodkl 61. Neither ¼uhnj ;k ukbnj½ ugha
OI
22. Phenomenal¼fQukWfeuy½ tcjnLr 62. Also ¼vkWYlks½ Hkh
23. Secondary¼lSdsUMjh½ nwljk 63. Although¼vkWYnks½ ;|fi] gkyk¡fd
24. Guardian ¼xkjfM;u½ 64. However ¼gkoSoj½
P

laj{kd] vfHkHkkod fQj Hkh] tcfd

25. Question¼DoS‛pu½ iz‛u 65. Idle¼vkbMy½ [kkyh gksuk
ER

26. Suggestion¼lts‛pu½ lq>ko 66. Ideal¼vkbfM;y½ vkn‛kZ

27. Aries¼,vjht+½ es"k jkf‛k 67. Idol¼vkbMy½ ewfRkZ
28. Technology¼VSDukWyth½ rduhd 68. Pour¼iksj½ mM+y s uk
29. Soil¼lkWby½ t+ehu] feV~Vh 69. Feverish ¼Qhofj‛k½ cq[kkj tSlk
PP

30. Spoil¼LikWby½ cckZn@[kjkc dj nsuk 70. Rumour ¼j~;wej½ vQokg

31. Thoroughfare¼FkjQs;j½ vke jkLrk 71. Quarrel ¼D+okjy½ >xM+k
32. Though ¼nks½ ;|fi] gkyk¡fd 72. Headache¼gSMsd½ fljnnZ
33. Mountain ¼ekmuVsu½ 73. Holiday ¼gkWfyMs½
TO

ioZr NqV~Vh
34. Telecommunication¼VSyhdE;wfuds‛ku½ nwjlapkj 74. Vegetable¼oSftVscy½ lCt+h
35. Data¼MsVk½ vk¡dM+s 75. Afar¼vQkj½ cgqr nwj
36. Grammar ¼xzSej½ O;kdj.k 76. Aloof¼vywQ½ vdsyk o pqi&pqi
37. Typhoid ¼VkbQkbM½ ,d chekjh 77. Forty¼QkWVhZ½ 40
38. Penniless¼iSfuYkSl½ daxky] iSls u gksuk 78. Fourteen¼QksVhZu½ 14
39. Perhaps ¼ijgSIl½ ‚kk;n 79. Exaggerate¼bXt+StjsV½ c<+k p<+kdj dguk
40. Determine¼fMVjfeu½ fu/kkZfjr djuk 80. Almirah ¼,yfejk½ vyekjh

45
 Exercise – VII
1. Sell ¼lSy½ cspuk (Verb) 46. Wind ¼foUM½ gok
2. Sale ¼lsy½ fcØh (Noun) 47. Able ¼,cy½ ;ksX; gksuk
3. Shall ¼‛kSy½ ,d lgk;d fØ;k 48. Society ¼lqlkbVh½ lekt
4. Again ¼vxSu½ nksckjk 49. Didn‟t ¼fMUV ;k fMMUV½ lgk;d fØ;k
5. Bother ¼ckWnj½ ijs‛kku djuk 50. Formality¼QkWjeSfyVh½ vkSipkfjdrk
6. Ooze ¼Åt+½ fdlh nzo dk fudyuk 51. Conversation¼dkWUojls‛ku½ okrkZyki
7. Leisure time¼yS‛k+j VkbZe½ [kkyh le; 52. Usage ¼;wlst½ mi;ksx
8. Negligence ¼uSXyhtSUl½ ykijokgh 53. Ancient ¼,uf‛k,UV½ izkphu] iqjkuk
9. Dowry ¼Mkmjh½ ngst+ 54. Island ¼vk;ySUM½ ,d }hi
10. Proposal ¼Ikzikst+y½ izLrko 55. Only ¼vksUyh½ dsoy

OM
11. Would ¼oqM½ ,d lgk;d fØ;k gS 56. Hospitality¼gkWfLiVSfyVh½ esgeku uokth
12. Guardian ¼xkjfM;u½ vfHkHkkod 57. Vehicle ¼Okfgdy½ okgu] xkM+h
13. Pity ¼fiVh½ n;k 58. Enough ¼,uQ ;k buQ½ dkQh
14. Skill ¼fLdYk½ gquj] dkfcfy;r 59. Alarm ¼vykeZ½ ?kaVh
15. Least 60. Sheep

.C
¼yhLV½ lcls de ¼‛khi½ HksM+
16. Seek ¼lhd½ <w¡<uk] dksf‛k‛k djuk 61. Ship ¼f‛ki½ tgkt
17. Cooperate¼dqvkWijsV½ lg;ksx djuk NT 62. Project ¼izkStSDV½ izkStSDV
18. Obey ¼vkscs½ ikyu djuk 63. Seven ¼lSou½ lkr
19. Correspondence¼dkWjLikWUMSUl½i«kkpkj 64. Millionaire¼feyusvj½ y[kifr
20. Memory ¼eSejh½ ;kn] Le`fr 65. Billionaire ¼fcyusvj½ djksM+ifr
21. Quotient ¼dks‛ksUV½ HkkxQy 66. Towel ¼VkWoy½ rkSfy;k
OI
22. Certain ¼ljVsu½ fuf‛pr 67. Bottle ¼ckWVy½ cksry
23. Recognize ¼jSdXukbt+½ igpkuuk 68. Deposit ¼fMikWft+V½ tek djuk
24. America ¼veSfjdk½ ,d ns‛k dk uke 69. Agree ¼vxzh½ lger gksuk
P

25. Portugal ¼ikSpZqxy½ ,d ns‛k dk uke 70. Restaurant¼jSLVªka½ jsLVªka

26. Kerala ¼dSjyk½ ,d jkT; dk uke 71. Square ¼LD+oS;j½ oxkZdkj
ER

27. Foreign ¼QkWjSu½ fons‛k

72. Voice ¼okWbl½ vkokt+ ¼ltho dh½
28. Executive ¼bDtS+D;fVo½ izfrfuf/k] dk;Zdkjh
73. Sound ¼lkmUM½ vkokt+ ¼futhZo dh½
29. Employee ¼beIykWb½ deZpkjh
74. Oral ¼vksjy½ tqckuh ckr
30. Vision ¼fo‛k+u½ lksp] n`f"Vdks.k
PP

31. Favourite ¼QsojsV½ lcls T+;knk ilUn 75. Confirmation¼dkWUQesZ‛ku½ iqf"V djuk
32. Machine ¼e‛khu½ e‛khu 76. Permanent¼ijekuSUV½ LFkk;h
33. Deodorant ¼fM;ksMªsUV½ ij¶;we 77. Rapport ¼jSiks½ viuh izfr"Bk
34. Success ¼lDlSl½ lQyrk 78. Driven ¼fMªou½ 3 form of Drive
rd
TO

79. Psychology¼lkbdkWyth½ ekuo eu dk foKku

35. General ¼tSujy½ lk/kkj.k
36. Possessive ¼it+sflo½ vf/kdkj le>uk 80. Astrology ¼,LVªkWyth½ T;ksfr"k ‚kkL«k
37. Departure ¼fMikpZj½ fdlh txg ls fudyuk 81. Biology ¼ckbvkWyth½ tho foKku
38. Bear ¼csvj½ fc;j tks ih tkrh gS 82. Social ¼lks‛ky½ lkekftd
39. Bear ¼csvj½ Hkkyw 83. Wallet ¼okWysV½ cVqvk (of male)
40. Bear ¼fcvj½ lguk 84. Purse ¼ilZ½ cVqvk (of female)
41. Hour ¼vkoj ;k vkj½ ?kaVk 85. Another ¼vunj½ nwljk
42. Our ¼voj ;k vkj½ gekjk 86. Bad ¼cSM½ cqjk
43. Flour ¼¶ykWj½ vkVk 87. Bed ¼C;M½ fcLrj
44. Floor ¼¶yksj½ eafty] Q‛kZ 88. Annual ¼,suqvy½ lkykuk
45. The ¼n ;k nh½ ,d vkfVZdy gSA 89. Yours ¼;kslZ½ rqEgkjk
46
90. Escape ¼bLdsi½ cp fudyuk] Hkkx tkuk 96. Police ¼iqyhl½ iqfyl
91. Liquor ¼fydj½ ‚kjkc 97. Whistle ¼foly½ lhVh ctkuk
92. Fidelity ¼fQMSfyVh½ oQknkjh 98. Wholesome¼gksyle½ ykHknk;d
93. Use ¼;wt+½ iz;ksx djuk 99. Own ¼vksu½ viuk
94. Direction ¼fMjSD‛ku ;k Mk;jsD‛ku½ fn‛kk 100. Financial ¼QkbuSfU‛k;y½ foŸkh;
95. Broom ¼czwe½ >kM+w

Exercise – VIII

1. Tourism ¼VwfjTk+e½ i;ZVu 36. Women ¼fofeu½ ,d ls T+;knk vkSjrsa

OM
2. Wash ¼okW‛k½ /kksuk 37. Man ¼eSu½ ,d vkneh
3. Breakfast ¼czSdQLV½ lqcg dk Hkkstu 38. Men ¼E;u½ ,d ls T+;knk vkneh
4. Feast ¼QhLV½ mRlo] nkor 39. Equal ¼bZDoy½ cjkcj] ,d tSlk
5. Shower ¼‛kkoj½ ckSNkj] Qqgkjk 40. Skull ¼Ldy½ [kksiM+h
6. Vein ¼osu½ ‚kjhj dh ul] jx 41. Violence ¼okW;ySUl½ fgalk

.C
7. All ¼vkWy½ lc 42. War ¼okWj½ yM+kbZ] ;q)
8. Onion ¼vfu;u½ I;kt+ 43. Altogether¼vkWyVqxSnj½ iwjh rjg ls
9. Potato ¼iVSVks½ vkyw
10. Tomato ¼VeSVks½ VekVj
NT 44.
45.
Colleague¼dyhx½ lkFkh
Tiny ¼Vk;uh½ cgqr NksVk
11. Rainbow ¼jsucks½ bUnz/kuq"k 46. Chew ¼P;w½ pckuk
12. Relative ¼jSySfVo½ lxs laca/kh 47. Tap ¼VSi½ uy
OI
13. Year ¼;h;j½ lky] o"kZ 48. Said ¼lsM½ dgk
14. Ear ¼bvj½ dku 49. Shade ¼‛ksM½ Nk;k
15. Air ¼,;j½ gok 50. Sad ¼lSM½ nq[kh
P

16. Ocean ¼vksf‛ku½ egklkxj 51. Spread ¼LizSM½ QSykuk

17. Sure ¼‛;kSj½ iDdk 52. Honesty ¼vkWuSLVh½ bZekunkjh
ER

18. Continuous¼dkWufVuqvl½ yxkrkj 53. Hesitate ¼gSt+hVsV½ fgpfdpkuk

19. Everybody¼,sojhcMh½ gj dksbZ 54. Leave ¼yho½ NksM+uk
20. Begin ¼fcfxu½ ‚kq# djuk 55. Die ¼Mk;½ ejuk
21. Began ¼fcxSu½ fcfxu dh nwljh QkWeZ 56. Dye
PP

¼Mkb½ flj ij yxkus okyk jax

22. Hide ¼gkbM½ fNiuk 57. Live ¼ykbo½ tks bl oDr gks jgk gks
23. Later ¼ysVj½ ckn esa 58. Live ¼fyo½ jguk
24. Letter ¼ySVj½ i«k 59. Namesake¼uselsd½ ,d tSlk uke okyk
TO

25. Won ¼ou½ thrk 60. Handshake¼gSUM‛ksd½ gkFk feykuk

26. Want ¼okWUV½ pkguk 61. Appetite ¼,siSVkbV½ Hkw[k] vfHkyk"kk] bPNk
27. Adjacent ¼,stlSUV½ cxy esa 62. Realize ¼fjvykbt+½ eglwl djuk
28. Alternative¼vkWYVjusfVo½ fodYi] nwljk rjhdk 63. Scissors ¼lht+lZ½ dSaph
29. Percent ¼ijlSUV½ izfr‛kr 64. Talkative¼VkWdSfVo½ ckrwuh tks cgqr ckr djs
30. Associate¼vlksf‛k,V½ lg;ksxh] lk>snkj 65. During ¼M~;wfjax½ nkSjku
31. Career ¼dfj;j½ is‛kk] Hkfo"; 66. Yet ¼;V½ vHkh rd] fQj Hkh
32. Towards ¼VqoMZl½ dh rjQ 67. Huge ¼g~;wt½ cgqr cM+k] fo‛kkydk;
33. Palm ¼ike½ gFksyh 68. Binoculars¼ckbukWdqylZ½ nwjchu
34. Calf ¼dkQ½ xk; dk cPpk 69. Premises¼izSeSflt+½ ifjlj] nk;jk
35. Woman ¼oqeu½ ,d vkSjr 70. Hurt ¼gVZ½ nq[k igq¡pkuk] pksV igq¡pkuk
47
71. Heart ¼gkVZ½ fny 86. Ointment¼vkWbUVeSUV½ ?kko dk ejge
72. Breed ¼czhM½ tUe nsuk 87. Auspicious¼vkWfLi‛kl½ ‚kqHk
73. Bread ¼cSzM½ cSzM tks ge [kkrs gSa 88. Enigma ¼bfuXek½ igsyh
74. Chapati ¼pikrh½ jksVh 89. Footfall ¼QqVQkWy½ dneksa dh vkokt+
75. Sweat ¼LoSV½ ilhuk vkuk 90. Bulge ¼cYt½ mHkjk gqvk
76. Sweet ¼LohV½ ehBk 91. Fatal ¼QsVy½ ?kkrd
77. Sweets ¼LohV~l½ feBkbZ 92. Consent ¼dUlSUV½ lgefr
78. Always ¼vkWYkost½+ ges‛kk 93. Stampede¼LVSEihM½ HkxnM+
79. Puppet ¼iiSV½ dBiqryh 94. Indebted ¼bUMSfVM½ dtZnkj] _.kh
80. Shiver ¼f‛koj½ dk¡iuk 95. Smile ¼Lekby½ eqLdqjkuk
81. Suppose ¼likst+½ ekuk] eku yksA 96. Music ¼E;wft+d½ laxhr
82. Almost ¼vkWYeksLV½ yxHkx 97. School ¼Ldwy½ fo|ky;

OM
83. Familiar ¼QSehfyvj½ igys ls gh tkudkjh gksuk 98. Saline ¼lykbu½ [kkjk
84. Occupy ¼vkWD;wik;½ ?ksjuk] vf/kdkj esa ys ysuk 99. Recipe ¼jSflih½ [kkus dk uqL[kk
85. Endeavor¼bfUM,oj½ iz;kl ;k iz;Ru djuk 100. Volkswagen¼QksDlosxu½ dkj dh dEiuh

.C
Exercise – IX

2. Betray¼fcVªs½ fo‛okl?kkr djuk ;k /kks[kk nsuk

NT
1. Acrid¼,sfØM½ [kkus esa dM+ok ;k LoHkko esa dM+ok 27.
28.
Avid
Deplete
¼avfoM½ ykyp djuk
¼fMIyhV½ [kkyh@de dj nsuk
3. Turmeric ¼VeZfjd½ gYnh 29. Forbid ¼QkWjfcM½ euk@fu"ks/k djuk
4. Prosperity ¼izkSLiSjVh½ vehjh 30. Anguish ¼,afXo‛k½ cgqr nq[k] osnuk
OI
5. Disparity ¼fMLiSjVh½ i{kikr] vlekurk 31. Reign ¼jsu½ ‚kklu djuk
6. Obstinate ¼vkWfCLVusV½ vfM+;y ] ft+n~nh 32. Garnish ¼xkjfu‛k½ ltkuk
7. Keen ¼dhu½ mRlqd 33. Constitution¼dk¡fLVV~;‛w ku½lafo/kku
P

8. Coriander ¼dkWfj,sUMj½ /kfu;k 34. Deduce ¼fMM~;wl½ fu"d"kZ fudkyuk

ER

9. Arrogant ¼,sjxsUV½ ?kaeaMh 35. Deluge ¼fMY;wt½ ck<+

10. Dazzling ¼MSt+fyax½ pdkpkSa/k dj nsuk 36. Cabbage ¼dScSt½ iRrkxksHkh
11. Dormitory¼MkWehZVfj½ fuokl LFkku] ‚k;ud{k 37. Vague ¼osx½ /kq¡/kyk
12. Dupe ¼M~;wi½ /kks[kk nsuk 38. Prohibit ¼izkfs gfcV½ euk@fu"ks/k djuk
PP

13. Arid ¼vkfjM½ catj] lw[kk] uhjl 39. Flaw ¼¶ykW½ deh
14. Delude ¼fMY;wM½ /kks[kk nsuk 40. Fictitious¼fQfDV‛kl½ dkYifud
15. Guava ¼Xokok½ ve#n 41. Ginger ¼ftatj½ vnjd
16. Embellish ¼becSfy‛k½ ltkuk] laokjuk 42. Garlic ¼xkfyZd½ yglqu
TO

17. Virulent ¼fo:ySUV½ izpUM 43. Agony ¼,sxuh½ cgqr nq[k ;k nnZ
18. Stumble ¼LVecy½ Bksdj yxuk] gdykuk 44. Theology¼fFk;kWyth½ /kkfeZd Kku
19. Stammer ¼LVSej½ gdykuk 45. Provoke ¼izkos ksd½ mdlkuk] HkM+dkuk
20. Consequence¼dkWfUlDoSUl½ ifj.kke 46. Civilized ¼flfoykbT+M½ lH;
21. Abduct ¼,cMDV½ vigj.k djuk 47. Bliss ¼fCyl½ cgqr T+;knk [kq‛kh
22. Dorm ¼MkWeZ½ fuokl LFkku] ‚k;ud{k 48. Fascinate¼QSfLkusV½ cgqr [kq‛k dj nsuk
23. Carrot ¼dSjV½ xkt+j 49. Abrupt ¼,sCjIV½ vpkud] vdLekr
24. Radish ¼jSfM‛k½ ewyh 50. Splendid ¼LIySfUMM½ ‚kkunkj
25. Exhilarating¼,sfDt+yjsfVax½ [kq‛k djuk 51. Riot ¼jk;V½ naxs
26. Bizarre ¼fct+kj½ vuks[kk] cgqr gh cf<+;k 52. Flood ¼¶+YM½ ck<+
48
53. Epigram ¼bfixze½ pqVdqyk 72. Phobia ¼Qksfc;k½ Mj
54. Authentic ¼vkWFkSfUVd½ vlyh] fo‛oluh; 73. Scrutinize ¼LØwfVukbt+½ tk¡puk ij[kuk
55. Apparent ¼,sijSUV½ tkfgj lh ckr] Li"Vr;k 74. Refrain ¼fjÝsu½ ijgst+ djuk
56. Barren ¼cSju½ catj 75. Ravishing¼jSfof‛kax½ csgrjhu
57. Captive ¼dSifVo½ canh 76. Oath ¼vksFk½ ‚kiFk ysuk
58. Stubborn ¼LVcuZ½ ft+n~nh 77. Convivial ¼dUohfo;y½ feyulkj
59. Petrified ¼iSV~fjQkbM½ Mjk gqvk 78. Dilemma ¼Mk;yek½ nqfo/kk] vleatl
60. Cordial ¼dkWfMZ;y½ gkfnZd] Lusgiw.kZ 79. Haughty ¼gkWVh½ ?keaMh
61. Unique ¼;wuhd+½ vuks[kk] tcjnLr 80. Glitter ¼fXyVj½ pedus okyh pht+
62. Massacre ¼eSlSdj½ gR;kdk.M] [kwu[kjkck 81. Obsolete ¼vkWClksyhV½ iz;ksx esa ugha
63. Outstanding¼vkmVLVSfUMax½ tcjnLr 82. Delusion ¼fMY;w‛k+u½ Hkze
64. Pinnacle ¼fiudy½ f‛k[kj] pksVh] ‚kh"kZ 83. Discord ¼fMLdkWMZ½ >xM+k] eueqVko

OM
65. Conceited ¼dUlhfVM½ ?keaM 84. Debase ¼Mhcsl½ vieku djuk
66. Jovial ¼tksfo;y½ cgqr [kq‛k 85. Omnipotent¼vkseuhiksVsUV½ loZ‛kfDreku
67. Antique ¼,sUVhd½ izkphu] iqjkus le; dk 86. Intercept ¼bUVjlSIV½ chp esa dkVuk
68. Bitter ¼fcVj½ dM+ok 87. Terrified ¼VSfjQkbM½ Mjk gqvk

.C
69. Infertile ¼bUQVkZby½ catj] lw[kk 88. Curious ¼D;wfj;l½ mRlqd] ftKklw
70. Diversity ¼Mk;ofLkZVh½ fofo/krk] dbZ pht+ksa@/keksaZ 89. Eclipse ¼bfDyIl½ xzg.k tSls lw;Z xzg.k
dk ,d lkFk gksuk NT 90. Adobe ¼vMksc½ dPpk edku
71. Hostage ¼gkWLVSt½ ca/kd] canh

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

OI
1. Opportunities are not always given, but created.
volj ges‛kk feyrs ugha cfYd cuk;s tkrs gSaA
P

2. Winning isn‟t everything, but strong desire to win is.

ER

thruk ugha cfYd thrus dh izcy bPNk djuk lcdqN gSA

3. Certain things catch your eyes, but you pursue only those that touch the heart.
dqN pht+as vkidh ut+jksa dks Hkkrh gSa ysfdu vki ihNk mUgha pht+ksa dk djrs gks tks vkids fny dks Nw ysA
PP

4. Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing. (Benjamin

Franklin)
;k rks dqN ,slk fy[kks tks i<+us yk;d gks] ;k fQj dqN ,slk djks tks fy[kus yk;d gksA ¼cSatfeu ÝSadfyu½
TO

5. Don't let the fear of losing be greater than the excitement of winning.
gkjus ds Mj dks thrus dh [kq‛kh ls T+;knk er c<+us nksA

6. If you think of something difficult, that means you have not understood it well.
vxj vkidks dqN eqf‛dy yxrk gS] rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd vkius mls <ax ls le÷kk ughaA

7. Dream big and dare to fail.

cM+k liuk ns[kks vkSj gkj lgus dh fgEer j[kksA

8. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. (Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½

49
Lesson – 5
WH Family (WH ifjokj)
WH Family ds vUrZxr os ‚kCn vkrs gSa ftuesa W vkSj H v{kjksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk ftUgsa izk;% iz‛u
iwNus gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ‚kCn gSa & What, When, Where, Whose, Who, How,
Whom, Why o Which.

bl pSIVj esa ;s ‚kCn vkSj buds iz;ksx ds lkFk cus vf/kdrj iz;ksx esa vkus okys ‚kCn lewg fn;s x;s gSa ftUgsa
vPNh rjg ;kn dj yhft, rkfd vkus okys ikBksa esa vki budk iz;ksx vklkuh ls le÷k ik;saA
vki bu ‚kCnksa o ‚kCn lewgksa dk mPpkj.k vkWfM;ks ySDpj ds ek?;e ls lqfu;sA

OM
,d ckr vkSj] tSlk fd igys mnkgj.k esa fn;k x;k gS „What‟ dk vFkZ gS „D;k ‟ ;k „tks ‟] vkids eu esa
,d ckr vk;sxh fd „What‟ dk vFkZ gS „D;k‟ ] ;s ckr rks eq÷ks irk gS] ij „What‟ dk ,d vkSj vFkZ gS
„tks‟ ] ;s ckr dqN le÷k ugha vk;hA rF; ;g gS fd tc „What‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh iz‛uokpd okD; esa fd;k
tkrk gS rks ogk¡ ij „What‟ dk vFkZ gksrk gS „D;k ‟ vkSj tc „What‟ dk iz;ksx „Conjunction‟

.C
dh rjg gksrk gS rks „What‟ dk vFkZ gksrk gS „tks ‟A vc vki lkspx sa s fd „Conjunction‟ D;k gS! tc
vki „Conjunction‟ pSIVj i<+ax s s] lc le÷k vk tk;sxkA /kS;Z jf[k;s] fQygky bUgsa vPNh rjg ;kn dj
ysAa NT
WH Family words are those, which comprise the letters “W” & “H” and used
primarily in Interrogative sentences. These are: What, When, Where, Whose,
OI
Who, How, Whom, Why and Which.

WH family words & related group of words given in this lesson must be learnt by
P

heart. Listen to its pronunciation too.

ER

In the very first example, you can see two different meanings of „What‟; one is „D;k
‟ and another one is „tks ‟. Fact is, when „What‟ is used in interrogative sentences,
it‟s meaning is „D;k ‟ but when „What‟ is used as a conjunction, it‟s meaning is „tks‟.
You will be taught about „Conjunctions‟ in detail a bit later.
PP

1. What okWV ¼oV½ D;k] tks

2. Why ok; D;ksa
TO

3. When oSu dc] tc

4. Where os;j dgk¡] tgk¡
5. How gko dSls
6. Who gw dkSu] tks ¼fdlh O;fDr+ ds fy,½
7. Which fop dkSu lk] tks ¼fdlh pht+ ds fy,½
8. Whose gwt+ fdldk] ftldk
9. Whom gwe fdls] fdlls] fdldks
10. How many gko eSuh fdrus (ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS)
11. How much gko ep fdruk (ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk)
12. Until when vafVy oSu dc rd

50
13. Since when flUl oSu dc ls
14. From when ÝkWe oSu dc ls
15. For how long QkWj gko yk¡x dc ls
16. With whom fon gwe fdlds lkFk
17. For whom QkWj gwe fdlds fy,
18. About whom vckmV gwe fdlds ckjs esa
19. Towards whom VqoMZ~l gwe fdldh rjQ+
20. By whom ck; gwe fdlds }kjk
21. From where ÝkWe os;j dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls
22. For what QkWj oV fdlfy,] ftlfy,
23. What for oV QkWj fdlfy, ] ftlfy,
24. How beautiful gko C;wfVQqy fdruh lqUnj

OM
25. How far gko Qkj fdruk nwj
26. How good gko xqM fdruk vPNk
27. How long gko yk¡x fdruk yEck
28. How old gko vksYM fdruk iqjkuk ;k fdruk cM+k ¼mez esa½

.C
29. How soon gko lwu fdruh tYnh
30. In what way bu oV os fdl rjg ls
31. At what way ,V oV os NT fdl rjg ls
32. What else oV ,sYl vkSj D;k
33. Whatever oVSoj tks dqN Hkh
34. Whatsoever oVlks,soj tks dqN Hkh
35. What then oV nSu rks D;k] rc D;k] fQj D;k
OI
36. What type of oV Vkbi vkWQ fdl rjg dk
37. Whenever oSuSoj tc dHkh
38. When so ever oSuSlks,os j tc dHkh
P

39. Whence oSUl dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls

ER

40. Whereas os;j,st tcfd

41. Where in os;j bu ftlesa
42. Whichever fop,soj tks dqN Hkh
43. Which so ever foplks,soj tks dqN Hkh
PP

44. Which type fop Vkbi fdl rjg dk] fdl izdkj dk
45. Whoever gw,os j tks dqN Hkh
46. Whosoever gwlks,soj tks dqN Hkh
47. Why so ok; lks ,slk D;ksa
TO

48. From which office ÝkWe fop vkWfQl fdl vkWfQl ls

49. From whose office ÝkWe gwt+ vkWfQl fdlds vkWfQl ls
50. With which boy fon fop ckW; fdl yM+ds ds lkFk
51. Towards which city VqoMZ~l fop flVh fdl 'kgj dh rjQ+
52. From which street ÝkWe fop LVªhV fdl xyh ls
53. For which company ÝkWe fop dEiuh fdl dEiuh ds fy,
54. By which gun ck; fop xu fdl cUnwd ls
55. In which glass bu fop Xykl fdl fxykl esa
56. With who people fon gw ihiy fdu yksxa ksa ds lkFk
57. For whose son QkWj gwt+ lu fdlds csVs ds fy,

51
 58. Which brother of mine fop cznj vkWQ ekbu esjk dkSu lk HkkbZ
59. Which sister of yours fop flLVj vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjh dkSu lh cgu
60. How many brothers gko eSuh cznlZ fdrus HkkbZ
61. How many hairs gko eSuh gsvlZ fdrus cky
62. How many stars gko eSuh LVklZ fdrus rkjs
63. How much money gko ep euh fdruk ikuh
64. How many such people gko eSuh lp ihiy ,sls fdrus yksx
65. How much sugar gko ep ‚kqxj fdruh phuh
66. What kind of people oV dkbZUM vkWQ ihiy fdl rjg ds yksx
67. How come gko de fdl rjg / dSls
68. At what time ,sV oV Vkbe fdl le;
69. What kind of book oV dkbUM vkWQ cqd fdl rjg dh fdrkc

OM
70. Which girl’s brother fop xYlZ cznj fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ
71. Which school’s student fop LdwYl LVwMSaV fdl Ldwy dk fo/kkFkhZ
72. How many Kilograms of sugar gko eSuh fdyksxSzEl vkWQ ‚kqxj fdrus fdyksxzke phuh
73. How many glasses of milk gko eSuh Xyklst+ vkWQ feYd nw/k ds fdrus fxykl

.C
74. How many brothers of mine gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ekbu esjs fdrus HkkbZ
75. How many brothers of yours gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ
NT
P OI

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
ER

bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
PP

a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir
TO

52
Lesson – 6
Parts of Speech- “kCn Hksn
fdlh Hkh okD; dks fy[kus o cksyus ds fy, ‚kCnksa ds lewg dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA okD; esa iz;ksx bu lHkh ‚kCnksa dks
dksbZ u dksbZ uke fn;k tkrk gSA tSls & laKk] loZuke] fØ;k vkfnA
‚kCnksa ds lgh iz;ksx dks le÷kus ds fy, gh bUgsa 8 oxksZa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS ftUgsa ‚kCn Hksn dgrs gSaA

Group of words are used together in a specific manner to write or speak a sentence. Every single
word in a sentence is given a name i.e. Noun, Pronoun, Verb etc.
To understand the sequence of words so that the sentence delivers the correct message, these
words are categorized in 8 categories, which are called the “Parts of Speech”.

OM
8 Parts of speech; with their one-liner definitions are:

1. Noun (laKk) fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA
2. Pronoun (loZuke) loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Verb (fØ;k) fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh

.C
tkudkjh feyrh gSA
4. Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh fo‛ks’krk crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN

5. Adverb (fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k)

NT
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
tks fdlh fØ;k dh] fdlh fo‛ks’k.k dh ;k fdlh nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k dh
fo‛ks’krk crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
6. Preposition (lEcU/k lwpd vOo; ;k iwoZlxZ) Prepositions oks ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj
OI
okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds lac/a k dks n‛kkZrs gSaA
7. Conjunction (la;kstd) ;g nks ‚kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+ nsrs gSaA blls okD; NksVk gks tkrk gS
fcuk vFkZ cnysA
P

8. Interjection (foLe;kfncks/kd) Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr djus okys ‚kCn o ‚kCnksa ds lewgA

ER

vki buds ckjs esa vkus okys ikBksa esa foLrkj ls le÷kus okys gSaA

egRoiw.kZ rF; (Important Facts):

PP

1. dgha dgha Articles (A/An vkSj The) dks Hkh vyx ‚kCn Hksn ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu vf/kdka‛kr% ;s Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k)
gh dgs tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
tSls & ,d iSu (A Pen)A ;gk¡ ij “iSu” ,d laKk gS vkSj “A” dk iz;ksx djus ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd iSu
TO

fdrus gSa vFkkZr “A” dk iz;ksx djus ls “iSu” ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g ckr vki rc csgrj le÷k ik;saxs
tc vki vkus okys pSIVjksa esa lHkh ‚kCn Hksnksa dks vPNh rjg le÷k ysx
a sA
Generally, Articles are not considered a separate part of speech; rather classified as adjectives because
they modify nouns by mentioning their quantity i.e. as a number (A pen means one pen).

2. tc ge fdlh laKk dh ek«kk ds ckjs esa crk;sa tSls 1 vkneh] 2 iSu] 3 yksx] 50 dcwrj vkfnA rks bl rjg ls laKk dh
ek«kk ds ckjs esa crkus okyh ;s la[;k,¡ Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ dgykrh gSaA ;g Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ Hkh
Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) gh ekus tkrs gSa D;ksfa d buds dkj.k fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g dkWUlsIV Hkh
vki vkxs vkus okys Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ pSIVj esa i<+saxsA
Determiners are also classified as adjectives because they modify a noun.

53
Lesson – 7
Noun ¼laKk½
ge cpiu ls ;gh i<+rs gq, vk jgs gSa fd laKk fdlh O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA ;s ifjHkk"kk xyr
ugha gS ij FkksM+k vf/kd tkuus dh t+:jr gSA vxj ;s ifjHkk’kk lgh eku yh tk,] fQj rks fdlh tkuoj dk
uke tSls fdlh dqRrs dk uke „ VQh ‟ Hkh laKk ugha gSA ij ,slk fcYdqy ugha gSA uke pkgs fdlh O;fDr dk gks
;k fQj fdlh tkuoj dk] mls laKk gh ekuk tkrk gSA
,d ckr vkSj & ,d ‚kCn gS „I;kj ‟A ;g ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSA gekjk iz‛u ;g gS fd ;s rks fdlh O;fDr]
LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke ugha gS fQj bls laKk D;ksa ekurs gSa ! ;s lc ckrsa vkidks bl pSIVj dks i<+us dk ckn o
vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks lquus ds ckn le÷k vk tk;saxhA bl pSIVj dks /;ku ls if<+;As

OM
Since childhood, we have been taught that a noun is the name of a person,
place or thing. This definition is not incorrect but we need to know a little
more. Even if, for an instance we assume, this definition is correct, then
why is the name of a dog or any animal for that matter considered a noun
! The fact is, name of any creature is a noun; be it a human or an animal.

.C
Similarly, „love‟ is an example of abstract noun. It‟s not a name of a
person, place or thing , then why do we take it as a noun ! There are lot
NT
many examples as such. Let‟s understand.

1) Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk ½

O;fDrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA
OI
Proper Noun is the name of a Creature, place or thing.
Ram ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
Tuffy ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
P

Dehradun ¼fdlh txg dk uke gS½ (Name of a Place)

Parker pen oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)
ER

¼fdlh
Usha Fan ¼fdlh oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)

2) Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk ½

PP

tkfrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dh tkfr ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA
Common Noun denotes the class of a Creature, Place or thing.
TO

1- pfy, le>sAa ekuk vkids lkeus nks eksckby j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS uksfd;k eksckbZy vkSj nwljk gS lSelax eksckbZyA
nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa eksckby gSaA blfy, ÞeksckbyÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr
ÞeksckbyÞ gSA
Suppose, there are two mobiles. One is nokia‟s and another one is Samsung‟s. What is
common in both? They both are mobile. So „mobile‟ is a common noun.

2- ekuk vkids lkeus nks yM+ds [kM+s gSaA ,d gS jke vkSj nwljk gS jktwA nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa yM+ds gSaA
blfy, ÞyM+dkÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr ÞyM+dkÞ gSA
Suppose there are two boys; Ram and Raju. What is common in both? They both are
boys. So „boy‟ is a common noun.

54
 3- ekuk vkids lkeus rhu QSu j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS m"kk QSu] nwljk gS [ksrku QSu vkSj rhljk gS gSoYl QSuA rhuksa esa
D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa QSu gSaA blfy, ÞQSuÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞQSuÞ gSA
There are three fans; one is Usha‟s, second one is Khaitan‟s and the third one is
Havel‟s. What is common in them? They all are fans. So „fan‟ is a common noun.

4- rhu jkT; gSaA ,d gS fnYyh] nwljk gS gfj;k.kk vkSj rhljk gS fcgkjA rhuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa jkT; gSaA
blfy, ÞjkT;Þ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞjkT;Þ gSA
Let‟s think about three states; Delhi, Hariyana and Bihar. What is common in these?
These all are states. So „State‟ is a common noun.

3) Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½

OM
lewgokpd laKk izkf.k;ksa ds] txgksa ds ;k oLrqvksa ds lewg dks n‛kkZrk gSA
Collective Noun denotes the group of creatures, places or things.

People(yksx) - dbZ yksxksa dk lewg (group of persons)

.C
Crowd(HkhM+) - dbZ yksxksa dk lewg (group of persons)
Batch(cSp) - dbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg (group of students)
Team(Vhe) - dbZ f[kykfM+;ksa dk lewg(group of players)
NT
Bunch(xqPNk) - vaxwj dk (group of grapes)
Family(QSfeyh) - ifjokj (group of members)

Few other examples are: Army, Class, Committee, Council, Department,

OI
Society, Majority, Minority, Audience, Jury, Company, Corporation etc.
P

4) Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk ½

ER

inkFkZokpd laKk fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dk uke gksrk gSA

Material Noun denotes the Name of a material.

lksuk (Gold), pk¡nh (Silver), rk¡ck (Copper), Xykl (Glass), ydM+h (Wood), iRFkj (Stone) etc.
PP

5) Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk ½

TO

Hkkookpd laKk oks gksrh gS ftls ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs] flQZ eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Abstract Noun is something that we can‟t touch or see; we can only feel it. In other
words, A person can‟t physically interact such things. We can‟t see, touch, hear, smell
or taste these nouns.
bZekunkjh (Honesty), I;kj (Love), pksjh (Theft), ?k`.kk (Hate), oDr (Time), lksp (Thinking),
Hkkouk,¡ (Feelings), xf.kr (Mathematics), mEehn (Expectation) etc.

vkids eu esa ‚kk;n ,d loky vk;s fd „Love‟ rks ,d fØ;k gS fQj ;s Hkkookpd laKk dSls gS ! dqN ,sls ‚kCn
gksrs gSa tks fØ;k o laKk nksuksa dh rjg iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA Love ds nks eryc gSaA ,d gS *I;kj* vkSj nwljk gS
*I;kj djuk*A igyk okyk Abstract Noun gS rks nwljk okyk fØ;k gSA D;ksafd nwljs okys esa *djuk* dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;s irk yxrk gS fd fdlh dke dks djus dh ckr gks jgh gSA *I;kj djuk* ,d dke ;kfu
fØ;k gSA
55
 You must be thinking that „Love‟ is a verb then how come it‟s an abstract Noun.
Let me tell you. There are a few words, which can function as nouns in some cases and
verbs in other cases, „Love‟ is one of them.

Love is life. I;kj ft+Unxh gSA ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSALove as an „Abstract Noun‟½
I love you. eSa rqEgsa I;kj djrk g¡Aw ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d fØ;k gSA Love as a „Verb‟½

cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ckr (Very Important point)–

fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ls lef÷k,A
In a sentence, Subject is either a noun or a pronoun.

OM
1- lQyrk cgqr t+#jh gSA Success is very important.

;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Success‟. ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS
fd ;s dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s u fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k txg dk uke gS] u dksbZ tkfr gS] u dksbZ lewg gS] u gh dksbZ
inkFkZ gS rks fQj D;k cpkA vjs gk¡ „Success‟ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gSa] fcYdqy lkQ gS fd ;s

.C
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Success‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
NT
is! It‟s not a name of any person, place or thing; it‟s neither a class; neither a group; nor
a material, then what it is? Oh yes!, „Success‟ can‟t be touched or seen, it is abstract
noun.
2- jke esjk nksLr gSA Ram is my friend.
OI
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Ram‟. ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS fd ;s
dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s ,d O;fDr dk uke gS] blfy, ;s ,d O;fDrokpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Ram‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
P

pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
is! It‟s a name of a person, so it is a proper noun.
ER

3- oks esjk HkkbZ gSA He is my brother.

;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „He‟. ;s ,d loZuke gSA
In above example, Subject is „He‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. It‟s a pronoun.
PP

Honesty is in my blood.
4- bZekunkjh esjs [kwu esa gSA
Subject gS & „Honesty‟. igys mnkgj.k dh rjg „Honesty‟ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gSa] ;s ,d
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
TO

Subject is „Honesty‟. Just like the first example, it can‟t be experienced by any of our 5
senses, hence it‟s clear, it‟s an abstract noun.
5- i<+uk vPNh vknr gSA Reading is a good habit.
Subject gS & „Reading‟. vkb, lkspsa fd ;g Subject laKk gS ;k fQj loZukeA ;s u gh loZuke gS vkSj u
gh Åij nh xbZ dksbZ Hkh laKkA vkidks FkksM+k dU¶;wt+u gks jgk gksxk fd Read dk eryc rks gksrk gS i<+ukA ;s rks
fØ;k gSA
ysfdu /;ku nhft, fd Read ds lkFk ing yxkdj bls Subject dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA geus vkidks
crk;k Fkk fd fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA rdZ ;g gS fd vxj fdlh fØ;k ds
vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks ml ‚kCn dks tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs gSaA
tks fd bl pSIVj esa vkidk vxyk VkWfid gSA

56
Subject is „Reading‟. It‟s neither a pronoun nor a noun that we have discussed above.
You might be getting little confused because „Read‟ is a verb. But you must notice that
„read‟ is attached with „ing‟ and used as a subject. We had told you that the subject
can either be a noun or a pronoun. It can‟t be a verb. The fact is; If a verb is added
with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟. It‟s your next
topic in this chapter.

Gerund¼tSjUM½ fØ;kokpd laKk

vxj fdlh fØ;k ds vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks mls tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs
gSaA

OM
If a verb is added with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟.

Verb ¼fØ;k½ Verb is used as a Noun.

.C
Gerund ¼fØ;kokpd laKk ;kfu tSjUM½
I love you. Loving you is a part of my life.
I think about them. NT Thinking so much is not good for
health.
I read books. Reading is a good habit.
I run 5 kilometers a day. Running daily is good for health.
OI
Rahul smokes. Smoking is injurious to health.
P

Noun: Two types (in another classification)

ER

Example: Pen, Boy, Book, Hair,

Countable Noun ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gSA
Star, Girl, Man, Cow, City, Paper
x.kuh; laKk That can be counted.
etc.
Example: Milk, Sugar, Honesty,
PP

Uncountable Noun ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrkA

Delhi, Money, Love, Hate etc.
vx.kuh; laKk That can‟t be counted
TO

vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd „Hair‟ vkSj „Star‟ rks vufxur gksrs gSa fQj bUgsa Countable Noun D;ksa dgk x;kA nsf[k,]
vufxur blfy, dgrs gSa D;ksafd cgqr vf/kd gksrs gSa] fxuuk eqf‛dy gS ij vlEHko rks ugha gS ukA fxu rks ldrs gh gSaA
nwljh ckr geus „Money‟ dks Uncountable Noun dgk gS tcfd iSls dks ge fxu ldrs gSaA ij /;ku nhft, fd
s +h ds bl ‚kCn „Money‟ dks ge 1 money, 2 money, 3 money vkfn ugha dg ldrs blfy, bls
vaxzt
Uncountable ekuk tkrk gSA

You must be thinking that „Hair‟ and „Star‟ are not possible to count. In fact, counting them is
difficult because they are huge in numbers but it‟s not impossible to count them; we can count
them like 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars, 1 hair, 2 hairs, 3 hairs etc. That‟s why they are called
countable nouns. Secondly, „Money‟ is an English word which is considered to be an
uncountable noun because we can‟t say “I have 1 money, 2 money, 3 money etc” so can‟t count
it in numbers.
57
 The Noun: Gender (fyax)

Masculine Gender Feminine Gender Neuter Gender

¼iqfYyax½ ¼L«khfyax½ ¼uiqaldfyax½
It denotes a male. It denotes a Female. It denotes neither male
¼;g iq#"k tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ ¼;g L«kh tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ nor female but non living.
¼u iq#"k tkfr u L«kh tkfr] cfYd
;g futhZo phtksa dk cks/k djkrk gSA½
Example: Example: Example:
Boy, Uncle, Brother Woman, Girl, Aunt, Book, Pen, Mobile,
Gents, Actor etc. Sister, Ladies, Actress, Laptop, Chair etc.
Cat, Cow etc.

OM
The Noun: Number ¼opu½
Singular ¼,dopu½ Plural ¼cgqopu½
tc laKk fdlh ,d izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk cks/k djk;sA tc laKk ,d ls vf/kd izkf.k;ksa] txgksa ;k oLrqvksa dk cks/k
It denotes one Creature, Place or Thing. djk;sA

.C
It denotes more than one Creature, Place
NT or Thing.
Rat ¼pwgk½ Rats ¼,d ls T+;knk pwgs½
Mouse ¼pwfg;k½ Mice ¼,d ls T+;knk pqfg;k½
Tooth ¼,d nk¡r½ Teeth ¼,d ls T+;knk nk¡r½
Man ¼,d vkneh½ Men ¼,d ls T+;knk vkneh½
OI
Woman ¼,d vkSjr½ Women ¼,d ls T+;knk vkSjrsa½
Girl ¼,d yM+dh½ Girls ¼,d ls T+;knk yM+fd;k¡½
P

The Noun: Always ending with „s‟

dqN ,sls Noun Hkh gksrs gSa ftuds vUr esa ges‛kk „s‟ yxrk gSA ij ;s cgqopu ugha gksrsA
ER

There are a few nouns, which always end with „s‟, but they are always plurals.

Scissors ¼lht+lZ½ dSaph

PP

Trousers ¼VªkÅt+lZ½ iSaV

Binoculars ¼ckbuksdqylZ½ nwjchu
Spectacles ¼LiSDVsdYl½ p‛ek
Mathematics ¼eSFkseSfVDl½ xf.kr
TO

News ¼U;wt+½ lekpkj

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir

58
Lesson – 8
Pronoun ¼loZuke½
“loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA”
“Pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun.”

uhps fn;s x;s nks mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷kus dk iz;Ru dfj, &

1- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA jke esjk nksLr gSA jke ds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. Ram is my friend. Ram‟s father works with my father.

OM
2- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA oks esjk nksLr gSA mldss ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. He is my friend. His father works with my father.

ckj&2 „jke‟ dgus ds ctk;] nwljs mnkgj.k esa „oks‟ o „mlds‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftlls okD; ds vFkZ esa dksbZ
cnyko ugha vk;k gS] cfYd okD; T+;knk csgrj gks x;k gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, okD; esa jke dh txg ij

.C
iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys ‚kCn „oks‟ o „mlds‟ loZuke gSaA
„He‟ & „His‟ are being used as substitutes of „Ram‟ in example no.2, which doesn‟t
change the meaning of the sentence. These such words, replacing noun; „He‟ & „His‟ are
NT
called pronouns.

bl pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks ySDpj t+#j lqfu, rkfd lHkh dkWUlsUV o mnkgj.k csgrj rjhds ls le÷k ik;sAa
OI
Types ¼izdkj½
uhps nh x;h rkfydk ij xkSj dfj;sA (Look at the table below)
Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive
P

Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun

bl Pronoun dk
ER

bl rjg ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx ;s iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk

;g Subject esa iz;ksx ;g Object esa iz;ksx crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g
fd;s tkrs gSaA fd;s tkrs gSaA fdldk gS & esjk] rqEgkjk] mldk] mudk gS tc Subject
;k fQj fdlh vkSj dkA [kqn ds ckjs esa crkrk
gksA
PP

I Me My Mine Myself
eSa eq÷ks ;k esjs esjk esjk eSa [kqn
He Him His His Himself
TO

og] oks mls] mldks] mudks mldk mldk oks [kqn

¼,d iq:"k½ ¼,d iq:"k dks½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ ¼,d iq:"k½
She Her Her Hers Herself
og] oks mls] mldks] mudks mldk mldk oks [kqn
¼,d L=h½ ¼,d L=h dks½ ¼,d L=h dk½ ¼,d L=h dk½ ¼,d L=h½
You You Your Yours Yourself/
rqe] vki rqEgsa] rqEgkjs@vkidks] rqEgkjk@vkidk rqEgkjk@vkidk Yourselves
¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr vkids ¼rqe@vki ,d gks ¼rqe@vki ,d gks rqe@vki [kqn
gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls ¼rqe@vki ,d gks ldrs ldrs gks ;k ,d ldrs gks ;k ,d ls ¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr
T+;knk O;fDr gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls T+;knk gks ls T+;knk gks T+;knk O;fDr gks gks ldrs gks ;k ,d
gks½ ldrs gks½ ldrs gks½ ldrs gks½ ls T+;knk O;fDr gks
ldrs gks½

59
 They Them Their Theirs Themselves
os] oks muds mudk mudk Okks [kqn@os [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½ ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
ds½ O;fDr;ksa dk½ O;fDr;ksa dk½
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
ge gekjs gekjk gekjk ge [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½ ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
ds½ O;fDr;ksa dk½ O;fDr;ksa dk½

Difference between possessive cases

My, Mine esjk Your, Yours rqEgkjk
Our, Ours gekjk His mldk ¼,d iq:"k dk½

OM
Her, Hers mldk ¼,d L=h dk½ Their, Theirs mudk ¼,d ls T+;knk yksxksa dk½

„My‟ vkSj „Mine‟ nksuksa dk eryc *esjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞesjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Mine dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vxj
*esjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% esjk HkkbZ] esjs nksLr vkfn rks *esjk* ds fy, „My‟ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA fcYdqy blh
rjg] „Your‟ vkSj „Yours‟ nksuksa dk eryc *rqEgkjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞrqEgkjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Yours dk iz;ksx

.C
djrs gSa vkSj vxj *rqEgkjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% rqEgkjk HkkbZ] rqEgkjk nksLr vkfn rks *rqEgkjk* ds fy,
„Your‟ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Example:
rqe esjs HkkbZ gksA
NT
You are my brother. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk HkkbZ yxk gqvk gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
rqe esjs gksA You are mine. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
OI
;s esjh fdrkc gSA This is my book. ¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk fdrkc gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
;s fdrkc esjh gSA This book is mine.¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS] fdrkc rks Subject dk fgLlk gS
blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;kA½
P

Subjective Pronoun Example

ER

1- oks ikxy gSA He is mad.

2- ge nsgjknwu esa FksA We were in Dehradun.

Objective Pronoun Example

Ram was with me.
PP

1- jke esjs lkFk FkkA

2- ikik us eq÷ks Mk¡VkA Dad scolded me.
3- cPpk rqEgsa ns[k jgk gSA Baby is watching you.
4- ikik us muds fy, cgqr dqN fd;kA Papa did a lot for them.
TO

Possessive Pronoun Example

1- jke esjk lcls NksVk csVk gSA Ram is my youngest son.
2- fny rqEgkjk gS] esjk ughaA Heart is yours, not mine.
3- esjk fny jks jgk FkkA My heart was crying.
4- HkkbZ mldk gS] jke dk ugha gSA Brother is his/hers, not Ram‟s.
5- rqe esjs ugha FksA You were not mine.

Reflexive Pronoun Example

1- eSa ;s [kqn d:¡xkA I will do it myself.
2- oks ogk¡ vius vki tk;sxkA He will go there himself.
3- ;s vki [kqn dfj,A Do it yourself.

60
 Lesson – 9
Adjective ¼fo‛ks’k.k½
fo‛ks"k.k oks ‚kCn ;k 'kCnksa dk lewg ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh fo‛ks"krk crkrs gSa ;k
fQj ml laKk ;k loZuke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ;s Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd fo‛ks’k.k fdlh
laKk ;k loZuke dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
Adjectives are the words or the group of words that show the quality of
noun/pronoun or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun.

OM
vkb, dqN mnkgj.k ns[ksAa
Let‟s see some examples.

1) Ram is brave. ( jke cgknqj gS)

„cgknqj‟ gksuk jke dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA

.C
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of Ram. Since Ram is a noun, hence Brave is an adjective.

2) He was brave. ( og cgknqj gS) NT

„cgknqj‟ gksuk mldh ;kfu „He‟ dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd ÞogÞ ;kfu „He‟ ,d loZuke gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d
fo‛ks"k.k gSA
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of „He‟. Since „He‟ is a pronoun, hence Brave is an adjective.
OI
3) I have some/much water. ( esjs ikl FkksMk+ @cgqr ikuh gS)
ikuh ,d laKk gS blds lkFk „FkksMk+ ‟ ;k „T+;knk‟ yxkus ls ikuh dh ek=k ds ckjs esa irk py jgk gSA ;kfu ;g ‚kCn
P

ikuh ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns+ jgk gS blfy, „some/much‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, we have used „some/much‟ with water. It gives an idea about the amount of
ER

water. So using „some‟ or „much‟ gives some additional information about water. „Water‟
is a noun so „some/much‟ is an adjective.

4) Aman is my brother who plays with you. (veu esjk HkkbZ gS tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS)
PP

bl okD; esa tSls gh dgk x;k fd “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS” ] blls veu ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk
yxrh gS fd oks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS] p¡wfd veu ,d O;fDr dk uke ;kfu laKk gS blfy, laKk ds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g okD; “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
In this sentence, when said “who plays with you”, it provides additional information
TO

about Aman that he plays with you. Since Aman is the name of a person, means a
noun, hence, the clause „who plays with you‟, which provides additional information
about a noun is an adjective clause.

5) He is Ram who is older than I. (oks jke gS tks eq>ls cM+k gS)
tc ge ;s dgrs gSa fd “tks eq>ls cM+k gS” ] rks geas jke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk yxrh gS blfy, ;g
okD; “tks eq>ls cM+k gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
When We say “who is older than I”, it gives us some additional information about Ram,
who is a noun. Hence, this clause „who is older than I‟ is an adjective clause.

61
izk;% fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa&
Generally, There are three degrees of adjectives-

1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative

Use of „er‟ / „est‟

Positive Comparative Superlative

1. Tall ¼dn esa yEck½ Taller¼T+;knk yEck½ Tallest¼lcls T+;knk yEck½

OM
2. Short ¼dn esa NksVk½ Shorter¼T+;knk NksVk½ Shortest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
3. Big ¼cM+k½ Bigger¼T+;knk cM+k½ Biggest ¼lcls T+;knk cM+k½
4. Small ¼NksVk½ Smaller¼T+;knk NksVk½ Smallest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
5. Great ¼egku½ Greater¼T+;knk egku½ Greatest ¼lcls T+;knk egku½
6. Lengthy¼yEck½ Lengthier¼T+;knk yEck½ Lengthiest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½

.C
7. Long ¼yEck½ Longer¼T+;knk yEck½ Longest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
8. Wide ¼pkSM+k½ Wider¼T+;knk pkSM+k½
NT Widest ¼lcls T+;knk pkSM+k½
9. High ¼Å¡pk½ Higher¼T+;knk Å¡pk½ Highest ¼lcls T+;knk Å¡pk½
10. Deep ¼xgjk½ Deeper¼T+;knk xgjk½ Deepest ¼lcls T+;knk xgjk½
11. Black ¼dkyk½ Blacker¼T+;knk dkyk½ Blackest ¼lcls T+;knk dkyk½
12. White ¼lQ+ns ½ Whiter¼T+;knk lQ+ns ½ Whitest ¼lcls T+;knk lQ+sn½
OI
13. Bitter ¼dM+ok½ Bitterer¼T+;knk dM+ok½ Bitterest ¼lcls T+;knk dM+ok½
14. Sweet ¼ehBk½ Sweeter ¼T+;knk ehBk½ Sweetest ¼lcls T+;knk ehBk½
15. Sour ¼[kV~Vk½ Sourer¼T+;knk [kV~Vk½ Sourest ¼lcls T+;knk [kV~Vk½
P

16. Clean ¼lkQ½ Cleaner¼T+;knk lkQ½ Cleanest ¼lcls T+;knk lkQ½

17. Dirty ¼xank½ Dirtier¼T+;knk xank½ Dirtiest ¼lcls T+;knk xank½
ER

18. Cold ¼BaMk½ Colder¼T+;knk BaMk½ Coldest ¼lcls T+;knk BaMk½

19. Hot ¼xeZ½ Hotter¼T+;knk xeZ½ Hottest ¼lcls T+;knk xeZ½
20. Fast ¼rst+½ Faster¼T+;knk rst+½ Fastest ¼lcls T+;knk rst+½
PP

21. Slow ¼gYdk½ Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½

22. Hard ¼dBksj½ Harder¼T+;knk dBksj½ Hardest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
23. Tough ¼dBksj½ Tougher ¼T+;knk dBksj½ Toughest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
24. Soft ¼eqyk;e@dksey½ Softer¼T+;knk eqyk;e@dksey½ Softest ¼lcls T+;knk eqyk;e½
TO

25. Rich ¼vehj½ Richer¼T+;knk vehj½ Richest ¼lcls T+;knk vehj½

26. Poor ¼xjhc½ Poorer¼T+;knk xjhc½ Poorest ¼lcls T+;knk xjhc½
27. Strong ¼etcwr½ Stronger¼T+;knk etcwr½ Strongest ¼lcls T+;knk etcwr½
28. Weak ¼detksj½ Weaker¼T+;knk detksj½ Weakest ¼lcls T+;knk detksj½
29. Heavy¼Hkkjh½ Heavier¼T+;knk Hkkjh½ Heaviest ¼lcls T+;knk Hkkjh½
30. Light ¼gYdk½ Lighter¼T+;knk gYdk½ Lightest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
31. Young¼mez esa NksVk] toku½ Younger ¼mez esa T+;knk NksVk½ Youngest ¼mez esa lcls NksVk ½
32. Old ¼mez esa cM+k] iqjkuk½ Older/Elder¼T+;knk cM+k@iqjkuk½ Oldest/Eldest¼lcls cM+k@iqjkuk½
33. Bright¼pedhyk½ Brighter ¼T+;knk pedhyk½ Brightest ¼lcls T+;knk pedhyk½
34. Clever¼pkykd½ Cleverer ¼T+;knk pkykd½ Cleverest ¼lcls T+;knk pkykd½
35. Dear¼I;kjk½ Dearer ¼T+;knk I;kjk½ Dearest ¼lcls T+;knk I;kjk½
62
 36. Loud ¼Å¡ph vkokt½ Louder¼T+;knk Å¡ph vkokt½ Loudest ¼lcls Å¡ph vkokt½
37. Near ¼djhc½ Nearer¼T+;knk djhc½ Nearest ¼lcls T+;knk djhc½
38. Soon ¼tYnh½ Sooner¼T+;knk tYnh½ Soonest ¼lcls T+;knk tYnh½
39. Wise ¼cqf)eku½ Wiser¼T+;knk cqf)eku½ Wisest ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
40. Pure ¼ifo=] lkQ½ Purer¼T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½ Purest ¼lcls T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½
41. Brave ¼cgknqj½ Braver¼T+;knk cgknqj½ Bravest ¼lcls T+;knk cgknqj½

Use of more/most

1. Active¼rstrjkZj½ More Active ¼T+;knk rstrjkZj½ Most Active ¼lcls T+;knk rstrjkZj½
2. Beautiful ¼lqUnj½ More Beautiful¼T+;knk lqUnj½ Most Beautiful ¼lcls T+;knk lqUnj½
3. Careful¼lko/kku½ More Careful ¼T+;knk lko/kku½ Most Careful ¼lcls T+;knk lko/kku½

OM
4. Cheerful ¼[kq‛k½ More Cheerful ¼T+;knk [kq‛k½ Most Cheerful ¼lcls T+;knk [kq‛k½
5. Dangerous ¼[krjukd½ More Dangerous ¼T+;knk [krjukd½ Most Dangerous ¼lcls T+;knk [krjukd½
6. Difficult¼eqf‛dy½ More Difficult ¼T+;knk eqf‛dy½ Most Difficult ¼lcls T+;knk eqf‛dy½
7. Diligent ¼esgurh½ More Diligent ¼T+;knk esgurh½ Most Diligent ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
8. Famous¼izfl)½ More Famous ¼T+;knk izfl)½ Most Famous ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½

.C
9. Foolish¼ew[kZ½ More Foolish ¼T+;knk ew[kZ½ Most Foolish ¼lcls T+;knk ew[kZ½
10. Harmful¼gkfudkjd½ More Harmful ¼T+;knk gkfudkjd½ Most Harmful ¼lcls T+;knk gkfudkjd½
11. Honest¼bZekunkj½
12. Important¼egRoiw.kZ½
NT
More Honest ¼T+;knk bZekunkj½
More Important ¼T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
Most Honest ¼lcls T+;knk bZekunkj½
Most Important ¼lcls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
13. Industrious¼esgurh½ More Industrious ¼T+;knk esgurh½ Most Industrious ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
14. Intelligent¼cqf)eku½ More Intelligent ¼T+;knk cqf)eku½ Most Intelligent ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
OI
15. Interesting¼jkspd½ More Interesting ¼T+;knk jkspd½ Most interesting ¼lcls T+;knk jkspd½
16. Popular¼izfl)½ More Popular ¼T+;knk izfl)½ Most Popular ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
17. Powerful¼‛kfDr‛kkyh½ More Powerful ¼T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½ Most Powerful ¼lcls T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½
P

18. Patient¼/kS;Zoku½ More Patient ¼ T+;knk /k;Zoku½ Most Patient ¼lcls T+;knk /k;Zoku½
19. Urgent¼t+#jh½ More Urgent ¼ T+;knk t+#jh½ Most urgent ¼lcls T+;knk t+#jh½
ER

20. Useful¼mi;ksxh½ More useful ¼ T+;knk mi;ksxh½ Most Useful ¼lcls T+;knk mi;ksxh½
Some adjectives have their comparative and Superlative degrees in an irregular pattern:
PP

1. Good, Well ¼vPNk] Bhd½ Better ¼csgrj½ Best¼lcls T+;knk vPNk½

2. Bad, ill ¼cqjk½ Worse¼T+;knk cqjk½ Worst¼lcls T+;knk cqjk½
3. Much, Many¼T+;knk] dbZ½ More ¼vkSj T+;knk½ Most¼lcls T+;knk½
4. Little ¼FkksMk+ ] de½ Less, Lesser¼vkSj FkksMk+ de½ Least¼lcls T+;knk de½
TO

uhps fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa fo‛ks"k.k ‚kCnksa ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD;ksa dks xgjs dkys v{kjksa esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
Following are the sentences, where adjectives are written in bold letters.

1. It is a bright day.
2. Dehradun is a huge city.
3. She is a very nice girl.
4. They are cute.
5. They both are in a difficult situation.
6. I am taller than you.

63
Lesson – 10
Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½
eku yhft, vki fcLrj ij ysVs gq, fdlh dks ;kn dj jgs gSaA vki lkspx sa s fd eSa dksbZ dke rks dj ugha jgk]
eSa rks flQZ fcLrj ij ysVk g¡wA ;w¡ rks fdlh dks ;kn djrs le; vkids gkFk iSj fLFkj gks ldrs gSa ysfdu
fnekx rks py jgk gS uA blfy, „;kn djuk‟ Hkh ,d fØ;k gS ftls vaxzst+h esa dgrs gSa „miss‟. Miss
eryc ;kn djukA
blfy, ;s er lksfp, fd fØ;k dk eryc flQZ oks dke gS ftlesa vkids gkFk&iSj iz;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs gksAa
lgh ek;us esa fØ;k dk vFkZ gS dksbZ Hkh dkeA fQj pkgs oks dsoy fnekx ls gh D;ksa u fd;k tk jgk gksA

Suppose, you are lying on the bed and missing someone. You might think of doing no

OM
physical work but still you must remember that your brain is functioning, hence such a
work „miss‟, even if being performed by your brain, is also considered as a verb.

fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA

.C
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.

vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand) & NT

ekuk eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA” bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & v;k¡‛k vkSj Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa Subject ds
dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA” Subject gS & v;k¡‛kA ;gk¡ ij v;k¡‛k dksbZ dk;Z ugha dj jgk
cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd voLFkk
OI
dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq, dy esa ;k fQj
vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk esa gSA
P

xkSj dfj, &

ER

Ayansh is sleeping. ¼v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA½

¼v;k¡‛k lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh is 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA½

PP

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh was 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk FkkA½

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½
TO

Ayansh will be 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; “Tenses(dky)” esa vkrs gSa vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD; “Simple
Sentences(ljy okD;)” esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+x
sa sA

64
 fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa (Verbs are of two types):

a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)

;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk] xkuk]
lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to write, to
see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.

t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp Hkh jgs gSa rks Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk
gS ;kfu Mental work gks jgk gS blfy, lkspuk Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA

OM
Action doesn‟t only mean the physical work. When you think, your brain works, so „to think‟ is also
an action ; hence it is a verb.

b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)

;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA subject ds vuqlkj Helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

.C
Examples: is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.
NT
Main verbs dh rhu forms gksrh gSa] dqN egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa –
OI
1st form 2nd form 3rd form
Go (tkuk) went gone
Meet (feyuk) met met
P

Come (vkuk) came come

Leave (NksM+uk) left left
ER

Find (ikuk) found found

Live (jguk) lived lived
Get (ikuk) got got, gotten
Stay (Bgjuk) stayed stayed
PP

Dance (Makl djuk) danced danced

Play ([ksyuk) played played
Sit (cSBuk) sat sat
Tear (QkM+uk) tore torn
TO

Stand ([kM+s gksuk) stood stood

Start (‚kq# djuk) started started
Laugh (g¡luk) laughed laughed
Fill (Hkjuk) filled filled
Smile (eqLdqjkuk) smiled smiled
Send (Hkstuk) sent sent
Write (fy[kuk) wrote written
Prepare (rS;kj djuk) prepared prepared
Read (i<+uk) read (jSM) read (jSM)
Weep (jksuk) wept wept
Eat ([kkuk) ate eaten
65
Shout (fpYykuk) shouted shouted
Drink (ihuk) drank drunk
Run (nkSM+uk) ran run
Wear (iguuk) wore worn
Get up (mBuk) got up got up
Cost (ewY; gksuk) cost cost
Thank (/kU;okn nsuk) thanked thanked
Move (fgyuk] fgykuk) moved moved
Sound (lquus esa yxuk) sounded sounded
See (ns[kuk) saw seen
Touch (Nwuk) touched touched
Look (ns[kuk) looked looked

OM
Learn (lh[kuk) learned learned/learnt
Watch (ns[kuk) watched watched
Cook ([kkuk idkuk) cooked cooked
Catch (idM+uk) caught caught
Teach (i<+kuk) taught taught

.C
Hang (yVduk] yVdkuk) hung hung
Bring (ykuk) brought brought
Comb (cky cukukk)
Take (ysuk)
Ride (2 wheeler pykuk)
took
rode
NT
combed combed
taken
ridden (fjMu)
Give (nsuk) gave given
OI
Drive (4 wheeler pykuk) drove driven (fMªou)
Break (rksMu+ k) broke broken
Open ([kksyuk) opened opened
P

Hold (idM+uk) held held

Close (cUn djuk) closed closed
ER

Shiver (dk¡iuk) shivered shivered

Sleep (lksuk) slept slept
Bother (ijs‛kku djuk) bothered bothered
Sing (xkuk) sang sung
PP

Know (tkuuk) knew known

Cut (dkVuk) cut cut
Think (lkspuk) thought thought
Put (j[kuk) put put
TO

Speak (ckr djuk) spoke spoken

Walk (pyuk] ?kweuk) walked walked
Seem (yxuk) seemed seemed
Talk (ckr djuk) talked talked
Feel (eglwl djuk) felt felt
Say (dguk) said said
Work (djuk) worked worked
Tell (crkuk) told told
Want (pkguk) wanted wanted
Ask (iwNuk) asked asked
Feed (f[kykuk) fed (QSM) fed (QSM)
66
Complain(f‛kdk;r djuk) complained complained
Creep(jsaxuk) crept crept
Seek (<¡<+w uk) sought (lkWV) sought (lkWV)
Dig([kksnuk) dug dug
Dip(Mqcksuk) dipped dipped
Flee(Hkkx tkuk) fled fled
Bite (nk¡r ls dkVuk) bit bitten
Hide (fNiuk) hid (fgM) hidden
Begin (‚kq# djuk) began (fcxSu) begun (fcxu)
Dream (liuk ns[kuk) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV)
Show (fn[kkuk) showed showed
Hit (ekjuk) hit hit

OM
Beat (ihVuk) beat (chV) beaten (chVu)
Marry(‚kknh djuk) married married
Peep (÷kk¡duk) peeped peeped
Plough(gy yxkuk) ploughed ploughed
Rest(vkjke djuk) rested rested

.C
Rise (mxuk ;k c<+uk) rose(jkst+) risen (fjt+u)
Spit(Fkwduk) spat spat
Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk)
Throw (Qsd
Fly (mM+uk)
a uk)
hurtNT
threw
flew
hurt
thrown
flown
Abuse(xkyh nsuk) abused abused
OI
Add(tksM+uk) added added
Tie(ck¡/kuk) tied tied
Weave(cquuk) wove(okso) woven(oqou)
P

Bathe(ugkuk) bathed(csn~M) bathed(csn~M)

Bid(cksyh yxkuk) bade (csM) bidden (fcMu)
ER

Wring(fupksMu+ k ;k ejksMu+ k) wrung(jax) wrung(jax)

Fall (fxjuk) fell fallen
Bear (tUe nsuk) bore born
Very Important:
PP

Lay(j[kuk) laid(ysM) laid(ysM)

Lie (>wB cksyuk) lied(ykbM) lied(ykbM)
Lie (ysVuk) lay(ys) lain(ysu)
TO

67
Lesson – 11
Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k½
fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa dk lewg ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fØ;k dh ;k fQj fo‛ks"k.k dh ;k fQj fdlh
nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k dh fo‛ks"krk crkrs gSa ;k fQj muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa ge
dg ldrs gSa fd fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k fdlh fØ;k dks ;k fdlh fo‛ks"k.k dks ;k fdlh nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k dks rjk‛krk
gS ;k fQj mldk o.kZu djrk gSA

Adverbs are the words or a clause (group of words) that show the quality of
verb/adjective/another adverb or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, An Adverb polishes/describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

OM
Let‟s understand with the help of a few examples.
vkb, dqN mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷ksa &

1) Ram runs fast. ( jke rst nkSM+rk gS)

.C
„rst‟ ‚kCn dk iz;ksx djus ls nkSM+us ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd nkSM+uk(run) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn „rst‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
NT
When we add the word „fast‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Run‟. Hence the word „fast‟
is an adverb.

2) I study till late. ( eSa nsj rd i<+rk g¡w)

OI
„nsj rd‟ dk iz;ksx djus ls Þi<+uÞs ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd i<+uk (study) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn lewg „nsj rd‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
P

When we add the word „till late‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Study‟. Hence „till late‟
is an adverb.
ER

3) He is a very good boy. ( oks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSA)

;s dguk fd Þoks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSAÞ ;gk¡ ÞvPNk gksukÞ mldh¼He½ fo‛ks"krk gSA p¡wfd ÞogÞ ;kfu He ,d
PP

loZuke gS blfy, „good (vPNk)‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA vc tc ge dgrs gSa „very good (cgqr vPNk)‟ rks „very‟
dguk „good‟ dh Hkh fo‛ks"krk crkrk gSA pw¡fd „good‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gS blfy, „very‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, being „good‟ is the quality of „He‟, so „good‟ is an adjective because „He‟ is a
TO

pronoun. But when we use „very‟, then basically „very‟ is showing even the quality of
„good‟. Since „good‟ is an adjective so „very‟ is an adverb because it is polishing an
adjective(good).

4) Ram runs very fast. (jke cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA)

„fast‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gS D;ksafd ;g ,d fØ;k (run) dks rjk‛k jgk gS ;kfu mldk xq.k crk jgk gSA „very‟
yxkus ls „fast‟ dks Hkh rjk‛kk tk jgk gS „very‟ Hkh ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here „fast‟ is an adverb because it polishes a verb „run‟ and using „very‟ polishes „fast‟ so
„very‟ is basically polishing another adverb(fast), hence „very‟ is also an adverb.

68
5) Ram runs fast, which is good for us. (jke rst+ nkSM+rk gS tks gekjs fy, vPNk gSA)

;gk¡ ij ;s dguk fd Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ mlds rst nkSM+us ds xq.k ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns jgk gS
blfy, Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
Saying that „which is good for us‟ is basically giving extra information about his quality
of running fast. Hence “which is good for us” is an adverb clause.

izk;% fØ;k fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa & Positive, Comparative and Superlative. ij dqN fØ;k
fo'ks"k.kksa dh degrees ugha gksrh gSaA tSls & “very”, “quite” vkfnA
Generally, an adverb has three degrees: Positive, Comparative and Superlative. But
few adverbs don‟t have degrees e.g. “very”, “quite” etc.

OM
Positive Comparative Superlative
1. Fast ¼rst+½ Faster¼T+;knk rst+ ½ Fastest¼lcls T+;knk rst+ ½
2. Slow ¼gYdk] /khjs½ Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
3. Often(vDlj½ More often(T+;knk vDlj½ Most often (lcls T+;knk vDlj½

.C
4. Late ¼ckn es]a nsj ls½ Later ¼T+;knk nsj ls½ Last ¼lcls T+;knk nsj ls½
5. In ¼vUnj½ Inner ¼T+;knk vUnj½ Innermost ¼lcls T+;knk vUnj½
6. Up ¼Åij½ Upper ¼T+;knk Åij½
NT Uppermost ¼lcls T+;knk Åij½
7. Far ¼nwj½ Farther¼T;knk nwj½ Farthest ¼lcls T;knk nwj½

Few Examples of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k½

OI
uhps lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa ml fØ;k dks xgjk dkyk o frjNk fd;k x;k gS ftldh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s fØ;k
fo‛ks’k.k iz;ksx fd;s x;s gSaA (The verbs, which are being modified by the use of following
P

adverbs are written bold & italic.)

ER

Afterwards ¼ckn esa½@Soon afterwards ¼rqjUr ckn½

1) I will come afterwards if you are busy now. eSa ckn esa vkšxk vxj vki vHkh O;Lr gSaA
2) You left at 4 pm and soon afterwards, we left. vki 4 cts fudys vkSj mlds rqjUr ckn ge
fudysA
PP

Again ¼nksckjk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Again & again ¼ckj ckj½
1) That girl will go again. oks yM+dh nksckjk tk;sxhA
TO

2) I will think once again. eSa ,d ckj fQj lkspw¡xkA

3) You are doing the same mistake again and again. rqe ckj&ckj ,d gh xyrh dj jgs gksA

Ago ¼igys½s
2) They left one hour ago. os ,d ?kaVs igys fudysA
3) He had come here about two years ago. oks ;gk¡ yxHkx nks lky igys vk;k FkkA

Already ¼igys ls gh½

1) I have already told you about this. eSa rqEgsa igys gh bl ckjs esa crk pqdk g¡Aw
2) I have already listened to the this song. eSa igys ls gh ;s xkuk lqu pqdk gw¡A

69
Away ¼nwj½
1) You can‟t go away from me. rqe eq÷kls nwj ugha tk ldrsA
2) Stay away from that girl. ml yM+dh ls nwj jgksA

Early ¼tYnh½
1) I get up early in the morning. eSa lqcg tYnh mBrk gw¡A
2) He reached office pretty early. og vkWfQl cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA

Else ¼dqN@dgha@dksbZ vkSj½

1) He went somewhere else. / He went elsewhere. og dgha vkSj x;kA
2) I don‟t want anything else. / I want nothing else.eSa dqN vkSj ugha pkgrkA
3) I am wearing someone else‟s shirt. eSaus fdlh vkSj dh ‚kVZ iguh gSA

OM
Enough ¼dkQh½
1) They are preparing enough for the exams. os ijh{kk ds fy, dkQh rS;kjh dj jgs gSaA
2) He said enough to me . mlus eq÷ks dkQh dqN dgkA

.C
Ever ¼dHkh½
1) Did you ever think about this? NT D;k rqeus dHkh bl ckjs esa lkspk \
2) Do you ever go there? D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tkrs gks \
3) This is the best book that I have ever read. ;s lcls vPNh fdrkc gS tks eSaus dHkh i<+h gSA

Far ¼nwj] cgqr½

OI
1) He is far more experienced than you. mls rqels dgha@cgqr T+;knk vuqHko gSA
2) He swims far better than you. oks rqels cgqr vPNk rSjrk gSA
3) He lives far away.
P

oks cgqr nwj jgrk gSA

4) How far can you see? rqe fdruh nwj rd ns[k ldrs gks \
ER

Hardly/Rarely/Seldom ¼eqf‛dy ls gh] ‚kk;n gh dHkh] ‚kk;n gh dqN½

1) He hardly/rarely/seldom comes here. oks eqf‛dy ls gh dHkh ;gk¡ vkrk gSA
2) I could hardly hear you. eSa eqf‛dy ls gh rqEgkjh ckr lqu ldkA
PP

3) I hardly ate anything yesterday. eSaus dy ‚kk;n gh dqN [kk;k A

4) We seldom meet each other these days. ge bu fnuksa eqf‛dy ls dHkh ,d nwljs ls
feyrs gSaA
TO

Just ¼cl vHkh½

1) I am just coming. eSa cl vHkh vk jgk gw¡A
2) The bus has just left. cl vHkh&2 fudyh gSA
3) He has left just now. oks cl vHkh fudyk gSA
4) How did he just solve this question? mlus ;s iz‛u cl vHkh dSls dj fn;k \

Never ¼dHkh ugha½

1) I never said anything to you. eSaus rqEgsa dHkh dqN ugha dgkA
2) I never thought to hurt you. eSaus rqEgsa nq[k igq¡pkus dh dHkh ugha lksphA
3) She never cares for me. oks esjh fpUrk dHkh ugha djrhA

70
Often/ Pretty often/Quite often/Very often ¼vDlj½/ How often ¼vDlj fdruh ckj½
1) I visit his home pretty often. eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A
2) How often do you go office? vki vDlj fdruh ckj vkWfQl tkrs gks \

Once ¼,d ckj½@At once ¼,d lkFk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Once more ¼,d ckj vkSj½
1) I had gone there once. eSa ,d ckj ogk¡ x;k FkkA
2) They all shouted at once. os lkjs ,d lkFk fpYyk,sA
3) I thought once again. eSaus ,d ckj fQj lkspkA
4) You must read this book once more. rqEgsa ;g fdrkc ,d ckj vkSj i<+uh pkfg,A

Only ¼dsoy] bdykSrk½

1) He is only going there. oks dsoy ogk¡ tk jgk gSA

OM
2) They were only drinking the water. os dsoy ikuh ih jgs FksA
3) Aman only ate 5 grapes. veu us dsoy ik¡p vaxwj [kk;sA

Quite ¼cgqr] dkQh½

.C
1) She was quite a daring girl. oks dkQh fgEer okyh yM+dh FkhA
2) Dad is doing it quite easily. ikik bls cgqr vkjke ls dj jgsa gSaA
3) That was quite a touching moment. NT oks cgqr gh fny Nwus okyk iy FkkA

So ¼cgqr] ,slk½
1) Why are you saying so? rqe ,slk D;ksa dg jgs gks \
2) Do you think so?
OI
D;k rqe ,slk lksprs gks \

Together ¼lkFk es½a

1) They always work together.
P

os ges‛kk lkFk dke djrs gaSA

2) We go to class together. ge Dykl lkFk esa tkrs gSaA
ER

3) It is not possible to work together. lkFk esa dke djuk lEHko ugha gSA

Very ¼cgqr½
1) He runs very fast. oks cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA
PP

2) I reached very early today. vkt eSa cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA

,d ckr /;ku jgs fd vf/kdrj ftu ‚kCnksa ds vUr esa LY dk iz;ksx gksrk gSa os fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k gksrs gSaA
Kindly note that mostly the words ending with LY are Adverbs.
TO

Examples - Quickly, nicely, firstly, clearly, sincerely etc.

,d ckr vkSj /;ku nhft,xk] ftrus Hkh ‚kCn Åij mnkgj.k esa fn;s x;s gSa tSls Quick, nice, first, clear,
sincere vkfn] ;s lHkh adjective gSa tks fdlh noun dh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, yxk, tkrs gSa ij tc ;gh ‚kCn
fdlh fØ;k dh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus gksa rks buds vUr esa LY yxkrs gh ;s ‚kCn adverb cu tkrs gSaA

Ram is nice. jke vPNk gSA jke ,d noun gS blfy, vPNk (nice) ,d adjective gSA
He danced nicely. oks vPNh rjg ukpkA ukpuk ,d verb gS blfy, vPNh rjg (nicely) ,d adverb gSA

Åij fn;s okD;ksa esa vPNk gksuk (nice) fdldh fo‛ks’krk gS & jke dh vkSj vPNh rjg (nicely) fdldh fo‛ks’krk gS &
ukpus dhA

71
Lesson – 12
Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½
Interjections dk iz;ksx viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA vpkud gqbZ fdlh ?kVuk
ls eu dh Hkkoukvksa dk O;Dr gksuk tSls [kq‛kh ;k nq[k izdV djuk] gSjku gksuk] ‚kkck‛kh nsuk vkfnA Hkkoukvksa
dks O;Dr djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s x;s ,sls ‚kCn ;k okD;ka‛kksa ds vUr esa ,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ ¼ ! ½yxk;k tkrk
gSA
Interjections are used to express sudden feelings or emotions that
originate due to sudden joy, grief, surprise, approval etc. Such words or
phrases are followed by an exclamation mark (!).

OM
Interjections may express:
 Joy: ¼[kq‛kh O;Dr djus gsrq½
Hurrah!, Great!, Wow!, Thanks! etc.
 Grief: ¼nq[k O;Dr djus gsrq½
Alas!, Oh my God!, So sorry!, What a tragedy!, How tragic!, Oh no!, How sad! etc.

.C
 Surprise: ¼pkSadrs gq, Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
What! , Ha!, Oh my God!, My Goodness!, Amazing!, Fantastic!, Wow! , Is it! etc.
 On Consent: ¼viuh lgefr O;Dr djus gsrq½
NT
Bravo! , Please! , Certainly! , True! , Well done!, Sure! etc.
 On Mistake: ¼viuh xyrh dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
Oh! , Oops!, My God!, No! etc.
OI
,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ iz;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k– Few Examples of exclamation mark usage-

Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn ns! God bless you! xkWM CySl ;w!
P

okg! ] xtc! ] cgqr cf<+;k! Wow! , Wonderful! oko! oUMjQ+qy!

ER

Hkxoku dh n;k ls! ] izHkq dh —ik ls! By God‟s grace ! ck; xkWM~l xzsl!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS! ] fdruk nq[kn! How sad! , How tragic! gko lSM! gko VªSftd!
mldh bruh fgEer! How dare he! gko Msvj gh!
vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½ Oh honey! , Oh dear! vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
PP

cgqr cM+h xyrh! Terrible mistake! VSfjcy feLVsd!

fo‛okl ugha gks jgk! ] cgqr gh tcjnLr! Incredible! , Amazing! Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax! vkWle!
cdokl! Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful! ,sCt+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS! Thank God! FkSad xkWM!
TO

;s gqbZ u ckr! ¼thr dh [kq‛kh½ Hurry! , That‟s it! gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
ut+j u yxs! Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!
t+#j! ] D;ksa ugha! ] iDdk! Sure! , Why not!, of course! ‚;ksj! ] ok; ukWV! ] vQ+ dkst+!
‚kkckl! Well done! oSy Mu!
D;k [kcj gS! ¼[kq‛kh ls dguk½ What a news! oV v U;wt+!
lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½ Really! , Is it! fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!
cgqr&2 /kU;okn! Thanks a lot! FkSaDl v ykWV!
c/kkbZ gks! Congratulations! dkWUxzSpqys‛kUl!
D;k vkbfM;k gS! What an idea! oV ,su vkbfM;k!

72
Lesson – 13
Articles (A{,}/An{,su}, The{n ;k nh})
A, An vkSj The - ;s rhuksa Articles dgykrs gSaA ;s Hkh Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk
ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ysfdu bUgsa vyx ikB esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;k tk jgk gS rkfd vki buds
iz;ksx dks T;knk csgrj le÷k ldsAa
A, An and The – These three are called Articles. They are also classified as adjectives
because they modify nouns or provide additional information about them.

Before we start, Pay attention to:

OM
Point 1
The dks *nh* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

The dks *n* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA

.C
The will be pronounced as „the‟ ¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.
NT
The university – n ;wfuoflZVh] The umbrella – nh vEczSyk] The year – n ;h;j] The ear – nh bvj

Point 2
geus vDlj i<+k gS fd „an‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks
OI
vkSj „a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q,
r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) ls gkssA vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
„hour‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (h) ls gkssrh gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa
P

fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „University‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr
Loj ;k O;atu ls ‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;atu dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA
ER

We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is
used when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or
„A university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t we
PP

use „an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather it‟s
all about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.
TO

Articles nks rjg ds gksrs gSa &

There are two types of Articles –

1) Definite Article [The]-

Definite Article „The‟ generally points out a particular person, place or thing.
eq[;r% “THE” dk iz;ksx fdlh fo‛ks’k O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa igys ls gh tkudkjh gksA

2) Indefinite Article [A/An]-

Indefinite Article „A/An‟ does not point out any particular person or thing.
eq[;r% “A/An” dk iz;ksx fdlh ,sls O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa igys ls tkudkjh u gksA

73
Read the following. ¼uhps fn;s x;s rF; dks lef>,½
Ekku yhft,] vki ?kj ij gSaA vpkud ,d yM+dk njoktk [kV[kVkrk gSA vki njokts ij x;s vkSj ns[kk fd oks yM+dk
vkids ikik ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSA vki ikik ds ikl tkdj dqN ;w¡ dgsaxs Þikikth] njokts ij ,d@dksbZ yM+dk gS]
tks vki ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSAÞ bl okD; ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd vkids ikik us vkidks ml yM+ds ds ckjs esa igys
ls dqN ugha crk;k Fkk blhfy, vkius dgk Þ ,d@dksbZ yM+dk ÞA vPNk lksfp,] vxj vkids ikik us vkidks igys gh
crk;k gqvk gksrk fd dksbZ yM+dk muls ckr djus vkus okyk gS rks vki Þ,d@dksbZÞ dk iz;ksx ugha djrs cfYd vki rks
fQj dqN bl rjg dgrs u fd Þikik] njokts ij oks yM+dk vk x;k gS tks vki ls ckr djus vkus okyk FkkAÞ
,d@dksbZ yM+dk & A boy
oks yM+dk & The boy
tc fdlh vutku O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds ckjs esa igyh ckj ckr gks jgh gks] rks Þ,d@dksbZÞ ds fy, A/An dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj tc fdlh ,sls O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dh ckr gks ftlds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gks] rks ,sls esa
The dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

OM
Assume that You are at home. Suddenly, a boy knocks at the door and wants to talk to your dad.
You go to your dad and say „Dad, a boy is at the door, who wants to talk to you.‟ Since your
father hadn‟t told you beforehand that there was some boy about to come, that‟s why you used
„a‟. Just imagine, if your father had already told you about that boy then you would have instead
said „Dad, the boy is at the door, who had to come to talk to you.‟

.C
If the person, place or thing is unknown or being talked about for the first time,
NT
then we need to use indefinite article i.e. “a” or “an”, however if the person, place
or thing is known and already been talked about, then we need to use definite
article i.e. “the”.

dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &

OI
1) This is the book I was talking about. ;gh rks fdrkc gS ftlds ckjs esa eSa ckr dj jgk FkkA
2) This is a book. ;g ,d fdrkc gSA
P

igys okys okD; esa ml fdrkc ds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gS] blhfy, fdrkc ls igys „The‟ dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gSA
ER

3) A Mr. Rahul is at the door. dksbZ fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA

4) Mr. Rahul is at the door. fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA
PP

nwljs okD; esa fe0 jkgqy ls igys „The‟ blfy, ugha yxk;k D;ksafd O;fDrokpd laKk ds lkFk „The‟ ugha
yxrkA
egRoiw.kZ rF; (An important fact)
TO

geus vDlj i<+k gS fd „an‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks vkSj
„a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z) ls gksAs vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „hour‟ ,d
,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (h) ls gksrs h gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd „University‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr Loj ;k O;atu ls
‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;atu dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA
We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is used
when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or „A
university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t we use
„an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather it‟s all
about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.

74
Loj dh /ofu (vowel sound) - v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%A
O;atuksa dh /ofu (consonant sound) - d [k x ………………….{k = KA

dgk¡ ij “A” vkSj dgk¡ ij “An”

(When to use “A” and when to use “An”)

An dk iz;ksx vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA

An will be used if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

A dk iz;ksx vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA

A will be used if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

OM
Examples:
A boy ckW; O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
A pen iSu O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼i½ so used „a‟
A university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
A year O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟

.C
;h;j
An ear bvj Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼b½ so used „an‟
A bucket cdSV O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
NT
An honest vkWuSLV Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
An hour vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
An MLA ,e ,y , Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼,½ so used „an‟
A union ;wfu;u O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
OI
An orange vkWjsUt Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟

“the” dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa

P

(When to pronounce “the” and when to pronounce “thee”)

ER

The dks *nh* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.
PP

The dks *n* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „the‟¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

Examples:
TO

the boy ckW; O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx a sA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as „the‟
the pen iSu O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx a sA Consonant sound ¼i½ so pronounce as „the‟
the university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgssaA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce as „the‟
the year ;h;j O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx a sA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce as „the‟
the ear bvj a sA Vowel sound ¼b½ so pronounce as „thee‟
Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx
the bucket cdSV O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsx a sA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as „the‟
the hour vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx a sA Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the MLA ,se ,sy , Loj ¼,s½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx a sA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the orange vkWjUs t Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsx a sA Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟
the end ,UM Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsxa sA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟

75
 „The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij (Where to use „The‟):
Few Cases:

 With unique People/objects. ¼;wuhd yksxksa ;k oLrqvksa ds lkFk tks ,d gh gSa½

The Sun, The Earth, The Moon, The president, The CEO, The world, The sky etc.

 With adjectives referring to a whole group of people.

¼tks fo‛ks’k.k iwjs ,d xzqi ;k tkfr dk cks/k djk;a½s
The old, The young, The rich, The poor, etc.

 With famous buildings, museums and monuments.

¼izfl) Hkou] laxzgky;ksa o Lekjdksa ds lkFk½

OM
The Taj Mahal, The Qutub Minar, The Lal Quila, The Eiffel Tower, The Globe etc.

 With superlative degrees of an adjective.

¼fdlh fo‛ks’k.k dh superlative degrees ds lkFk½
The highest, The most, The lowest, The youngest, The oldest, The poorest etc.

.C
 With ordinal numbers. ¼Øeokpd la[;kvksa ls igys½ NT
The last chapter, The first time, The second occasion, The third member etc.

 With countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic.
¼ftu ns‛kksa ds uke esa fdaxMe] LVsV~l ;k fQj fjifCyd vk;sA ½
OI
The United States, The United Kingdom, The Republic of Ireland etc.

 With rivers, canals & oceans. ¼unh] ugj o lkxjksa ds lkFk½

P

The Gangas, The Nile, The Atlantic, The pecific etc.

ER

 With countries that have plural names.

¼mu ns‛kksa ds lkFk ftuds uke cgqopu gksa ;kfu vUr esa s yxk gks½
The Netherlands, The Philippines etc.
PP

 With the names of families. ¼ifjokjksa ds ukeksa ds lkFk½

The Ranas, The Khans, The Rawats, The Guptas, The Jacksons etc.
TO

 Before the word „only‟ if in the sentence the meaning of „only‟ is „only one‟.
¼the dk iz;ksx only ls igys dsoy rc fd;k tkrk gS tc okD; esa only dk eryc „bdykSrk‟ gks ½
The only son, The only friend, The only batsman etc.

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx „whole‟ ls igys o „all‟ ds ckn gksrk gSA

„The‟ is used before the word „whole‟ and after the word „all‟.
I am reading whole book. (Incorrect)
I am reading the whole book. (Correct)

All books are kept on the table. (Incorrect)

All the books are kept on the table. (Correct)
76
 „The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha (Where not to use „The‟):

Few Cases:

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh chekjh ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before the name of any disease.

He is suffering from the fever. (Incorrect)

He is suffering from fever. (Correct)

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh ns‛k ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before the name of any country.

OM
I live in the India. (Incorrect)
I live in India. (Correct)

.C
 „The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkk’kk ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA
„The‟ is not used before the name of any language.

I speak the Hindi.

I speak Hindi.
NT (Incorrect)
(Correct)

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

OI
„The‟ is not used before Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner.

I had the breakfast at 7 o‟clock. (Incorrect)

P

I had breakfast at 7 o‟clock. (Correct)

ER

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx O;fDrokpd laKk ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before proper noun.
PP

The Ram, The Delhi, The India, The Rahul (Incorrect)

vaxzsth+ flQZ ,d fo"k; ugha] ,d Hkk"kk Hkh gS vkSj dsoy fu;e lh[k ysuk gh dkQh ugha cfYd izSfDVl djus ls gh
vkidh le> vkSj csgrj gksrh tk;sxhA /kS;Z jf[k, vkSj vius lHkh pSIVj ,d ds ckn ,d iwjh rjg le>rs gq, i<+rs
TO

tkb;sA

English is not only a subject, but also a language, hence you can‟t learn everything just
using certain rules. There is a saying, practice makes a man perfect. We request you to
practice as much as possible. Read newspapers, learn new words, try to use learned
sentences in day to day life.

77
Lesson – 14
Prepositions – lEcU/k lwpd vO;;@iwoZlxZ
“Preposition oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa dk lewg gS tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds
lEcU/k dks n‛kkZrk gSA vkerkSj ij bls fdlh laKk ;k loZuke ls igys fLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ckr vkSj] ftl laKk
;k loZuke ds lkFk Preposition dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og laKk ;k loZuke bldk Object dgykrk gSA”

“Preposition is the word or group of words that is generally placed before a noun or a
pronoun to express its relation with other part of the sentence. The noun or pronoun used
with the preposition is called its object.”

OM
Examples:

1. I am coming from Delhi. ¼eSa fnYyh ls vk jgk g¡Aw ½

;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “from”. Noun gS & “Delhi”, tks fd “from” dk “object” dgykrk gSA
2. Ram depends on you. ¼jke rqe ij fuHkZj gSA½

.C
;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “on”. Pronoun gS & “You”, tks fd “on” dk “object” dgykrk gSA
NT
vkb, lHkh Prepositions dks ,d ,d djds i<+as o le÷ksA

bl pSIVj esa ‚kkfey fd;s x;s okD; vkxs vkus okys pSIVj tSls Simple Sentences, Tenses, Modals,
OI
There, It vkfn ls fy;s x;s gSaA gekjh lykg gS fd vki tc vkus okys bu pSIVjksa dks i<+ ysaxs rks bl pSIVj dks
,d ckj fQj if<+;sxkA blls okD;ksa dks vki vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxsA
P

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ER

1. I am coming from Dehradun.

¼eSa nsgjknwu ls vk jgk g¡wA½

fdlh txg ls (From some place)

PP

2. They came from park.

¼os ikdZ ls vk;sA½

1. I will work from tomorrow.

TO

¼eSa dy ls dke d#¡xkA½

From fdlh le; ls (Point of time)
¼ls½ 2. Ram will work from 10 o‟clock.
¼jke nl cts ls dke djsxkA½

1. I heard it from Ram.

fdlh lzkrs ls (From any source) ¼eSaus jke ls ;s lqukA½
2. I wrote it from the book.
¼eSaus ;s fdrkc ls fy[kkA½

78
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fdlh lrg ls vyx gksukA
vxj eSa dg¡w fd iSu dks Vscy ls mBk yks rks tc iSu
mBk;k tk;sxk rks oks Vscy dh lrg ls vyx gksxkA 1. I picked the mobile off the
blh rjg] ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd cUnj isM+ ls dwnk rks cUnj bed.
isM+ dh lrg dks NksMs+xkA okgu ls mrjus dks “Get ¼eSaus eksckby dks fcLrj ls
off” dgrs gSaA dHkh lkspk gS fd off D;ksa yxk;k\ mBk;kA½
D;ksfa d mrjrs oDr ge okgu dh lrg dks NksM+rs gSaA
blh rjg] fdlh gokbZtgkt ds ,;jiksVZ ls mM+us dks 2. I am wiping the dust off
“Take off” dgrs gSaA blfy, D;ksfa d ,;jiksVZ ls the screen.
mM+ku Hkjrs oDr gokbZtgkt ,;jiksVZ dh lrg dks ¼eSa LØhu ls /kwy gVk jgk g¡wA½
Off ¼ls½ NksM+rk gSA
3. Monkey jumped off the

OM
Leaving a surface. tree.
It may be a pen leaving the surface of ¼cUnj isM+ ls dwnkA½
table while being picked up, a monkey
leaving the surface of tree while 4. Move the cup off the
jumping from there, we leaving the table.

.C
surface of a vehicle while getting off or ¼Vscy ls di gVk nksA½
a plane leaving the surface of airport
NT
while taking off.

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

OI
„since‟ dk iz;ksx fuf'pr le; ds lkFk gksrk gS
tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA
(„since‟ is used for point of time when
P

the sentence is in continuous form) 1. I have been working since

mnkgj.k &
ER

morning.
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o‟clock/ 3 ¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
o‟clock
Since 2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012
¼ls½ 2. He has been trying since
3. Since Monday, Tuesday,…….,
PP

Monday.
Sunday ¼oks lkseokj ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gSA½
4. Since morning/
evening/afternoon/night
TO

5. Since yesterday(dy)/day before

yesterday(ijlks)a
6. Since childhood(cpiu ls)/ Since
birth (tUe ls)

79
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼ls½
„For‟ dk iz;ksx vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk 1. I have been studying for
gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA 2 hours.
¼eSa 2 ?kaVs ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
(„For‟ is used for duration of time when the
sentence is in continuous form) 2. He has been trying for
1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/ many days.
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries ¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls) gSA½
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls)
4. For many days/hours/months/years
For ds fy, (For any purpose) 1. I did it for you.

OM
¼eSaus ;s rqEgkjs fy, fd;kAa½
mnkgj.k & 2. He came to me for
i<+us ds fy,] ns[kus ds fy,] iSls ds fy,] fdrkc ds fy,A money.
¼oks esjs ikl iSls ds fy, vk;kA½
fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj (For exchange) 1. I gave a mobile for Rs.

.C
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSaus 20 # dh fdrkc [kjhnh rks bldk eryc ;g 500.
gS fd eSaus 20 # ds cnys esa fdrkc yhA lkspks vxj fdlh us eq>s ¼eSaus 500 # esa eksckbZy fn;kAa½

rks fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj ysuk gh gSA

NT
esjs nks eksckbZyksa ds cnys esa eq>s ,d dEI;wVj ns fn;k rks ;g Hkh 2. He bought a pen for Rs.
5.
¼mlus 5 # esa ,d iSu [kjhnkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

OI
¼ea½s le; ds lkFk (With time)
1. I was born in January.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa tuojh esa iSnk gqvk Fkka½
P

nks lky esa (in 2 years) ] ,d fnu esa (in one day) 2. He will come home in 2015.
2006 esa (in 2006)] 2012 esa (in 2012) ¼oks 2015 esa ?kj vk;sxkA½
ER

xfeZ;ksa esa (in summers)] lfnZ;ksa esa (in winters) 3. I left the company in June
lqcg esa (in the morning)] 'kke esa (in the evening) 2009.
fdlh eghus esa (in any month) ¼eSaus twu 2009 esa dEiuh NksM+hA½
4. I will leave in half an hour.
PP

tSls & tuojh esa (in January)] ekpZ esa (in March)
¼eSa vk/ks ?kaVs esa fudyw¡xkA½

In ¼ea½s cMh txg ds lkFk ¼fdlh ns‛k es]a fdlh 'kgj esa vkfn½
TO

¼ea½s With large places (Country, city, town etc) 1. I live in Delhi.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa fnYyh esa jgrk g¡Aw a½
yUnu esa ] 'kkgnjk esa] ckt+kj es]a nsgjknwu esa] fnYyh esaA 2. He will study in America.
(in London, in Shahdara, in Dehradun, in ¼oks vesfjdk esa i<+kbZ djsxkA½
Delhi)
¼ea½s fdlh oLrq ds vUnj
¼ea½s In some object 1. I found no songs in this
mobile.
mnkgj.k & ¼eq>s bl eksckbZy esa xkus ugha feysA½
tx esa ] fdrkc es]a eksckby esaA 2. We have read it in book.
(in Jug, in book, in mobile) ¼geus ;s fdrkc esa i<+k gSA½

80
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼ea½s xfr‛khy voLFkk (motion) 1. Pour the coffee into the cup.
¼dkWQh dks di esa Mkyks½
Into vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa dejs esa tk jgk g¡w rks vUnj ?kqlrs 2. He is going into the room.
oDr dh fLFkfr dks „into‟ dgsaxs D;ksfa d ml oDr eSa ¼oks dejs esa tk jgk gSA½
xfr‛khy voLFkk esa gksÅ¡xkA

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

igys
1. This train will reach before
2 cts ls igys] ‚kke ls igys] eq>ls igys] esjs time.
dgus ls igys ¼;g Vªus le; ls igys igq¡psxhA½
(before 2 o‟clock, before evening, 2. I will come before you leave.

OM
before me, before I say) ¼eSa rqEgkjs fudyus ls igys vkÅ¡axkA½
Before lkeus 1. Now I am standing before
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk D;ksafd lkeus dks rks “in you.
front of” dgrs gSaA ij vc tku yhft, fd

.C
¼vc eSa vkids lkeus [kM+k g¡wA½
before Hkh dgrs gSaA 2. He was sitting before his
NT dad.
¼ oks vius ikik ds lkeus cSBk FkkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

OI
ckn esa 1. I will meet you after 10.
¼eSa rqels 10 cts ds ckn fey¡x
w kA½
P

2. I reached after them.

¼eSa muds ckn igq¡pkA½
ER

fdlh ds ihNs iM+uk 1. I was after my professor for

getting some help.
tSls & ¼eSa enn ikus ds fy, vius izkQs slj ds
After iqfyl dk pksj ds ihNs iM+uk] fdlh dks ikus ds fy,
PP

ihNs iM+ x;k FkkA½

ihNs iM+ukA
2. He was unnecessarily after
Example – that girl.
Police chasing thief, chase someone/ ¼oks csotg ml yM+dh ds ihNs iM+k gqvk
TO

something to acquire. FkkA ½

3. My father has denied thrice
but I am still after him.
¼esjs ikik us rhu ckj euk dj fn;k gS
ij eSa vHkh Hkh muds ihNs iM+k gqvk g¡wA½

81
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
}kjk (In passive voice) 1. I was stopped by someone.
¼eq>s fdlh ds }kjk jksdk x;kAa½
mnkgj.k & 2. He can be sent by his
jke ds }kjk ] fdlh ds }kjkA father.
(by Ram, by someone) ¼mls vius ikik }kjk Hkstk tk ldrk
gSA½

ls
¼fdlh okgu ls lQj djuk½ 1. I travelled by bus.
(travel by some vehicle) ¼eSaus cl ls ;k=k dhAa½
mnkgj.k & 2. He is coming by noon flight.
cl ls] dkj ls] Iysu lsA

OM
By ¼oks nksigj dh ¶ykbV ls vk jgk gSA
(by bus, by car, by plane)
rd
¼le; ds lkFk&dsoy future indefinite tense esa½ 1. I will leave by 4 o‟clock.
(With time – only in future indefinite tense)
¼eSa 4 cts rd fudy tkÅ¡xkA½

.C
mnkgj.k & 2. We will finish it by
2 cts rd] lqcg rdA morning.
(by 2 o‟clock, by morning) NT ¼ge lqcg rd ;s [kRe dj nsaxsA½
cxy esa
Þcxy esÞa ds fy, by ds vykok beside, next to, 1. I was standing by him.
¼eSa mlds cxy esa [kM+k FkkA½
adjacent Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa tks vki vkxs i<+us okys
OI
gSaA

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

P

ls 1. I cut the cake with a knife.

¼eSaus pkdw ls dsd dkVkA½
ER

¼fdlh pht dk iz;ksx djds dqN djuk½

2. He wrote the letter with a
(Perform a task with the help of blue pen.
something) ¼ mlus uhys iSu ls i= fy[kkA½
3. He killed the bird with a
PP

mnkgj.k & stone.

pkdw ls] iSu ls] ryokj lsA ¼mlus iRFkj ls fpfM+;k ekjhA½
(with a knife, with a pen, with a sword)
With lkFk 1. I am with Ram in this
TO

matter.
¼fdlh ds lkFk½ ¼bl ekeys esa eSa jke ds lkFk g¡wA½
(accompany someone or something) 2. We will be with you.
¼ge vkids lkFk jgsaxsA½
mnkgj.k & 3. My dad went to his office
jke ds lkFk] rqEgkjs lkFk] fdlh oLrq ds lkFk vkfnA
(with Ram, with you, with a thing etc.) with the laptop.
¼esjs ikik vius vkWfQl ySiVkWi ys ds
x;sA½

82
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fuf'pr le; ds lkFk (With point of time) 1. I was born at 2.
¼eSa 2 cts iSnk gqvk Fkka½
mnkgj.k & 2. He will come home at
nks cts (at 2 o‟clock) ] 'kke 4 cts (at 4 PM) 10 AM.
¼oks lqcg 10 cts ?kj vk;sxkA½

s ij½ NksVh txg ds lkFk (with small places)

¼ea@

mnkgj.k &
cl LVki esa@ij ] dqlhZ esa@ijA 1. I stayed at a hotel.
¼eSa ,d gksVy esa #dkAa½
(at bus stop, at the chair)
2. He was standing at the

OM
vxj NksVh vkSj cM+h nksuksa txgksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS rks bus stop.
igys NksVh txg at ds lkFk vkSj fQj cM+h txg in ds lkFk ¼oks cl LVki ij [kM+k FkkA½
fy[ksaxsA vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa jksfg.kh esa jgrk g¡w tks fnYyh esa gS] 3. Rahul works at a
rks /;ku nhft, fd igys NksVh txg Rohini “at” ds lkFk store.
¼jkgqy ,d LVksj esa@ij dke

.C
vkSj fQj cM+h txg Delhi “in” ds lkFk fy[ksaxsA dqN bl
djrk gSA½
rjg & I live at Rohini in Delhi. ij vxj eSa ;s dg¡w
fd eSa jksfguh esa jgrk g¡w rks jksfguh vius vki esa ,d cM+h
NT
txg gh gS blfy, eSa dg¡wxk & I live in Rohini.

1. I was there at noon.

At jkr vkSj nksigj ds lkFk (With night/noon) ¼eSa nksigj esa ogk¡ FkkA½
OI
2. We study at night.
¼ge jkr ess i<+rs gSaA½
ewY; crkus esa (to tell the cost of something) 1. This fruit is selling at
P

Rs. 10 per kg.

¼;g Qy 10 # fdyks fcd jgk
ER

gSA½
2. I am buying onion at
Rs 20 per kg.
¼eSa I;kt+ 10 # fdyks [kjhn jgk
PP

g¡Aw ½

fdlh R;ksgkj ;k [kkl volj ij 1. I will come home at

( in any festival / event) Holi.
TO

¼eSa gksyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½

mnkgj.k & 2. I will come home at
gksyh ij] nhokyh ij] tUefnu ij] ikVhZ esa
Diwali.
(at holi, at diwali, at birthday, at the party) ¼eSa nhokyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
3. He will go there at his
birthday.
¼oks mlds tUefnu ij ogk¡
tk;sxkA½

83
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
ls ¼fdlh pht+ ds vkj ikj ns[kuk½
(to see through some object) 1. I can see through the
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa f[kM+dh ls rqEgsa ns[k jgk g¡w] rks okLro esa glass as it is
eSa f[kM+dh ds ikj gh rks ns[k jgk g¡w D;ksafd eSa bl rjQ g¡w transparent.
vkSj rqe ml rjQA ¼eSa Xykl ls ns[k ldrk g¡w
D;ksfa d ;s ikjn‛khZ gSA½
If I am in a room and you are outside. I
am able to watch you through a window. I 2. I can see inside
am this side and you are the other side of through this hole.
the window so it is basically a see ¼eSa bl Nsn ds tfj;s vUnj
through. ns[k ldrk g¡Aw ½

OM
Through
fdlh ,slh pht ls xqtjuk tks Åij] uhps vkSj fdukjksa ls 1. I was passing through
cUn gks a street.
To move through a structure with limits ¼eSa ,d xyh ls xqtj jgk FkkA½
on top, bottom and both sides

.C
tSls& 2. We went through the
fdlh xyh ls xqtjuk & through a street NT underground way.
¼ge Hkwfexr jkLrs ls x;sA½
fdlh ikbi ls xqtjuk & through a pipe
fdlh ladjs jkLrs ls xqtjuk & through a narrow 3. Water is passing
passage
through this pipe.
OI
¼ikuh bl ikbi ls xqtj jgk gSA½
P

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ds ikj ¼tks fn[k u jgk gks½ (very far; not 1. There is a temple
ER

visible) beyond this mountain.

¼bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj
vxj eSa vkils dgw¡ fd bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj gSA½
gSA efUnj gesa fn[k ugha jgkA
PP

;k fQj eSa iwNw¡ fd uhy unh ds ikj dkSu lk ns‛k gS \ ;gk¡

2. What is there beyond
ij Hkh ns‛k gesa fn[k ugha jgkA ,slh txgksa ij beyond
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA that river?
¼ml unh ds ikj D;k gS \½
TO

Beyond ,slh pht+ ds ikj ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs (beyond 1. There is something
something that is abstract; neither beyond this universe.
touch nor see) ¼bl czgek.M ds ikj dqN gSA½

vxj eSa vkils iwNw¡ fd bl thou ds ikj D;k gS \ thou 2. There is nothing beyond
dks Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrsA ;k fQj eSa dgw¡ fd mEehnksa ds love.
ikj Hkh ,d nqfu;k gSA mEehn dks Hkh ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha ¼I;kj ds ikj dqN ugha gS ;k I;kj
ldrsA
ds cjkcj dqN ugha gSA½

84
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fo;k @ok;k ¼ds jkLrs] ls½s 1. This train will go to Delhi via
Kanpur.
CywVFw k ds jkLrs ;k CywVwFk ls] dkuiqj ds jkLrs ;k ¼;g Vªus dkuiqj ls gksrs gq, fnYyh tk;sxhA½
dkuiqj ls gksrs gq,A
2. I sent him my picture via
Via (via Bluetooth, via Kanpur)
bluetooth.
¼ eSaus mls viuh QkssVks CywVFw k ls HksthA½
3. He came to Delhi via Bijnor.
¼oks fctukSj ds jkLrs fnYyh vk;kA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

Bhd Lkkeus nwljh rjQ

OM
vxj eSa dgw¡ ÞlkeusÞ] rks Opposite, in 1. My home is opposite your
front of ;k before; bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh shop.
dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼esjk ?kj rqEgkjh nqdku ds Bhd lkeus
gSA½
eSa rqEgkjs lkeus gw¡A 2. He was standing opposite

.C
I am in front of you. you.
I am before you. ¼oks rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk½
I am opposite you. NT
Opposite foijhr ¼mYVk½
1. Ram does opposite what you
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd vki vPNs gks ij jke dgs fd say.
OI
vki vPNs ugha gks] rks bldk eryc gS fd ¼tks rqe dgrs gks jke mldk mYVk djrk
vkids izfr jke dh lksp esjh lksp ds foijhr gSA½
gSA
2. His thinking is opposite
If I say “You are good” but Ram
P

yours.
says “You are not good”, that ¼mldh lksp rqEgkjh lksp ls Bhd mYVh
ER

means Ram thinks opposite to gSA½

what I think about you.
PP

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

1. fyLV esa ÅijA (up in a list) 1. My name is above
2. ,slh pht ls Åij ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs tSls your name in the list.
I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA (above the abstract ¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
TO

noun; such as love, honesty, cruelty ds Åij gSA½

etc) 2. Money is above love.
Above ¼iSlk I;kj ls Åij gSA ;kfu
¼Åij½ 3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls ÅijA (above the level
of some surface) iSlk igys] I;kj ckn esa½
3. Only his eyes were
above water.
¼ dsoy mldh vk¡[ks ikuh ds
Åij FkhA½

85
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fdlh ds uhps ij fcuk iwjh rjg Nq,
1. Ram is hidden under
(Subject & object not fully touched)
the bed.
vxj eSa isM+ ds uhps cSBk g¡w rks isM+ dh lk[k eq>s Nw ¼jke fcLrj ¼[kkV½ ds uhps fNik
ugha jgh gSaA blh rjg vxj eSa Vscy ds uhps fNik gqvk gSA½
gqvk gw¡ rks Vscy eq>s iwjh rjg Nw ugha jgkA gk¡ vxj
eSa dgw¡ fd i= rfd;s ds uhps gS rks blesa i= rfd;s 2. Ram lives under the
dks iwjh rjg Nw jgk gSA ;gk¡ under ugha cfYd roof but Shyam
Under beneath/underneath vk;sxkA doesn‟t even have a
¼uhps½ house.
If I say I am sitting under the tree, then ¼jke Nr ds uhps jgrk gS ij
the branches of the tree are not touching

OM
';ke ds ikl rks ?kj gh ugha
me. Similarly, I am hidden under the gSA½
table, again the table is not touching me
fully. But, if I say “A letter is under the
pillow.” It would be correct because 3. Mom is sitting under
letter and pillow are being fully touched the tree.

.C
so the correct sentence would be “A ¼eEeh th isM+ ds uhps cSBh gSaA½
letter is beneath/underneath the pillow.”
NT
fdlh ds uhps ij iwjh rjg Nwrs gq,
(Subject & object fully touched)
1. My house is underneath
your house.
¼esjk ?kj vkids ?kj ds uhps gSA½
Beneath/
2. Her photograph is
Underneath beneath my book.
OI
¼uhps½ ¼mldh rLohj esjh fdrkc ds
uhps gSA½
P

1. fyLV esa uhpsA (below in a list) 1. My name is below your

2. ,slh pht ls uhps ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs name in the list.
ER

tSls I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA ¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
(below the abstract noun; such as ds uhps gSA½
love, honesty, cruelty etc) 2. Money is below love.
Below 3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls uhpsA ¼iSlk I;kj ds uhps gSA ;kfu
PP

¼uhps½ (below the level of some surface) I;kj igys] iSlk ckn esa½
3. His mouth was below
water but nose was
above.
TO

¼mldk eq¡g ikuh ds uhps Fkk ij

ukd ÅijA½

uhps dh fn‛kk dks n‛kkZuk 1. Prices are going

(indicate the downwards down.
Down movement) ¼dhersa uhps tk jgh gaSA½
¼uhps½ 2. Water level is going
down.
¼ikuh dk Lrj uhps tk jgk
gSA ½

86
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
nks ds chp esa 1. She is sitting
(between two objects) between Yash &
Vaibhav.
Between ¼oks ;‛k vkSj oSHko ds chp esa
cSBh gSA½
¼chp es½a
2. Pen is lying between
two computers.
¼iSu nks dEI;wVjksa ds chp esa
iM+k gqvk gSA ½

nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k x;k 1. I was among 50

OM
gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa people.
(more than two objects but given; ¼eSa 50 yksxksa ds chp esa FkkA½
how many)
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd jke 20 yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks
Among ;gk¡ ij crk;k x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa 2. Her photograph was
¼chp es½a among dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA ij ;fn eSa dgw¡ fd jke kept among 3 other

.C
dqN yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks ;gk¡ ij crk;k ugha items.
x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa among dk ¼mldh rLohj rhu vkSj phtksa
NT
ugha cfYd amongst dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA
nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k ugha
ds chp j[kh gqbZ FkhA½

1. I was amongst the

x;k gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa crowd.
(more than two objects but not ¼eSa HkhM+ ds chp FkkA@eSa HkhM+ esa
OI
Amongst given; how many) Fkk½
;s dguk fd eSa HkhM+ ds chp esa gw¡] ;g ugha crkrk
¼chp es½a 2. My dad was amongst
fd yksx fdrus gSa blfy, gesa amongst dk iz;ksx
many people.
P

djuk gksxkA
¼esjs ikik dbZ yksxksa ds chp FksA½
ER

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ckgj fudyuk] fdlh txg dks NksMu+ k 1. I am getting out of my
(to go out/leave some place) home.
PP

¼eSa ?kj ls ckgj fudy jgk g¡wA½

2. He has gone out of Delhi.

TO

¼og fnYyh ls ckgj tk pqdk gSA½

bruh la[;k esa ls 1. Rahul scored 90 out of

Out of (out of certain numbers) 100.
¼jkgqy us 100 esa ls 90 uEcj izkIr
fd;sA½

2. There are only 2

students out of 15.
¼ 15 esa ls dsoy 2 gh fo/kkFkhZ gSaA½

87
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
Åij ;k ij] j[kk gqvk gksuk

,d cM+s object ds Åij ,d NksVs object dk j[kk gksuk

1. Pen is kept on the table.
(a smaller object on a bigger one) ¼iSu Vscy ij j[kk gqvk gSA½
tSls &
2. Rohit is sitting on the
eksckby dk Vscy ds Åij j[kk gksukA eksckby Vscy dh rqyuk Elephant.
esa ,d NksVk object gSA ¼jksfgr gkFkh ds Åij cSBk gqvk gSA ½

iSu dk fdrkc ds Åij gksukA iSu fdrkc dh rqyuk esa ,d

NksVk object gSA

OM
On Day vkSj Date ds lkFk 1. I went on Sunday.
¼eSa laMs dks x;kA½
On Monday, Tuesday,……., Sunday etc
On 25th Aug, on 15th, on 20th etc. 2. He came on 20th Dec‟12.

.C
¼oks 20 fnlEcj 2012 dks vk;k½

fdlh rjQ ( certain side) NT 1. I was standing on the

tSls & nk¡;h rjQ (on the right) right.
ck¡;h rjQ (on the left) ¼eSa nk¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½
2. I was standing on the left.
¼eSa ck¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½
OI

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

P

Åij

,d NksVs object dk Åij dh fn‛kk esa xfr‛khy

ER

gksdj ds ,d cMs object ds Åij vkuk

(a smaller object showing upwards 1. I jumped onto the horse.
movement to come on a bigger object)
¼eSa dwn dj ?kksM+s ij cSB x;kA½
Upon/
PP

vxj eSa dgw¡ fd ,d fcYyh Vscy ds Åij dwnh rks 2. Broom came upon the
Onto fcYyh us Åij dh rjQ Nyk¡x yxkbZ fQj oks Vscy ds table by itself.
Åij vk x;hA ¼>kM+w vius vki Vscy ij vk x;kA ½
TO

,d vkSj ckrA ekuk fd ,d cUnj t+ehu ij cSBk Fkk

vkSj mlus Åij dh vksj Nyk¡x yxkbZ vkSj isM+ ds Åij
vk x;kA

88
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fo#)] fojks/k esa (opposite) Why is Ram against you?
Against ¼jke rqEgkjs fo#) D;ksa gS\½
ckjs esa He is talking about me.
About ¼oks esjs ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gSA½
dk (show the relation) He is the brother of Ram.
Of ¼oks jke dk HkkbZ gSA½
dks ¼fdlh txg dks½ 1. I am going to school.
¼eSa Ldwy tk jgk gw¡A½
,d txg ls nwljh txg dks
To 2. Seeta is coming to our
From one place to another home.
¼lhrk gekjs ?kj vk jgh gSA½

OM
dh rjQ 1. I am going towards
vxj eSa dgww¡ fd eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡ rks school.
;s t+#jh ugha fd eSa Ldwy tkÅ¡A gks ldrk gS ¼eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡A½
fd Ldwy ds jkLrs esa gh vkxs esjs nksLr dk ?kj
Towards

.C
Hkh gks vkSj eSa ogha tk jgk gw¡A blfy, „to 2. He was coming towards
school‟ eryc Ldwy tkuk vkSj „towards you.
school‟ eryc Ldwy dh rjQ tkuk ij irk
NT ¼oks rqEgkjh rjQ vk jgk FkkA½
ugha dgk¡A
Åij fcuk Nq, (Above without 1. I jumped over the rope.
touch) ¼eSa jLlh ds Åij ls dwnkA½
2. There is a roof over our
OI
heads.
Over ¼gekjs flj ds Åij Nr gSA½
3. There is a bridge over
P

the river.
¼unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA½
ER

le;kof/k ds vUnj 1. I will come within 5

Within a time period minutes.
¼eSa 5 feuV esa vk tkÅ¡xkA½
Within
PP

2. He has come back

within just 2 days.
¼ oks 2 fnu esa gh okil vk x;k
gSA½
TO

rqyuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA 1. I am better than you.

(used for comparison) ¼eSa rqels csgrj gw¡A½
Than 2. We are taller than he.
¼ge mlls yEcs gSaA½

lkjk] iwjk 1. I loved him/ her

tSls & lkjs fnu Hkj] iwjh ft+Unxh Hkj throughout my life.
Throughout the day, throughout ¼eSaus ft+Unxh Hkj mls I;kj fd;kA½
Throughout the life 2. We worked throughout
the night.¼ geus jkr Hkj dke
fd;kA½

89
 fcuk 1. I am nothing without
Without you.
¼eSa rqEgkjs fcuk dqN ugha gw¡A½
Åij 1. Prices are rising up.
¼dhersa c<+ jgha gSaA½
Up
2. Baloon is going up.
¼xqCckjk Åij tk jgk gSA½
Åij dh rjQ 1. He threw the stone
Upwards upwards.
mlus iRFkj Åij dh rjQ Qsd a kA

OM
uhps dh rjQ 1. He threw the stone
Downwards downwards.
mlus iRFkj uhps dh rjQ QsadkA
igys ¼le; ds lkFk½ 1. He came 2 years ago.

.C
¼oks 2 lky igys vk;kA½
2. Ram had done B. Tech 6
Ago NT years ago.
¼jke us ch Vsd 6 lky igys fd;k
FkkA½
vUnj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ds vUnjA 1. What is inside the
(be in an enclosed structure)
OI
computer?
vxj eSa dg¡w fd vki ?kj ds vUnj gSa rks Hkh vki ¼dEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS \½
“inside” gh gSa D;ksafd ?kj Hkh ,d cUn vk—fr gSA
Inside
Home is also a kind of enclosed 2. He was inside and I was
P

structure so if you are in, means you outside.

are actually inside.
ER

¼ oks vUnj Fkk vkSj eSa ckgj FkkA½

ckgj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ls ckgjA 1. He was standing outside
(be out of an enclosed structure) the home.
¼oks ?kj ds ckgj [kM+k FkkA½
PP

Outside 2. He was outside the school

premises.
¼ oks Ldwy ifjlj ds ckgj FkkA½
TO

Next to, cxy esa oks esjs cxy esa [kMk FkkA
Adjacent, He was standing next to me.
Beside, He was standing adjacent me.
By He was standing beside/by me.
ihNs 1. I was behind Ram in the
queue.
¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds ihNs FkkA½
Behind 2. There is nobody standing
behind him.
¼mlds ihNs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½

90
 vkxs( 1. I was ahead of Ram in the
yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj queue.
ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA lkspks vki ,d ¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds vkxs FkkA½
ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS]
Ahead mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs gS] 2. There is no one standing
of bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu ahead of him.
BehindA ij vxj vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa ¼mlds vkxs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½
mldks ns[krs gq, rks vki mlds in front of ;kfu
lkeus gSaA
dks NksMd
+ j] ds vYkkok 1. This shop opens every day
except Sunday.
¼;g nqdku jfookj dks NksM+dj lHkh

OM
fnu [kqyrh gSA½
Except 2. I can scold anyone except
you.
¼rqEgkjs vykok eSa fdlh dks Hkh Mk¡V
ldrk gw¡A½

.C
ds vfrfjDr (Extra) 1. Do you eat anything else
besides this?
Besides
NT ¼blds vfrfjDr dqN vkSj [kkrs gks
D;k \½

ds nkSjku ( in a particular duration of 1. I was in Delhi during

vacations.
OI
time)
¼NqV~fV;ksa ds nkSjku eSa fnYyh esa FkkA½
2. We can meet Sachin during
During the break.
P

¼ge czsd ds nkSjku lfpu ls fey

ldrs gSaA½
ER

rd 1. I will work till 9.

¼eSa 9 cts rd dke d#¡xkA½
le; ds lkFk] fnu ds lkFk vkfnA 2. We stayed till Monday.
PP

Till/ with time, with a day etc. ¼ge lkseokj rd BgjsA½

Until 3. I was there until Saturday.
¼eSa 'kfuokj rd ogk¡ FkkA½
TO

rd 1. I just went up to Dehradun.

¼eSa cl nsgjknwu rd x;kA½
fdlh nwjh rd (up to certain distance) ;k 2. Seeta ran up to 5 kms.
fdlh txg rd (up to certain place) ;k ¼lhrk 5 fdyksehVj rd nkSM+hA½
Up to fdlh mez rd (up to certain age) 3. You shouldn‟t keep mobile
up to 18.
¼rqEgsa 18 dh mez rd eksckbZy ugha
j[kuk pkfg,A½

91
 pkjksa vksj 1. People were around me, yet I was
(covered in all the lonely.
directions) ¼yksx esjs pkjksa vksj Fks] fQj Hkh eSa rUgk FkkA½
Around
2. The Earth is revolving around
the Sun.
¼i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ?kwe jgh gSA½
lkFk esa 1. Will you come along?
(with a person/thing) ¼D;k rqe lkFk vkvksxs \½
Along
2. You will get this pen along the

OM
mobile.
¼rqEgsa ;s iSu eksckby ds lkFk feysxkA½

fdukjs lkFk esa 1. There is a road alongside the

river.

.C
tSls & ¼unh ds lkFk lkFk ,d jksM gSA½
unh ds lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d jksM
(A road alongside the river) NT
Alongside 2. A truck is parked alongside the
lM+d ds fdukjs lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d road.
dkj ¼jksM ds fdukjs ,d Vªd [kM+k gSA½
(A car parked alongside the
OI
road)
ds ikj ¼fdlh pht+ ds ikj½ 1. Can you swim across the river?
(across something) ¼D;k rqe unh rSj dj ikj dj ldrs gks \½
P

2. There was a man standing across

ER

Across the road.

¼,d vkneh lM+d ds ikj [kM+k FkkA½

3. My shop is across the road.

PP

¼esjh nqdku lM+d ds ml ikj gSA½

TO

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir

92
Lesson – 15
Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & fu/kkZjd
Determiners ,sls ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh okD; esa laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj bl ckr
dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa fd fdldh ckr gks jgh gS ;k fQj fdruh ckr gks jgh gSA pw¡fd ;g Hkh laKk ds ckjs esa
dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSa blhfy, ;s Hkh fo‛ks’k.k dgykrs gSaA
A Determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give additional
information about that noun and that‟s why they are also classified as
Adjectives.

eku yhft, vki dguk pkgrs gSa „;g yM+dk jke gSA‟ ;gk¡ ij „yM+dk‟ ,d laKk gSA „yM+dk‟ ls rqjar igys

OM
„;g‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA „;g‟ ,d Determiner gS D;ksafd ;s bl ckr dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd fdl
yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS & bl yM+ds dh ;k ml yM+ds dhA
bl yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS blfy, vki „;g yM+dk‟ dgrs gSa ojuk vxj ml yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh
rks vki „og yM+dk‟ dgrsA

.C
blh rjg]
vxj ,d yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & NT A boy v ckW;
vxj fdlh fo‛ks’k yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & The boy n ckW;
vxj lHkh yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & All the boys vkWy n ckWbt+
vxj 5 yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & 5 boys Qkbo ckWbt+
OI
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa Determiners gSa & A, The, All, 5

Determiners ds pkj izdkj gSa (Determiners are of four types):

P

1. Articles (A, An, The)

ER

A/An - v@,su
The - n ;k nh
vki „Articles‟ pSIVj esa buds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa fd fdlh Hkh laKk ls rqjra igys fdl rjg vkSj dc iz;ksx fd;s tkrs
PP

gSa] ;s Hkh Determiners gSaA

You‟ve already read about Articles & its usage just before a noun, these are also
known as Determiners.
TO

2. Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)

vaxzst+h esa This, That, These vkSj Those dks Demonstratives dgrs gSaA
This, That, These and Those are called Demonstratives.

This - fnl & ;g] ;s ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
That - nSV & og] os] oks ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
These - nht+ & ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
Those - nkst+ & og] os] oks ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½

93
;s demonstratives nks rjg ls iz;ksx esa vkrs gSa & loZuke dh rjg ;k fQj determiners dh rjgA
These demonstratives are used as - either Pronoun or Determiners.

tc fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s x;s gksa rks ;s Determiners dgykrs gSaA vkSj tc Hkh fcuk laKk ds iz;ksx
fd;s tk;sa rks ;s Pronouns dgykrs gSaA
If a demonstrative is followed by a noun it modifies, it‟s called a determiner;
however, if it‟s not followed by a noun, it‟s called a pronoun.

le÷kus dk iz;kl dfj, &

Try to understand –

This is a book. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun)

OM
bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn dksbZ laKk ugha gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative pronoun gSA
In this sentence, „this‟ is not followed by any noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
pronoun here.

This book is mine. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)

.C
bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn book dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tks fd ,d laKk gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative
determiner gSA
NT
Here, „this‟ is followed by „book‟, which is a noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
determiner here.

dqN mnkgj.k (Few Examples)

OI
I love this. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
This is a cute baby. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
P

These are my books. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
That man is my dad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner) (followed by a noun: MAN)
ER

Those people are mad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)(followed by a noun: PEOPLE)

3. Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, its)

PP

His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its dks determiners dgrs gSaA bu ‚kCnksa ds rqjar ckn ges‛kk ,d laKk
gksrh gSA
His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its are known as determiners. These words are always
TO

followed by a noun.

mnkgj.k (Example):

His friend is a teacher.

My brother will not go.
Our books are kept on the table.
Their parents were not present.

94
 4. Quantifiers

Quantifiers ,sls ‚kCn ;k ‛kCnksa dk lewg gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa o laKk dh ek=k
(amount) ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA
Quantifiers are Such words or group of words, which are used before a noun to
indicate the amount or quantity of that noun.

1. Few FkksM+k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS½ tSls dqN yM+ds] dqN cPps vkfnA Few boys
2. Less, Little FkksM+k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ tSls FkksM+k ikuh] dqN iSVªky
s vkfnA Little water
3. Some FkksM+k] dqN ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Some boys/
water
4. Any dksbZ] dqN ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Any boys/water

OM
uksV & „some‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% ldkjkRed okD;ksa esa tcfd „any‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% udkjkRed okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
Note: „some‟ is mostly used in positive sentences while „any‟ is often used in negative sentences.

.C
5. Every gj dksbZ Every person/Every book/Every boy
6. All lHkh] lc All the friends/All the people/All the books
7. Each
8. Both nksuksa
NT
izR;sd] gj ,d Each friend/Each book/Each boy
Both the friends/Both the books
9. Enough dkQh Enough money/Enough people
10. Full iwjk Full glass
OI
11. Half (1/2) vk/kk Half the glass
12. Quarter(1/4) ,d pkSFkkbZ Quarter the glass
13. Whole Whole world/Whole the day
P

iwjk
14. More T+;knk ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS o ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ More boys/water
ER

15. Less de ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Less water

16. Many dbZ ¼ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS½ Many boys
17. Much T+;knk ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk gS½ Much water
PP

18. 1,2,3,4,5 etc ,d] nks] rhu] pkj] ik¡p vkfnA 2 friends/ 2 laptops/ 50 people etc
TO

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir

95
Lesson – 16
Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½
“ljy okD; mUgsa dgrs gSa ftuesa ;k rks fØ;k gksrh gh ugha vkSj vxj gksrh Hkh gS rks Subject ml fØ;k
dks ugha djrkA”
“Simple Sentences are those in which either there is no action (verb) at all or even if there
is an action, Subject doesn‟t perform that action.”

vxj ge dgsa fd “jke vPNk yM+dk gSA” Subject gS jkeA D;k jke dksbZ dke dj jgk gS? ughaA jke ds
ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd oks vPNk yM+dk gS blfy, ;s ,d Simple Sentence gSA blesa dksbZ

OM
fØ;k ugha gSA vkb,] vc nwljk okD; ns[krs gSa Þfdrkc Vscy ij j[kh gqbZ gSÞA bl okD; esa Subject gS
fdrkc vkSj Þj[kukÞ ,d fØ;k gSA Hkys gh bl okD; esa fØ;k gS ij D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS?
ugha D;ksafd fdrkc rks [kqn j[kh gqbZ gS] oks dksbZ dke ugha dj ldrh blfy, ;s Hkh ,d Simple
Sentence gSA ,d vkSj okD; nsf[k,& Þjke fdrkc i<+ jgk gSAÞ bl okD; esa Subject gS jke vkSj Þi<+ukÞ
,d fØ;k gSA D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS? gk¡] i<+us dk dke jke gh rks dj jgk gS tks fd bl

.C
okD; dk Subject gSA ;kfu ;s Simple Sentence ugha gSA ;s rks ,d Tense Sentence gS tks fd
vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVj esa i<+ax
s sA NT
If we say „Ram is a good boy‟. Subject is Ram. Is Ram doing something? No, subject is
performing no action, means there is no verb, hence it‟s a simple sentence. Let‟s see
another example „Book is kept on the table‟. Subject is „book‟ & verb is to „keep‟. Is
OI
subject doing something? No. Book itself is kept, hence it can‟t perform an action. So this
is also a simple sentence. Let‟s see one more sentence – „Ram is reading the book‟. In
this sentence, Subject is „Ram‟ & verb is to „read‟. Since Ram is performing the action of
P

„reading‟, hence it‟s not a simple sentence. It‟s actually a tense, which you will be taught
ER

in later respective lesson.

vkWfM;ks ySDpj Hkh /;kuiwoZd lqfu, rkfd csgrj le÷k ldsAa

dqN mnkgj.k (Few examples):

PP

D;k okD; esa

okD; dksbZ fØ;k gS\ Li"Vhdj.k
Subject
TO

Sentence Is there a Explanation

verb?
lanhi ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA lanhi dksbZ fØ;k ugha dj
fØ;k ugha gSA jgkA
lanhi esjk HkkbZ gSA lanhi
No verb Only been told about Sandeep, he is
performing no task (verb).
fØ;k ugha gSA Subject gS ÞrqeÞ ij Subject dksbZ dke ugha dj jgkA
rqe esjs dkSu gks \ rqe
No verb
fØ;k ugha gSA mlds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd mlds ikl iSu gSA oks dksbZ
mlds ikl iSu gSA oks dke ugha dj jgk gSA
No verb

96
 cPps vPNs FksA cPps fØ;k ugha gSA cPpksa ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k gSA cPps dksbZ dke ugha dj jgsA
fØ;k gS & lksuk fØ;k rks gS ij D;k Subject fØ;k dks dj jgk gS \ ugha
jke lks;k gqvk gSA jke Verb is there D;ksfa d oks rks [kqn gh lks;k gqvk gS] oks dke ugha dj jgkA
- Sleep
esjs ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA eSa dksbZ dke ugha dj jgkA
fØ;k ugha gSA Only been told about me, I am performing
esjs nks HkkbZ FksA eSa
No verb no task(verb).

fØ;k ugha gSA veu ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA veu dksbZ dke ugha dj
veu ?kj ij gksxkA veu jgkA
No verb

OM
Simple Sentences rhu rjg ds gksrs gSa& (Simple Sentences are of three types):

1. Simple Present – bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gks] g¡w dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
2. Simple Past – bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

.C
3. Simple Future – bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Simple Present
NT
Category I : Helping Verb – Is/Am/Are

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gks] gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
OI
Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk & Is
I (First Person Singular Subject) ds lkFk & Am
P

ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk & Are

¼vxj First Person, Second Person ;k Third Person ds Singular-Plural dkWUlsIV esa dksbZ fnDdr gks rks
ER

Lesson-2 nksckjk if<+,A½

Hindi
PP

English Sentence Comment

Sentence
jke ,d vPNk Subject (Ram) „Third Person Singular‟ gS blfy, is
yM+dk gSA Ram is a good boy.
dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
TO

Subject (People) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy,

Ykksx ikxy gSaA People are mad.
are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
ge yksx rqEgkjs We people are Subject (We People) „First Person Plural‟ gS blfy,
lkFk gSaA with you. are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (All) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy, are dk
lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA All are my dear.
iz;ksx gqvk gSA
eSa rqEgkjs fy, “I” First Person Singular subject gS blfy, blds lkFk
vPNk gw¡A I am good for you.
“am” dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

97
 pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2 mnkgj.k 3

(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2 Example-3
yksx ikxy gSaA
Affirmative jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk gw¡ A
People are
¼ldkjkRed½ Ram is a good boy. I am good for you.
mad.
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA yksx ikxy ugha gSaA
Negative eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha gw¡ A
Ram is not a good People are not
¼udkjkRed½ I am not good for you.
boy. mad.
D;k yksx ikxy gSa \
Interrogative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\ D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk gw¡wWa\
Are People
¼iz‛uokpd½ Is Ram a good boy? Am I good for you ?

OM
mad?
D;k yksx ikxy ugha
Negative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha gSa \
Interrogative ugha gS\ gw¡\
Are People not
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ Is Ram not a good boy? Am I not good for you ?
mad?

.C
vxj okD; esa dksbZ WH family gS tSls & dSls (How), D;ksa (Why), dc (When) dgk¡ (Where) vkfn rks oks
Interrogative Sentences ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxsxh vkSj mlds rqjar ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
NT
Hindi Sentence English Sentence
eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa gw¡ \ Why am I good for You?
Ykksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \ Why are people so?
OI
cPps fdlds lkFk gSa \ With whom are children?

Helping Verb – Has/Have

P

Category II :
ER

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl gS ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nksLr vkfn gSa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk & Has

ckdh Subjects ds lkFk & Have
PP

Hindi English
Explanation
Sentence Sentence
iwtk ds ikl ,d Subject (Pooja) „Third Person Singular Subject‟
TO

Pooja has a book.

fdrkc gSA gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (I) „First Person Singular Subject‟ gS
esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA I have two brothers.
blfy, have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Kuldeep has one Subject (Kuldeep) „Third Person Singular
dqYnhi dk ,d HkkbZ gSA
brother. Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
esjh lkl ds nks HkkbZ My mother in law Subject (My mother in law) „Third Person
gSaA has two brothers. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
esjs ikik ds 5 HkkbZ gSaA My father has five Subject (My father) „Third Person Singular
brothers. Subject‟gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

98
 Negative Sentences : Doesn‟t have/Don‟t have ¼ikl ugha gS½

„Third Person Singular Subject‟ ds lkFk - Doesn‟t have dk iz;ksx

ckdh Subjects ds lkFk - Don‟t have dk iz;ksx

Hindi Sentence English Sentence Explanation

Subject (Ram) „Third Person
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA Ram doesn‟t have a book. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (I) „First Person Singular
esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gSaA I don‟t have two brothers. Subject‟ gS blfy, don‟t have dk iz;ksx
gqvk gSA

OM
Subject (He/She) „Third Person
He/She doesn‟t have three
mldh rhu cgusa ugha gSaA Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
sisters.
have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

.C
pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1

NT mnkgj.k 2
(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
jke ds ikl fdrkc gSA esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
Ram has a book. I have two brothers.
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gaSA
OI
Negative ¼udkjkRed½
Ram doesn‟t have a book. I don‟t have two brothers.
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc gS \ D;k esjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½
Does Ram have a book ? Do I have two brothers?
P

Negative Interrogative D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gS \ D;k esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gaS \
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ Does Ram not have a book ? Do I not have two brothers?
ER

jke ds ikl fdrkc D;ksa ugha gS \ esjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \

With „Wh‟ family Why does Ram not have a How many brothers do I
book ? have?
PP

Simple Past

Category I : Helping Verb – Was/Were

TO

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Singular Subject ds lkFk & Was Plural Subject ds lkFk & Were

Hindi Sentence English Sentence Explanation

jke ,d vPNk yM+dk Subject (Ram) „Singular Subject‟ gS blfy,
FkkA Ram was a good boy.
was dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
lc ikxy Fks A All were mad.
were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

99
 eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk Fkk A I was always with „I‟s ,d „Singular subject‟ gS blfy, was dk
you. iz;ksx gqvk gSA
All were my Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
lHkh esjs nq‛eu FksA
enemies. were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2

(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk FkkA eSa rqEgkjk nksLr FkkA
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
Ram was a good boy. I was your friend.
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha FkkA eSa rqEgkjk nksLr ugha FkkA
Negative ¼udkjkRed½

OM
Ram was not a good boy. I was not your friend.
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk Fkk \ D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr Fkk \
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½
Was Ram a good boy ? Was I your friend ?
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha Fkk \ D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr ugha Fkk \
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ Was Ram not a good boy ? Was I not your friend.

.C
dqN egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh & vxj okD; esa dksbZ WH family tSls & dSls (How), D;ksa (Why), dc (When)
NT
dgk¡ (Where) vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks Interrogative Sentence ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxrk gSA vkSj mlds rqjra
ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

OI
eSa rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa ugha Fkk \ Why was I not with You ?
Ykksx ogk¡ dc ls Fks \ From when were people there?
P

jke ?kj ij D;ksa ugha Fkk \ Why was Ram not at home?
rqe ml le; dgk¡ Fks \ Where were you that time?
ER

Category II : Helping Verb – Had

PP

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl Fkk ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nksLr vkfn Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Subject pkgs ‟Singular‟ gks ;k ‟Plural‟, ldkjkRed okD;ksa (Affirmative Sentences) esa „Had‟ dk gh iz;ksx
gksrk gS vkSj udkjkRed okD;ksa (Negative Sentences) esa „didn‟t have‟ dkA
TO

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

iq"dj vady ds ikl ,d fdrkc FkhsA Pushkar uncle had a book.
iadt ds nks HkkbZ ugha Fks A Pankaj didn‟t have two brothers.
esjs ikl dqN ugha FkkA I had nothing. / I didn‟t have anything.
lHkh yksxksa ds ikl ySiVkWi ugha FksA All the people didn‟t have laptops.

100
 pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2

(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
jke ds ikl ,d fdrkc FkhA esjs nks HkkbZ FksA
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
Ram had a book. I had two brothers.
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha FkhA esjs nks HkkbZ ugha FksA
Negative ¼udkjkRed½
Ram didn‟t have a book. I didn‟t have two brothers.
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc Fkh \ D;k esjs nks HkkbZ Fks \
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½
Did Ram have a book ? Did I have two brothers?
D;k esjs nks HkkbZ ugha Fks \
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha Fkh \
Did I not have two

OM
¼udkjkRed] iz‛uokpd½ Did Ram not have a book ?
brothers?
jke ds ikl fdrkc D;ksa ugha Fkh \ esjs fdrus HkkbZ Fks\
With „Wh‟ family Why Did Ram not have a How many brothers did I
book ? have?

.C
Simple Future

Category I : Helping Verb – Will be

NT
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
OI
Singular vkSj Plural Subject ds lkFk & will be
P

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

ER

ikik vkWfQl esa gksx

a sA Dad will be in office.
jke ogk¡ ugha gksxk A Ram will not be there.
D;k ogk¡ dksbZ gksxk \ Will someone be there?
PP

oks lc eEeh ds lkFk gksaxsA They all will be with mom.

TO

Category II : Helping Verb – Will have

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Singular vkSj Plural Subject ds lkFk & will have

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

ikik ds ikl eksckbZy gksxkA Dad will have a mobile.
jke ds ikl dqRrk ugha gksxk A Ram will not have a dog.

101
 D;k mlds ikl dqN gksxk \ Will he have something?
D;k ml yM+dh ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gksxh \ Will that girl not have books?

1. Negative Interrogative okD;ksa esa ‟Not‟ dk iz;ksx ges‛kk Subject ds ckn gksrk gSA
2. vxj okD; ds ‚kq#vkr ;k vkf[kj esa *D;k* vk;s rks ‚kq#vkr esa flQZ helping verb yxsxhA
vxj okD; ds chp esa *D;k* vk;s rks „what‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA
vxj fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ Hkh iz‛u gks ;k vkidks dksbZ Hkh lansg gks rks csf÷k÷kd
www.englishwale.com ij ykWx vkWu dfj,A LVwMSUV gSYiMSLd esa bafXy‛k Lihfdax Qksje esa viuk

OM
iz‛u jf[k,A vki gesa viuh leL;k esy ij Hkh Hkst ldrs gSa] gekjk bZ esy vkbZ Mh gS &
[email protected].
If you face any problems understanding anything at all or you have any
doubt or clarification needed, kindly logon to www.englishwale.com and
place your query/doubt in English Speaking Forum of our Student

.C
Helpdesk. You can also mail us your query/doubt on
[email protected].
NT
P OI
ER

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
PP

English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
TO

Aditya Sir

102
 Simple Sentences- Practice Exercise
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1- D;k jke vPNk gS \ 51- rqEgkjs ikl fdruk iSlk gS \
2- cPps fdlds lkFk gSa \ 52- fdl ‚kgj esa gks rqe bl oDr \
3- rqe vPNs gks A 53- eSa ft+Unk gw¡ flQZ rqEgkjs fy,A
4- ikik jkgqy ds lkFk Fks A 54- jke dgha [kks;k gqvk FkkA
5- cPpk esjs vkxs FkkA 55- eSa rqEgkjs liuksa esa [kks;k gqvk gw¡A
6- ;s mldk nksLr ugha gSA 56- eksckby Vscy ij j[kk gqvk gSA
7- ;s yM+dk dgk¡ ij Fkk\ 57- eSa Mjk gqvk FkkA
8- eSa jke dh otg ls ;gk¡ gw¡ A 58- fdrus cPps bl le; ;gk¡ gSa \
9- mlds ikl iSu FkkA 59- jke 2 cts txk gqvk FkkA
10- rqEgkjs ikl D;k gS \ 60- mlds ikik fi;s gq, FksA

OM
11- eEeh ds ikl iSls ugha gaSA 61- rqe esjs djhch nksLr gksA
12- jkgqy fdldk HkkbZ gS \ 62- ;s fy[kk gqvk FkkA
13- ;s vkneh fdl yM+dh dk ikik gS\ 63- ;s xhrk esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
14- oks ?kj fdldk gS \ 64- fHk[kkjh ds diM+s QVs gq, FksA
15- eSa rqels yEck gw¡ A 65- D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN Fkk\
16- rqe fdl ‚kgj ls gks \ 66- gekjs ikl dqN gSA

.C
17- rqe fdl ‚kgj esa gks \ 67- eSa fdlds fy, ogk¡ Fkk \
18- D;k rqEgkjs ikl gS \ 68- oks rqEgkjs fy, :dk gqvk gSA
19-
20-
21-
Dlk rqEgkjs ikl eksckby gSA
eSa dkSu gw¡ \
D;k gS oks \
NT 69- rqe ?kj ds vUnj Fks A
70- jke esjs cxy esa [kM+k gSA
71- f‛ko dh iwtk ;gk¡ izfl) gSA
22- Eksjs ihNs dkSu [kMk Fkk \ 72- gekjh [okfg‛ksa bruh D;ksa gS \
23- eSa Dykl esa cSBk gw¡A 73- rqe ,sls D;ksa gks \
OI
24- mlds HkkbZ fdrus cM+s gSa \ 74- iSls fdlds ikl gSa \
25- rqe esjs lcls NksVs HkkbZ gks A 75- D;k rqEgkjs ikl fnekx ugha gS \
26- ;s esjk I;kj gS rqEgkjs fy,A 76- ;s VwVk gqvk fny esjk gSA
27- D;k gS mldk uke \ 77- mlds fdrus yM+ds gSa \
P

28- ;s dgkuh fdlh vkSj dh gSA 78- vki eq>ls T+;knk cqjs gSaA
29- oks Fkdh gqbZ FkhA 79- D;k jke eq>ls T+;knk vPNk gS \
ER

30- jke lks;k gqvk gSA 80- eq>s rqels I;kj gSA
31- ge cSBs gq, Fks \ 81- brus lkjs iSls rqEgkjs ikl dSls gSa \
32- rqe [kM+s D;ksa gks \ 82- fj‛rs [kwclwjr gksrs gSaA
33- ml Vscy ij D;k gS \ 83- ;s dksbZ vkSj gSA
PP

34- rqe fnYyh ds vkl ikl gksA 84- ;s dqN vkSj gSA
35- eSa bl QksVks esa ugha gw¡A 85- rqEgkjk iSu dkSu lk okyk gS \
36- oks dc ls vkWfQl esa gS \ 86- iSu fdldk gS \
37- rqe dc rd vkWfQl es Fks \ 87- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu gS \
TO

38- esjs iSj esa D;k gS \ 88- iSls fdlds ikl ugha gaS \
39- mlds ikl dqN ugha gSA 89- rqe fdl ckr ds fy, nq[kh gks \
40- esjs ikl dqN QVs gq, diM+s gSaA 90- jke dc rd bl txg esa Fkk \
41- jke isM+ ds ihNs fNik gqvk FkkA 91- eSa rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk A
42- ;s cPps esjs gSaA 92- eSa Bhd rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk A
43- ;s rqEgkjk ugha gSA 93- fdl yM+dh ds ikik ogk¡ [kM+s Fks \
44- ;s esjh fcYyh gSA 94- eSa fxVkj ds fy, ikxy gw¡ A
45- ;s fcYyh esjh gSA 95- ogk¡ fdrus yksx gSa \
46- ;s jke dh fdrkc gSA 96- iSu dgk¡ j[kk gqvk gS A
47- ;s fdrkc jke dh gSA 97- le; D;k gqvk gS \
48- ge rqEgkjs gSaA 98- rqe nksuksa lcls vPNs gks A
49- eSa gj iy rqEgkjs lkFk FkkA 99- ge lc rqEgkjs lkFk gSaA
50- xkM+h esa fdruk isVªksy gS \ 100- eSa rqEgkjk dkSu gw¡ \
103
 Answers
1. Is Ram good? 52. In which city are you at this time?
2. With whom are children? 53. I am alive only for you.
3. You are good. 54. Ram was lost somewhere.
4. Papa was with Rahul. 55. I am lost in your dreams.
5. Child was ahead of me. 56. Mobile is kept on the table.
6. This/he is his friend. 57. I was scared. / I was horrified. / I was terrified.
7. Where was this boy? / I was afraid.
8. I am here because of Ram. 58. How many children are here at this time?
9. He had a pen. 59. Ram was awake at 2.
10. What do you have? 60. His father was drunk.
11. Mom doesn‟t have money. 61. You are my close friend.
12. Whose brother is Rahul? 62. It is written.

OM
13. Which girl‟s father is this man? 63. It is written in Geeta.
14. Whose is that house/home? 64. Beggar‟s clothes were torn.
15. I am taller than you. 65. Did you have something?
16. From which city are you? 66. We have something.
17. In which city are you? 67. For whom was I there?

.C
18. Do you have? 68. He is stopped for you.
19. Do you have a mobile? 69. You were inside the home.
20. Who am I? 70. Ram is standing beside me.
21. What is that?
22. Who was standing behind me?
23. I am sitting in the class.
NT 71. Worship of Lord Shiva is famous here.
72. Why are our desires these many?
73. Why are you so?
24. How old are his brothers? 74. Who has money?
25. You are my youngest brother. 75. Do you not have mind/brain?
OI
26. This is my love for you. 76. This broken heart is mine.
27. What is his name? 77. How many sons does he have?
28. This story is someone else‟s. 78. You are worse than I.
P

29. She was tired. 79. Is Ram better than I?

30. Ram is asleep. 80. I am in love with you. / I love you.
ER

31. We were sitting. 81. How do you have this much money?
32. Why are you standing? 82. Relations are beautiful.
33. What is there on that table? 83. This is someone else.
34. You are near about Delhi. 84. This is something else.
PP

35. I am not there in this photograph. 85. Which one is your pen?
36. Since when is he in the office? 86. Whose is the pen?
37. Until when were you in the office? 87. Who is behind you?
38. What is there in my leg? 88. Who doesn‟t have money?
39. He doesn‟t have anything. / He has nothing. 89. For what are you unhappy / sad?
TO

40. I have some torn clothes. 90. Until when was Ram in this place?
41. Ram was hidden behind the tree. 91. I was standing in front of you.
42. These children are mine. 92. I was standing just in front of you.
43. This is not yours. 93. Which girl‟s father was standing there?
44. This / She is my cat. 94. I am crazy for guitar.
45. This cat is mine. 95. How many people are there?
46. This is Ram‟s book. 96. Where is the pen kept?
47. This book is Ram‟s. /This book is of Ram. 97. What is the time?
48. We are yours. 98. You both are the best.
49. I was there with you at every moment. 99. We all are with you.
50. How much petrol is there in the car? 100. Who am I to you?
51. How much money do you have?
104
 Simple Sentences- Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 20 x 1 = 20

1- eSa rqEgkjk lcls cM+k HkkbZ gw¡A 11- oks vkneh ,d vPNk bUlku ugha gSA
2- D;k rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks \ 12- D;k jke ds ikl iSu ugha gS \
3- jke esjs lkFk ges‛kk FkkA 13- rqEgkjs ikl fnekx D;ksa ugha gS \
4- D;k rqEgkjs nl HkkbZ ugha gSa \ 14- lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA
5- jkds'k ds dbZ nksLr gSaA 15- eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa ugha gw¡ \
6- esjs ikl 4 eksckbZy ugha FksA 16- rqe gj fdlh ds fy, vPNs FksA

OM
7- os yksx gekjs lkFk gSaA 17- D;k rqEgkjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
8- ge lc rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds ikl gh gSaA 18- D;k gekjs ikl iSls Fks \
9- eSa vius ikik dk lcls cM+k yM+dk gw¡A 19- Okks cPpk mudk lcls NksVk yM+dk gSA
10- lHkh yksxksa ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gSaA 20- esjs ikik MkDVj gSaA

.C
Q2: Which 9 out of the following are singulars? ¼fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls 9 ,dopu gSa½ 9x1=9
NT
Ram, People, She, I, We, You, These, That, This, Those, It, He, Man, Women, They, Blood

Q3: Which 6 out of the following are Plurals? ¼fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls 6 cgqopu gSa½ 6x1 =6
OI
Ram & Shyam, People, I, We, You, These, That, This, Those, It, He, Woman, Sky
P

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

ER

1. Living is not enough, what matters is how you live.

thuk dkQh ugha gS] ek;us ;s j[krk gS fd vki thrs dSls gSaA

2. When you make a decision, the universe conspires to make it happen. (Ralph
PP

Waldo Emerson)
tc vki dksbZ QSlyk dj ysa] rks czgekaM mls iwjk djus dh lkft‛k djus yxrk gSA ¼jSYQ okWYMks belZu½

3. If we are not the part of solution, then we are the problem. (Shiv Khera)
TO

vxj ge gy dk fgLlk ugha gSa] rks ge gh leL;k gSaA ¼f‛ko [ksjk½

4. Inspiration is thinking whereas motivation is action. (Shiv Khera)

fdlh ls izHkkfor gksuk ,d lksp gS tcfd izsj.kk ysuk ,d dk;ZokghA ¼f‛ko [ksjk½

5. The two most important days in your life are the day you are born and the day you
find out why. (Mark Twain)
vkidh ft+Unxh ds nks fnu lcls egRoiw.kZ gSa] ,d rc tc vkidk tUe gqvk vkSj nwljk rc tc vkius ;s tku fy;k
fd vkidk tUe D;ksa gqvkA ¼ekdZ osu½

105
 Answers

Q1:
1- eSa rqEgkjk lcls cM+k HkkbZ gw¡A I am your eldest brother.
2- D;k rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks \ Are you not my friend?
3- jke esjs lkFk ges‛kk FkkA Ram was always with me.
4- D;k rqEgkjs nl HkkbZ ugha gSa \ Do you not have 10 brothers?
5- jkds'k ds dbZ nksLr gSaA Rakesh has many friends.
6- esjs ikl 4 eksckbZy ugha FksA I didn‟t have 4 mobiles.
7- os yksx gekjs lkFk gSaA They people are with us.
8- ge lc rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds ikl gh gSaA We all are with your brother only.

OM
9- eSa vius ikik dk lcls cM+k yM+dk g¡w A I am the eldest son of my father.
10- lHkh yksxksa ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gSaA All the people don‟t have books.
11- oks vkneh ,d vPNk bUlku ugha gSA That man is not a good person/human.
12- D;k jke ds ikl iSu ugha gS \ Does Ram not have a pen?

.C
13- rqEgkjs ikl fnekx D;ksa ugha gS \ Why do you not have mind/brain?
14- lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA NT All are my dear.
15- eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa ugha g¡w \ Why am I not good for you?
16- rqe gj fdlh ds fy, vPNs FksA You were good for all.
17- D;k rqEgkjs nks HkkbZ gSa \ Do you have two brothers?
OI
18- D;k gekjs ikl iSls Fks \ Did we have money?
19- Okks cPpk mudk lcls NksVk yM+dk gSA That boy is their youngest son.
20- esjs ikik MkDVj gSaA My father is a doctor.
P
ER

Q2: Singulars:
Ram, She, I, That, This, It, He, Man, Blood

Q3: Plurals:
PP

Ram & Shyam, People, We, You, These, Those

TO

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Start where you are today. Use what you have today. Do what you can today.
‚kq#vkr djks vkt tgk¡ vki gksA gj ml pht+ dk iz;ksx djks tks vkt vkids ikl gSA vkSj djks tks vkt vki dj
ldrs gksA

2. A man is great by deeds, not by birth. (Chanakya)

O;fDr vius deksZa ls egku curk gS] tUe ls ughaA ¼pk.kD;½

106
 Test- II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: Marks -30

1- D;k rqe dksbZ vkSj gks \ 16- dksbZ jkgqy Dykl esa cSBk gqvk gSA
2- eSa fdlh dk Hkh nksLr ugha gw¡A 17- ftl fdlh ds Hkh lkFk oks gS] Hkxoku mls vk‛khZokn nsA
3- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \ 18- mlds diM+s QVs gq, Fks ‚kk;nA
4- mlds lkspus dk rjhdk eq>ls FkksM+k vyx gSA 19- D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN gS \
5- jke lcls cqjk bUlku gSA 20- jkuh mudh lcls NksVh csVh gSA
6- os yksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \ 21- tkuoj I;kj ds Hkw[ks gksrs gSaA
7- gekjh otg ls mlds ikl vkt dqN Hkh ugha gSA 22- esjs pyus dk rjhdk dSlk gS \
8- D;k rqe lcls cM+s HkkbZ gks \ 23- fdl cPps dk ikl esjk iSu gS \
9- esjh gFksyh ij dqN j[kk gqvk Fkk] D;k Fkk oks \ 24- ogk¡ fdrus cPps cSBs gSa \

OM
10- oks fdlds lkFk ogk¡ x;k vkSj D;ksa \ 25- tks dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ gS] esjk nksLr gSA
11- D;k iSls ugha Fks mlds ikl \ 26- tks dksbZ Hkh ogk¡ gS] esjk nq‛eu gSA
12- tgkW dgha Hkh rqe gks] [kq‛k jgksA 27- esjs cxy esa flQZ nks cPps FksA
13- ftUnxh dksbZ et+kd gS D;k \ 28- mlds [kkus dk rjhdk Bhd ugha gSA
14- esjs ikl lcls de ikuh gSA 29- uk‛rs esa vkt D;k gS \

.C
15- dksbZ fe0 jke ckgj [kM+s gSa \ 30- esjs fny esa D;k gS \

Q2: Translate the following sentences into Hindi:

NT Marks -20

1. Why are your friends not here? 11. Relation of a mom with her children is
2. For what are you here? unique.
OI
3. Which one is mine? 12. Nothing is impossible in this world.
4. Mine are three brothers. 13. Government‟s endeavor for poor‟s uplift is
5. His is this book. praiseworthy.
P

6. They were better than me. 14. Are you trustworthy?

7. Am I no one to you? 15. Such people are not trustworthy.
8. Seeta is a friend of mine. 16. Life is beautiful for those, who are happy.
ER

9. How much petrol do you have at this 17. I don‟t have any friend in this locality.
moment? 18. Glasses are half empty.
10. I am your better than the best friend. 19. Dictionary is good source of words.
20. Today‟s life is very hectic.
PP

Answers
Q1:
TO

1- D;k rqe dksbZ vkSj gks \ Are you someone else?

2- eSa fdlh dk Hkh nksLr ugha gw¡A I am not anybody‟s friend.
3- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \ How many brothers do you have?
4- mlds lkspus dk rjhdk eq>ls FkksM+k vyx gSA His way of thinking is a bit different than that of mine.
5- jke lcls cqjk bUlku gSA Ram is the worst person.
6- os yksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \ Why are they people so?
7- gekjh otg ls mlds ikl vkt dqN Hkh ugha gSA He has nothing today because of us.
8- D;k rqe lcls cM+s HkkbZ gks \ Are you the eldest brother?
9- esjh gFksyh ij dqN Fkk] D;k Fkk oks \ There was something in my palm, what was that?
10- oks fdlds lkFk ogk¡ x;k vkSj D;ksa \ With whom did he go there and why?
11- D;k iSls ugha Fks mlds ikl \ Did he not have money?

107
 12- tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe gks] [kq‛k jgksA Wherever you are, be happy.
13- ft+Unxh dksbZ et+kd gS D;k \ Is life a joke?
14- esjs ikl lcls de ikuh gSA I have the least water.
15- dksbZ fe0 jke ckgj [kM+s gSaA A/Some Mr. Ram is standing outside.
16- dksbZ jkgqy Dykl esa cSBk gqvk gSA A/Some Rahul is sitting in the class.
17- ftl fdlh ds Hkh lkFk oks gS] Hkxoku mls vk‛khZokn ns! With whoever he is, may God bless him!
18- mlds diM+s QVs gq, Fks ‚kk;nA Perhaps his clothes were torn.
19- D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN gS \ Do you have something?
20- jkuh mudh lcls NksVh csVh gSA Rani is their youngest daughter.
21- tkuoj I;kj ds Hkw[ks gksrs gSaA Animals are hungry for love. / Animals need love.
22- esjs pyus dk rjhdk dSlk gS \ How is my way of walking?
23- fdl cPps dk ikl esjk iSu gS \ Which kid has my pen?

OM
24- ogk¡ fdrus cPps cSBs gSa \ How many children are sitting there?
25- tks dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ gS] esjk nksLr gSA Whoever is here, is my friend.
26- tks dksbZ Hkh ogk¡ gS] esjk nq‛eu gSA Whoever is there, is my enemy.
27- esjs cxy esa flQZ nks cPps FksA There were only two children beside me.

.C
28- mlds [kkus dk rjhdk Bhd ugha gSA His way of eating is not good.
29- uk‛rs esa vkt D;k gS \ What is there in breakfast today?
30- esjs fny esa D;k gS \ What is there in my heart?
NT
Q2:
1. Why are your friends not here? rqEgkjs nksLr ;gk¡ D;ksa ugha gSa \
2. For what are you here? rqe ;gk¡ fdlfy, gks \
OI
3. Which one is mine? dkSu lk okyk esjk gS \
4. Mine are three brothers. esjs rhu HkkbZ gSaA
5. His is this book. mldh gS ;s fdrkcA
P

6. They were better than I. os eq>ls csgrj FksA

7. Am I no one to you? D;k eSa rqEgkjk dksbZ ugha gw¡ \
ER

8. Seeta is a friend of mine. lhrk esjh nksLr gSA

9. How much petrol do you have at this moment? rqEgkjs ikl bl oDr fdruk isVªksy gS \
10. I am your better than the best friend. eSa rqEgkjk lcls vPNs ls Hkh vPNk nksLr gw¡A
11. Relation of a mom with her child is unique.vius cPps ds lkFk ,d ek¡ dk fj‛rk vuks[kk gksrk gSA
PP

12. Nothing is impossible in this world. bl nqfu;k esa dqN Hkh vlEHko ugha gSA
13. Government‟s endeavor is praiseworthy. ljdkj dk iz;kl iz‛kalk ;ksX; gSA
14. Are you trustworthy? D;k rqe Hkjksls ds yk;d gks \
TO

15. Such people are not trustworthy. ,sls yksx Hkjksls yk;d ugha gksrsA
16. Life is beautiful for those, who are happy. ft+Unxh mu yksxksa ds fy, [kwclwjr gksrh gS] tks [kq‛k gSaA
17. I don‟t have any friend in this locality. bl txg esjk dksbZ nksLr ugha gSA
18. Glasses are half empty. fxykl vk/ks [kkyh gSaA
19. Dictionary is good source of words. fMD‛kujh ‚kCnksa dk vPNk lzksr gSA
20. Today‟s life is very hectic. vktdy dh ft+Unxh cgqr O;Lr gSA

108
 Test – III

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 44 x 1 = 44

1. Am I your friend? 23. His behavior was pretty awkward there.

2. Who is this boy? 24. Her father‟s name is Mr. R K Sharma.
3. Whose book is that? 25. I am a nice boy.
4. They are my friends. 26. His way of thinking is different altogether.
5. Until when were you in office? 27. In which home was he?
6. A book is lying on the bed. 28. Was he awake that time?
7. These are not pencils. 29. Mansi and Paras are good students.
8. Who has money? 30. This is not a laptop.

OM
9. Since when are you at home? 31. Who was that boy to Ram?
10. He is someone else‟s father. 32. Death is a bitter truth of life.
11. You are no one to me. 33. Road is bent ahead.
12. Those boys were not with me. 34. I have six books.
13. I didn‟t have a pen. 35. I don‟t have 15 pencils.
14. Who didn‟t have pen?

.C
36. How many books do you have?
15. He is with someone else. 37. Here is a book.
16. Are chairs of white color? 38. What are these people to you?
17. Are they your relatives?
18. This is a sweet dog.
19. That is a mobile phone.
NT 39. There are a few notebooks.
40. His uncle is very nice.
41. I am your best friend.
20. Mine are two children. / I have two children. 42. The condition of my rattraps is pathetic.
21. What is he to you? 43. My dad is a nice man.
OI
22. His heart is broken. 44. How many brothers does he have?

Answers
P

1- D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gw¡ \ 23- mldk O;ogkj ogk¡ cgqr vthc FkkA
ER

2- ;s yM+dk dkSu gS \ 24- mlds ikik dk uke fe0 vkj ds 'kekZ gSA
3- oks fdldh fdrkc gS \ 25- eSa vPNk yM+dk gw¡A
4- os esjs nksLr gSaA 26- mlds lkspus dk rjhdk cgqr vyx gSA
5- rqe dc rd vkWfQl esa Fks \ 27- oks fdl ?kj esa Fkk \
6- ,d fdrkc fcLrj ij iM+h gqbZ gSA 28- D;k oks ml oDr mBk gqvk Fkk \
PP

7- ;s isfUlysa ugha gSaA 29- ekulh vkSj ikjl vPNs fo/kkFkhZ gSaA
8- iSls fdlds ikl gSa \ 30- ;s ysiVki ugha gSA
9- rqe ?kj ij dc ls gks \ 31- oks yM+dk jke dk dkSu Fkk \
10- oks fdlh vkSj ds ikik gSaA 32- eqR;Zq thou dk ,d dVq lR; gSA
TO

11- rqe esjs dksbZ ugha gksA 33- jksM vkxs ls eqM+h gqbZ gSA
12- oks yM+ds esjs lkFk ugha FksA 34- esjs ikl 6 fdrkcsa gSaA
13- esjs ikl iSu ugha FkkA 35- esjs ikl 15 iSfUlysa ugha gSaA
14- fdlds ikl iSu ugha Fkk \ 36- rqEgkjs ikl fdruh fdrkcsa gSa \
15- Oks fdlh vkSj ds lkFk gSaA 37- ;gk¡ ,d fdrkc gSA
16- D;k dqflZ;k¡ lQsn jax dh gSa \ 38- ;s yksx rqEgkjs D;k yxrs gSa \
17- D;k os vkids laca/kh gSa \ 39- ogk¡ dqN dkfi;k¡ gSaA
18- ;g ,d I;kjk dqRrk gSA 40- mlds vady cgqr vPNs gSaA
19- oks eksckby Qksu gSA 41- eSa rqEgkjk lcls vPNk nksLr gw¡A
20- esjs nks cPps gSaA 42- esjh pwgsnkfu;ksa dh gkyr cgqr £jkc gSA
21- oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \ / oks rqEgkjk D;k yxrk gS \ 43- esjs ikik ,d vPNs bUlku gSaA
22- mldk fny VwVk gqvk gSA 44- mlds fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
109
Lesson – 17
There ¼nsvj½
;s VkWfid cgqr gh vklku gS ij rc tc vki blds dkWUlSIV dks vPNh rjg le>sa A
This topic is pretty easy provided you go through its concept thoroughly.

;kn jgs] dqN Hkh vlEHko ugha vxj vki iwjh f‛kn~nr ls fdlh pht+ dks le÷kus dh Bku ysAa
Remember, nothing is impossible if you have a firm desire to learn something.

OM
Concept No. 1: Here ¼fgvj½ & ;gk¡
There ¼nsvj½ & ogk¡

1- ogk¡ ,d isM+ gSA There is a tree. / A tree is there.

2- ogk¡ dksbZ gSA There is someone./ Someone is there.

.C
3- ogk¡ eSa x;kA I went there. / There went I.
4- ogk¡ nks yM+fd;k¡ gSaA There are two girls. / Two girls are there.
5-
6-
;gk¡
;gk¡
dksbZ ugha gSA
fdlh dk iSu FkkA
NT
Here is no one. / No one is here.
Here was someone‟s pen. / Someone‟s pen was here.

Concept No. 2:
OI
ge Simple Sentences ds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa ftuesa rhu phtsa t+:j gksrh gSa & Subject, Object vkSj
Helping Verb ij vxj fdlh Simple Sentence esa Subject vkSj Object esa ls dksbZ ,d u gks] rks
P

vkidks mldh txg “There” dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA

We‟ve already learned that a simple sentence generally comprises; a subject, an
ER

object & a helping verb but in case, if either subject or object is missing then „there‟
is to be used in place.

vxj ge dgsa Þ,d jktk FkkAÞ

PP

bl okD; esa
Subject - ,d jktk & (A king)
TO

Object - dqN ugha gS & (Missing)

blfy, gesa Object dh txg ij There dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA

“A King was there.”

;gh ugha ge „Subject‟ dh txg ij „There‟ vkSj „Object‟ dh txg ij „Subject‟ fy[k ldrs gSaA
;kfu Subject vkSj Object dh txg ,d & nwljs ls cny ldrs gSaA

“There was a king.”

110
dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &
Let‟s see a few examples:

1- ,d uy gSA There is a tap. / A tap is there.

2- dksbZ gSA There is someone. / Someone is there.
3- ikuh ugha gSA There is no water. / Water is not there.
4- yM+dh ugha gSA There is no girl. / Girl is not there.
5- ,d cPpk FkkA There was a kid. / A kid was there.
6- dqN FkkA There was something. / Something was there.
7- I;kj ugha gSA There is no love. / No love is there.
8- D;k dqN Fkk \ Was there something? / Was Something there?
9- dkSu gS \ Who is there ?

OM
bu okD;ksa esa “There” dks Subject vkSj Object nksuksa :iksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
In these sentences, „There‟ can be used either as a „subject‟ or an „object‟.

.C
vc vxyh Practice Exercise ds t+fj, vkidks csgrj rjhds ls le> vk tk;sxkA
;kn j[ksa “Practice makes a man perfect”. NT
Now, only Practice can improve your understanding, which you will develop in next
practice Exercise. Not to forget “Practice makes a man perfect”.
OI
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
P

i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
ER

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir
PP

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Why to afraid of what‟ll happen in life. Even if nothing happens, experience will be gained.
TO

D;ksa Mjsa fd ft+Unxh esa D;k gksxkA dqN ugha Hkh gqvk rks de ls de rt+qckZ gksxkA

2. People say India is a country of thousand difficulties, but I am a firm believer that India is a
country of thousand opportunities.
yksx dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr gt+kjksa ijs‛kkfu;ksa dk ns‛k gS ysfdu esjk vVy fo‛okl gS fd Hkkjr gt+kjksa voljksa dk
ns‛k gSA

3. I will not say that I failed 1000 times, rather I would say, I know thousand ways which can cause
failure.
eSa ;s ugha dgw¡xk fd eSa gt+kj ckj vlQy gqvk] ctk; blds eSa ;s dg¡wxk fd eq÷ks gt+kj ,sls jkLrs irk gSa ftuesa
pydj vki lQy ugha gks ldrsA

111
 There- Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsAa fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- ,d uy FkkA 27- ,d isM+ gS] ftldk jax yky gSA

2- D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ ogk¡ Fkk \ 28- D;k rqEgkjs ikl iSu gS \
3- dksbZ gS D;k \ 29- ml dq¡, esa ikuh ugha FkkA
4- D;k vkids fny esa I;kj ugha gS \ 30- tc dHkh eSa ijs‛kkuh esa Fkk] rqe esjs lkFk FksA
5- Rkqe ogk¡ D;ksa fNis gq, gks \ 31- eSus tks dqN fd;k] ogha ij fd;kA
6- Tkaxy esa ,d jktk jgrk FkkA 32- mldh ft+Unxh esa [kq‛kh ugha gSA
7- ogk¡ dqN ugha FkkA 33- D;k ogk¡ dqN py jgk gS \

OM
8- ,d jktk ogk¡ x;kA 34- I;kj tSlh dksbZ pht+ ugha gksrhA
9- ogk¡ D;k gS \ 35- ,slk dksbZ ‚kCn ugha gksrkA
10- ml ‚kgj esa ,d ikdZ FkkA 36- ,slh dksbZ dgkuh ugha gSA
11- D;k rqEgkjs ikl iSls ugha gaS \ 37- ,slk dksbZ xk¡o ugha gSA

.C
12- Dykl esa 3 yM+fd;k¡ cSBh FkhaA 38- ,slk dksbZ ns‛k ugha gS] tgk¡ flQZ tkuoj jgrs gksaA
13- Eksjs ikik ogk¡ jgrs FksA 39- ,slk dksbZ eksckby ugha gS] ftls eSa Bhd ugha dj
14- Vscy ij iSu FkkA NT ldrkA
15- rfd;s ds uhps ,d i= gSA 40- D;k ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gS \
16- ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gksxkA 41- ,slk dksbZ vkneh ugha gksrk ftls pksV ugha yxrhA
17- rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds lkFk ,d vkneh [kM+k gSA 42- ogk¡ fdrus yksx gSa \
18- bl rjg ds dbZ Qwy gSAa 43- ogk¡ fdrus yksx Fks \
OI
19- ogk¡ ns[kus dks dqN ugha gSA 44- ogk¡ D;k gS \
20- D;k Dykl esa dksbZ ugha gS \ 45- rqe ogk¡ fdlds lkFk Fks \
21- [ksyus ds fy, yM+ds ugha gaSA 46- ml xk¡o esa fctyh ugha gSA
P

22- mlds cVq, esa iSls ugha gSaA 47- D;k rqEgkjs fnekx esa dqN gS \
23- bl dEiuh esa vkxs c<+us ds dbZ volj gSaA 48- D;k bl thou esa dsoy nq[k gS \
ER

24- tkus dh t+:jr ugha gSA 49- ogk¡ dkSu lc yksx gSa \
25- cxZj [kkus dh dksbZ t+:jr ughaA 50- D;k rqEgkjs ikik ogk¡ ugha Fks \
26- ,d lk¡i FkkA
PP

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Satisfaction lies in efforts, not only in attainment. Full efforts mean full
TO

victory.
larqf"V iz;klksa ls gksrh gS] dsoy izkfIr ls ughaA iwjk iz;kl eryc iwjh fot;A

2. My dad was a laborer. He could not fulfill most of my desires; hence I ascribe
him of my phenomenal success. Had he been able to provide me all what I
wanted, I could have never reached this altitude.
esjs firk ,d et+nwj FksA os esjh T+;knkrj [okfg‛kksa dks iwjk ugha dj ik;s] ‚kk;n blhfy, eSa viuh vlk/kkj.k
lQyrk dk Js; mUgsa nsrk gw¡A vxj oks eq÷ks gj oks pht+ ns ikrs ftldh eSaus [okfg‛k dh rks vkt eSa bl
Å¡pkbZ rd ugha igq¡p ikrkA

112
Answers
1) There was a tap. 26) There was a snake.
2) Was your brother there? 27) There is a tree, which is of red color.
3) Is there someone? 28) Is there a pen with you? / Do you have
4) Isn‟t there love in your heart? a pen?
5) Why are you hidden there? 29) There was no water in that well.
6) There lived a king in Jungle. 30) Whenever I was in trouble, you were
7) Nothing was there. there with me.
8) There went a king. / A king went there. 31) Whatever I did, I did there.
9) What is there? 32) There is no joy in his life.
10) There was a park in that city. 33) Is there something going on?

OM
11) Isn‟t there money with you? / Do you 34) There is nothing as such love.
not have money? 35) There is no word as such.
12) There were 3 girls sitting in the class. / 36) There is no such story.
3 girls were sitting in the class. 37) There is no such village.

.C
13) There lived my dad. / My dad lived 38) There is no country as such, where
there. there are only animals.
14) There was a pen on the table.
15) There is a letter beneath the pillow.
NT 39) There is no such a mobile, which I can‟t
repair.
16) There will be no one there. 40) Isn‟t there anyone?
17) There is a man standing with your 41) There is no such a man, who doesn‟t
OI
brother. get hurt.
18) There are so many such flowers. 42) How many guys are there?
19) There is nothing to see. 43) How many people were there?
P

20) Isn‟t there anyone in the class? 44) What is there?

21) There are no boys to play. 45) With whom were you there?
ER

22) There is no money in his wallet. 46) There is no electricity in that village.
23) There are numerous growth 47) Is there something in your mind?
opportunities in this company. 48) Is there only sorrow in this life?
PP

24) There is no need to go. 49) Who all people are there?
25) There is no need to eat burger. 50) Was your dad not there?

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

TO

1. Unless a man undertakes more than he possibly can, he will never do what he actually
can.
tc rd ,d bUlku mlls T+;knk djus dh dksf‛k‛k ugha djrk ftruk mls yxrk gS fd oks dj ldrk gS] rks oks dHkh mruk ugha
dj ik;sxk ftruk oks okLro esa dj ldrk gSA

2. Whose fingers you resorted to experience the world; never let their shoulders down.
ftudh m¡xyh idM+dj rqeus pyuk lh[kk] muds dU/kksa dks dHkh ÷kqdus er nsukA

3. Your existence is not what your name suggests but the identity that you earn in your
lifetime.
vkidk vfLrRo vkids uke ls ugha cfYd vkidh igpku ls gksrk gS tks vki vius thou esa vftZr djrs gksA

113
 There – Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. Were you there? 28. There is a boy with him, who is very thin.
2. Who is there at the door? 29. There is a girl in his class, for whom he is
3. There was a king. mad.
4. How much petrol is there in your car? 30. There is no friend of mine in this photograph.
5. Until when were you there in office? 31. Is there any friend of yours in this
6. There is a book on the bed. photograph?

OM
7. How many students were there in the class? 32. There are numerous hotels in Shimla.
8. Is there money in your pocket? 33. There is a beautiful lake in Mussorie.
9. No one is there. 34. There is a laptop on my bed.
10. There is a boy standing. 35. Is there a mobile on my table?
11. Is someone there? 36. There is no letter underneath the pillow.

.C
12. There were 29 people in total. 37. There is no one standing ahead of me.
13. Why were you there? 38. How many people are there next to you?
14. With whom is he there? NT 39. Ram is there in the car.
15. There was a lion in that forest. 40. There is a bridge over the Yamuna River.
16. There is a ghost, whose name is Rahul. 41. How many books are there in your bag?
17. When you were there, I was not there. 42. Nothing is there.
18. There were 15 students in that class. 43. Nobody is there in your room.
OI
19. There is a phone call for you. 44. Some people are there eating the food.
20. A friend of yours is there at the door. 45. My life is there in you. If you are not there,
21. There is no Rahul in my class. then nothing is there.
22. There are no pens in my bag. 46. I am always there with you.
P

23. How much is there in your pocket? 47. The condition is pathetic there.
24. How many stars are there in the sky? 48. My dad was never there.
ER

25. His dad is there with my dad. 49. Weather conditions were phenomenal there.
26. Her sister is there in Japan. 50. How many brothers of yours were standing
27. There is a tap in his kitchen, which is very there?
old.
PP

Answers
TO

1. Were you there? D;k rqe Fks \

2. Who is there at the door? njokts ij dkSu gS \
3. There was a king. ,d jktk FkkA @ogk¡ ,d jktk FkkA
4. How much petrol is there in your car? rqEgkjh dkj esa fdruk isVªksy gS \
5. Until when were you there in office? rqe vkWfQl esa dc rd Fks \
6. There is a book on the bed. fcLrj ij ,d fdrkc gSA
7. How many students were there in the class? Dykl esa fdrus cPps Fks \
8. Is there money in your pocket? D;k rqEgkjh tsc esa iSls gSa \
9. No one is there. ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gSA
10. There is a boy standing. ,d yM+dk [kM+k gSA@ ogk¡ ,d yM+dk [kM+k gSA
114
11. Is someone there? D;k dksbZ gS \
12. There were 29 people in total. dqy feykdj 29 yksx FksA
13. Why were you there? Rkqe ogk¡ D;ksa Fks \
14. With whom is he there? Okks ogk¡ fdlds lkFk gS \
15. There was a lion in that forest. ml taxy esa ,d ‚ksj FkkA
16. There is a ghost, whose name is Rahul. ogk¡ ,d Hkwr gS ftldk uke jkgqy gSA
17. When you were there, I was not there. tc rqe Fks] eSa ugha Fkk A
18. There were 15 students in that class. ml Dykl esa 15 cPps Fks A
19. There is a phone call for you. rqEgkjs fy, ,d Qksu dkWay gSA
20. A friend of yours is there at the door. rqEgkjk dksbZ nksLr njokts ij gSA
21. There is no Rahul in my class. esjh Dykl esa dksbZ jkgqy ugha gSA
22. There are no pens in my bag. esjs cSx esa iSu ugha gaSA

OM
23. How much is there in your pocket? rqEgkjh tsc esa fdruk gS \
24. How many stars are there in the sky? vkleku esa fdrus rkjs gaS \
25. His dad is there with my dad. mlds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk gSaA
26. Her sister is there in Japan. mldh cgu tkiku esa gSA

.C
27. There is a tap in his kitchen, which is very old. mlds fdpu esa ,d uy gS] tks cgqr iqjkuk gSA
28. There is a boy with him, who is very thin.mlds lkFk ,d yM+dk gS] tks cgqr iryk gSA
29. NT
There is a girl in his class,for whom he is mad.mldh Dykl esa ,d yM+dh gS] ftlds fy, oks ikxy gSA
30. There is no friend of mine in this photograph. bl QksVks esa esjk dksbZ nksLr ugha gSA
31. Is there any friend of yours in this photograph? D;k bl QksVks esa rqEgkjk dksbZ nksLr gS \
32. There are numerous hotels in Shimla. f‛keyk esa dbZ gksVy gSa \
33. There is a beautiful lake in Mussorie.
OI
elwjh esa ,d lqUnj >hy gSA
34. There is a laptop on my bed. esjs fcLrj ij ,d ysiVkWi gSA
35. Is there a mobile on my table? D;k esjh Vscy esa dksbZ eksckby gS \
P

36. There is no letter underneath the pillow. Rkfd, ds uhps dksbZ i= ugha gSA
37. There is no one standing ahead of me. esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha [kM+k A
ER

38. How many people are there next to you? rqEgkjs cxy esa fdrus yksx gaS \
39. Ram is there in the car. jke dkj esa gSA
40. There is a bridge over the Yamuna River.;equk unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA
41. How many books are there in your bag? rqEgkjs cSx esa fdruh fdrkcsa gSa \
PP

42. Nothing is there. ogk¡ dqN ugha gSA

43. Nobody is there in your room. rqEgkjs dejsa esa dksbZ ugha gSA
44. Some people are there eating the food. ogk¡ dqN yksx [kkuk [kk jgs gSaA
TO

45. My life is there in you. esjh ft+Unxh rqe esa gSA

46. I am always there with you. eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk gw¡ A
47. The condition is pathetic there. ogk¡ gkyr cgqr cqjh gSA
48. My dad was never there. esjs ikik ogk¡ dHkh ugha FksA
49. Weather conditions were phenomenal there. ekSle cM+k tcjnLr Fkk ogk¡A
50. How many brothers of yours were standing there? rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ ogk¡ [kM+s Fks \

115
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 45 x 1 = 45

1- ml ?kj esa ,d NksVk cPpk FkkA 24- jke vkSj ‚;ke ds chp esa dkSu gS \
2- ogk¡ dqN ugha Fkk ‚kk;n A 25- esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha gSA
3- ckYVh ds uhps dqN gSA 26- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu Fkk \
4- lHkh yksx ogk¡ gksaxs A 27- jke ds lkFk dkSu gS \
5- D;k esjk HkkbZ ogk¡ gksxk \ 28- ikik ds lkeus eEeh Fkh A
6- ogk¡ iguus dks dqN ugha gSA 29- esjs cxy esa dksbZ gS D;k \
7- dgus dh t+:jr ugha gSA 30- ,d vkneh [kM+k gSA
8- tc dHkh rqe Fks] jke ugha FkkA 31- dksbZ yM+dh gSA
9- mlds HkkbZ ds fny esa dksbZ ckr ugha gSA 32- dbZ ckrsa gSa tks eSa tkurk gw¡A

OM
10- ckr djus dh dksbZ t+:jr ugha gSA 33- I;kj esa nwfj;k¡ ugha gksrh A
11- ,slk dqN ugha gSA 34- nksLrh esa FkSaSDl ugha gksrk A
12- gekjs chp ,slk dqN ugha FkkA 35- gekjs chp dqN ugha gSA
13- fdrus yksx gSa \ 36- uy esa ikuh ugha gSA
14- dqN gS D;k \ 37- fny dks I;kj gSA
15- ml ?kj esa dqN gSA 38- rqEgkjs fny esa D;k gS \

.C
16- fdruk iSlk Fkk \ 39- dejs esa f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA
17- rqe fdlds lkFk Fks \ 40- iSu esa L;kgh ugha gSA
18-
19-
20-
bl fny esa D;k gS] dkSu tkurk gS \
,d jktk FkkA mldh rhu jkfu;k¡ Fkha A
njokts ij dkSu Fkk \
NT 41-
42-
43-
dkj esa isVªksy Fkk A
mlds fny esa cgqr nnZ gSA
mldh vkokt+ esa tknw gSA
21- ?kj esa fdrus yksx gSa \ 44- rqEgkjs xkus ds rjhds esa dqN rks ckr gSA
22- eu esa D;k gS rqEgkjs \ 45- dqN vkSj Hkh gSA
OI
23- dEI;wVj esa fdrus xse gaS \
P
ER

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. One may be wise to believe that I can fail thousand times but he would be a fool to
PP

believe that I‟ll not try again.

mls le÷knkj dg ldrs gSa ftls ;s fo‛okl gks fd eSa gt+kj ckj Qsy gks ldrk g¡w ij oks ew[kZ gksxk tks ;s lksps fd eSa
nksckjk iz;kl ugha d#¡xkA
TO

2. Every single time when I failed, I convinced myself just for one more try. I kept
doing it & eventually I won.
gj ,d ckj tc eSa gkjk] rks eSaus vius vki dks euk;k cl ,d ckj vkSjA eSaus gj ckj ,slk gh fd;k vkSj vkf[kjdkj eSa
thr x;kA

3. Never promise that you can‟t keep.

vxj vki fuHkk ugha ldrs rks oknk dHkh er djksA

4. Men are not those, who are made by circumstances but those, who change the
circumstances.
bUlku oks ugha ftUgsa gkykr cny nsrs gSa] bUlku rks oks gSa tks gkykr gh cny nsrs gSaA

116
 Answers
1- ml ?kj esa ,d NksVk cPpk FkkA There was a small kid in that home.
2- ogk¡ dqN ugha Fkk ‚kk;n A Perhaps/probably there was nothing.
3- ckYVh ds uhps dqN gSA There is something beneath the bucket.
4- lHkh yksx ogk¡ gksaxs A All the people will be there.
5- D;k esjk HkkbZ ogk¡ gksxk \ Will my brother be there?
6- ogk¡ iguus dks dqN ugha gSA There is nothing to wear.
7- dgus dh t+:jr ugha gSA There is no need to say.
8- tc dHkh rqe Fks] jke ugha FkkA Whenever you were there, Ram wasn‟t there.
9- mlds HkkbZ ds fny esa dksbZ ckr ugha gSA There is nothing in his brother‟s heart.
10- ckr djus dh dksbZ t+:jr ugha gSA There is no need to talk.
11- ,slk dqN ugha gSA There is nothing as such.

OM
12- gekjs chp ,slk dqN ugha FkkA There was nothing as such between us.
13- fdrus yksx gSa \ How many people are there?
14- dqN gS D;k \ Is there something? / Is something there?
15- ml ?kj esa dqN gSA There is something in that house.

.C
16- fdruk iSlk Fkk \ How much money was there?
17- rqe fdlds lkFk Fks \ With whom were you?
18- bl fny esa D;k gS] dkSu tkurk gS \ NTWhat‟s in this heart, who knows?
19- ,d jktk FkkA mldh rhu jkfu;k¡ Fkha A There was a king. He had three queens.
20- njokts ij dkSu Fkk \ Who was there at the door?
21- ?kj esa fdrus yksx gSa \ How many people are there at home?
What is there in your mind/heart?
OI
22- eu esa D;k gS rqEgkjs \
23- dEI;wVj esa fdrus xse gaS \ How many games are there in computer?
24- jke vkSj ‚;ke ds chp esa dkSu gS \ Who is there between Ram and Shyam?
Nobody is there ahead of me.
P

25- esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha gSA

26- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu Fkk \ Who was there behind you?
ER

27- jke ds lkFk dkSu gS \ Who is there with Ram?

28- ikik ds lkeus eEeh Fkh A There was mom in front of dad.
29- esjs cxy esa dksbZ gS D;k \ Is someone there beside me?
30- ,d vkneh [kM+k gSA There is a man standing.
PP

31- dksbZ yM+dh gSA There is some girl. / There is a girl.

32- dbZ ckrsa gSa tks eSa tkurk gw¡A There are lot many things/secrets that I know.
33- I;kj esa nwfj;k¡ ugha gksrh A There are no differences in love.
There is no thanks in friendship.
TO

34- nksLrh esa FkSaSDl ugha gksrk A

35- gekjs chp dqN ugha gSA There is nothing between us.
36- uy esa ikuh ugha gSA There is no water in the tap.
37- fny dks I;kj gSA There is love in heart.
38- rqEgkjs fny esa D;k gS \ What is there in your heart?
39- dejs esa f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA There are windows in the room.
40- iSu esa L;kgh ugha gSA There is no ink in the pen.
41- dkj esa isVªksy Fkk A There was petrol in the car.
42- mlds fny esa cgqr nnZ gSA There is so much pain in his heart.
43- mldh vkokt+ esa tknw gSA There is a magic in his voice.
44- rqEgkjs xkus ds rjhds esa dqN rks ckr gSA There is something in your way of singing.
45- dqN vkSj Hkh gSA Something else is there.
117
Lesson – 18
Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½
cxy esa – next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½
vkxs – ahead of ¼vgSM vkWQ½
ihNs – behind ¼fcgkUM½
lkeus – in front of ¼bu ÝUV vkWQ½, before ¼fcQksj½
nk¡;h vksj – right to ¼jkbV Vq½, to the right of ¼Vq n jkbV vkWQ½
ck¡;h vksj – left to ¼yS¶V Vq½, to the left of ¼Vq n yS¶V vkWQ½
cxy esa nk¡;h vksj – immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½
cxy esa ck¡;h vksj – immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½

OM
vkb, uhps fn;s x;s Dykl ysvkmV dh enn ls le÷ksa &
Let‟s understand with the help of following class layout –

.C
Teacher

Divya Rashmi
NT
Masood Junaid Sandeep
OI
Shalini Nitin Tarun Ram Mayank
P

Åij ,d class layout fn;k x;k gSA Teacher dk psgjk cPpksa dh rjQ gSA Dykl esa cPps nks ykbuksa esa cSBs gSaA
ER

gj ykbu esa 5 cPps gSaA

A class layout is given above. Teacher is facing the students. The students are sitting in two
rows. There are 5 students in each row.
PP

vxj iwNk tk;s fd Divya ds nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks ‚kk;n vki dgksxs Rashmi A ;s ckr lgh gS fd Rashmi
okdbZ esa Divya ds nk¡bZ vksj cSBh gS ij Masood, Junaid vkSj Sandeep Hkh rks nk¡bZ vksj gh cSBs gSaA fQj vkius
flQZ Rashmi dk gh uke D;ksa fy;kA lgh mÙkj gksuk pkfg, & Divya ds nk¡;h vksj Rashmi, Masood,
Junaid vkSj Sandeep cSBs gSaA gk¡ vxj ;s iwNk tkrk fd Divya ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks vki dgksxs
TO

Rashmi A ;gha ls tUe gqvk immediate right vkSj immediate left dkA

If asked „Who is sitting right to Divya?‟, you would probably answer „Rashmi‟. „Rashmi‟ is
certainly to the right of Divya but what about Masood, Junaid & Sandeep? Aren‟t they
sitting to the right of Divya too? Yes, they are. So ideally, you should‟ve taken their names
as well. If you are asked „Who is sitting immediate right to Divya?‟, then you must answer
„Rashmi‟.

cxy esa nk¡;h vksj – immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½

cxy esa ck¡;h vksj – immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½

118
Confusion between “in front of” & “ahead”

yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA
lksfp, vki ,d ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS] mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs
gS] bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu behind.

lksfp, tc vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa rks mldh ihB vkidh rjQ ugha gS cfYd vki mldks ns[krs gq, ckr dj
jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa oks O;fDr vkids lkeus ;kfu in front of gSA bl fLFkfr ds fy, before dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k
tkrk gSA bl rjg vkidks irk yx x;k fd before ds nks vFkZ gksrs gSa & ,d gS ÞigysÞ vkSj nwljk gS ÞlkeusÞA

cxy esa – next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½

vkb, dqN mnkgj.kksa ij xkSj djsa &

OM
Let‟s pay attention to a few examples –

1- Vhpj cPpksa ds lkeus cSBs gSaA

Teacher is sitting in front of the students.

.C
2- jf'e fnO;k ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj cSBh gSA
Rashmi is sitting immediate right to Divya.
NT
3- Eklwn r#.k ds vkxs cSBk gSA
Masood is sitting ahead of Tarun.
OI
4- jke e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA
Ram is sitting adjacent/next to/beside Mayank.
P

5- fufru r#.k ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj cSBk gSA

Nitin is sitting immediate left to Tarun.
ER

6- 'kkfyuh jke ds ck¡;h vksj cSBh gSA

Shalini is sitting left to Ram.
or
PP

Shalini is sitting to the left of Ram.

7- e;ad lUnhi ds ihNs cSBk gSA

Mayank is sitting behind Sandeep.
TO

8- jke r#.k vkSj e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA

Ram is sitting beside Tarun & Mayank.

9- elwn jf‛e vkSj tqusn ds chp esa cSBk gSA

Masood is sitting between Rashmi and Junaid.

10- fnO;k] ‚kkfyuh] lanhi vkSj e;ad fcYdqy dksuksa esa cSBs gSaA
Divya, Shalini, Sandeep & Mayank are sitting in extreme corners.

119
 Position Sense – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1- rqe esjs nk¡;h vksj gksA 26- ge ck¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
2- D;k jke rqEgkjs lkeus Fkk \ 27- ge nk¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
3- eSa mlds vkxs [kM+k Fkk A 28- lhrk Dykl esa vdsyh Fkh A
4- jke ds vkxs fdrus yksx gSa \ 29- jke ogk¡ ij ugha FkkA
5- cPpksa ds Bhd lkeus v/;kid [kM+s gSaA 30- fnYYkh Hkkjr ds mRrj esa gSA
6- rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dkSu gS \ 31- dsjy Hkkjr ds nf{k.k esa gSA
7- esjs cxy esa nk¡;h vksj lhrk cSBh gS A 32- caxky Hkkjr ds iwjc esa gSA
8- lhrk ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj ,d yM+dk gSA 33- mlds lkeus dkSu Fkk \

OM
9- eSa rqEgkjs ihNs FkkA 34- esjs vkxs ykbu esa rhu yksx [kM+s Fks A
10- mlds ihNs fdrus yksx [kM+s gSa \ 35- jke ds vkxs 2 vkneh FksA
11- jke ,d dksus esa cSBk gSA 36- esjs ihNs ykbu esa fdrus Fks \
12- esjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ [kM+k ugha FkkA 37- esjs twrs dejs ds ,d dksus esa iM+s FksA

.C
13- jkgqy esjs Bhd lkeus Fkk D;k \ 38- rqEgkjs twrs ds lkeus okys twrs esjs gaSA
14- esjs ?kj ds lkeus rqEgkjk ?kj gSA 39- oks rqEgkjs fdl rjQ gS \
15- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd vkxs okyk gSA NT 40- oks esjs nk¡;h vksj gSA
16- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd ihNs okyk gSA 41- nk¡;h vksj rks Bhd gS ij oks D;k cxy esa gS \
17- jksfgr ds nk¡;h vksj fdrus yksx gaS \ 42- gekjs chp 2 yM+fd;k¡ gSaA
18- lhrk ds ck¡;h vksj fdrus yM+ds gaS \ 43- lhrk vkSj xhrk ds chp fdrus gSa \
19- esjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gSA 44- jksgu ds cxy esa dkSu gS \
OI
20- D;k rqEgkjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ gS \ 45- lhrk ds cxy esa dksbZ ugha gSA
21- D;k rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gS \ 46- jke vkxs gS vkSj eSa ihNsA
22- D;k rqEgkjs vkxs dksbZ gS \ 47- rqe nk¡;h vksj FksA
P

23- D;k rqEgkjs ihNs dksbZ ugha gS \ 48- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu gS \ dksbZ ugha A
24- D;k rqEgkjs lkeus dksbZ gS \ 49- eSa fdl fn‛kk esa gw¡ \
ER

25- D;k rqEgkjs cxy esa dksbZ gS \ 50- rqe bl oDr mÙkj dh vksj tk jgs gks A

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

PP

1. Success does not consist in never making mistakes but in never making the same
one a second time.
TO

2. Times wait for none.

3. To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.

4. To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong.

120
 Answers
1. You are right to me.
2. Was Ram in front of you?
3. I was standing ahead of him.
4. How many people are there ahead of Ram?
5. Teacher is standing just in front of the students.
6. Who is to the left of you? / Who is left to you?
7. Seeta is sitting immediate right to me.
8. A boy is immediate left to Seeta. / A boy is to the immediate left of Seeta.
9. I was behind you.
10. How many people are standing behind him?
11. Ram is sitting in a corner.
12. Nobody was standing to the left of me.
13. Was Rahul exactly in front of me?

OM
14. Your house is in front of my house (mine).
15. My house is just ahead of yours?
16. My house is just behind yours?
17. How many people are there to the right of Rohit?
18. How many boys are there to the left of Seeta?

.C
19. Nobody is to the right of me? / Nobody is right to me.
20. Is there someone to the right of you?
21. Is there no one to the left of you?
22. Is there someone ahead of you?
23. Is there no one behind you?
24. Is there someone in front of you?
NT
25. Is there someone next to you? / Is there someone adjacent you? / Is there someone beside you?
26. We were standing on the left?
OI
27. We were standing on the right?
28. Seeta was alone in the class.
29. Ram wasn‟t there.
P

30. Delhi is to the North of India. / Delhi is in the northern India.

31. Kerala is to the South of India. / Kerala is in the southern India.
ER

32. Bengal is to the East of India. / Bengal is in the Eastern India.

33. Who was in front of him/ her?
34. There were three people standing ahead of me in the queue.
35. There were 2 men ahead of Ram.
PP

36. How many were there behind me in the queue.

37. My shoes were lying in a corner of the room.
38. The shoes in front of your shoes are mine.
39. In which direction from you is he? / In which direction is he from you?
40. He is to the right of me.
TO

41. Right side is fine but is he adjacent?

42. There are 2 girls between us.
43. How many are there between Seeta & Geeta?
44. Who is beside Rohan?
45. Nobody is beside Seeta.
46. Ram is ahead of me. / I am behind Ram.
47. You were on the right.
48. Who is behind you? No one.
49. In which direction am I?
50. You are going towards north at the moment.

121
 Position Sense – Test Paper

Test-I

Q 1-20: Answer the questions below: 20 x 1 = 20

Teacher- Pooja Madam

Anjali Bikrant Aditya Archana Yashi

OM
Binita Aman Amit Kuldeep Dimpal

.C
Seema Soni Ayushi Abhishek Kalpana
NT
1. Who is sitting next to Ayushi?
2. Who is sitting next to Seema?
OI
3. Who is sitting immediate right to Kalpana?
4. Who is sitting adjacent Kuldeep?
5. Where is Pooja Madam standing?
P

6. How many people are sitting right to Bikrant?

7. Who is sitting behind Archana?
ER

8. Who is sitting right to Binita?

9. Who is sitting immediate left to Yashi?
10. Who is sitting beside Aman?
11. Who are sitting at corners?
PP

12. Who are sitting at the extreme right?

13. Who are sitting at the extreme left?
14. Where is Anjali Sitting?
TO

15. Who is sitting right to Dimpal?

16. Who is sitting immediate left to Abhishek?
17. Who is sitting left to Soni?
18. Who are sitting in row number 2?
19. Who are sitting in column number 4?
20. Who are sitting in column number 1?

122
 Answers

1. Who is sitting next to Ayushi? Soni and Abhishek.

2. Who is sitting next to Seema? Soni.
3. Who is sitting immediate right to Kalpana? Nobody.
4. Who is sitting adjacent Kuldeep? Amit and Dimpal.
5. Where is Pooja Madam standing? In front of students
6. How many people are sitting right to Bikrant? Aditya, Archana and Yashi.
7. Who is sitting behind Archana? Kuldeep.
8. Who is sitting right to Binita? Aman, Amit, Kuldeep and Dimple.
9. Who is sitting immediate left to Yashi? Archana.
10. Who is sitting beside Aman? Binita and Amit.

OM
11. Who are sitting at corners? Anjali, Yashi, Seema & Kalpana.
12. Who are sitting at the extreme right? Yashi, Dimple and Kalpana.
13. Who are sitting at the extreme left? Anjali, Binita and Seema.
14. Where is Anjali Sitting? 1st row extreme left corner.

.C
15. Who is sitting right to Dimpal? Nobody.
16. Who is sitting immediate left to Abhishek? NT Ayushi.
17. Who is sitting left to Soni? Seema.
18. Who are sitting in row number 2? Binita, Aman, Amit, Kuldeep & Dimple
19. Who are sitting in column number 4? Archana, Kuldeep & Abhishek.
20. Who are sitting in column number 1? Anjali, Binita and Seema
P OI
ER

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Be nice to people on your way up, because you meet them on your way down.
PP

miyfC/k;ksa dh rjQ c<+rs gq, tks Hkh feys mls bT+tr nks D;ksafd vxj dHkh uhps vkuk iM+k rks vki mUgha ls
feyksxsA

2. Never waste what you have, for something that you don‟t have today.
TO

Remember, what you have now, you had desired some day.
tks vkt gS mls O;FkZ er tkus nks mldh pkgr esa tks vkt ugha gSA D;ksafd ;kn jgs tks vkt gS mldh pkgr
Hkh vkius dHkh dh FkhA

3. It doesn‟t matter how much you possess, what matters is, who earned it, you
or your ancestors.
;s ek;us ugha j[krk fd vkids ikl fdruk gS] ek;us ;s j[krk gS fd dek;k fdlus] vkius ;k vkids iwoZtksa usA

123
Lesson – 19
Tense ¼dky½
Tense fdlh Hkh okD; esa fØ;k dk og #i gS ftlds ek/;e ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd okD; esa fd;s dk;Z dk
le; ds lkFk D;k lEcU/k gS; dk;Z orZeku esa gks jgk gS] chrs gq, le; esa gqvk Fkk ;k Hkfo’; esa gksus okyk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd orZeku] Hkwrdky o Hkfo’; dky ds okD;ksa esa lgk;d fØ;k,¡ fHkUu gksrh gSA

;s ,d egRoiw.kZ VkWfid gSA bl pSIVj dks vPNh rjg le÷ks fcuk vki vaxzst+h esa dHkh idM+ ugha cuk ldrsA
geus iz;kl fd;k gS fd ge vkidks gj #y ckjhdh ls le÷kk, vkSj vkils ;gh mEehn gS fd vki dksbZ dlj
u NksM+sAa

OM
vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks /;ku ls lqurs gq, bl pSIVj ds gj dkWUlsIV dks ckjhdh ls le÷ksAa

‚kq#vkr djus ls igys vkidks irk gksuk pkfg, &

.C
1- okD;(Sentence) ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSa: Subject, Verb vkSj Object.
2- 1st Person, 2nd Person vkSj 3rd Person ds Singular-Plural Subject dk Concept
3-
4-
NT
Sentences ds Types: Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative & Negative Interrogative
Main verbs¼eq[; fØ;k½ dh 3 forms gksrh gSa
5- „WH‟ Family
OI
Åij fn;s x;s igys rhu dkWUlsIV Lesson No. 2 esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;s x;s gSa] pkSFkk dkWUlsIV “Verbs” pSIVj esa vkSj
vkf[kjh dkWUlsIV “WH Family” pSIVj esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;s x;s gSaA igys bUgsa vPNh rjg le÷k ysa fQj bl pSIVj esa
vkxs c<+sa rkfd vkidks bl pSIVj esa fn;s x;s fu;e vklkuh ls le÷k vk ldsAa
P

uhps nh x;h nksuksa Table bUgha dkWUlsIV ds mnkgj.k gSaA

ER

Table 1:
Examples: Sentences & Their Parts: “Subject”, “Main Verb” & “Object”
PP

Sentence Subject Main Verb Object

jke ?kwerk gSA jke ?kweuk -
yksx ukp jgs gSaA yksx ukpuk -
TO

ge yksx Vhoh ns[k jgs gSaA ge yksx ns[kuk Vhoh

eq>s ,d ?kM+h feyh gSA eq>s feyuk ?kM+h
fxykl ls ikuh fudy jgk gSA ikuh fudyuk fxykl

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. We must win the final war irrespective of how many battles we‟ve lost before.
QdZ ugha iM+rk fd fdruh yM+kbZ;k¡ ge igys gkj pqds gSa] gesa vafre ;q) thruk gSA

124
Table 2:
Examples: Sentence Types

Sentence Type Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Affirmative eq>s ?kM+h feyh gSA yksx ukp jgs gSaA jke ?kwerk gSA
(ldkjkRed)
Negative eq>s ?kM+h ugha feyh gSA yksx ukp ugha jgs gSaA jke ugha ?kwerk gSA
(udkjkRed)
Interrogative D;k eq>s ?kM+h feyh gS\ D;k yksx ukp jgs gSa\ jke fdlds lkFk ?kwerk gS\
(iz‛uokpd)
Negative

OM
Interrogative D;k eq>s ?kM+h ugha feyh gS\ D;k yksx ugha ukp jgs gSa\ D;k jke ugha ?kwerk gS\
(udkjkRed iz‛uokpd)
“WH Family” 1- eq>s ?kM+h dgk¡ feyh gS\ 1- yksx D;ksa ugha ukp jgs gSa\ 1- jke fdlds lkFk ?kwerk gS\
Interrogative 2- eq>s ?kM+h dSls feyh gS\ 2- yksx dc ls ukp jgs gSa\ 2- jke D;ksa ugha ?kwerk gS\

.C
Sentences

Tenses –Types
NT
Tense rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA (There are three types of Tenses)
1) Present ¼izSt+saV½ & orZeku dky
OI
2) Past ¼ikLV½ & Hkwr dky
3) Future ¼¶;wpj½ & Hkfo’;r~ dky
P

izR;sd ds pkj izdkj gksrs gSaA (Each one has four sub types)
1) Indefinite 2) Continuous 3) Perfect 4) Perfect continuous.
ER

lgk;d fØ;k,¡ ml okD; esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ds le; ds ckjs esa crkrh gSa] bl vk/kkj ij bUgsa rhu oxksZa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk
ldrk gS (Helping verbs refer to the time of the action in a sentence, hence it can be classified in 3
PP

categories) &

Tense Helping Verbs

TO

Present Tense Helping Verbs do, does, is, am, are, has, have, has been, have been.
Past Tense Helping Verbs did, was, were, had, had been
Future Tense Helping Verbs will, will be, will have, will have been

uksV & vc Helping Verb “Shall” dk iz;ksx Future Tense Helping Verbs ds #i esa izk;% ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

Good things come to people who wait, but better things come to those who go out and get them.

125
 Present Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk rk] rs] rh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwerk gS] lhrk ukprh gS] yksx ?kwers gSa] oks ugha tkrk vkfnA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + verb 1st form+ s, es (3rd Person singular subject ds lkFk) + object.

vxj Subject “3rd Person singular” gS rks eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk s ;k es dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vU;Fkk ugha gksrkA
Only if the subject is “3rd Person singular”, we must use „s‟ or „es‟ with the main verb or else we
mustn‟t.

OM
¼vxj First Person, Second Person ;k Third Person ds Singular-Plural dkWUlsIV esa vkidks dksbZ fnDdr
vk;s rks Lesson-2 nksckjk if<+,A½

vc ;s tkuuk t+#jh gS fd fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „s‟ vkSj fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA vxj

.C
vki ;s tku ysa fd fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksxk rks ;s Li’V gks tk;sxk fd ckdh cph gqbZ lHkh eq[;
fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „s‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA
NT
Now the question is; when to put „s‟ & when to put „es‟ with the main verb. If we let you know
when to put „es‟ with the main verb, then it would be understood that the rests would put „s‟….

Let‟s understand with the help of following table:

OI
When to put „es‟ with main verb
Ekq[; fØ;k ds lkFk „es‟ dc yxk;sa
P

Rule Examples
ER

With the main verbs ending with letter „o‟ Goes, Does etc.
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa v{kj „o‟ gks
With the main verbs ending with „ss‟ or „sh‟ Kisses, Misses, Passes,
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „ss‟ ;k „sh‟ gks Pushes, Rushes etc.
PP

With the main verbs ending with „x‟, „zz‟ or „ch‟ Fixes , Relaxes ,
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „x‟, „zz‟ ;k „ch‟ gks Buzzes , Catches ,
Reaches etc.
With the main verbs ending with „Consonant + y‟. Such main verbs end Cry – Cries
TO

with „y‟ but „y‟ is preceded by a consonant i.e. b, c, d, f, g etc. In such Marry – Marries
cases, we first change „y‟ to „i‟, and then put „es‟. Try – Tries
Fly – Flies
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „O;atu + y‟ gks ;kfu eq[; fØ;k dk vUr rks y ls gks
ysfdu y ls igys dksbZ O;atu gks tSls b, c, d, f, g vkfnA ,sls esa gksrk ;g gS fd lcls
igys rks „y‟dks cnyk tkrk gS „i‟ esa] mlds ckn „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

126
 A Special Case of not using „es‟
When not to put ‘es’ with main verb (Ekq[; fØ;k ds lkFk ‘es‟ dc u yxk;sa)
With the main verbs ending with „Vowel + y‟. Such main verbs end with Say – Says
„y‟ but „y‟ is preceded by a vowel i.e. a, e, i, o, u. In such cases, we simply Play – Plays
put „s‟.

ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „Loj + y‟ gks ;kfu eq[; fØ;k dk vUr rks y ls gks ysfdu y
ls igys dksbZ Loj gks tSls a, e, i, o, u. ,sls esa „y‟ ds ckn dsoy „s‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

OM
vkb, vc ‚kq#vkr djsa okD;ksa dhA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke ?kweus tkrk gSA Ram goes for a walk. Subject(Ram) „3rd Person Singular‟ gS]

.C
blfy, go ds lkFk es yxk gSA
2. eSa [ksyrk g¡wA I play. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular‟ gS]
NT blfy, play ds lkFk s ugha yxk gSA
3. veu esjs lkFk jgrk gSA Aman lives with me. Subject(Aman) „3rd Person Singular‟
gS] blfy, live ds lkFk s yxk gSA
4. ge g¡lrs gSaA We laugh. Subject(We) „1st Person Plural‟ gS ]
blfy, laugh ds lkFk s ugha yxk gSA
OI
5. ?kko ls [kwu fudyrk gSA Blood oozes from the Subject(Blood) „3rd Person Singular‟
wound. gS] blfy, ooze ds lkFk s yxk gSA
P

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + does/do + not + verb 1st form + object.
ER

vxj Subject “3rd Person singular” gS rks does not dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vU;Fkk do not dk iz;ksxA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

PP

1. jke ?kweus ugha tkrk gSA Ram does not go for a walk. Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, does not dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA
TO

2. eSa ugha [ksyrk g¡wA I do not play. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular‟ gS]
blfy, do not dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
3. Oks yksx esjs lkFk ugha They people do not live Subject(They people) „3rd Person
jgrs gSaA with me. Plural‟ gS] blfy, do not dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA
4. vady eq÷kls ugha feyrs Uncle doesn‟t meet me. Subject(Uncle) „3rd Person
gSaA Singular‟ gS] blfy, does not dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA
5. mlds ekrk firk ml ij His parents do not trust Subject(His parents) „3rd Person
Hkjkslk ugha djrsA him. Plural‟ gS] blfy, do not dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA

127
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + does/do + subject + verb 1st form + object?

iz'uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (do, does) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family
tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks
oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus tkrk gS\ Does Ram go for a walk?
2. D;k eSa Ldwy tkrk g¡\w Do I go to school?

OM
3. D;k og LVst+ ij ukprh gS\ Does she dance on the stage?
4. veu rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa jgrk gS\ Why does Aman live with you?
5. os cPps rqEgkjs lkFk dc ls jgrs gS\ Since when do they children live with you?
6. ge dc rd lkFk [ksyrs gSa\ Until when do we play together?

.C
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
NT
Rule: <Wh family> + does/do + subject + not + verb 1st form + object?
OI
S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha tkrk gS\ Does Ram not go for a walk?
P

2. iadt rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa ugha i<+rk\ Why does Pankaj not study with you?
ER

3. rqe dkSu lk [ksy ugha [ksyrs\ Which game do you not play?

4. eEeh mls D;ksa ugha Mk¡Vrh\ Why does mom not scold him/her?
PP

Present Continuous Tense

TO

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk gS] lhrk ukp jgh gS] yksx ?kwe jgsa gSa] eSa ?kwe jgk gw¡A vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + is/am/are + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

„3rd Person Singular Subject‟ ds lkFk & is dk iz;ksx

„1st Person Singular Subject‟ ;kfu „I‟ ds lkFk & am dk iz;ksx
ckdh Subjects ds lkFk & are dk iz;ksx

128
 S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments
1. jke Ldwy tk jgk gSA Ram is going to school. Subject(Ram ) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
2. og ?kweus tk jgk gSA He is going for a walk. Subject(He) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
3. eSa ?kj vk jgk gw¡A I am coming home. Subject(I) „1st Person singular‟
gS] blfy, am yxk gSA
4. esjk fny rqEgsa <+w¡< jgk gSA My heart is looking for Subject(My heart) „3rd Person
you. singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
5. yksx mldk et+kd mM+k jgs People are making fun of Subject(People) „3rd Person
gSaA him. Plural‟ gS] blfy, are yxk gSA

OM
Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + is/am/are + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

.C
1. jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk gSA Ram is not going for a walk.
2. oks dgha ugha tk jgk gSA He is not going anywhere.
3.
4.
eSa vkt ugha i<+ jgk gw¡A
yksx mlls ckr ugha dj jgs gSaA
NT I am not studying today.
People are not talking to him.
OI
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + is/am/are + subject + verb 1st form+ ing + object?

P

iz'uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (is, am, are) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
ER

family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx
gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

PP

1. D;k og ?kweus tk jgk gS\ Is he going for a walk?

2. D;k yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs gSa\ Are people dancing on the stage?
3. oks cPps rqEgkjs lkFk dgk¡ ij [ksy jgss gSa\ Where are those children playing with you?
TO

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + is/am/are + subject + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk gS\ Is Ram not going for a walk?
2. veu ckr D;ksa ugha dj jgk gS\ Why is Aman not talking?
3. oks Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk jgk\ Why is he not going to school?

129
 Present Perfect Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] pqdk g¡w] fy;k gS] fn;k gS] yh gS] nh gS] dh gS vkfn dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk gS ] lhrk ukp pqdh gS ] yksx ?kwe pqds gSa] eSa ?kwe fy;k / pqdk g¡Aw ] mlus xyrh dh gS] geus
fdrkc nh gS vkfnA

vxj ge dgsa fd eq>s ?kM+h feyh gS rks bldk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd eq>s ?kM+h fey pqdh gSA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + has/have + verb 3rd form + object.

OM
„3rd Person singular Subject‟ ds lkFk & has
ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk & have

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke Ldwy tk pqdk gSA Ram has gone to school. Subject(Ram) „3rd Person

.C
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
yxk gSA
2. eSa dke dj pqdk gw¡A I have done the work. or
NT Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
I have worked. Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
3. geus rqEgsa ns[k fy;k gSA We have seen you. Subject(We) „1st Person Plural
Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
4. eSaus mls ,d fdrkc nh gSA I have given him a book. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
OI
Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
5. mu cPpksa us jke ls iSls Those children have Subject(Those children) „3rd
fy;s gSaA taken money from Ram. Person Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
P

have yxk gSA

6. ml yM+dh us LdwVh [kjhnh That girl has purchased Subject(That girl) „3rd Person
ER

gSA a scooty. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has

yxk gSA

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

PP

Rule: Subject + has/have+ not + verb 3rd form + object.

TO

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. geus rqEgsa ugha ns[kk gSA We have not seen you.
2. eSaus mls dksbZ fdrkc ugha nh gSA I haven‟t given him any book.
3. vjuoh us iSls ugha fy;s gSaA Arnavi has not taken the money.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + has/have + subject + verb 3rd form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (has, have) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
130
 S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. D;k jke ?kweus x;k gS\ Has Ram gone for a walk?
2. veu us fdrkc D;ksa yh gS\ Why has Aman taken the book?
3. os nksuksa dgk¡ x;s gSa\ Where have they both gone?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + has/have + subject + not + verb 3rd form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. eSaus D;k fd;k gS\ What have I done?
2. D;k rqeus vkt [kkuk ugha cuk;k gS\ Have you not cooked the food today?

OM
3. veu us vc rd fdrkc D;ksa ugha [kjhnh gS\ Why has Aman not purchased the
book yet?

.C
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
NT
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls Continuous
tense esa gksrk gSA
QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA vkSj /;ku jgs le; ds lkFk *ls* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gS] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh gS] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs gSa] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk gw¡A vkfn
OI
le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since ;k For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, ;kfu vof/k (Duration) ds fy,A
P

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ER

fuf‛pr le; ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa

jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA („since‟ refers to
point of time when the sentence is in
continuous form) 1. I have been studying
PP

since morning.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk gw¡A½
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o‟clock/ 3 o‟clock
Since 2. He has been trying
TO

etc.
¼ls½ 2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012 etc. since Monday.
3. Since Monday/ Tuesday…… Sunday ¼oks lkseokj ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk
4. Since morning/ evening/ afternoon/ gSA½
night
5. Since yesterday/day before yesterday
6. Since childhood/birth
7. Since that day
8. Since my dad was born

131
 vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc Hkh 1. I have been
dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (For is used for studying for 2 hours.
duration of time when the sentence is in ¼eSa 2 ?kaVs ls i<+ jgk gw¡A½
continuous form)
For mnkgj.k &
¼ls½ 2. He has been trying
1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/ for many days.
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries etc. ¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls dksf‛k‛k dj
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls) jgk gSA½
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls)
4. For many days/ hours/ months/ years etc.

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

OM
Rule:
Subject + has/have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.

„3rd Person singular Subject‟ ds lkFk & has been

.C
ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk & have been

S.No
1.
fgUnh okD;
jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gSA
NT
English Sentences
Ram has been walking for
Comments
Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
2 hours.
been yxk gSA
OI
2. og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gSA He has been studying Subject(He) „3rd Person
since 4 o‟clock. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
been yxk gSA
3. eSa lqcg ls xkus xk jgk st
I have been singing songs Subject(I) „1 Person Singular
P

gw¡A since morning. Subject‟ gS blfy, have been yxk

ER

gSA
4. oks dy ‚kke ls eq÷kls yM+ He has been fighting with Subject(He) „3rd Person
jgk gSA me since yesterday Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
evening. been yxk gSA
PP

5. cPps dbZ fnuksa ls ;s ukVd Children have been Subject(Children) „3rd Person
ns[k jgs gSaA watching this serial for Plural Subject‟ gS blfy, have
many days. been yxk gSA
TO

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Subject + has/have + not been+verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha ?kwe jgk gSA Ram has not been walking for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gSA He has not been studying since 4 o‟clock.
3. eSa lqcg ls xkus ugha xk jgk gw¡A I have not been singing songs since morning.

132
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + has/have + subject + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (has, have ) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls D;ksa ?kwe jgk gS\ Why has Ram been walking for 2 hours?
2. eSa dc ls xkus xk jgk gw¡\ Since when have I been singing songs?

OM
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + has/have + subject + not + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for +
<point of time/duration>?

.C
S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. oks lqcg ls D;ksa ugha i<+ jgk gS\ Why has he not been studying since morning?
2. D;k og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gS\
NT
Has he not been studying since 4 o‟clock?
OI
Past Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk x;k] fy;k] fn;k] lks;k] nh] yh] dh vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bl Tense esa dHkh
P

Hkh gS] gSa] gks] gw¡ ;k fQj Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
tSls - jke ?kweus x;k] lhrk jksus yxh] yksxksa us pk; ih] eSa ?kweus x;k vkfnA
ER

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + verb 2nd form + object.
PP

Subject pkgs singular gks ;k Plural, Rules ,d tSls gSaA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke ?kweus x;kA Ram went for a walk. „Went‟ is the 2nd form of „go‟.
TO

2. mlus ,d i= fy[kkA He wrote a letter. „Wrote‟ is the 2nd form of „write‟.

3. eSaus mls I;kj fd;kA I loved him/her. „Loved‟ is the 2nd form of „love‟.
4. mlus xyrh dhA He/she made a mistake. „Made‟ is the 2nd form of „make‟.
(xyrh ds lkFk make dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
5. yksxksa us gels ckr dhA People spoke with us. „Spoke‟ is the 2nd form of „Speak‟.
6. geus fd;kA We did. „Did‟ is the 2nd form of „do‟.
7. rqeus [kkuk [kk;kA You ate the food. „Ate‟ is the 2nd form of „eat‟.

133
 Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule: Subject + did not + verb 1st form + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ?kweus ugha x;kA Ram did not go for a walk.
2. mlus ,d i= ugha fy[kkA He did not write a letter.
3. eSaus mls I;kj ugha fd;kA I did not love him/her.
4. yksx LVst+ ij ugha x;sA People did not go on stage.
5. mlus xyrh ugha dhA He/she did not make a mistake.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

OM
Rule: <Wh Family> + did + subject + verb 1st form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (did) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

.C
S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1.
2.
D;k jke ?kweus x;k\
mlus i= D;ksa fy[kk\
NT Did Ram go for a walk?
Why did he write the letter?
3. geus xyrh dc dh\ When did we make a mistake?
OI
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule: <Wh Family> + Did + Subject + not + Verb 1st form + object?
P

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k eSaus mls I;kj ugha fd;k\ Did I not love her?
ER

2. yksx LVst+ ij dc rd ugha vk;s\ Until when did people not come on stage?
3. mlus ,slk D;ksa ugha fd;k\ Why did he not do so?
PP

Past Continuous Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
TO

tSls - jke ?kwe jgk Fkk] lhrk ukp jgh Fkh] yksx ?kwe jgs Fkk] eSa ?kwe jgk FkkA vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + was/were + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

Singular Subject ds lkFk & was

Plural Subject ds lkFk &were

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. eSa ?kweus tk jgk FkkA I was going for a walk. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
Subject‟ gS] blfy, was yxk gSA

134
 2. yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs People were dancing on Subject(People) „3rd Person Plural
FksA the stage. Subject‟ gS] blfy, were yxk gSA
3. og i= fy[k jgh FkhA She was writing a letter. Subject(She) „3rd Person Singular
Subject‟ gS] blfy, was yxk gSA

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + was/were + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk FkkA Ram was not going for a walk.
2. og rqEgkjs ckjs esa ugha lksp jgk FkkA He was not thinking about you.

OM
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule: <Wh Family> + was/were + subject + verb 1st form+ ing + object?

.C
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (was, were) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD;

NT English Sentences
1. jke dgk¡ tk jgk Fkk\ Where was Ram going?
2. og D;k dj jgh Fkh\ What was she doing?
OI
4. D;k yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs Fks\ Were People dancing on the stage?
P

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh Family> + was/were + subject + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object?
ER

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. eEeh D;ksa ugha Mk¡V jgh Fkh\ Why was Mom not scolding?
2. D;k og ?kweus ugha tk jgk Fkk\ Was he not going for a walk?
PP

5. D;k ;‛kh ugha fy[k jgh Fkh\ Was Yashi not writing?

Past Perfect Tense

TO

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] fn;k Fkk] nh Fkh] yh Fkh] dh Fkh vkfn dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk Fkk ] lhrk ukp pqdh Fkh ] yksx ?kwe pqds Fks] eSa ?kwe pqdk Fkk vkfn
vxj eSa dgw¡ & eq>s ?kM+h feyh Fkh rks bldk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd eq>s ?kM+h fey pqdh/x;h FkhA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + had + verb 3rd form + object.
Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „had‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

135
 S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. jke ?kweus tk pqdk FkkA Ram had gone for a walk.
2. eSa ?kweus x;k FkkA I had gone for a walk.
3. yksx LVst+ ij ukps FksA People had danced on the stage.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + had + not + verb 3rd form + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. vfHk’ksd Ldwy ugha x;k FkkA Abhishek had not gone to school.
2. eSaus rqEgsa ugha ns[kk FkkA I had not seen you.

OM
3. cPpksa us gkseodZ ugha fd;k FkkA Students hadn‟t done the homework.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh Family> + had + subject + verb 3rd form + object?

.C
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (had) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD;

NT English Sentences
1. D;k jke tk pqdk Fkk\ Had Ram left?
OI
2. mlus i= D;ksa fy[kk Fkk\ Why had she written a letter?
3. eSaus dke fdlds fy, fd;k Fkk\ For whom had I done the work?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

P

Rule: <Wh Family> + had + subject + not + verb 3rd form + object?
ER

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha x;k Fkk\ Had Ram not gone for a walk?
2. D;k yksx LVst+ ij ugha ukps Fks\ Had people not danced on the stage?
PP

3. mlus i= dc rd ugha fy[kk Fkk\ Until when had she not written the letter?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

TO

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls Continuous
tense esa gksrk gSA QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA

tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk Fkk] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh Fkh] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs Fks] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk Fkk vkfnA
le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since vkSj For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, vFkkZr vof/k(Duration) ds
fy,A dgk¡ ij Since vkSj dgk¡ ij For dk iz;ksx gksxk] ;g vkidks Present Perfect Continuous Tense
i<+krs oDr crk;k x;k FkkA

136
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Subject + had been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>.
Subject pkgs Singular gks pkgs Plural, „Had been‟ dk gh iz;ksx lgk;d fØ;k ds #i esa gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk FkkA Ram had been walking for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk FkkA He had been studying since 4 o‟clock.
3. eSa lqcg ls xkuk xk jgk FkkA I had been singing a song since morning.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

OM
Subject + had not been + verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha ?kwe jgk FkkA Ram had not been walking for 2 hours.
og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk FkkA

.C
2. He had not been studying since 4 o‟clock.
3. eSa lqcg ls xkus ugha xk jgk FkkA I had not been singing songs since morning.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD; )

NT
<Wh family> + had + subject + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
OI
time/duration>?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (had) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
P

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

ER

1. D;k og lqcg ls i<+ jgk Fkk\ Had he been studying since morning?
2. oks dc ls esjk bUrt+kj dj jgk Fkk \ Since when had he been waiting for me?
PP

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + had + Subject + not + been + Verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point
TO

of time/duration>?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk Fkk\ Had he not been studying since 4 o‟clock?
2. D;k oks i<+ ugha jgk Fkk tc ls ikik Had he not been studying since dad left?
x;s\

137
 Future Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk xk] xs] xh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kweus tk;sxk] lhrk ukpsxh] yksx ?kwesx
a sA vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will + verb 1st form + object.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke rqels feysxkA Ram will meet you.

OM
2. yksx ?kweus tk;saxsA People will go for a walk.
3. og rqEgsa dWky djsxhA She will call you.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will not + verb 1st form + object.

.C
S.No fgUnh okD; NT English Sentences
1. jke rqels ugha feysxkA Ram will not meet you.
2. yksx ?kweus ugha tk;saxsA People will not go for a walk.
3. og rqEgsa dWky ugha djsxhA She will not call you.
OI
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + verb 1st form + object?
P

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
ER

who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

PP

1. jke rqels dc feysxk\ When will Ram meet you?

2. yksx dgk¡ tk;asxs\ Where will people go?
4. og rqEgsa dWky dSls djsxh\ How will she call you?
TO

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + Will + Subject + not + Verb 1st form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke rqels D;ksa ugha feysxk\ Why will Ram not meet you?
2. D;k yksx ?kweus ugha tk;sxsa\ Will people not go for a walk?
4. D;k og rqEgsa dWky ugha djsxh\ Will she not call you?

138
 Future Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gkaxs s] jgk gw¡xk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk gksxk] lhrk ukp jgh gksxh] yksx ?kwe jgs gkaxs s] eSa ?kwe jgk gw¡xk vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will be + verb 1st form + ing + object.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will be‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ?kweus tk jgk gksxkA Ram will be going for a walk.

OM
2. og ?kwe jgk gksxkA He will be walking.
3. og izfr;ksfxrk esa ukp jgh gksxhA She will be dancing in the competition.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

.C
Rule: Subject + will not be + verb 1st form + ing + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; NT English Sentences

1. oks lks ugha jgk gksxkA He will not be sleeping.
2. ikik bl le; v[kckj i<+ jgs gksxa sA Dad will be reading newspaper right now .
3. og bl oDr ugha [ksy jgh gksxhA She will not be playing at this moment.
OI
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + be + verb 1st form + ing + object?
P

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
ER

who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

PP

1. jke dgk¡ lks jgk gksxk\ Where will Ram be sleeping?

2. D;k og ?kwe jgk gksxk\ Will he be walking?
3. oks dqRrs dks D;k f[kyk jgh gksxh\ What will she be feeding the dog?
TO

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + not + be + verb 1st form + ing + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ekdsZV ugha tk jgk gksxk\ Will Ram not be going to market?
2. D;k cPps gYyk ugha epk jgs gkasxs\ Will children not be making a noise?
3. D;k eSa lks ugha jgk gw¡xk ml oDr\ Will I not be sleeping at that time?

139
 Future Perfect Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk gksxk] pqdh gksxh] pqds gksaxs] fy;k gksxk] fn;k gksxk] nh gksxh] yh gksxh] dh
gksxh vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk gksxk ] lhrk ukp pqdh gksxh] yksx ?kwe pqds gksaxs] eSa ?kwe pqdk gw¡xk vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will have + verb 3rd form + object.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will have‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

OM
S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. jke ekdsZV tk pqdk gksxkA Ram will have gone to market.
2. eSa bl le; rd [ksy pqdk gw¡xkA I will have played by now.
3. yksx LVst+ ij ukp pqds gksaxsA People will have danced on the stage.

.C
4. og izfr;ksfxrk thr pqdh gksxhA She will have won the competition.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

NT
Rule: Subject + will not have + verb 3rd form + object.
OI
S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. jke ekdsZV ugha x;k gksxkA Ram will not have gone to market.
2. mlus rqEgsa dy ugha ns[kk gksxkA He will not have seen you yesterday.
P

3. yksx dYiuk ls ugha feys gksaxsA People will not have met Kalpana.
ER

4. og ogk¡ ugha x;h gksxhA She will not have gone there.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

PP

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + have + verb 3rd form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
TO

lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ekdsZV D;ksa x;k gksxk\ Why will Ram have gone to market?
2. D;k mlus rqEgsa dy ns[kk gksxk\ Will he have seen you yesterday?
3. yksx dYiuk ls dc feys gksaxs\ When will people have met Kalpana?

4. og ogk¡ dSls x;h gksxh\ How will She have gone there?

140
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + not + have + verb 3rd form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha x;k gksxk\ Will Ram not have gone for a walk?
2. D;k mlus rqEgsa dy ugha ns[kk gksxk\ Will he not have seen you yesterday?
3. yksx dYiuk ls D;ksa ugha feys gksx
a s\ Why will people not have met Kalpana?
4. D;k og izfr;ksfxrk esa ugha ukph gksxh\ Will she not have danced in the
competition?

OM
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxs] jgk gw¡xk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls

.C
Continuous tense esa gksrk gSA QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA

tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gksxk] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh gksxh] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs gksxa s] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk
NT
gw¡xk vkfn

le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since vkSj For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj
For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, vFkkZr vof/k (Duration) ds fy,A dgk¡ ij Since vkSj dgk¡ ij For dk
OI
iz;ksx gksxk] ;g vkidks Present Perfect Continuous Tense i<+krs oDr crk;k x;k FkkA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

P

Subject + will have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
ER

time/duration>.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will have been‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
PP

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy jgk gksxkA Ram will have been playing for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gksxkA He will have been studying since 4 o‟clock.
TO

Negative (udkjkRed okD; )

Subject + will not have been +verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point
of time/duration>.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha [ksy jgk gksxkA Ram will not have been playing for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gksxkA He will not have been studying since 4 o‟clock.

141
Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + will + subject + have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+
since/for + <point of time/duration>?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy jgk gksxk\ Will Ram have been playing for 2 hours?
2. D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gksxk\ Will he have been studying since 4 o‟clock?

OM
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + will + subject + not + have been + verb 1st form+ ing +

.C
object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>?

S.No fgUnh okD; NT English Sentences

1. D;k jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy ugha jgk Will Ram not have been playing for 2 hours?
gksxk\
2. D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk Will he not have been studying since 4 o‟clock?
gksxk\
P OI
ER
PP

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

TO

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir

142
 Tense – Practice Exercise

vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- eSa ugha x;kA 46- eSa fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ gw¡ \

2- rqe dgk¡ tkrs gks \ 47- mlds ikik us eq>ls ckr djuk ilUn D;ksa ugha
3- ge fdl rjg vk;asxs\ fd;k\
4- eSa dc rd rqEgkjk lkFk nwa¡xk\ 48- jke eqf‛dy ls gh dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA
5- jksfgr dh cgu dgk¡ tk jgh gS\ 49- D;k ;s ckrsa ;kn vk;saxh rqEgsa\
6- oks fdl ‚kgj ls vk;k Fkk\ 50- ge lHkh yksx ml usrk dks ilUn ughsa djrsA
7- jke [ksyrk gSA 51- esjs HkkbZ us fdlh yM+dh dks ijs‛kku ugha fd;kA
8- oks yM+dk ,slk D;ksa lksprk gS\ 52- mlus ns[kus dh dksf‛k‛k ughsa dhA

OM
9- ;s cPps dgk¡ jgrs gSa\ 53- oks vf/kdrj lhrk ds lkFk [ksyrk gSA
10- yM+fd;k¡ dy ls Mk¡l dk vH;kl dj jgh gaSA 54- mlus esjs fy, dHkh dqN fd;k \
11- jkds‛k ugha le>rkA 55- mlus dqN ugha fd;kA
12- ?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA 56- ge rqEgkjs lkFk ?kweus tk;saxsA
13- eSa i<w¡axkA 57- jke mls cgqr I;kj djrk gSA

.C
14- oks lHkh fdlds HkkbZ gSa\ 58- rqeus esjk fny nq[kk;k gSA
15- oks f[kM+dh ls >k¡d jgk FkkA 59- vk¡[ksa Ëkks[kk nsrh gSaSA
16- cPps vk jgs gksaxsA NT 60- D;k rqeus lHkh dks [kkuk ijksl fn;k gS\
17- eSa f‛keyk vDlj tkrk g¡wA 61- fdlus rqEgsa ns[kk Fkk\
18- oks [kwc i<+rk gSA 62- ;s fny dHkh&dHkh I;kj ds fy, rM+irk gSA
19- oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA 63- eSaus Hkxoku ls dqN ek¡xk gSA
20- cl pyh xbZ gksxhA 64- mlus xyrh dh gSA
OI
21- rqe dc rd ;gk¡ Bgjksxs\ 65- gekjh vk¡[ksa mls ns[k jgh FkhA
22- ek¡ vius cPps dks nw/k fiyk jgh gksxhA 66- fdlus rqEgsa pksV igqqa¡pkbZ\
23- ge cgqr nsj rd lksrs gSaA 67- eSaus ,slk dHkh ugha lkspkA
24- oks ?kj ls ugha vk;k gSA 68- jke us eq>s esjh thr ij c/kkbZ nh gSA
P

25- oks vius liuksa dks lkdkj djsxkA 69- nqdkunkj us eq>s ywV fy;kA
26- eSa fdlds ckjs esa lksprk g¡wa\ 70- D;k rqe eq>s ;kn fnykvksxs \
ER

27- eSa vkSj rqe fdlds lkFk [ksy jgs Fks\ 71- cqjs nkSj esa rqEgkjk lkFk fdlus fn;k \
28- ge ogk¡ x;s FksA 72- ek¡ cPpkssa dks tUe nsrh gS o cnys esa dqN ugha
29- esjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pyk jgk gS\ ek¡xrh!
30- mlus ml vkneh dks tku ls ekj fn;kA 73- ge nks cts ikdZ esa ?kwe jgs FksA
PP

31- jke us yM+dh dk cykRdkj ugha fd;k gSA 74- oks fdlds fy, bruh nwj x;k \
32- yM+ds ds ifjokj okyksa us ml ij vkjksi yxk;k gSA 75- rqEgkjk psgjk eq>s fdlh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA
33- ml fnu esjs lkFk dbZ yksx fQYe ns[k jgs Fks A 76- ;s dkSu djrk gS\
34- geus Vhoh esa fdldh yM+kbZ ns[kh\ 77- ;s lk¡i lfn;ksa ls viuh lkFkh dh ryk‛k dj jgk
TO

35- ge jke dks fcydqy ugha tkursA gSA

36- ;s VwVk gqvk fny dqN dg jgk gSA 78- mlus fdrkc ys yh FkhA
37- D;k oks Ldwy ls vk x;k gksxk\ 79- eSa isu ls fy[kw¡xkA
38- rqe cgqr rst nkSM+ jgs FksA 80- D;k rqe jkst guqeku th dh iwtk ugha djrh \
39- dkSu tk;sxk\ 81- oks ?kweus x;k FkkA
40- fdl ghjks dk nksLr rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWca djrk 82- ;s dke fdlus fd;k \
gS\ 83- ;s dgkfu;k¡ eq>s ilan ughaA
41- eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A 84- geus xyrh ugha dhA
42- lhek vk;s fnu rqEgas gkseodZ fy[kus ds fy, cqykrh 85- jke esjs ckjs esa dqN u dqN rks crk,xkA
gSA 86- oks nksuksa gesa D;k fl[kk,sx
a s\s
43- cPps lqcg ls Vh oh ns[k jgs gaSA 87- rqEk lH; yxrs gksA
44- mls fdl ikVhZ dk lkFk ugha fey jgk gS\ 88- oks rqEgkjs ?kj igys gh vk pqdk gSA
45- oks eksckbZy esa D;k ns[k jgk gS\ 89- eSa rqEgsa jkst ns[kus vk;kA
143
90- rqe viuh xyrh Lohdkj dj pqds gksA 140- D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBh\
91- eSa rqels dHkh ugha feykA 141- oks xkuk dgk¡ xkrk gS\
92- eSa fdlh rjg vkWfQl igq¡pk gww¡A 142- oks rqEgkjs ?kj esa [kkuk [kk pqdk gSA
93- D;k vki gels dqN dg jgs gSaA 143- tc eSa vkšxk] rqe tk jgs gksaxsA
94- oks rqEgkjs ?kj dh rjQ D;ksa vkrk gS \ 144- mlus eq>s ekQ fd;kA
95- eSa nhokj ds ihNs Nqi x;kA 145- eSa vkWWfQl ifjlj esa flxjsV ugha ihrkA
96- eSa rqels feyus dks ikxy gks jgk FkkA 146- eSa viuh xyrh eglwl dj pqdk gw¡A
97- eSa tYn gh vkWfQl igq¡p jgk gw¡A 147- eSaus ;s igsyh lqy>k nhA
98- Lkhrk us dEiuh NksM+h vkSj pyh x;hA 148- eSa dHkh xkuk ugha xkrkA
99- rqe vPNs yx jgs gksA 149- eSa vkids ikl dc vkšxk \
100- rqeus ,slk D;ksa lkspk\ 150- nwYgk vPNk yxrk gSA
101- mlus xkuk dgk¡ xk;k\ 151- ;g lquus esa vPNk yxrk gSA
102- fiz;k esjs fny dks le> jgh FkhA 152- D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBsxh\
103- eSaus lc dqN le> fy;k FkkA 153- lfpu us iqjkus lÒh fjdkMZl rksM+sA

OM
104- Ykskx feBkb;k¡ [kk pqds FksA 154- eSa vkidk izLrko Lohdkj djrk gw¡A
105- eq>s mldh ;kn vk jgh FkhA 155- jke vxys eghus dEI;wVj lh[ksxkA
106- og nks lky igys dEiuh NksM+ pqdk gSA 156- D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBrh gS\
107- oks rqEgsa /kedh D;ksa nsrk gS\ 157- rqe ,slk D;ksa lksp jgs gks\
108- eSa vkWWfQl ds ckgj igys gh vPNh rjg ns[k pqdk 158- rqe vPNs yxrs gksA

.C
gw¡A 159- cPpk Nr ij jks jgk gksxkA
109- D;k vki gels lger gSa \ 160- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa D;k lksprk gw¡\
110- jke /kks[kk ns jgk FkkA NT 161- jke vkSj vkfnR; fdl vkWfQl ls vk jgs gSa\
111- Okks vkneh eq>ls ugha feyrk gSA 162- D;k vki muls feys gks\
112- rksrk Nr ij jks jgk FkkA 163- eSaus rqEgkjs fy, izkFkZuk dh FkhA
113- oks rqEgkjk bUrt+kj 2 cts ls dj jgk FkkA 164- jke vPNh rjg ls rS;kjh dj pqdk gSA
114- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa dqN ugha lksp jgk g¡wA 165- ;s fdlus fd;k \
OI
115- eSa rqels ckr d#¡xkA 166- mlus vutkus esa eq>s nq[k igq¡pk;kA
116- yksx eq>ls feyus ugh vk;saxsA 167- eSaus yksxksa ls iSls bdV~Bs dj fy, gSaA
117- jke dEI;wVj lh[krk gSA 168- eSa dle [kkrk gw¡ fd eSa ogk¡ dHkh ugha tkÅ¡xkA
118- rqEgkjs cky >M+ pqds FksA 169- rqEgkjh fdrkc fdlus yh \
P

119- eSa vius ekrk firk dks fonk dj pqdk g¡wA 170- D;k gqvk \
120- 2 ?kUVs gks x;s] ?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA 171- rqEgkjs fnekx dks fdlus ijs‛kku fd;k \
ER

121- eSa vius ekrk firk dks Hkst pqdk FkkA 172- ge csotg ,d nwljs ds lkFk yM+ jgs FksA
122- D;k vki 3 lky ls dke dj jgs gSa\ 173- rqe D;k <¡w< jgs gks \
123- D;k vki lqcg ls ?kwe jgs gSa\ 174- mUgksaus iwjs dejs dh ltkoV cny nhA
124- uy fn[kus esa vPNk yx jgk FkkA 175- eSaus mldh vkokt+ igpku yhA
PP

125- mlus rqEgsa /kedh D;ksa nh Fkh\ 176- mlus eq>s iwjh rjg ls lg;ksx dk vk‛oklu fn;kA
126- rqe eq>s lqcg ls D;ksa <w<+ jgs gks\ 177- mlus crZu /kks fy, gSaA
127- jke vkWfQl dc tkrk gS\ 178- mlus brus lkjs yksxksa dks dSls l¡Hkkyk \
128- mlus eq>s vdsyk NksM+ fn;k gSA 179- tks dksbZ esjs ikl vk;k] eSaus enn dhA
TO

129- rqe ,slk D;ksa lksprs gks\ 180- [ksy ds nkSjku oks [kks;k [kks;k lk yxkA
130- eSa vkids ikl dc vk;k \ 181- rqe dgha [kks;s ls yxrs gksA
131- eSa rqels dHkh ugha feyw¡xkA 182- eSaus mls mruk iSlk ugha fn;kA
132- D;k vkius [kkuk [kk;k\ 183- gt+kjksa yksx lM+d ij fonzksg dj jgs gSaA
133- Lkhrk Hkxoku dh iwtk dc ls dj jgh gS\ 184- gLr js[kk foKku us mls ikxy dj fn;k gSA
134- rqeus gky gh esa dkSu lh fQYe ns[kh gS\ 185- esjk HkkbZ fdlh rjg ?kj igq¡pkA
135- eSa ?kweus x;kA 186- eSa viuh lQ+yrk dk Js; rqEgsa nsrk gw¡A
136- eSa 2 ?kaVs ls BaM ls dka¡i jgk gw¡A 187- D;k rqeesa ls dksbZ iwtk djrk gS \
137- og nks lky igys dEiuh NksM+ pqdk gSA 188- rqe bruh lkjh fdrkcsa dSls ykvksxs \
138- rqeus esjk ewM [kjkc fd;kA 189- rqeesa ls fdrus rktegy x;s gks \
139- eSa 2008 ls bl dEiuh esa dke jgk gw¡wA 190- mlus "kM+;= dk HkkaMk QksM+ fn;kA

144
Answers
1. I didn‟t go. 36. This broken heart is saying something.
2. Where do you go? 37. Will he have come from school?
3. How will we come? 38. You were running very fast.
4. Until when will I support you? / Until when 39. Who will go?
will I stand by you? 40. Which actor‟s friend works with your dad?
5. Where is Rohit‟s sister going? 41. I often go his home.
6. From which city had he come? 42. Seema often calls you to write homework.
7. Ram plays. 43. Kids have been watching TV since morning.
8. Why does that boy think so? 44. Which party‟s support is he not getting? /

OM
9. Where do these children live? Which party is not supporting him.
10. Girls have been practicing dance since 45. What is he watching in Mobile?
yesterday. 46. Which girl‟s brother am I?
11. Rakesh doesn‟t understand. 47. Why did his father not like to talk to me?

.C
12. Blood is oozing from the wound. 48. Ram seldom comes my home.
13. I will study. 49. Will you remember these moments?
14. Whose brothers are they/those all? NT 50. We all people don‟t like that leader.
15. He was peeping through the window. 51. My brother didn‟t bother any girl.
16. Children/kids will be coming. 52. He didn‟t try to see.
17. I often go to Shimla. 53. He mostly plays with Seeta.
OI
18. He studies a lot/so much. 54. Did he ever do something for me?
19. He sometimes come my home. 55. He did nothing.
20. Bus will have left. 56. We will go for a walk with you.
P

21. Until when will you stay here? 57. Ram loves him/her a lot.
22. Mother will be feeding her child. 58. You have hurt me.
ER

23. We sleep till late. 59. Eyes cheat/ Eyes deceive. / Eyes are
24. He has not come from home. deceptive.
25. He will fulfill his dreams. / He will 60. Have you served the food to all?
PP

materialize his dreams. 61. Who had seen you?

26. About whom do I think? 62. This heart sometimes craves for love.
27. With whom were I & you playing? 63. I have begged something from God.
TO

28. We had gone there. 64. He has committed / made a mistake.

29. Which car is my friend driving? 65. Our eyes were searching him.
30. He killed that man. 66. Who hurt you?
31. Ram has not raped the girl. 67. I never thought so.
32. Boy‟s family has blamed him/her. 68. Ram has congratulated me on my
33. Many people were watching the movie with win/victory.
me that day. 69. Shopkeeper ripped me off.
34. Whose fight did we watch on TV? 70. Will you remind me?
35. We don‟t know Ram at all. / We have no idea 71. Who supported you in bad time? / Who stood
who Ram is. by you in bad phase?

145
72. Mother bears children and demands nothing 111. That man does not meet me.
in return. 112. Parrot was crying on the roof.
73. We were walking in the park at 2 o‟clock. 113. He had been waiting for you since 2
74. For whom did I go this far? o‟clock.
75. Your face reminds me of someone. 114. I am not thinking anything about you./ I
76. Who does it? am thinking nothing about you.
77. This snake has been searching his partner for 115. I will talk to you.
centuries. 116. People will not come to meet me.
78. He had taken the book. 117. Ram learns computer.
79. I will write with pen. 118. Your hair were fallen.
80. Do you not worship Lord Hanuman daily? 119. I have seen off my parents.

OM
81. He had gone for a walk. 120. Blood has been oozing from the wound for
82. Who did this work? 2 hrs.
83. I don‟t like these stories. 121. I had sent my parents.
84. We didn‟t make a mistake. 122. Have you been working for 3 years?

.C
85. Ram will tell at least something about me. 123. Have you been walking since morning?
86. What will they both teach us? 124. Tap was looking good.
87. You look civilized.
88. He has already come your home.
NT 125. Why had he threatened you?
126. Why have you been searching me since
89. I came to see you daily. morning?
90. You have accepted your fault. 127. When does Ram go to office?
OI
91. I never met you. 128. He has left me alone.
92. I have reached office somehow. 129. Why do you think so?
93. Are you saying something to us? 130. When did I come to you?
P

94. Why does he come towards your home? 131. I will never meet you.
ER

95. I hid behind the wall. 132. Did you eat the food?
96. I was craving to meet you. 133. Since when has seta been worshipping
97. I am reaching office soon. God?
98. Seeta left the company and went. 134. Which movie have you recently seen?
PP

99. You are looking good. 135. I went for a walk.

100. Why did you think so? 136. I have been shivering with cold for 2 hours.
101. Where did he sing the song? 137. He has left the company 2 years ago.
TO

102. Priya was understanding my feelings. 138. You spoiled my mood.

103. I had understood everything. 139. I have been working with this company
104. People had eaten the sweets. since 2008.
105. I was missing him/her. 140. Did Seeta sit there?
106. He has left the company 2 years ago. 141. Where does he sing the song?
107. Why does he threaten you? 142. He has eaten/taken/had the food at your
108. I have already seen properly outside the home.
office. 143. When I come, you will be going.
109. Do you agree with us? 144. He forgave me.
110. Ram was cheating. 145. I don‟t smoke in the office premises.
146
146. I have realized my mistake. 169. Who took your book?
147. I unraveled this enigma. / I solved this 170. What happened?
puzzle. 171. What disturbed your mind?
148. I never sing a song. 172. We were unnecessarily fighting with each
149. When will I come to you? other.
150. Groom looks good. 173. What are you looking for?
151. It sounds good. 174. They changed the entire room decoration.
152. Will seeta sit there? 175. I recognized his voice.
153. Sachin broke all the previous records. 176. He assured me of full cooperation.
154. I accept you proposal. 177. He has washed the utensils.
155. Ram will learn computer next month. 178. How did he handle these many people?

OM
156. Does seeta sit there? 179. Whoever came to me, I helped.
157. Why are you thinking so? 180. During the game, he seemed to be lost.
158. You look good. 181. You seem to be lost somewhere.
159. Child will be weeping on the roof. 182. I didn‟t give him that much money.

.C
160. What do I think about you? 183. Thousands of people are protesting on
161. From which office are Ram & Aditya roads.
coming?
162. Have you met them?
NT 184. Palmistry has made him crazy.
185. My brother somehow reached home.
163. I had prayed for you. 186. I ascribe my success to you.
164. Ram has prepared well. 187. Does any of you worship?
OI
165. Who did it? 188. How will you bring these many books?
166. He unknowingly hurt me. 189. How many of you have visited the Taj?
167. I have collected the money from people. 190. He unearthed the conspiracy.
P

168. I swear that I will never go there again.

ER

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Every time you lose, you gain experience.

PP

2. Unless you try, you can‟t say whether you‟ll succeed or not. So go ahead and try
your best.
TO

3. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn‟t
do than by the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe
harbor, catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.

147
 Tense – Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 20 x 1 = 20

1. Do you really feel the pain of those who are poor and hungry?
2. Will he ever realize that he was in the wrong?
3. Which one are you looking for at the moment?
4. How many times have I told you not to disturb me?
5. Why did you back out of your promise?
6. Sometimes, He takes things pretty lightly.

OM
7. I will seldom go to the US because I feel myself an alien there.
8. Have you ever been in Agra?
9. I don‟t know what to do.
10. He has not been working for money since beginning.
11. For how long have you been waiting for me in the airport?

.C
12. It sounded good but I know it‟s not worthwhile.
13. I will sue you in court.
14. Prime Minister addressed the gathering. NT
15. Shyam unnecessarily elongates the matter.
16. Most of the People are traveling by metro these days.
17. He feeds his animals thrice a day.
18. Are you feeling like going there?
OI
19. These two are not looking to be twins as their faces are different altogether.
20. He is fighting for his self respect and dignity.
P

Q2: Choose the correct alternative in the following sentences: 10 x 1 = 10

ER

1. He has been in Delhi (since/for) a long.

2. I never (tells/tell) a lie.
3. He didn‟t go (somewhere/anywhere).
4. Do you love (to watch / watching) TV?
PP

5. I like (to play / playing) cricket.

6. He (founded/found) peace nowhere.
7. I (was/were) watching you.
8. Shalini (does/do) not go to parties.
TO

9. Rahul (looks / looked) tired that day.

10. (Do/Does) you know how to speak in English?

Q3: Translate the following sentences into English? 10 x 1 = 10

1- rqe ogk¡ fdl jkLrs ls gksrs gq, tkrs gks \ 7- lp dgw¡ rks eq>s ugha irk fd eSa vkxs D;k djus okyk gw¡A
2- brus lkjs fxys f‛kdos ysdj dgk¡ tkvksxs rqe \ 8- D;k oks eq>s tkurk Fkk \
3- jgrs dgk¡ gks nksLr \ vDlj fn[krs ughaA 9- eSuas mls bruk I;kj fd;k ftruk dksbZ mls dHkh ugha
4- nokbZ [kkus ds ckn vPNk eglwl gks jgk gS eq>sA djsxk \
5- eSa dkQh nsj ls mls <w¡< jgk FkkA 10- ckrksa ls isV ugha HkjrkA
6- ljdkj xjhcksa ds fy, lgh ek;uksa esa D;k dj jgh gS \

148
 Answers
Q1:
1. Do you really feel the pain of those who are poor and hungry?
D;k rqe okdbZ mu yksxksa dk nnZ eglwl djrs gks tks xjhc vkSj Hkw[ks gSa \
2. Will he ever realize that he was in the wrong?
D;k oks dHkh eglwl djsxk fd oks xyr Fkk \
3. Which one are you looking for at the moment?
bl le; rqe dkSu lk okyk <¡<w jgs gks \
4. How many times have I told you not to disturb me?
eSaus rqEgsa fdruh ckj dgk gS fd eq>s ijs‛kku er fd;k djks\
5. Why did you back out of your promise?

OM
rqe vius okns ls D;ksa eqdjs \
6. Sometimes, he takes things pretty lightly.
dHkh&dHkh oks phtksa dks cgqr gYds esa ysrk gSA
7. I will seldom go to the US because I feel myself an alien there.

.C
eSa ‚kk;n gh dHkh vesfjdk tkÅ¡xk D;ksafd eSa ogk¡ vius vki dks vtuch eglwl djrk gw¡A
8. Have you ever been in Agra?
D;k rqe dHkh vkxjk esa jgs gks \ NT
9. I don‟t know what to do.
eSa ugha tkurk fd D;k d:¡ \
10. He has not been working for money since beginning.
OI
oks ‚kq: ls gh iSlksa ds fy, dke ugha dj jgk gSA
11. For how long have you been waiting for me in the airport?
rqe ,vjiksVZ ij esjk bUrt+kj dc ls dj jgs gks \
P

12. It sounded good but I know it‟s not worthwhile.

lquus esa vPNk yxk ysfdu eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s Qk;ns dk lkSnk ugha gSA
ER

13. I will sue you in court.

eSa rqEgsa dksVZ esa ?klhVw¡xkA@ eSa rqEgkjs f[kykQ eqdnek nk;j d:¡xkA
14. Prime Minister addressed the gathering.
iz/kkuea=h us HkhM+ dks lEcksf/kr fd;k@Hkk"k.k fn;kA
PP

15. Shyam unnecessarily elongates the matter.

‚;ke Qkyrw esa ekeys dks yEck dj nsrk gSA
16. Most of the People are travelling by metro these days.
TO

bu fnuksa vf/kdrj yksx eSVªks ls ;k=k dj jgs gSaA

17. He feeds his animals thrice a day.
oks vius tkuojksa dks fnu esa rhu ckj f[kykrk gSA
18. Are you feeling like going there?
D;k rqEgkjk ogk¡ tkus dk eu dj jgk gS \
19. These two are not looking twins as their faces are different altogether.
;s nksuksa tqM+ok ugha yx jgs gSa D;ksafd buds psgjs fcYdqy vyx gaSA
20. He is fighting for his self respect and dignity.
oks vius vkRe lEeku vkSj izfr"Bk ds fy, yM+ jgk gSA

149
Q2: Correct alternative is written bold & underlined

1. He has been in delhi (since/for) a long.

2. I never (tells/tell) a lie.
3. He didn‟t go (somewhere/anywhere).
4. Do you love (to watch / watching) TV?
5. I like (to play / playing) cricket.
6. He (founded/found) peace nowhere.
7. I (was/were) watching you.
8. Shalini (does/do) not go to parties.
9. Rahul (looks / looked) tired that day.

OM
10. (Do/Does) you know how to speak in English?

Q3:
1- rqe ogk¡ fdl jkLrs ls gksrs gq, tkrs gks\

.C
From which way do you go there?

2- brus lkjs fxys f‛kdos ysdj dgk¡ tkvksxs rqe \

NT
Where will you go with these many differences?

3- jgrs dgk¡ gks nksLr \ vDlj fn[krs ughaA

Where are you mate? Not seen very often.
OI
4- nokbZ [kkus ds ckn vPNk eglwl gks jgk gS eq>sA
I am feeling good after having/eating medicine.
P

5- eSa dkQh nsj ls mls <w¡< jgk FkkA

I had been searching him for a long.
ER

6- ljdkj xjhcksa ds fy, lgh ek;uksa esa D;k dj jgh gS \

What is government ideally doing for the poor?
PP

7- lp dgw¡ rks eq>s ugha irk fd eSa vkxs D;k djus okyk gw¡A
To be honest I don‟t know what I am going to do further.
TO

8- D;k oks eq>s tkurk Fkk \

Did he know me?

9- eSuas mls bruk I;kj fd;k ftruk dksbZ mls dHkh ugha djsxk \
I loved her so much that nobody will ever do.

10- ckrksa ls isV ugha HkjrkA

Words can‟t feed. / Action is better than the words.

150
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the sentences from Hindi to English: 35 x 1 = 35

1- rqeus eq>s fdruk I;kj fd;k \ 18- eSaus rqEgkjs ckjs esa cgqr dqN lkspkA
2- eSa dSls tkuw¡ fd rqEgkjs fy, eSa dkSu FkkA 19- eq>s ,d I;kjh lh ?kM+h feyh gSA
3- tc eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] eq>s yxrk gS fd rqe 20- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
lks jgs gksxsA 21- esjs pkjksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kk pqds gSaA
4- rqe dy 6 cts vkuk] rc rd rks eSa rqEgkjk dke 22- eSaus lkjs fnu xkM+h pykbZA
dj pqdk gw¡xkA 23- rqeus eq>s gj txg <wWwa¡<+kA

OM
5- rqEgsa ,slk D;ksa yxrk gS fd esjs ikl cgqr iSlk gSA 24- rqe esjs ihNs D;ksa Nqi jgs gks \
6- ft+Unxh gesa cgqr dqN fl[kkrh gSA 25- oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \
7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA 26- eSa eEeh dks dbZ fnuksa ls ;kn dj jgk FkkA
8- rqe dc rd ogk¡ jgksxs \ 27- rqEgkjk uke esjs fny dh /kM+duksa ij fy[kk gSA

.C
9- ge dgha ugha tk jgs FksA 28- rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>kA
10- oks vkneh ,d cPps dks dkQh nsj ls ekj jgk gSA NT 29- eSa rqels lp dg jgk g¡wA
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls rqEgkjs ;gk¡ tk jgk FkkA 30- eq>s fcYdqy ugha irk fd rqe dkSu gks \
12- eSa fØØsV [ksyuk dSls fl[kw¡xk \ 31- D;k rqeus dHkh fdrkcsa [kjhnh \
13- oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dSls vk;s \ 32- eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa lc dqN irk gS A
OI
14- EkSa lHkh yksxksa ls fey pqdk g¡wA 33- jke us lHkh fdrkcsa Vscy ij j[khA
15- rqEgkjs lHkh nksLr eq>ls fey pqds FksA 34- rqe D;ksa lksp jgs gks fd eSa ugha vkšxkA
P

16- rqe dc rd esjs ?kj #dksxs \ 35- rqe tc ls vk;s gks] flQZ mlds ckjs esa ckr dj
ER

17- jke dc ls dEI;wVj ij cSBk gqvk gS \ jgs gksA

Answers
PP

Q1:

1- rqeus eq>s fdruk I;kj fd;k \ 5- rqEgsa ,slk D;ksa yxrk gS fd esjs ikl cgqr iSlk gSA
How much did you love me? Why do you think that I have lots of money?
TO

2- eSa dSls tkuw¡ fd rqEgkjs fy, eSa dkSu FkkA 6- ft+Unxh gesa cgqr dqN fl[kkrh gSA
How do I know, who I was for you. Life teaches us a lot.

3- tc eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] eq>s yxrk gS fd rqe lks 7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
jgs gksxsA We have nothing today. / We don‟t have
When I come to meet you, I think you will anything today.
be sleeping.
8- rqe dc rd ogk¡ jgksxs \
4- rqe 6 cts vkuk] eSa rqEgkjk dke dj pqdk gw¡xkA Until when will you be/stay/live there?
You come at 6 o‟clock; I will have finished
your work.
151
 22- eSaus lkjs fnu xkM+h pykbZA
9- ge dgha ugha tk jgs FksA I drove the car throughout the day.
We were not going anywhere./We were
going nowhere. 23- rqeus eq>s gj txg <w¡w<+kA
You sought/searched me everywhere.
10- oks vkneh ,d cPps dks dkQh nsj ls ekj jgk gSA
That man has been beating a kid for a long. 24- rqe esjs ihNs D;ksa Nqi jgs gks \
Why are you hiding behind me?
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls rqEgkjs ;gk¡ tk jgk FkkA
Ram had been going to your place for many 25- oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \
days. What/Who is he to you?

12- eSa fØØsV [ksyuk dSls fl[kw¡xk \ 26- eSa eEeh dks dbZ fnuksa ls ;kn dj jgk FkkA

OM
How will I learn to play cricket? I had been missing mom for many days.

13- oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dSls vk;s\ 27- rqEgkjk uke esjs fny dh /kM+duksa ij fy[kk gSA
How did those children come to your house? Your name is written on my heartbeats.

.C
14- EkSa lHkh yksxksa ls fey pqdk gw¡A 28- rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>kA
I have met all the people. You always took me wrong.

15- rqEgkjs lHkh nksLr eq>ls fey pqds FksA

All of your friends had met me.
NT 29- eSa rqels lp dg jgk gw¡A
I am telling you the truth.

16- rqe dc rd esjs ?kj #dksxs \

OI
Until when will you stay at my home? 30- eq>s fcYdqy ugha irk fd rqe dkSu gks \
I really don‟t know who you are.
17- jke dc ls dEI;wVj ij cSBk gqvk gS \
P

Since when has Ram been sitting on the 31- D;k rqeus dHkh fdrkcsa [kjhnh \
computer? Did you ever buy books?
ER

18- eSaus rqEgkjs ckjs esa cgqr dqN lkspkA 32- eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa lc dqN irk gS A
I thought a lot about you. I know everything about you.
PP

19- eq>s ,d I;kjh lh ?kM+h feyh gSA 33- jke us lHkh fdrkcsa Vscy ij j[khA
I have found a nice watch. Ram put/kept all the books on the table.

20- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \ 34- rqe D;ksa lksp jgs gks fd eSa ugha vkšxkA
TO

How many brothers do you have? Why are you thinking that I will not come?

21- esjs pkjksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kk pqds gSaA 35- rqe tc ls vk;s gks] flQZ mlds ckjs esa ckr dj jgs
gksA
All of my 4 brothers have taken/eaten/had
Ever since you have come, you are only
the food.
talking about him/her.

152
 Test – III

Q1: Translate the sentences from Hindi to English: 20 x 1 = 20

1- rqeus eq>s dHkh dqN dgk D;k \

2- eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA
3- tc dHkh eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] D;k rqe eq>s oks lkjh fdrkcsa nksxh \
4- dbZ fnuksa ls eq>s rqe dqN ;kn fnyk jgh gksA
5- rqEgsa dSls ekywe fd esjs ikl bruk iSlk gSA
6- ft+Unxh ds glhu iy ge lc ds fy, ,d tSls gh gSaA
7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
8- rqe flQZ fct+ul s djus ds fy, gh cus gksA

OM
9- ge yksx mu vkoktksa dks le>us dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgs FksA
10- oks yksx ml cPps dh ckrksa dks et+kd esa ys jgs FksA
11- jke dbZ fnu vkSj dbZ jkrksa ls fcuk #ds i<+ jgk FkkA
12- eSaus rqEgsa Mk¡Vk vkSj rqeus jksuk ‚kq# dj fn;k A

.C
13- oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dh nhokj ds ihNs fNi x;s Fkss A
14- EkSa lHkh dks ml Hkwfr;k ?kj ds ckjs esa crk pqdk FkkA
15- rqEk esjs lkFk dHkh Hkh ugha FksA NT
16- rqe dc ls esjs ?kj esa jg jgs gks \
17- jke gekjh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrj jgk gSA
18- ek¡ vkSj cPpksa dk fj‛rk cgqr [kwclwjr gksrk gSA
19- eSa Hkhxk gqvk Fkk blfy, BaM yx x;hA
OI
20- tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe tkvksxs] oks rqEgsa ugha NksM+sxkA

Q2: Correct the following sentences: 10 x 1 = 10

P
ER

1) He is walking in the park for a long.

2) My friend did not found peace anywhere.
3) I didn‟t went there.
PP

4) Ram worked with me never.

5) Life teach us thousand things.
6) I looked at the calender for the dates.
7) He is not walking because he is so week.
TO

8) Have you seen my 3 story building?

9) He was sweeting when he came to me.
10) There were 5 students. There parents had also come.

153
 Answers

Q1:

1- rqeus eq>s dHkh dqN dgk D;k \ Did you ever say something to me?
2- eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA How do I tell, what you are to me.
3- tc dHkh eSa vkšxk] D;k rqe eq>s oks lkjh fdrkcsa nksxh \ Whenever I come, will you give me all those
books?
4- dbZ fnuksa ls eq>s rqe dqN ;kn fnyk jgh gksA You have been reminding me of something for
many days.
5- rqEgsa dSls ekywe fd esjs ikl bruk iSlk gSA How do you know that I have this much money?
6- ft+Unxh ds glhu iy ge lc ds fy, ,d tSls gh gSaA Life‟s romantic moments are same for all of us.

OM
7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA We have nothing today.
8- rqe flQZ fct+ul s djus ds fy, gh cus gksA You are only meant / made for business.
9- ge yksx mu vkoktksa dks le>us dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgs FksA We people were trying to understand those
voices.
10- oks yksx ml cPps dh ckrksa dks et+kd esa ys jgs FksA Those people were taking that child lightly.

.C
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk FkkA Ram had been continuously studying for many
days.
12- eSaus rqEgsa Mk¡Vk vkSj rqeus jksuk ‚kq# dj fn;k A NT I scolded you and you started weeping.
13- oks cPps rqEgkjh nhokj ij dqN fy[k jgs Fkss A Those children were writing something on your
house‟s wall.
14- EkSa lHkh dks ml Hkwfr;k ?kj ds ckjs esa crk pqdk FkkA I had told everyone about that haunted house.
15- rqEk esjs lkFk dHkh Hkh ugha FksA You were never with me.
OI
16- rqe dc ls esjs ?kj esa jg jgs gks \ Since when have you been living at my home?
17- jke gekjh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrj jgk gSA Ram is living up to our expectations.
18- ek¡ vkSj cPpksa dk fj‛rk cgqr [kwclwjr gksrk gSA Mother and children‟s relation is very beautiful.
P

19- eSa Hkhxk gqvk Fkk blfy, BaM yx x;hA I was drenched hence got cold.
20- tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe tkvksxs] oks rqEgsa ugha NksMs+xkA Wherever you go, he will not spare you.
ER

Q2: correct sentences are written below with underlined corrected words or
group of words:
PP

1) He is (has been) walking in the park for a long.

2) My friend did not found (find) peace anywhere.
3) I didn‟t went (go) there.
TO

4) Ram worked with me never. (Ram never worked with me)

5) Life teach (teaches) us thousand things.
6) I looked at the calender (calendar) for the dates.
7) He is not walking because he is so week (weak).
8) Have you seen my 3 story (storey) building?
9) He was sweeting (sweating) when he came to me.
10) There were 5 students. There (Their) parents had also come.

154
 Test – IV

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- D;k vki yksx ml yM+ds ls feys Fks\ 26- oks dHkh ugha x;kA
2- eSaus mldh cgu dks igpku fy;k FkkA 27- lqj‛s k eq>ls feysxkA
3- [ksy ds nkSjku oks Fkdk gqvk lk yxkA 28- ge 7 cts Ldwy ds fy, fudys A
4- rqe eq>s cgqr vPNss yxrs gksA 29- cPps dHkh ugha x;s A
5- eSaus mls iSlk dHkh ugha fn;kA 30- eq>s ;s vPNk ugha yxrkA
6- dbZ yksx lM+d ij fpYyk jgs FksA 31- jke mls I;kj djrk gSA

OM
7- mlus rqEgsa viuh ft+Unxh ls Hkh T;knk I;kj fd;kA 32- oDr ds lkFk lc cny tkrk gSA
8- ;s VwVk gqvk fxykl fdlus j[kk ;gk¡ \ 33- iSlk vkneh dh uh;r cnyrk gSA
9- D;k oks Ldwy x;k gksxk \ 34- mls dqN feyk gS] ‚kk;n dksbZ iSu A
10- rqe bruh rst D;ksa nkSM+ jgs gks \ 35- eSaus ;s iz‛u igys Hkh gy fd;k gSA

.C
11- dkSu dkSu tk;sxk esjs lkFk \ 36- mlus 4 ?kaVs esjk bUrt+kj fd;k A
12- fdl vkneh dk csVk rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk gS\
NT 37- cPps pqi D;ksa ugha jgrs \
13- eSa vDlj mlds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A 38- eSaus mls gj txg <w¡<k A
14- oks fnu jkr D;ksa i<+rk gS \ 39- viuk jkLrk mlus [kqn cuk;kA
15- oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA 40- eq>s fdlh us ugha dgk] eSaus [kqn fd;k A
OI
16- ge cgqr nsj rd mBs jgrs gSaA 41- oks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgk gSA
17- rqEgkjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pykrk gS \ 42- yksx vk;s FksA
P

18- eSa fdlds HkkbZ ds lkFk ukp jgk Fkk \ 43- eSaus vDlj mls ;gk¡ ns[kk gSA
19- rqe nksigj ls dqN <w¡< jgs gks \ 44- jke ugha djrkA
ER

20- eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s gksxkA 45- mlus eq>s lkjh ckr crk;hA
21- rqe ogk¡ x;s Fks A 46- oks dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk gSA
PP

22- eSaus jke dks ns[kk gSA 47- eSaus ,slk ugha lkspk FkkA
23- mlds ikik esjs ?kj vk;s A 48- bl oDr oks i<+ jgk gksxk A
24- mUgkasus eq>s crk;k gSA 49- eSaus dqN Hkh ugha iwNkA
TO

25- D;k mlus dgk \ 50- ge fQYe ns[k jgs Fks ml oDr] tc oks vk;k A

Answers
1- D;k vki yksx ml yM+ds ls feys Fks\ Had you people met that boy?
2- eSaus mldh cgu dks igpku fy;k FkkA I had recognized his/her sister.
3- [ksy ds nkSjku oks Fkdk gqvk lk yxkA He seemed/looked tired during the game.
4- rqe eq>s cgqr vPNss yxrs gksA I like you a lot.
5- eSaus mls iSlk dHkh ugha fn;kA I never gave him money.
6- dbZ yksx lM+d ij fpYyk jgs FksA There were many people shouting on the road.

155
7- mlus rqEgsa viuh ft+Unxh ls Hkh T;knk I;kj fd;kA He loved you more than his life.
8- ;s VwVk gqvk fxykl fdlus j[kk ;gk¡ \ Who kept this broken glass here?
9- D;k oks Ldwy x;k gksxk \ Will he have gone to school?
10- rqe bruh rst D;ksa nkSM+ jgs gks \ Why are you running this fast?
11- dkSu dkSu tk;sxk esjs lkFk \ Who all will go with me?
12- fdl vkneh dk csVk rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk gS\Which man‟s son works with your dad?
13- eSa vDlj mlds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A I often go to his place/home.
14- oks fnu jkr D;ksa i<+rk gS \ Why does he study 24 hours?
15- oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA He sometimes comes my home.
16- ge cgqr nsj rd mBs jgrs gSaA We wake up till late.
17- rqEgkjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pykrk gS \ Which car does your friend drive?
18- eSa fdlds HkkbZ ds lkFk ukp jgk Fkk \ With whose brother was I dancing?

OM
19- rqe nksigj ls dqN <w¡< jgs gks A You‟ve been searching something since afternoon.
20- eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s gksxkA I know it will happen.
21- rqe ogk¡ x;s Fks A You had gone there.
22- eSaus jke dks ns[kk gSA I have seen Ram.

.C
23- mlds ikik esjs ?kj vk;s A His father came to my home.
24- mUgkasus eq>s crk;k gSA He has told me.
25- D;k mlus dgk \ NT Did he say?
26- oks dHkh ugha x;kA He never went.
27- lqj‛s k eq>ls feysxkA Suresh will meet me.
28- ge 7 cts Ldwy ds fy, fudys A We left for school at 7.
Children never went.
OI
29- cPps dHkh ugha x;s A
30- eq>s ;s vPNk ugha yxrkA I don‟t like this.
31- jke mls I;kj djrk gSA Ram loves him/her.
Everything changes with time.
P

32- oDr ds lkFk lc cny tkrk gSA

33- iSlk vkneh dh uh;r cnyrk gSA Money changes one‟s character.
ER

34- mls dqN feyk gS] ‚kk;n dksbZ iSu A He has found something, probably a pen.
35- eSaus ;s iz‛u igys Hkh gy fd;k gSA I have solved this question before as well.
36- mlus 4 ?kaVs esjk bUrt+kj fd;k A He waited for me for 4 hours.
37- cPps pqi D;ksa ugha jgrs \ Why do children not keep quiet?
PP

38- eSaus mls gj txg <w¡<k A I searched him everywhere.

39- viuk jkLrk mlus [kqn cuk;kA He made his way himself.
40- eq>s fdlh us ugha dgk] eSaus [kqn fd;k A Nobody said to me, I did myself.
He is bothering me.
TO

41- oks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgk gSA

42- yksx vk;s FksA People had come.
43- eSaus vDlj mls ;gk¡ ns[kk gSA I have seen him here quite often.
44- jke ugha djrkA Ram doesn‟t do.
45- mlus eq>s lkjh ckr crk;hA He told me everything.
46- oks dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk gSA He has been studying continuously for many days.
47- eSaus ,slk ugha lkspk FkkA I hadn‟t thought so.
48- bl oDr oks i<+ jgk gksxk A He will be studying at this time/moment.
49- eSaus dqN Hkh ugha iwNkA I didn‟t ask anything at all.
50- ge fQYe ns[k jgs Fks ml oDr] tc oks vk;k A We were watching a movie, when he came.

156
Lesson – 20
It ¼bV½ & ;g] ;s
vkt ge vkidks „It‟ dk Concept i<+kus okys gSaA „It‟ dk iz;ksx dbZ rjg ds okD;ksa esa gksrk gS vkSj blds
dbZ fu;e gSaA ge ,d&,d djds le÷ksaxsA
Today, we are going to teach you the concept of „It‟. „It‟ is used in many types of
sentences and has many rules. Let‟s have a look one by one.

1st Concept

OM
„It‟ vkSj „This‟ nksuksa dk vFkZ gS Þ;gÞ ij QdZ ;s gS fd „This‟ dk iz;ksx ltho o futhZo nksuksa ds lkFk gksrk gS
tcfd „It‟ dk iz;ksx dsoy futhZo ds lkFkA
„It‟ & „This‟ both are almost same in usage but the difference is: „This‟ is used for
both living and non living but „it‟ is used only for non living.

.C
Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½

1- ;g ,d iSu gSA
NT
This is a pen. (Correct)
It is a pen. (Correct)
2- ;g I;kj gSA This is love. (Correct)
It is love. (Correct)
OI
3- ;g esjk nksLr jke gSA This is my friend Ram. (Correct)
It is my friend Ram. (Incorrect because „It‟ can‟t be used with
living being) ¼bl okD; eas „It‟ dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd jke ltho gS
P

futhZo ughaA½
ER

,d ckr /;ku jgs fd dHkh&2 vki ik;saxs fd yksx ltho ds lkFk Hkh „It‟ dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA ekWMuZ vaxzst+h esa dbZ
fu;eksa ds viokn gSaA
You might find people using „it‟ with living being as well, like “It‟s my friend, Rahul.”.
It‟s nothing but an exception in modern English.
PP

2nd Concept
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)
TO

fdlh Hkh okD; dh ‚kq:vkr fnu ;kfu Ms ¼Day½ ls ugha gks ldrhA vxj okD; dh ‚kq:vkr *vkt*] *dy*] *ijlks*a vkfn
ls gks rks „It‟ dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls & vkt lkseokj gSA] dy NqV~Vh FkhA vkfnA

vxj ge dgsa fd vkt lkseokj gSA rks gekjk vaxzst+h esa ;s dguk fd Today is Monday xyr gksxkA ctk; blds
gesa It dks Subject dh rjg iz;ksx djuk gksxk vkSj dguk gksxk „It is Monday today‟.

No Sentence can start with any day i.e. Monday, Sunday, Yesterday etc. If I say
“Today is Monday”, it‟s an incorrect sentence; rather I need to say „It is Monday
today. Basically „it‟ is to be used as a subject if any day is mentioned.

157
Example: ¼mnkgj.k ½

dy NqV~Vh FkhA It was holiday yesterday.

vkt esjk tUefnu gSA It is my birthday today.
dy NqV~Vh gksxh A It will be holiday tomorrow.
ml fnu dqN [kkl FkkA It was something special that day.
ijlksa D;k Fkk \ What was it day before yesterday?
dy jfookj FkkA It was Sunday yesterday.

OM
3rd Concept
le; gks pqdk gS@x;k gS & Has been
le; gks pqdk Fkk@x;k Fkk & Had been
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)

.C
,sls okD;ksa esa „It‟ dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg gksrk gSA
[„It‟ is used as a subject in such kind of sentences.]

Example: ¼mnkgj.k ½
NT
1- nks fnu gks x;s gaSA It has been 2 days.
2- nks lky gks pqds gSaA It has been 2 years
OI
3- dbZ lky gks pqds FksA It had been many years.
4- lfn;k¡ chr pqdh gaSA It has been centuries.
5- djhc nks ?kaVs gks x;s gSaA It has been about 2 hours.
P

vc eSa ;s crkšxk fd bruk le; fdls yxk gS] *eq>s*] *mls* ;k fQj fdlsA
ER

Now I will tell you who has taken this much time. It‟s „me‟, „him‟ or who?

1- eq>s nks fnu gks x;s gSaA It has been 2 days to me.
2- jke dks 6 lky gks x;s gSA It has been 6 years to Ram.
PP

3- lhrk dks 5 eghus gks pqds gSaA It has been 5 months to Seeta.
4- eq>s 3 lky gks x;s FksA It had been 3 years to me.

vc ge bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksM+ nsrs gSaA (Let‟s add on something more in these sentences)
TO

vxj eSa dgw¡ & i<+rs gq, & Reading

lksrs gq, & Sleeping
[ksyrs gq, & Playing

;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks vHkh Hkh dj jgk gSA tc eSaus dgk Þeq>s i<+rs gq, nks lky gks x;s gSaAÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject
;kfu eSa vHkh Hkh i<+us ds dke dks dj jgk gw¡A ,sls okD;ksa esa eSa verb dh 1st form ds lkFk flQZ „ing‟ dk iz;ksx
d#¡xkA
ij vxj eSa dgw¡ &
x;s gq, & having gone.
ns[ks gq, & having seen.
feys gq, & having met.
158
;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks dj ugha jgk cfYd mls ;s dke fd;s gq, oDr gks pqdk gSA eSas dgrk gw¡ Þeq>s i<+s gq, nks lky
gks x;s gSaAÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject ;kfu eSa i<+us ds dke dks dj pqdk gw¡ vkSj 2 lky dk oDr Hkh chr pqdk gSA ,sls okD;ksa
esa eSa having ds lkFk verb dh 3rd form dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA

Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½

1- eq>s nks fnu gks x, gSaA It has been 2 days to me.

2- eq>s feyrs gq, nks fnu gks x, gaSA It has been 2 days to me meeting.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu ls fey jgk gw¡A)
3- eq>s fey+s gq, nks fnu gks x, gSaA It has been 2 days to me having met.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu igys feyk FkkA)
4- jke dks 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram.

OM
5- jke dks eq>ls feyrs gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram meeting me.
6- jke dks eq>ls feys gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram having met me.
Few more example: ¼ dqN vkSj mnkgj.k ½

.C
1- nks fnu gks x;s rqEgsa ns[ks gq,A It has been 2 days having seen you.
2- 7 lky gks x;s gSa mlds lkFk jgrs gq,A It has been 7 days living with him.
3-
4-
fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \
fdruk le; gks x;k Fkk \
NT How many days has it been ?
How much time had it been ?
5- D;k 5 feuV gks x;s gSa \ Has it been 5 minutes ?
6- D;k lfn;k¡ xqtj x;h gSa \ Has it been centuries ?
OI
7- mls 10 feuV gks x;s Fks A It had been 10 minutes to him.
8- eq>s cxZj [kk;s ,d eghuk gks x;k gSA It has been a month to me having eaten burger.
9- eq>s rqEgsa i<+k;s gq, eghuksa gks x;s gaSA It has been months to me having taught you.
P

10- fy[krs gq, eq>s nl feuV ugha gq, gSaA It has not been 10 minutes to me writing.
ER

4th Concept –
le; yxuk] le; gks pqdk gksuk
„Take‟ as a verb („Take‟ dk iz;ksx verb dh rjg)
PP

„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)

vxj okD; esa „Subject‟ ugha gS rks „It‟ dk iz;ksx „Subject‟ dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
If there is no subject in the sentence then „It‟ can be used as a Subject.
TO

Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa Subject ugha gSA

1- nks feuV yxrs gSaA It takes two minutes.

2- nks feuV yx jgs gSaA It is taking two minutes.
3- nks feuV yx pqds gSaA It has taken two minutes.
4- nks feuV yxsA It took two minutes.
5- nks feuV yx jgs FksA It was taking two minutes.
6- nks feuV yx pqds FksA It had taken two minutes.
159
 7- nks feuV yxsaxsA It will take two minutes.
8- nks feuV yx ldrs gSaA It can take two minutes.
9- nks feuV yxus pkfg,A It should take two minutes.
10- nks feuV iDdk yxus pkfg,A It must take two minutes.
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa Subject gSA

1- eq>s nks feuV yxrs gSaA I take two minutes. / It takes two minutes to me.
2- eq>s nks feuV yx jgs gSaA I am taking two minutes. / It is taking two minutes to me.
3- jke dks 10 feuV yxus pkfg,A Ram should take 10 minutes. / It should take 10 minutes to
Ram.
vc bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksM+rs gSaA (Let‟s add something more in these sentences)

OM
le; rks yxrk gS ij D;k djus esa \ (Takes time but in doing what?
feyus esa & To meet
vkus esa & To come
tkus esa & To go

.C
igq¡pus esa & To reach

Example:¼ mnkgj.k ½ NT
1- ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA It takes 2 minutes to reach.
2- eq>s ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA I take 2 minutes to reach./ It takes me 2 mins to reach.
3- jke dks ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA Ram takes 2 minutes to reach.
It will take many years to meet you.
OI
4- rqels feyus esa dbZ lky yxsaxsA
5- rqels feyus esa eq>s dbZ lky yxsaxsA I will take many years to meet you.
6- ogk¡ ig¡qpus esa ikik dks 10 feuV yxsA Dad took 10 minutes to reach there.
How much time did I take to eat the food ?
P

7- [kkuk [kkus esa eq>s fdruk le; yxk \

8- [kkuk [kkus esa fdruk le; yxk \ How much time did it take to eat the food ?
ER

9- eq>s vkidks i<+kus esa dkQh oDr yxsxkA I will take lots of time to teach you.
10- ;s djus esa eq>s nl fnu ls T+;knk yxsA I took more than 10 days to do this.

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

PP

1. There is only one way to avoid criticism: do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. So
remember, if you are criticized, never be afraid.
TO

2. You can‟t make it big unless you try.

3. When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit
of talent left and could say, I used everything you gave me.

4. Everybody does for himself; but if you do for others too, you live even after your life.

5. My life has no meaning if I contribute nothing for the poor.

6. If you are not criticized, that simply means you are not doing anything special.

160
 It – Practice Exercise
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1- vkt rqEgkjk fnu gS] dy esjk gksxkA 51- vxj rqe iSfUly ls fy[kks] rks dkQh le; yxsxk A
2- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s nl fnu gks x;s gSaA 52- rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
3- jke ls feys gq, lkr lky gks x;s gSaA 53- ;s [kRe djus esa rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
4- D;k dy NqV~Vh Fkh \ 54- eSa nl feuV yw¡xk A
5- 5 fnu yxsaxsA 55- oks fnu ,d Lis‛ky fnu Fkk A
6- 6 lky yxsA 56- ml fnu D;k Fkk \
7- eq>s ?kj igq¡pus esa 5 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA 57- va/ksjk gks jgk gSA
8- eq>s Ldwy igq¡pus esa vk/kk ?kaVk yxrk gSA 58- mel gks jgh gSA
9- jke dks [kkuk cukus esa dkQh le; yxrk gSA 59- ;g esjh [okfg‛k gSA
10- gesa dEI;wVj lh[kus esa 3 eghus yxsA 60- gekjh ‚kknh dh lkyfxjg gS vktA
11- rqEgsa <+w¡<u+ s esa eq>s dsoy 5 feuV yxs A 61- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s djhc 2 lky gks x;s gaSA

OM
12- ;s dke djus esa dkQh le; yxsxkA 62- tc eSa ogk¡ igq¡pk] ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
13- vkt lkseokj ugha gS A 63- ogk¡ cgqr ckfj‛k gksrh gSA
14- dy NqV~Vh Fkh A 64- vkt ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA
15- vkt ckfj‛k gksxhA 65- vkt ckfj‛k gksuh gSA
16- dy ckfj‛k gqbZ Fkh A 66- vkt ckfj‛k gksuh FkhA

.C
17- ijlksa NqV~Vh FkhA 67- ;s rqEgkjh lksp gSA
18- ijlksa NqV~Vh gksxhA 68- ;s fdldk iSu gS \
19- 2 feuV yxrs gaSA NT 69- [kkus [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
20- 2 feuV yx jgs gSaA 70- vPNs diM+s igus gq, dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
21- 2 feuV yxs gSaA 71- ogk¡ x, gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
22- 2 feuV yxsA 72- [kkuk [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
23- 2 feuV yx jgs FksA 73- vkt vksys iM+us FksA
OI
24- 2 feuV yxs FksA 74- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSasA
25- 2 feuV yxsx a sA 75- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs Fks ij ugha iM+As
26- eq>s 2 feuV yxsaxs A 76- oks esjh ft+Unxh dk cgqr vge fnu FkkA
27- vc rqEgkjh ckjh gSA 77- jke dks fy[kus esa T+;knk le; ugha yxkA
P

28- ;g rqEgkjk I;kj gSA 78- jke dks fy[kus esa FkksM+k lk gh le; yxkA
29- ;g D;k gS \ 79- bldh dher 5 # gSA
ER

30- 2 fnu gks x;s gSaA 80- bldh dher 5 # gksxhA

31- 2 fnu gks x;s Fks A 81- ml fnu iwjs ns‛k esa NqV~Vh FkhA
32- eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA 82- lqcg ls ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
33- rqels feys gq, eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA 83- D;k vkt lkseokj gS \
PP

34- mls fdruk le; yxsxk \ 84- ;gk¡ ckfj‛k gks jgh gSA
35- rqEgsa fdruk le; yxrk gS \ 85- ogk¡ vksys iM+ jgs FksA
36- rqEgas bruk le; D;ksa yx jgk gS \ 86- D;k dkQh le; gks x;k gS \
37- vkWfQl igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \ 87- fdruk le; gks x;k gS \
TO

38- vkWfQl igq¡pus esa rqEgsa fdruk le; yxk \ 88- D;k dy ckfj‛k gksxh \
39- jke dks cgqr le; yxk A 89- eq>s nks ?kaVs yxsA
40- dy vksys iM+s FksA 90- psjkiw¡th eas lcls vf/kd ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS \
41- vkt vksys iM+asxsA 91- cxZj [kk;s gq, eq>s 4 eghus gks x;s gSaA
42- ijlksa vksys iM+sx a sA 92- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s 3 fnu gks x;s gSaA
43- ijlksa vksys iM+s Fks A 93- D;k nsgjknwu esa ckfj‛k gqbZ \
44- ckfj‛k dc gksxh \ 94- Ckkfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS \
45- D;k ckfj‛k gksxh \ 95- mUgsa ?kj igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \
46- D;k ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxh \ 96- eSp dk vkuUn ysrs gq, 2 ?kaVs gks x, gSaA
47- fdrkc [kRe djus esa eq>s 2 eghus yxsA 97- ewoh ns[krs gq, eq>s 15 feuV gks x, gSaA
48- Lkhrk dks dkQh lky yxsA 98- ;g I;kj gSA
49- vkbZ , ,l vf/kdkjh cuus esa 3 lky yxsA 99- ;g ,d dqlhZ gSA
50- ;s diM+k flyus esa djhc 20 fnu yxsaxsA 100- ml ‚kgj esa ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxhA
161
 Answers
1. It is your day today, tomorrow will be mine. 51. If you write with pencil, it will take longer time.
2. It has been 10 days to me having seen you. 52. How much time will you take?
3. It has been 7 years having met Ram. 53. How much time will you take to finish this?
4. Was it holiday yesterday? / Was it off 54. I will take 10 minutes.
yesterday? 55. It was a special day that day.
5. It will take 5 days. 56. What was it on that day?
6. It took 6 years. 57. It is getting dark.
7. It takes me 5 hours to reach home. 58. It is getting humid.
8. It takes me half an hour to reach school. 59. It / This is my wish/desire.
9. Ram takes lots of time to prepare the food. 60. It is our marriage anniversary today.
10. We took 3 months to learn computer. 61. It has been about 2 years having seen you.
11. I took only 5 minutes to find you. 62. When I reached there, it was raining.

OM
12. It will take plenty of time to do this work. 63. It rains a lot there.
13. It is not Monday today. 64. It can rain today.
14. It was holiday yesterday. / It was off yesterday. 65. It has to rain today.
15. It will rain today. 66. It had to rain today.
16. It had rained yesterday. 67. It/This is your thinking.

.C
17. It was holiday day before yesterday. 68. Whose pen is this/it?
18. It will be holiday day after tomorrow. 69. It has been many days to me having had food.
19. It takes 2 minutes. NT 70. It‟s been many days having worn good clothes.
20. It is taking 2 minutes. 71. It has been many days to me having gone there.
21. It has taken 2 minutes. 72. It has been many days to me having eaten.
22. It took 2 minutes. 73. It had to hail today.
23. It was taking 2 minutes. 74. It can hail today.
OI
24. It had taken 2 minutes. 75. It could have hailed today but didn‟t.
25. It will take 2 minutes. 76. It was a very important day of my life.
26. I will take 2 minutes. / it will take me 2 minutes. 77. Ram didn‟t take much time to write.
27. It/This is your turn now. 78. Ram took a little time to write.
P

28. It/This is your love. 79. Its cost is Rs 5. / It costs Rs 5.

29. What is it/this? 80. Its cost will be Rs 5. / It will cost Rs 5.
ER

30. It has been 2 days. 81. It was holiday that day in whole country.
31. It had been 2 days. 82. It had been raining since morning.
32. It had been 2 days to me. 83. Is it Monday today?
33. It had been 2 days to me having met you. 84. It is raining here.
PP

34. How much time will he take? 85. It was hailing there.
35. How much time do you take? 86. Has it been enough time?
36. Why are you taking this much time? 87. How long has it been?
37. How much time did it take to reach office? 88. Will it rain tomorrow?
TO

38. How much time did you take to reach office? 89. It took me 2 hrs. / I took 2 hrs.
39. Ram took lots of time. 90. Why does it rain the most in Cherapunji?
40. It had hailed yesterday. 91. It has been 4 months to me having eaten Burger.
41. It will hail today. 92. It has been 3 days to me having seen you.
42. It will hail day after tomorrow. 93. Did it rain in Dehradun?
43. It had hailed day before yesterday. 94. Why does it rain?
44. When will it rain? 95. How much time did they take to reach home
45. Will it rain? 96. It has been 2 hrs, enjoying the match.
46. Will it be raining? 97. It has been 15 mins to me, watching this movie.
47. It took me 2 months to finish the book. 98. It is love. / This is love.
48. Seeta took lots of time. 99. It is a chair. / This is a chair.
49. I took 3 years to become an IAS officer. 100. It will be raining in that city.
50. It will take about 20 days to stitch this cloth.
162
 It – Test Papers

Test - I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- 5 lky gks x;s gSaA 27- ;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA
2- mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA 28- vxj ckfj‛k gqbZ rks eSa Hkhx tkÅ¡xk A
3- jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A 29- lkspus dh ckr gSA
4- rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A 30- tc ge feys Fks ml fnu ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
5- eq>s 2 fnu yxsA 31- ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \
6- cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A 32- mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \

OM
7- ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA 33- vPNk yxrk gSA
8- rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \ 34- ogk¡ vDlj ckfj‛k gksrh FkhA
9- mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA 35- [kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA
10- ckfj‛k gks jgh Fkh A 36- fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \
11- D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \ 37- Ckkfj‛k gks ldrh Fkh ij gqbZ ugha A

.C
12- 8 fnu gks x;s FksA 38- ;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA
13- ‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gksxhA 39- ;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA
14-
15-
16-
ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA
esjk tUefnu FkkA
vkt dqN gSA
NT 40-
41-
42-
mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gSa \
ckfj‛k ogk¡ dHkh ugha gksrh A
gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;saxs A
17- ;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA 43- ;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA
OI
18- dy Ldqy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA 44- ;s ukVd ns[ks eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA
19- vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A 45- ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;sA
20- dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA 46- ijlksa ckfj‛k gqbZ FkhA
21- D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \ 47- ;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA
P

22- ml fnu lkseokj FkkA 48- ml fnu ckfj‛k tedj gksxh A

ER

23- eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA 49- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA
24- rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA 50- vkt ckfj‛k ugha gksuh pkfg, D;ksfa d esjh cgu
25- dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA dh ‚kknh gSA
26- bruh ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS ;gk¡ \
PP

Answers

1- 5 lky gks x;s gSaA It has been 5 years.

TO

2- mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA It has been many years to him.
3- jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A Ram took a long to finish.
4- rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A You will take less time.
5- eq>s 2 fnu yxsA I took me 2 days./ I took 2 days.
6- cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A It‟s children‟s holiday today.
7- ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA It takes 2 days to reach there.
8- rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \ When is your anniversary?
9- mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA It has been a long to him.
10- ckfj‛k gks jgh Fkh A It was raining.
11- D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \ Is it some/a gift?

163
12- 8 fnu gks x;s FksA It had been 8 days.
13- ‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gksxhA It may/might rain tomorrow.
14- ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA It had hailed yesterday.
15- esjk tUefnu FkkA It was my birthday.
16- vkt dqN gSA It‟s something today.
17- ;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA It has been 3 months to me reading this book.
18- dy Ldwy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA It will be school‟s off tomorrow.
19- vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A It must hail today. / It will definitely hail today.
20- dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA It had been a long time.
21- D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \ Was it something that day?
22- ml fnu lkseokj FkkA It was Monday that day.
23- eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA It has been 10 years to me living here.

OM
24- rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA It depends on you.
25- dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA It has been many centuries.
26- bruh ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS ;gk¡ \ Why does it rain this much here?
27- ;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA It had been 2 years to us doing this.

.C
28- vxj ckfj‛k gqbZ rks eSa Hkhx tkÅ¡xk A If it rains, I will be drenched.
29- lkspus dh ckr gSA It is a matter to think.
30- tc ge feys Fks ml fnu ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA NT The day we had met, it was raining.
31- ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \ What was it that day? Monday or Sunday?
32- mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \ Why did he take time to tell this?
33- vPNk yxrk gSA It seems good./It feels good.
It used to rain there quite often.
OI
34- ogk¡ vDlj ckfj‛k gksrh FkhA
35- [kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA It had been many days to us having taken the food.
36- fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \ How many days has it been?
It could have rained but didn‟t.
P

37- Ckkfj‛k gks ldrh Fkh ij gqbZ ugha A

38- ;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA It is nothing else but your thinking.
ER

39- ;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA It‟s not good.

40- mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gSa \ How many years has it been to you having met him?
41- ckfj‛k ogk¡ dHkh ugha gksrh A It never rains there.
42- gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;saxs A We will take many days. / It‟ll take us many days.
PP

43- ;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA It is nothing else but corruption.
44- ;s ukVd ns[ks gq, eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA It‟s been complete 2 months to me having seen this serial.
45- ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s \ How many years has it been to you having gone there?
46- ijlksa ckfj‛k gqbZ FkhA It had rained day before yesterday.
TO

47- ;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA It is nothing else but obsession.
48- ml fnu ckfj‛k tedj gksxh A It will rain heavily that day.
49- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA It may/might hail today.
50- ckfj‛k ugha gksuh pkfg, D;ksafd vkt esjh cgu dh ‚kknh gSAIt mustn‟t rain as it is my sister‟s marriage
today.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Failure is better teacher than success, because when you fail, you focus more for
the next try.
2. You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.

164
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. It took me lots of time. 26. It will be raining there.

2. Did it hail there? 27. It took me a while to repair that mobile.
3. Does it make a difference? 28. What does it do?
4. How much time will you take? 29. What is it today?
5. It has been about a year having seen him. 30. It‟s my birthday.
6. It was nothing but his vision. 31. It wasn‟t my cup of tea.
7. It‟s hailing continuously. 32. Did it take much of your time?
8. It‟s hailing continually. 33. It can‟t bother me.

OM
9. It didn‟t make any difference. 34. It is nothing else but a pen.
10. It was Monday that day. 35. It depends on your mentality.
11. It might rain today. 36. What is it in your pocket?
12. It might change your mind. 37. Why is it taking time? Is it because you are
13. It has been years to me having seen you. new?

.C
14. It is nothing else but a try. 38. It‟s because I don‟t know about this.
15. It was taking long time. 39. It‟s because I had no knowledge.
16. It‟s holiday tomorrow. NT 40. Is it a machine kind/sort of?
17. It takes just 2 minutes to reach home. 41. It is something of that sort.
18. Did I take more than 5 minutes? 42. Is it a mobile kind/sort of?
19. Will you take much time? 43. No, it is nothing of that sort.
20. He had taken 3 hours to read the whole 44. Did it really rain heavily?
OI
book. 45. It is not your cup of tea.
21. Does it matter? 46. How old is it?
22. It has been centuries having someone come 47. It seems to be very old.
P

here. 48. It seemed to be new one.

23. Will it bother you? 49. Should it be told to him?
ER

24. It could have been delayed. 50. How can it be improved?

25. It will be better to go there.
Answers
PP

1. It took me plenty of time. eq>s dkQh@cgqr le; yxk A

2. Did it hail there? D;k ogk¡ vksys iM+s \
3. Does it make a difference? D;k blls dksbZ QdZ iM+rk gS \
TO

4. How much time will you take? rqEgsa fdruk le; yxsxk \
5. It has been about a year having seen him. mls ns[ks gq, djhc ,d lky gks x;k gSA
6. It was nothing but his vision. ;s dqN vkSj ugha cfYd mldk n`f"Vdks.k¼lksp½ FkkA
7. It‟s hailing continuously. yxkrkj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
8. It‟s hailing continually. #d&#d dj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
9. It didn‟t make any difference. blls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+kA
10. It was Monday that day. ml fnu lkseokj FkkA
11. It might rain today. vkt ‚kk;n ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA
12. It might change your mind. ;s ckr rqEgkjk eu cny ldrh gSA
13. It has been years to me having seen you. rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s lkyksa gks x, gSa A
14. It is nothing else but a try. ;s dqN vkSj ugha] ,d dksf‛k‛k gSA
165
15. It was taking long time. dkQh le; yx jgk Fkk A
16. It‟s holiday tomorrow. dy NqV~Vh gSA
17. It takes just 2 minutes to reach home. ?kj igq¡pus esa cl 2 feuV yxrs gSaA
18. Did I take more than 5 minutes? D;k eq>s 5 feuV ls T+;knk yxs \
19. Will you take much time? D;k rqEgsa cgqr le; yxsxk \
20. He had taken 3 hours to read the whole book. mls iwjh fdrkc i<+us esa 3 ?kaVs yxsA
21. Does it matter? QdZ iM+rk gS D;k \
22. It has been centuries having someone come here.lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaS] ;gk¡ dksbZ vk;s gq,A
23. Will it bother you? D;k ;s rqEgsa ijs‛kku djsxk \
24. It could have been delayed. nsjh gks ldrh Fkh A
25. It will be better to go there. ogk¡ tkuk csgrj gksxk A
26. It will be raining there. ogk¡ ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxhA

OM
27. It took me a while to repair that mobile. eq>s ml eksckby dks Bhd djus esa FkksM+k le; yxkA
28. What does it do? ;s D;k djrk gS \
29. What is it today? vkt D;k gS \
30. It‟s my birthday. esjk tUefnu gSA

.C
31. It wasn‟t my cup of tea. ;s esjs cl dh ckr ugha Fkh A
32. Did it take much of your time? D;k blus rqEgkjk dkQh le; fy;k \
33. It can‟t bother me. NT ;s ckr eq>s ijs‛kku ugha dj ldrh A
34. It is nothing else but a pen. ;s dqN vkSj ugha] ,d iSu gSA
35. It depends on your mentality. ;s rqEgkjh lksp ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
36. What is it in your pocket? rqEgkjh tsc esa D;k gS \
37.
OI
Why is it taking time? Is it because you are new? le; D;ksa yx jgk gS\ blfy, D;ksfa d rqe u;s gks\
38. It‟s because I don‟t know about this. blfy, D;ksfa d eSa blds ckjs esa ugha tkurk A
39. It‟s because I had no knowledge. blfy, D;ksfa d eq>s Kku ugha FkkA
P

40. Is it a machine kind/sort of? D;k ;s dksbZ e‛khu tSlk gS \

41. It is something of that sort. ;s dqN oSlk gh gSA
ER

42. Is it a mobile kind/sort of? D;k ;s eksckby tSlk dqN gS \

43. No, it is nothing of that sort. ugha] ;s ml rjg dk dqN ugha gSA
44. Did it really rain heavily? D;k okdbZ esa Hkkjh ckfj‛k gqbZ \
45. It is not your cup of tea. ;s rqEgkjs cl dh ckr ugha gSA
PP

46. How old is it? ;s fdruk iqjkuk gS \

47. It seems to be very old. ;s cgqr iqjkuk yxrk gSA
48. It seemed to be new one. ;s u;k lk yxk A
TO

49. Should it be told to him? D;k ;s ckr mls crk;h tkuh pkfg, \
50. How can it be improved? bls dSls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS \

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1- Hkfo"; gksrk ugha gS] bldk fuekZ.k gesa [kqn djuk gksrk gSA

2- rkyhesa ugha nh tkrh ifjanksa dks mM+kuksa dh]

os [kqn gh r; djrs gSa] ÅapkbZ vklekuksa dh]
j[krs gSa tks gkSalyk vkleku dks Nwus dk]
oks ugha djrs ijokg t+ehu is fxj tkus dhA

166
Lesson – 21
Modals ¼eksMkYl½
“Modals ,slh lgk;d fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa ftudk iz;ksx okD; esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fd;s tkus
okys dk;Z dh leFkZrk] lEHkkouk] fuf‛prrk] btkt+r vkSj vko‛;drk O;Dr dh tk ldsA”
uhps nh x;h Vscy ls vki tku ik;saxs fd eksMky lgk;d fØ;k,¡ dkSu lh gSa] udkjkRed okD;ksa esa not dk iz;ksx
fdl rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg, o ;s Hkh fd fdl eksMky lgk;d fØ;k ds lkFk eq[; fØ;k dh dkSu lh QkeZ yxsxhA

“Modal Helping verbs are used with main verbs of the sentence to express ability,
possibility, certainty, permission and necessity.”
Following table lets you know about modal helping verbs, their negatives and also the form of

OM
main verbs to be used with that particular modal.
eq[; fØ;k dh
dkSu lh form
Modal lgk;d fØ;k,¡ udkjkRed okD; esa dgk¡ ij not yxkuk gS & yxkuh gS &
S.No
Modal Helping Verbs

.C
Where to use „not‟ in negatives Which form of
main verb to
be used
1
2
Can
Could
NT Can not
Could not
1st form
1st form
3 Could have Could not have 3rd form
OI
4 May / Might May not / Might not 1st form
5 May have / Might have May not have / Might not have 3rd form
P

6 Should Should not 1st form

3rd form
ER

7 Should have Should not have

8 Must Must not 1st form
9 Must have Must not have 3rd form
PP

10 Ought to Ought not to 1st form

11 Ought to have Ought not to have 3rd form
12 Has to / Have to Has not to / Have not to 1st form
TO

13 Had to Had not to 1st form

14 Will have to Will not have to 1st form
15 Will be able to Will not be able to 1st form
16 Would like to Would not like to 1st form
17 Used to Did not use to 1st form
18 Need / Needs/Needed Don‟t need / Doesn‟t need / Didn‟t need 1st form
19 Dare to/ Dares to/ Dared to Don‟t dare to / Doesn‟t dare to / Didn‟t dare to 1st form

167
 Can (ldrk gS) / Could (ldk] ik;k) / Could have (ldrk Fkk)

1- fo/kkFkhZ Ldwy ls ?kj vk ldrs gSaA Students can come home from school.
2- yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa xyr lksp ldrs gSaA People can think wrong about you.
3- dqN Hkh gks ldrk FkkA Anything could have happened.
4- rqe dHkh fdlh dks I;kj ugha dj ldrsA You can never love anyone.
5- rqe le; is D;ksa ugha vk lds\ Why could you not come in time?
6- rqe uy [kksy ldrs Fks ij rqeus ugha [kksykA You could have turned on the tap but you didn‟t.
7- eSa tk ugha ik;kA I couldn‟t go.
8- D;k rqe dy jkr lks ik;s \ Could you sleep last night?

OM
May/Might (ldrk gS) / May have/Might have (ldrk Fkk)
(Possibility - lEHkkouk O;Dr djus ds fy,)

1- vkt ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA It may/might rain today.

.C
2- ;s rqEgkjs lkFk Hkh rks gks ldrk gSA It may also happen with you.
3- oks fdlh dks Hkh ekj ldrk FkkA He may have/might have killed anyone.
4- ml fnu ckfj‛k gks ldrh FkhA It may/might have rained that day.
NT
May (ldrk gS)
(Permission – vuqefr ysus ds fy,)
1- D;k eSa vUnj vk ldrk gw¡ \ May I come in?
OI
2- D;k eSa cSB ldrk gw¡ \ May I sit?
3- D;k eSa rqEgkjh fdrkc ,d ckj ns[k ldrk gw¡ \ May I see your book once?
or
P

May I have a look at your book once?

ER

May
(Wish – bPNk O;Dr djus ds fy,)
PP

1- Hkxoku djs vki lQy gks tk;sAa May you succeed!

2- Hkxoku vkidks cM+k vkneh cuk;sA May you become a rich man!
3- Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn nsA May God bless you!
4- rqEgsa esjh mez yx tk;sA May you live long!
TO

5- Hkxoku geasa ekQ djsA May God forgive us!

Should (pkfg,) / Should have (pkfg, Fkk)

1- rqEgsa ,slk ugha dguk pkfg,A You shouldn‟t say so.

2- yksxksa dks fudy tkuk pkfg,A People should leave.
3- rqEgsa ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, FkkA You should have gone there.
4- ft+Unxh vklku gksuh pkfg, Fkh ij ugha FkhA Life should have been easy but it wasn‟t.
5- rqEgsa eq>s ;kn fnykuk pkfg, FkkA You should have reminded me.
6- rqEgsa de ls de ‚kknh esa rks tkuk pkfg, FkkA You should have at least attended the marriage.

168
 Ought to (pkfg,) / Ought to have (pkfg, Fkk)
„should‟ dh txg „ought to‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ij vc „ought to‟ dk iz;ksx vDlj ugha gksrkA
„should‟ can be replaced with „ought to‟ but „ought to‟ is rarely used now.
1- rqEgsa ,slk ugha dguk pkfg,A You ought not to say so.
2- yksxksa dks fudy tkuk pkfg, FkkA People ought to have left.

Must (pkfg, ¿t+#jÀ) / Must have (pkfg, Fkk ¿t+#jÀ)

1- ikik chekj gSaA rqEgsa mUgsa ns[kus tkuk gh pkfg,A Dad is unwell. You must go to see him.
2- gesa vius ekrk firk dh lsok djuh pkfg,A We must serve our parents.
3- rqEgsa t+#j vkuk pkfg, FkkA You must have come.

Has to/Have to (djuk gS@djuk iM+rk gS)

OM
1- gesa ogk¡ jkst+ tkuk iM+rk gSA We have to go there daily.
2- mls I;kj ls ckr djuh iM+rh gSA He has to speak politely.
3- eq>s tkuk gSA I have to go.
4- eq>s ugha tkuk gSA I have not to go.

.C
5- jke dks dgha ugha tkuk gSA Ram has not to go anywhere./Ram has to go nowhere.
6- jke dks ?kj vkuk gSA Ram has to come home.
7- rqe yksxksa dks tkuk ugha gS D;k \ NTHave you people not to go?
8- mlss dgk¡ tkuk gS \ Where has he to go?

Had to (djuk Fkk@djuk iM+rk Fkk@djuk iM+k)

We had to go there daily.
OI
1- gesa ogk¡ jkst+ tkuk iM+rk FkkA
2- eq>s tkuk FkkA I had to go.
3- eq>s tkuk iM+kA I had to go.
Had you to do this work?
P

4- D;k rqEgsa ;s dke djuk Fkk \

5- mls fdlls feyuk Fkk \ Whom had he to meet?
ER

Will have to (djuk iMsxk)

1- ,d fnu rqEgsa ijs‛kkuh >syuh iM+sxhA You will have to face trouble some/one day.
2- eq>s dHkh u dHkh ogk¡ tkuk iM+sxkA I will have to go there some/one day.
PP

3- D;k eq>s ;s Hkh djuk iM+sxk \ Will I have to do this too?

Will be able to (ldsxk] ik;sxk)

1- eSa ogk¡ ugha tk ikÅ¡xk@ldw¡xkA I will not be able to go there.
TO

2- D;k rqe ;s dj ldksxs@ikvksxs \ Will you be able to do this?

Would like to (pkgw¡xk)

1- eSa rqels ,d ckj feyuk pkgw¡xkA I would like to meet you once.
2- D;k rqe esjs lkFk Mk¡l djuk pkgksxhs \ Would you like to dance with me?
3- D;k rqe ihVuk pkgksxs \ Would you like to beat?
4- D;k rqe fiVuk pkgksxs \ Would you like to be beaten?
5- lcls igys eSa rqels ,d loky iwNuk pkgw¡xkA First of all, I would like to ask you a question.
6- eSa vkidks rgs fny ls /kU;okn nsuk pkgw¡xkA I would like to thank you from the core of my heart.

169
 Very Important Rule for changing „will‟ to „must‟ or „may/might‟ (Don‟t miss it)

vxj fdlh Hkh Future Indefinite, Future Continuous ;k Future Perfect Tense ds okD; esa
*iDdk* ;k *t+#j* fy[kk gks vkSj vkidks fgUnh esa vuqokn djuk gks rks T+;knk dqN djus dh t+#jr ugha] flQZ „will‟ dks
„must‟ esa cny nhft, vkSj blh rjg vxj *‛kk;n* fy[kk gks] rks „will‟ dks „might‟ ;k „may‟ esa cny nhft,A

jke tk;sxkA Ram will go.

jke iDdk@t+#j tk;sxkA Ram must go. (Ram will definitely go.)
‚kk;n jke tk;sxkA @‛kk;n jke tk;sA Ram may/might go. (Maybe Ram will go.)

jke tk jgk gksxkA Ram will be going.

jke iDdk tk jgk gksxkA Ram must be going.

OM
‚kk;n jke tk jgk gksxkA@‛kk;n jke tk jgk gksA Ram may/might be going.

jke tk pqdk gksxkA Ram will have gone.

jke iDdk tk pqdk gksxkA Ram must have gone.
‚kk;n jke tk pqdk gksxkA @‛kk;n jke tk pqdk gksA Ram may/might have gone.

.C
vc dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &
Have a look at a few examples now –
NT
1- ‚kk;n cl vk jgh gksA Bus might/may be coming.
He must have reached home.
OI
2- oks iDdk ?kj igq¡p pqdk gksxkA
3- eSa mlls t+#j fey¡wxkA I must meet him/her.
4- ‚kk;n yksx pys x;s gksaA People might have left/gone.
P

5- oks iDdk mlls feyus tk jgk gksxkA He must be going to meet her/him.
ER

Used to (fd;k djrk Fkk] djrk Fkk)

1- eSa lqcg t+Ynh mBrk FkkA I used to get up early in the morning.
2- rqe eq>s mBkrs FksA You used to wake me up.
PP

3- ge cpiu esa lkFk lkFk [ksyrs FksA We used to play together in childhood.
4- oks Ldwy ugha tkrk FkkA He didn‟t use to go to school.
5- D;k oks dsoy nks ?kaVs lksrk Fkk \ Did he use to sleep only for two hours?
TO

Important Rule:

vxj okD; esa ,d ckj „used to‟ vk tk;s rks „used to‟ nksckjk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,] mldh txg ij gj ckj
„would‟ dk iz;ksx csgrj fodYi gSA

1- eSa vkrk Fkk vkSj oks tkrk FkkA I used to come and he would go.
2- eSa 5 cts mBrk FkkA fQj eSa nks ?kaVs i<+rk FkkA I used to get up at 5. Then, I would study for 2 hours.
3- oks vkrh FkhA eSa Hkkx tkrk FkkA fQj oks eq>s cqykrh FkhA She used to come. I would run. Then, she would
call me.

170
Important Rule:
vxj iSjkxzkQ fdlh chrh ckr ds ckjs esa crk jgk gks rks „used to‟ dh txg gj ckj „would‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
If the paragraph is in past, then „would‟ replaces „used to‟.

1- ,d jktk FkkA oks jkst+ 6 cts mBrk FkkA There was a king. He would get up daily at 6.
2- eSa cgqr cqjk Fkk ij eSa viuh eEeh dks cgqr I;kj djrk FkkA I was very bad but I would love my mom
a lot.

Would
(chrs gq, dy esa dgh gqbZ Hkfo"; dh ckr & will dh txg would dk iz;ksx)
(Something related to future but spoken in past)
1- mlus dgk fd oks gekjh enn djsxkA He said that he would help us.

OM
2- eq>s ekywe Fkk fd og thrsxkA I knew that he would win.
3- eSaus dHkh ugha lkspk Fkk fd og bruk LokFkhZ gksxkA I had never thought that he would be this
much selfish.
4- eq>s langs ugha Fkk fd rqe thrksxsA I had no doubt that you would win.
5- eq>s yxk fd oks dHkh ugha vk;sxkA I thought that he would never come.

.C
Would
NT
fuosnu djus ds fy, (For request)
1- D;k rqe Ñi;k esjh enn djksxs\ Would you please help me?
2- D;k rqe Ñi;k njoktk [kksy nksxs\ Would you please open the door?
OI
Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + Used to
(fdlh pht+ dh vknr gks tkuk ;k mldk vknh gks tkuk)
(to become comfortable/habitual to something)
P
ER

1- eq>s xkyh lquus dh vknr gSA I am used to listen to abuses. / I am habitual to listen to
abuses.
2- eq>s bl dkj dh vknr gks xbZ gSA I am used to this car./ I am habitual to this car.
3- rqEgsa >wB cksyus dh vknr FkhA You were used to tell a lie./ You were habitual to tell a lie.
PP

4- jke dks jkr Hkj txs jgus dh vknr gSA Ram is used to wake up for the whole night.

Need(s) + Noun/Pronoun
TO

Need(s) to + verb 1st form

(t+#jr gS] vko‛;drk gS] pkfg,)
Rule:
Need ds vkxs czSdsV esa „s‟ yxkus dk eryc gS fd Singular Subject ds lkFk „needs‟ tcfd Plural
Subject ds lkFk dsoy „need‟ yxsxkA
fdl pht+ dh t+#jr gS] D;k pkfg, \ vxj dqN ,slk pkfg, tks fd ,d Noun ;k Pronoun gks rks Need ds
lkFk „to‟ ugha yxsxkA vxj eSa dgw¡ fd eq>s tkuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ ij eq>s fdl pht+ dh t+#jr gS] D;k pkfg, \ tkus dh
t+#jr gS ;kfu tkuk pkfg,A tkuk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ yxsxkA
Using „s‟ in bracket with „need‟ means that Singular subject will be followed by
„needs‟ and plural subject will be followed by „need‟.

171
Another point is that if we need a noun or a pronoun, then we don‟t use „to‟ with need otherwise
in case of a verb, we use „need to‟ or we can also use „should‟ instead of „need to‟.

fgUnh okD; English Sentence Comments

jke dks iSu pkfg,A@ Ram needs a pen. iSu pkfg,A iSu dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS] iSu rks ,d
jke dks iSu dh t+#jr gSA laKk gS blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ ugha
yxsxkA
(„Pen‟ is not a verb; it is a noun so
„need‟ will not be followed by „to‟.)
jke dks tkuk pkfg,A Ram needs to go. / tkuk pkfg,A tkuk ;kfu go ,d fØ;k gS
Ram should go. blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ yxsxkA
(„Go‟ is a verb so „need‟ will be

OM
followed by „to‟.)
jke dks iSu ugha pkfg,A@ Ram doesn‟t need a pen.
jke dks iSu dh t+#jr ugha
gSA

.C
jke dks tkuk ugha pkfg,A@ Ram doesn‟t need to go.
jke dks tkus dh t+#jr ugha /
gSA Ram should not go. NT
eq>s ek¡ pkfg,A @ I need mom. ek¡ pkfg,A ek¡ dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS] ek¡ rks ,d
eq>s ek¡ dh t+#jr gSA laKk gS blfy, Need ds lkFk „to‟ ugha
yxsxkA
OI
(„Mom‟ is not a verb; it is a noun so
„need‟ will not be followed by „to‟.)

Needed+ Noun/Pronoun
P

Needed to + verb 1st form

ER

(t+#jr Fkh] vko‛;drk Fkh] pkfg, Fkk)

1- eq>s rqEgkjh t+#jr FkhA I needed you.
2- rqEgsa iSu pkfg, FkkA You needed a pen.
3- jke dks tkuk pkfg, FkkA Ram needed to go. / Ram should have gone.
PP

4- gesa lkspuk pkfg, FkkA We needed to think. / We should have thought.

5- eq>s fdlh dh t+#jr ugha FkhA I didn‟t need anyone.
6- D;k mls I;kj dh t+#jr ugha Fkh \ Did he not need love?
TO

Dare(s)/ Dared + Noun/Pronoun

Dare(s)/ Dared to + verb 1st form
(fgEer djuk)
1- oks tkus dh fgEer djrk gSA He dares to go.
2- oks ogk¡ tkus dh fgEer ugha djrkA He doesn‟t dare to go there. / He dare not to go there.
3- rqEgkjh ;gk¡ vkus dh fgEer dSls gqbZ \ How dare you come here?
4- jke us [ksyus dh fgEer dhA Ram dared to play.
5- jke us [ksyus dh fgEer ugha dhA Ram dared not to play. / Ram didn‟t dare to play.
6- jke dh fgEer dSls gqbZ \ How dare Ram?

172
 Modals – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsAa fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &

1- eq>s ns[kuk gS A 48- jke fdlh rjg ogk¡ igq¡p ldrk FkkA
2- mls crkuk iM+k A 49- jke dks mlls dHkh ugha feyuk pkfg,A
3- jke dks [ksyuk iM+sxk A 50- yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa lksp ldrs FksA
4- mls esjh ckr ekuuh iM+sxh A 51- ft+Unxh vklku gksuh pkfg, Fkh ij ugha FkhA
5- eq>s tkuk pkfg, Fkk A 52- eq>s oDr dk ikcUn gksuk pkfg,A
6- ge [ksyk djrs Fks A 53- mlus dgk fd oks gekjh enn djsxkA
7- yksx eq>s lyeku [kku cqykrs Fks A 54- nwYgk nqYgu dks ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA
8- D;k rqe tk ik;s \ 55- yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa xyr lksp ldrs gSaA
9- D;k rqe ;gk¡ lks ikvksxs \ 56- jkds‛k dks yM+fd;k¡ ugha NsM+uh pkfg,A

OM
10- ge dHkh ugha Hkqyk lds A 57- rqEgsa eq>s ;kn fnykuk pkfg, FkkA
11- eq>s vius vkl&ikl dksbZ ugha pkfg, A 58- jke dks eq>ls t#j feyuk pkfg, FkkA
12- ‚kk;n oks tk jgk gks A 59- mls dgk¡ tkuk gS+ \
13- mls eq>s crkuk pkfg, FkkA 60- oks dgk¡ ls vkrk Fkk \
14- vc mlds [kpsZ rqEgsa mBkus iM+asxs A 61- D;k oks tkuk pkgrk gS \

.C
15- eSa vkrk Fkk vkSj oks tkrk Fkk A 62- D;k mls dqN pkfg, Fkk \
16- cPps dks ek¡ dh t:jr gksrh gS A 63- rqEgsa bruh tYnh ugha lksuk pkfg,A
17- ‚kk;n cl vk jgh gksxh A NT 64- rqe tc pkgks vk ldrs gksA
18- fdlh dks I;kj ugha pkfg, A 65- rqEgsa de ls de ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, FkkA
19- nksuksa dHkh Hkh vk ldrs gSa A 66- rqe tYn gh vaxzst+h cksy ldksxs A
20- eSa iDdk tkšxk A 67- eSaus dHkh ugha lkspk Fkk fd og LokFkhZ gksxkA
21- ;s iz‛u dksbZ ugha dj ik;sxk A 68- rqe tc rd pkgks rc rd dke dj ldrs gksA
22- eq>s dqN dguk gS A 69- D;k oks ;s dke dj ldsxk\
OI
23- ge [ksyus pys tkrs Fks A 70- cPpk dqN fnuksa esa gh vPNh rjg cksy ldsxkA
24- eq>s fdlh dh t+:jr ugha gS A 71- rqEgsa mlds ?kj okfil tkuk pkfg,A
25- eq>s rqe ;kn djrs Fks A 72- eq>s ekywe Fkk fd oks thrsxkA
P

26- lhrk iDdk cl idM+ pqdh gksxh A 73- rqe bfErgku ikl ugha dj ldrsA
27- ‚kk;n oks rqels feys A 74- eSa vkidks /kU;okn nsuk pkgw¡xkA
ER

28- cpiu esa ge nksuksa lkFk&lkFk [ksyrs Fks A 75- eq>s langs ugha Fkk fd rqe thrksxsA
29- mls D;k dguk gS \ 76- rqe [kk ldrs gks] pkgs ;s ;k pkgs oksA
30- eSa vk ldrk Fkk ij eSa ugha vk ik;k A 77- eq>s yxk fd oks dHkh ugha vk;sxkA
31- eSa ?kweus dHkh ugha tk ldrkA 78- eSa rqels flQZ ,d ckj feyuk pkgw¡xkA
32- rqEgsa >wB cksyus dh vknr gSA 79- og iDdk cl ls x;k gksxkA
PP

33- rqe uy [kksy ldrs Fks ij rqeus ugha [kksykA 80- rqEgkjs iz;Ru lQy gksus pkfg,A
34- dqN Hkh gks ldrk gSA eSa dg ugha ldrkA 81- rqe fdlls ckr djuk pkgksxs\
35- rqEgsa igkM+ksa esa jguk pkfg, D;ksafd rqEgsa fny dh chekjh 82- jke i<+us ds ctk; [ksyuk ilUn djsxkA
gSA 83- eq>s xkyh lquus dh vknr gSA
TO

36- oks eq>ls nwj dHkh ugha tk ldrhA 84- rqEgsa bl rjg ds ekgkSy esa jgus dh vknr gks pqdh gSA
37- jke feBkbZ [kk ldrk FkkA 85- rqEgsa dy mlls feyuk FkkA
38- fo/kkFkhZ Ldwy ls ?kj vk ldrs gSaA 86- vkt eq>s ‚kkWfiax ds fy, tkuk pkfg, FkkA
39- eSa dHkh xkuk ugha xk ldkA 87- igys eSa rqels ,d loky iwNuk pkgw¡xkA
40- rqe eq>ls feyus vk ldrs gksA 88- rqEgsa esjs ifjokj ls feyuk pkfg, FkkA
41- rqe le; is D;ksa ugha vk lds\ 89- D;k eq>s jkr Hkj txs jgus dh vknr gS \
42- rqe dHkh fdlh dks I;kj ugha dj ldrsA 90- D;k eSa vanj vk ldrk gw¡ \
43- jkts‚k vius fny dh ckr dHkh ugha dg ldkA 91- rqEgsa de ls de vkt rks dke djuk pkfg, FkkA
44- vaxwj [kVVs gks ldrs FksA 92- D;k eSa vc tk ldrk gw¡ \
45- rqEgsa esjk vkHkkjh gksuk pkfg,A 93- Hkxoku gesa ekQ djsA
46- ge rq>s cnkZ‛r dHkh ugha dj ldrsA 94- D;k jke ogk¡ tkrk Fkk \
47- D;k eq>s psgjs ij dqN yxkuk pkfg, \
173
 Answers
1. I have to see. 49. Ram should never meet him.
2. He had to tell. 50. People could have thought about you.
3. Ram will have to play. 51. Life should have been easy but wasn‟t.
4. He will have to follow my instructions. 52. I must be punctual.
5. I should have gone. 53. He said he would help us.
6. We used to play. 54. Groom and bride should have talked.
7. People used to call me Salman Khan. 55. People can think wrong about you.
8. Could you go? 56. Rakesh shouldn‟t tease girls.
9. Will you be able to sleep here? 57. You should have reminded me.
10. We could never forget. 58. Ram must have met me.
11. I don‟t need anybody around me. 59. Where has he to go?
12. He might be going. 60. From where did he use to come?

OM
13. He must have told me. 61. Does he want to go?
14. Now, you will have to bear his expenses. 62. Did he need something?
15. I used to come and he would go. 63. You should not sleep this early.
16. Child needs mother. 64. Whenever you want, you can come.
17. Bus might be coming. 65. You should have atleast gone there.

.C
18. Nobody needs love. 66. Soon, you will be able to speak English.
19. Both can come anytime. 67. I had never thought that he‟ll be selfish.
20. I must go. 68. As long as you want, you can work.

22. I have to say something.

23. We used to go to play.
NT
21. Nobody will be able to solve this question. 69. Will he be able to do this work?
70. Child will be able to speak within only a
few days.
24. I don‟t need anybody. 71. You must go back to his home.
25. You used to miss/remember me. 72. I knew that he would win.
OI
26. Seeta must have taken/caught the bus. 73. You can‟t pass the exam.
27. He might meet you. 74. I would like to thank you.
28. We both used to play together in 75. I had no doubt that you would win.
P

childhood. 76. You can eat; either this or that.

29. What has he to say? 77. I thought that he will never come.
ER

30. I could have come but I could not come. 78. I would like to meet you only once.
31. I can never go for a walk. 79. He must have gone by bus.
32. You are in the habit of telling a lie. 80. You efforts must be fruitful.
33. You could have turned the tap on but you 81. Whom would you like to talk?
didn‟t.
PP

82. Ram would like to play than study. / Ram

34. Anything can happen. I can‟t say. would like playing rather than studying. /
35. You must live in hills because you are Ram would prefer to play over study. /
suffering from heart disease. Ram would prefer playing over studying.
36. She can never go away from me. 83. I am used to listen to abuses.
TO

37. Ram could have eaten the sweets. 84. You are used to live in such an
38. Students can come home from school. environment.
39. I could never sing songs. 85. You had to meet him yesterday.
40. You can come to meet me. 86. I should have gone for shopping today.
41. Why could you not come in time? 87. First, I would like to ask you a question.
42. You can never love anyone. 88. You should have met my family.
43. Rajesh could never say his feelings. 89. Am I used to be awoken whole night?
44. Grapes could have been sour. 90. May I come in?
45. You should be grateful to me. 91. You should have worked at least today.
46. We can never tolerate you. 92. May I go now?
47. Should I apply something on my face? 93. May God forgive us!
48. Ram could have reached there somehow. 94. Did Ram use to go there?
174
 Modals – Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 35 x 1 = 35

1- rqe esjs ?kj vk ldrs Fks ij rqe ugha vk;sA 18- gesa I;kj pkfg,] dqN vkSj ughaA
2- gesa vkt feyuk FkkA 19- ‚kk;n ckfj‛k gks jgh gksA
3- eq>s mlls ckr djuh gSA 20- mls fdlh dh t+#jr ugha gS] oks [kqn gh dkQh gSA
4- mls fdlh Hkh gkyr esa ogk¡ tkuk pkfg,A 21- rqeus ges‛kk eq>s lEeku fn;k] eSa Hkwy ugha ldrkA
5- jkgqy dks vkuk iM+sxkA 22- pkgs tks gks] gekjk I;kj ges‛kk ftUnk jguk pkfg,A
6- rqe mlds ?kj D;ksa tkrs Fks \ 23- eq>s mls I;kj ugha djuk pkfg, FkkA
7- D;k rqe eq>ls feyuk pkgksxs \ 24- ‚kk;n oks vk;sxhA
8- ‚kk;n oks vkt vk;sA 25- jke ;gk¡ D;ksa vkrk Fkk \

OM
9- D;k mls tkuk gS \ 26- eSa Ldwy ds fnuksa esa [kwc [ksyk djrk FkkA
10- vxj eSaus rqEgsa ns[kk gksrk] D;k rqels ckr ugha djrk\ 27- jkds‛k dks lkspuk pkfg, FkkA
11- eq>s rqEgkjh t+#jr ugha gS] cfYd eq>s rks esjh ek¡ 28- D;k irk cl fudy x;h gksA
pkfg,A 29- eSa rqels feyus dHkh ugha vk ldrkA
12- mlus dgk Fkk fd oks Ldwy ugha vk;sxkA 30- eSa rqels dHkh ugha dg ldkA

.C
13- eSa i<+us ds ctk; [ksyuk ilUn djrk g¡wA 31- jke dks iSu ugha pkfg,] cfYd mls rks fdrkc pkfg,A
14- eSa iDdk tkÅ¡xk ogk¡A 32- D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tk ik;s \ ‚kk;n dHkh ughaA
15- eSa thruk pkgrk Fkk ij dHkh thr ugha ik;kA 33- D;k rqe esjs fy, #d ugha ldrs \
16-
17-
oks [ksyuk ugha pkgrkA
vxj eSa vk;k] rks rqels feyw¡xkA
NT 34- D;k rqEgsa dqN ugha pkfg,\
35- rqEgkjk D;k [;ky gS] eq>s ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, \
Q 2: Write the meaning of following similar & confusing words: 5 x 1 = 5
i) Cast ii) Weak iii) Fond iv) Story v) People
OI
Caste Week Found Storey Pupil

Q 3: Write three forms of the following verbs: 10 x 1 = 10

P

Drive, Bite, Ride, Hold, Put, Seek, Drink, See, Read, Teach
ER

Answers
Q1:
1- rqe esjs ?kj vk ldrs Fks ij rqe ugha vk;sA You could have come my home but you didn‟t.
2- gesa vkt feyuk FkkA We had to meet today.
PP

3- eq>s mlls ckr djuh gSA I have to talk to him.

4- mls fdlh Hkh gkyr esa ogk¡ tkuk pkfg,A He must go there at any cost.
5- jkgqy dks vkuk iM+sxkA Rahul will have to come.
Why did you use to go his home?
TO

6- rqe mlds ?kj D;ksa tkrs Fks \

7- D;k rqe eq>ls feyuk pkgksxs \ Would you like to meet me?
8- ‚kk;n oks vkt vk;sA He might come today.
9- D;k mls tkuk gS \ Has he to go?
10- vxj eSaus rqEgsa ns[kk gksrk] D;k rqels ckr ugha djrk\ If I had seen you, wouldn‟t I have talked to you?
11- eq>s rqEgkjh t+#jr ugha gS] cfYd eq>s rks esjh ek¡ pkfg,A I don‟t need you, rather I need my mom.
12- mlus dgk Fkk fd oks Ldwy ugha vk;sxkA He had said that he would not come to school.
13- eSa i<+us ds ctk; [ksyuk ilUn djrk gw¡A I prefer playing rather than studying.
/I prefer to play rather than to study.
14- eSa iDdk tkÅ¡xk ogk¡A I must go there. / I‟ll definitely go there.
15- eSa thruk pkgrk Fkk ij dHkh thr ugha ik;kA I wanted to win but I could never.

175
 16- oks [ksyuk ugha pkgrkA He doesn‟t want to play.
17- vxj eSa vk;k] rks rqels feyw¡xkA If I come, I will meet you.
18- gesa I;kj pkfg,] dqN vkSj ughaA We need love, nothing else.
19- ‚kk;n ckfj‛k gks jgh gksA It may/might be raining.
20- mls fdlh dh t+#jr ugha gS] oks [kqn gh dkQh gSAHe doesn‟t need anyone, he himself is good enough.
21- rqeus ges‛kk eq>s lEeku fn;k] eSa Hkwy ugha ldrkA You always respected me, I can not forget.
22- pkgs tks gks] gekjk I;kj ges‛kk ftUnk jguk pkfg,ANo matter what, our love must remain alive forever.
23- eq>s mls I;kj ugha djuk pkfg, FkkA I shouldn‟t have loved her.
24- ‚kk;n oks vk;sxhA She might/may come.
25- jke ;gk¡ D;ksa vkrk Fkk \ Why did Ram use to come here?
26- eSa Ldwy ds fnuksa esa [kwc [ksyk djrk FkkA I used to play a lot in school days.
27- jkds‛k dks lkspuk pkfg, FkkA Rakesh should have thought.

OM
28- D;k irk cl fudy x;h gksA Bus may/might have left/gone.
29- eSa rqels feyus dHkh ugha vk ldrkA I can never come to meet you.
30- eSa rqels dHkh ugha dg ldkA I could never say to you./ I could never tell you.
31- jke dks iSu ugha pkfg,] cfYd mls rks fdrkc pkfg,A Ram doesn‟t need a pen, rather he needs a book.

.C
32- D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tk ik;s \ ‚kk;n dHkh ughaA Could you ever go there? Never, I think.
33- D;k rqe esjs fy, #d ugha ldrs \ Can‟t you wait for me?
34- D;k rqEgsa dqN ugha pkfg,\ NT Don‟t you need anything?
35- rqEgkjk D;k [;ky gS] eq>s ogk¡ tkuk pkfg, \ What do you think, should I go there?

Q 2:
i) Cast ¼dkLV½ - List of people in a drama or film
OI
Caste ¼dkLV½ - A class (tkfr)
ii) Weak ¼ohd½ - det+ksj
Week ¼ohd½ - lIrkg
P

iii) Fond ¼QkWUM½ - ‚kkSdhu

Found ¼QkmUM½ - Second form of “Find”
ER

iv) Story ¼LVksjh½ - dgkuh

Storey ¼LVksjh½ - fdlh fcfYMax dh eaftysa
v) People ¼ihiy½ - yksx
Pupil ¼I;wfiy½ - f‛k";
PP

Q 3:
Drive Drove Driven
TO

Bite Bit Bitten

Ride Rode Ridden
Hold Held Held
Put Put Put
Seek Sought Sought
Drink Drank Drunk
See Saw Seen
Read Read (jSM) Read(jSM)
Teach Taught Taught

176
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. Could he achieve what he wanted? 26. Could you please spare some time for me?
2. She would not like to dance with you. 27. This girl used to meet Ram quite often.
3. You should have thought about his 28. Will he be able to come here?
condition. 29. It must hail tomorrow.
4. Does he need your help? 30. I would rather meet my dad than meet him.
5. Did he use to come to your home? 31. Could I speak with Mr. Batra?
6. They might have left for school. 32. I would get up at 6 when I was a kid.
7. Seeta must be studying at this point of time. 33. They didn‟t want to meet me.

OM
8. He might be coming. 34. Mom needed help because she was unwell.
9. If I had gone there, I would have given him 35. Shall I go?
the money. 36. I wanted my mom not to work.
10. They are used to such a climate. 37. Mobile couldn‟t divert me from my study.
11. Has he to go? 38. I was used to his abuses.

.C
12. I had told you that I would not go there. 39. He prefers singing over dancing.
13. He is used to his car now. 40. Had he loved me, he would have been here.
14. We ought to respect whoever is older than we. NT 41. Seeta used to come. She would prepare food
15. I was watching TV, rather than studying. and study here.
16. They should have left by now. 42. He must leave.
17. There should be good weather. 43. If he meets me, I will tell him about you.
18. I would rather buy a pen than a pencil. 44. Had you known the truth, you would have
OI
19. I already knew that he would win. told me.
20. I couldn‟t protest against Government‟s 45. They might have left.
decision. 46. It may rain tomorrow.
P

21. Can you meet that guy? 47. He prefers me over you.
22. There can be anybody. 48. It might be a rumour.
ER

23. I don‟t love you; rather I love your sister. 49. May I go now?
24. I had to fight till the end. 50. He used to go and I would come.
25. You can‟t compare love with anything.
PP

Answers
TO

1. Could he achieve what he wanted? D;k oks ik ldk tks oks pkgrk Fkk \
2. She would not like to dance with you. oks rqEgkjs lkFk Mk¡l ugha djuk pkgsxh A
3. You should have thought about his condition. rqEgsa mldh gkyr ds ckjs esa lkspuk pkfg, Fkk A
4. Does he need your help? D;k mls rqEgkjh enn dh t+:jr gS \
5. Did he use to come to your home? D;k oks rqEgkjs ?kj vkrk Fkk \
6. They might have left for school. ‚kk;n oks Ldwy ds fy, fudy x;s gksa@gksx a sA
7. Seeta must be studying at this point of time. lhrk bl oDr i<+ jgh gksxh A
8. He might be coming. ‚kk;n oks vk jgk gks @gksxk A
9. If I had gone there, I would have given him the money.vxj eSa ogk¡ x;k gksrk] eSaus mls iSls ns fn;s gksrsA
10. They are used to such a climate. mUgsa bl rjg ds ekSle dh vknr gks xbZ gSA

177
11. Has he to go? D;k mls tkuk gS \
12. I had told you that I would not go there. eSaus rqEgsa crk;k Fkk fd eSa ogk¡ ugha tkÅ¡xk A
13. He is used to his car now. mls viuh dkj dh vc vknr gks xbZ gS A
14. We ought to respect whoever is older than we.gesa viuksa ls cM++kas dk vknj djuk pkfg,A
15. I was watching TV, rather than studying. eSa i<+us ads ctk; Vh oh ns[k jgk FkkA
16. They should have left by now. oks vc rd fudy x;s gksaxs A
17. There should be good weather. ogk¡ vPNk ekSle gksuk pkfg, A
18. I would rather buy a pen than a pencil. eSa iSfUly ds ctk; iSu [kjhnw¡xk A
19. I already knew that he would win. eSa igys ls gh tkurk Fkk fd oks thrsxk A
20. I couldn‟t protest against Government‟s decision. eSa ljdkj ds QSlys ds fo:) fonzksg ugha dj
ldkA
21. Can you meet that guy? D;k rqe ml yM+ds ls fey ldrs gks \

OM
22. There can be anybody. ogk¡ dksbZ Hkh gks ldrk gSA
23. I don‟t love you; rather I love your sister. eSa rqEgsa ugha cfYd rqEgkjh cgu dks I;kj djrk gw¡A
24. I had to fight till the end. eq>s vUr rd yMuk Fkk@iM+k A
25. You can‟t compare love with anything. rqe I;kj dh rqyuk fdlh pht++ ds lkFk ugha dj

.C
ldrsA
26. Could you please spare some time for me? D;k vki esjs fy, FkksMk+ le; fudky ldrs gSa \
27. This girl used to meet Ram quite often. NT ;s yM+dh jke ls vDlj ¼cgqr gh T+;knk½ feyrh
Fkh A
28. Will he be able to come here? D;k oks ;gk¡ vk ik;sxk \
29. It must hail tomorrow. dy iDdk vksys iM+asxs A
30. I would rather meet my dad than meet him. eSa mlls feyus ds ctk; vius ikik ls feyw¡xk A
OI
31. Could I speak with Mr. Batra? D;k eSa fe0 c=k ls ckr dj ldrk gw¡ \
32. I would get up at 6 when I was a kid. eSa 6 cts mBrk Fkk tc eSa ,d cPpk Fkk A
33. They didn‟t want to meet me. oks eq>ls feyuk ugha pkgrs Fks A
P

34. Mom needed help because she was unwell. eEeh dks enn pkfg, Fkh D;ksafd oks chekj Fkha A
35. Shall I go? D;k eq>s tkuk pkfg, \
ER

36. I wanted my mom not to work. eSa ugha pkgrk Fkk fd esjh eEeh dke djsAa
37. Mobile couldn‟t divert me from my study. eksckby eq>s esjh i<+kbZ ls HkVdk ugha ldk A
38. I was used to his abuses. eq>s mldh xkfy;ksa dh vknr iM+ x;h Fkh A
PP

39. He prefers singing over dancing. oks Mk¡l djus ds ctk; xkus dks roTt+ks nsrk gSA
40. Had he loved me, he would have been here. vxj mlus eq>s I;kj fd;k gksrk] rks oks ;gk¡ gksrkA
41. Seeta used to come. She would prepare food and study here.lhrk vkrh FkhA [kkuk cukrh Fkh
vkSj ;gk¡ i<+rh Fkh A
TO

42. He must leave. mls iDdk pys tkuk pkfg, A

43. If he meets me, I will tell him about you. vxj oks eq>ls feyk] rks eSa mls rqEgkjs ckjs esa
crkšxk A
44. Had you known the truth, you would have told me. vxj rqEgsa lPpkbZ dk irk gksrk] rks rqe eq>s crk
pqds gksrs A
45. They might have left. ‚kk;n os pys x;s gksa@gksaxs A
46. It may rain tomorrow. ‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gks@gksxh A
47. He prefers me over you. oks rqEgkjs ctk; eq>s T+;knk ekurk gSA
48. It might be a rumour. ;g ,d vQOkkg Hkh gks ldrh gSA
49. May I go now? D;k eSa vc tk ldrk gw¡\
50. He used to go and I would come. oks tkrk Fkk vkSj eSa vkrk Fkk A
178
Lesson – 22
Conjunctions ¼dutaD‛kUl½ & leqPp; cks/kd vOo;
“Conjunctions ,sls ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks nks ‚kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+ nsrs gSaA” bl rjg okD; Hkh NksVk gks tkrk
gS vkSj vFkZ Hkh ugha cnyrkA

vxj eSa dgw¡ jke vPNk gS vkSj fQj dg¡w eksgu Hkh vPNk gSA tc nksuksa vPNs gSa rks D;ksa u ;s dgw¡ fd jke vkSj
eksgu vPNs gSaA ,slk dgus ij okD; NksVk gks tkrk gS vkSj vFkZ Hkh ugha cnyrkA “vkSj” ,d conjunction gSA

“Conjunction is the word or set of words that connects two words or sentences or
used to coordinate words in the same clause. It shortens the sentences without a

OM
change in meaning or sense.

If I say “Ram is good” and then I say “Mohan is also good”. I made two sentences. Let
me make it one by just saying “Ram and Mohan are good”. Using „and‟, I shortened the

.C
sentence. Hence, „and‟ is a conjunction.
Watch the Video Lecture as well….. NT
And (vkSj)/Or (;k)

jke vkSj ';ke vPNs nksLr gSaA

OI
Ram and Shyam are good friends.

vki ;s ;k oks fdrkc ys ldrs gSaA

P

You may take this book or that book.

ER

But (ysfdu] cfYd] flok;)

PP

ysfdu / ij / ijUrq –

jke vkSj ';ke vPNs nksLr gSa ysfdu@ij os ,d nwljs ls yM+rs gSaA
Ram and Shyam are good friends but they fight with each other.
TO

og cgqr le>nkj gS ysfdu oks xjhc gSA

He is very intelligent but he is poor.

flok; / vykok –

eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A @ eSa dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡ ij rqEgkjs ?kj ughaA
I can go anywhere but your home.

eSa dqN Hkh dj ldrk gw¡ flok; rqEgsa ihVus dsA

I can do anything but beat you.

179
 oks fpdu ds vykok (flok;) dqN Hkh [kk ldrk gSA
He can eat anything but Chicken.
uksV - flok; / vykok okys okD;ksa (sentences) esa but ds vykok except Hkh yxk ldrs gSa tSls fd ekuk
sentence gS –

eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A

I can go anywhere but your home. ¼,d rjhdk½
I can go anywhere except your home.¼nwljk rjhdk½

cfYd –

OM
;s iSu ugha cfYd iSfUly gSA
This is not a pen, but a pencil.

jke csodwQ+ ugha cfYd ,d le>nkj yM+dk gSA

Ram is not a fool, but a wise guy.

.C
mls Mk¡Vk ugha x;k cfYd ihVk x;kA
He was not scolded but beaten. NT
eq>s iSu ugha cfYd iSfUly nh x;h FkhA
I had not been given a pen but a pencil.
OI
For / As / Because / Since (D;ksafd] pw¡fd)
P

tc Hkh okD; esa ÞD;ksafdÞ ;k Þpw¡fdÞ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks bu pkjksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ij
,d egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s gS fd ÞD;ksafdÞ ;k Þpw¡fdÞ ds fy, “because” dk iz;ksx dsoy okD; ds chp esa gksrk gS vkSj
ER

“since” dk iz;ksx dsoy okD; ds ‚kq#vkr esa gksrk gSA

We can use any of these four but an important point is that “because” is to be used
only in the middle of the sentence and “since” is only at the beginning.
PP

1- D;ksfa d@pw¡fd eSa chekj Fkk] blfy, eSa ugha vk;kA

Since/As/For I was unwell, hence I didn‟t come.

2- eSa ugha vk;k D;ksfa d@pw¡fd eSa chekj Fkk]

TO

I didn‟t come because/as I was unwell.

or
I didn‟t come, for I was unwell.

tc Hkh ge D;ksafd ;k pw¡fd ds fy, „for‟ dk iz;ksx okD; ds chp esa djsa rks gesa „for‟ ls igys dkSek yxkuk t+#jh gSA
Note: If we use „for‟ in the middle, we need to place a comma just before it.

180
 Also/Even/Either/Too/As well (Hkh)
lHkh ik¡pkas dk ,d gh vFkZ gS & „Hkh‟ A

Also, Too vkSj As well dk iz;ksx izk;% ikWftfVo okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
Generally, „Also‟, „Too‟, „As well‟ are used in positive sentences.

Either dk iz;ksx mu uSxsfVo okD;ksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuesa Hkh dk Hkko izLrqr gkssA tSls & eSa Hkh vPNk ugha g¡w]
rqe Hkh cxZj ugha [kkrs vkfnA

Even dk iz;ksx izk;% ikWftfVo vkSj uSxsfVo nksuksa okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
„Even‟ is generally used in both; positive as well as negative sentences.

uksV : ikWftfVo okD; dk eryc gksrk gS & gj oks okD; ftlesa not dk iz;ksx u gqvk gS] Hkys gh fQj oks iz‛uokpd okD;

OM
gh D;ksa u gksA
Note: Positive sentence simply means the sentence, in which „not‟ is not used, even if it‟s
an interrogative sentence.

.C
nwljh ckr ;s fd
„Also‟ dk iz;ksx lgk;d fØ;k ds ckn vkSj fØ;k ls igys gksrk gSA
„Also‟ is used after the helping verb and before the verb.
NT
Too, As well vkSj Either dk iz;ksx okD; ds vUr esa gksrk gSA
Too, As well & Either are used at the end of the sentence.
OI
„Even‟ dk iz;ksx okD; ds ‚kq#vkr esa gksrk gSA
„Even‟ is used at the beginning of the sentence.
P

,d ckr vkSj - „Even‟ dk iz;ksx Interrogative sentences esa ugha gksrkA

ER

mnkgj.k (Examples) –

1) eSa Hkh vPNk gw¡A (Positive Sentence)

I am good too. / I am also good. / I am good as well. / Even I am good.
PP

2) eSa Hkh vPNk ugha gw¡A (Negative Sentence)

Even I am not good. / I am not good either.
TO

3) D;k rqe Hkh ogk¡ ugha Fks \(Negative Interrogative Sentence)

Were you not there either?
(bl sentence esa not gS blfy, eSa ;k rks even dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gw¡ ;k fQ+j either dk] ij gesa irk gS fd
„Even‟ dk iz;ksx Interrogative sentences esa ugha gksrk blfy, either dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

4) eSa Hkh Q+y ilUn ugha djrkA (Negative Sentence)

I don‟t like fruits either. / Even I don‟t like fruits.

5) os Hkh esjs lkFk ugha gaSA (Negative Sentence)

They are not with me either. / Even they are not with me.
181
 So/Hence/Henceforth/That‟s why/Therefore/That‟s the reason (blfy,)
eSa x;k blfy, rqe vk;sA
I went so you came. or
I went hence you came. or
I went henceforth you came. or
I went that‟s why you came. or
I went that‟s the reason you came.

As + {an adjective} +As

mruk $ ¿ dksbZ fo‛ks"k.k À $ ftruk

1. As tall as Amit - mruk yEck ftruk vfer ;k vfer ds ftruk yEck

OM
2. As short as Rakesh - mruk NksVk ftruk jkds‛k ;k jkds‛k ds ftruk NksVk
3. As big as your house - mruk cM+k ftruk rqEgkjk ?kj ;k rqEgkjs ?kj ds ftruk cM+k
4. As black as coal - mruk dkyk ftruk dks;yk ;k dks;ys ds ftruk dkyk
5. As red as blood - mruk yky ftruk [kwu ;k [kwu ds ftruk yky
6. As beautiful as you - mruh lqUnj ftruh rqe

.C
;k rqEgkjs ftruh lqUnj
7. As strong as my dad - mrus etcwr ftrus esjs ikik ;k esjs ikik ds ftruk etcwr

1- rqe esjs ftrus pkykd ugha gksA

You are not as clever as I.
NT
2- jke mlds ftruk ikxy ugha gSA
OI
Ram is not as mad as he is.

3- D;k rqe esjs ftruk vPNk xk ldrs gks \

Can you sing as good as I can?
P

4- D;k rqe esjh mez ds gks \

ER

Are you my age? or Are you as old as I am?

As (tSlk] ds rkSj ij] ds ukrs)

PP

1- tSlk vki dgsaA

As you say.

2- tSlh vkidh et+hZA

TO

As you wish.

3- tSlk vkius dgk] eSaus fd;kA

I did as you said.

4- eSa ;gk¡ eSut

s j ds rkSj ij dke dj jgk gw¡A
I am working here as a manager.

5- ,d Vhpj gksus ds ukrs] esjk Qt+Z gS fd eSa vius cPpksa dks lQyrk dh jkg fn[kkšA
As a teacher, it‟s my duty that I guide my students to success. or
Being a teacher, it‟s a responsibility/ an obligation that I guide my students to
success.
182
 As well as (lkFk gh lkFk)

jke i<+k fy[kk gS lkFk gh lkFk mlds ekrk firk Hkh i<+s fy[ks gSaA
Ram is educated as well as his parents are educated.

An Important Rule:

vxj “as well as” nks subjects ds chp esa vk;k rks helping verb igys okys subject ds vuqlkj gh yxsxhA
If “as well as” is joining two subjects in a sentence, then the helping verb is to be used
as per the first subject.

Example:

OM
1] oks lkFk gh lkFk mlds nksLr Hkh vPNs gSaA
;gk¡ ij nks subject gSa & 1. He (oks) 2. His friends (mlds nksLr).

vkidks yxsxk fd helping verb “is” ugha cfYd “are” yxuh pkfg,A ij Rule ds vuqlkj helping verb igys

.C
okys subject ds vuqlkj gh yxsxhA igyk subject gS “He” blfy, “is” yxsxkA

He, as well as his friends, is good.

NT
2] eSa lkFk gh lkFk esjs nksLr Hkh ;gk¡ gSaA I, as well as my friends, am here.
3- oks lkFk gh lkFk mlds rhu HkkbZ Hkh tk jgs gSaA He, as well as his 3 brothers, is going.
OI
As soon as / the moment (tSls gh)
1- tSls gh oks vk;k] eSa pyk x;kA
P

As soon as he came, I left.

or
ER

The moment he came, I left.

2- esjs ?kj vk tkuk tSls gh ikik vk tk;saA

Come to my home the moment dad comes.
PP

or
Come to my home as soon as dad comes.

3- ftruh tYnh gks lds pys tkvksA

TO

Leave/go as soon as possible.

As far as (tgk¡ rd)

1- tgk¡ rd eSa tkurk gw¡ mlds nks cPps gSaA
As far as I know, he has two children.

2- tgk¡ rd eq>s irk gS mldh ‚kknh gks pqdh gSA

As far as I know, he is married.

3- tgk¡ rd esjh i<+kbZ dk loky gS] eSaus flQZ 12 oha ikl dh gSA
As far as my study is concerned, I am only 12th pass.
183
 4- tgk¡ rd esjs HkkbZ dk loky gS] mlus xzStq,‛ku dj yh gSA
As far as my brother is concerned, he has done graduation.

5- tgk¡ rd esjs ifjokj dk loky gS] esjh nks cgusa gSaA

As far as my family is concerned, I have two sisters.

6- tgk¡ rd esjs ikik eEeh dk loky gS] eSa mudk [;ky j[kus ds fy, dkQh gw¡A
As far as my parents are concerned, I am good enough to take care of them.

Although / Though / Even if / Even though (;|fi] gkyk¡fd] Hkys gh)

&
Then also / even then / yet / still / however (fQj Hkh] rc Hkh] blds ckotwn Hkh])

OM
Rule: vxj vkius Although dk iz;ksx fd;k rks vkidks Yet dk iz;ksx djuk gh gksxkA

1- Hkys gh oks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;k] fQj Hkh mls lc vkrk gSA
Even if he never went to school, then also he knows everything.

.C
or
Though he never went to school, still he knows everything.
or NT
Although he never went to school, yet he knows everything.
(Although ds lkFk Yet dk iz;ksx djuk gh gksxkA½

2- gkyk¡fd eSa xjhc gw¡] ij blds ckotwn eSa rqEgsa iSls ls enn djus dh dksf‛k‛k d#¡xkA
OI
Although I am poor, yet I will try to help you with money.

3- gk¡ykfd ;s eSaus ugha fd;k gS] ij fQj Hkh vkidk tks Hkh QSlyk gks] eSa mls ekuw¡xkA
P

Though I haven‟t done it, still whatever you decide, I will accept.
ER

4- gk¡ykfd eSa chekj Fkk] rc Hkh eSaus dke fd;kA

Even if I was unwell, then also I worked.

Such (bl rjg dk] ,slk )/

PP

Such as (tSls fd] mnkgj.kr% ) /

in such a way (bl rjg ls] ,sls )
TO

1- ,sls yksx LokFkhZ gksrs gSaA

Such people are selfish.

2- ,sls cPps eq>s ilUn ughaA

I don‟t like such children.

3- ,slh dbZ dgkfu;k¡ eSa lqu pqdk gw¡A

I have heard many such stories.

4- esjs ikl dbZ phtsa gSa tSls fd dEI;wVj] ySiVkWi] eksckby bR;kfnA
I have many things such as a computer, a laptop, a mobile etc.
184
 5- mlds lkFk dbZ yksx gSa tSls fd jke] jkgqy] eksgu vkfnA
There are many people with him such as Ram, Rahul, Mohan etc.

6- mlus bl rjg ls eq>s ns[kk fd eq>s yxk oks eq>s pkgrh gSA
She looked at me in such a way that I felt she liked me.

7- rqe ,sls ckr djrs gks fd eSa rqEgkjh ckr Vky gh ugha ldrkA
You talk in such a way that I can‟t deny you.

As If / As though (ekuks; tSls fd )

1- rqe ,sls ckr djrs gks ekuks rqEgsa lc irk gks A

You talk in such a way as if you know everything.

OM
2- rqe rks ,sls ckr dj jgs gks tSls eSa rqEgkjk nq‛eu gw¡A
You are talking in such a way as if I am your enemy.

.C
3- jke eq>s Mk¡Vus yxk tSls fd oks esjk ckWl gksA
Ram started scolding me as though he was my boss.
NT
4- oks eq>ls bl rjg ckr dj jgk Fkk tSls fd eSa mldk ukSdj gw¡A
He was speaking with me in such a way as if I was his servant.

uksV & rhljs vkSj pkSFks okD; esa was dk iz;ksx blfy, gqvk gS D;ksfa d okD; chrs gq, le; dh ?kVuk dks crk jgk gSA
OI
Note – I have used „was‟ in 3rd & 4th sentences just because the sentence
demonstrates a past incidence.
P

Either – or (;k rks ;s & ;k rks oks )

ER

1- ;k rks rqe tkvks ;k eq>s tkus nksA Either you go or let me go.
2- ;k rks jke tk;sxk ;k fQj eSa tkšxkA Either Ram will go or I will. / Either Ram or I will go.
3- eSa ;k rks fnYyh tkÅ¡xk ;k eqEcbZA I‟ll either go Delhi or Mumbai. / I‟ll go either Delhi or
Mumbai.
PP

4- ;k rks rqe xyr gks ;k oksA Either you or he is wrong. / Either you are wrong or he is.

Neither – nor ( u ;s & u oks )

TO

1- u rqe tkvks u eq>s tkus nksA Neither you go nor let me go.
2- eSa u fnYyh tkÅ¡xk u eqEcbZA I‟ll neither go to Delhi nor Mumbai.
3- u rqe xyr gks u oksA Neither you nor he is wrong. / Neither you are wrong nor he is.
4- u eSaus iwNk vkSj u mlus crk;kA Neither I asked nor she told.

A special case: Not – nor/neither ( ugha & oks Hkh ugha )

1- rqe ugha vkrsA oks Hkh ugha vkrkA You don‟t come. Nor/neither does he.
2- eSaus ugha iwNkA u mlus iwNkA I didn‟t ask. Nor did she.
3- oks ugha tk ik;kA u eSa tk ik;kA He couldn‟t go. Neither could I.

185
 A special case: So (oks Hkh)
1- rqe vkrs gksA oks Hkh vkrk gSA You come. So does he.
2- eSaus iwNkA mlus HkhA I asked. So did she/he.
3- oks ;s dj ik;kA eSa HkhA He could do it. So could I.
4- eSa rqEgsa cgqr I;kj djrk g¡wA ikik Hkh djrs gSaA I love you so much. So does Dad.

Not only – but also (u dsoy ;s cfYd oks Hkh / ;gh ugha oks Hkh)

s j gS cfYd fo/kkFkhZ Hkh gSA^^ ;k ''oks eSut

1- ^^oks u dsoy eSut s j gh ugha] fo/kkFkhZ Hkh gSA^^
He is not only a manager, but also a student.

2- ^^oks u dsoy vaxzst+h cfYd iatkch cksyuk Hkh tkurk gSA^^ ;k ^^oks vaxzst+h gh ugha] iatkch cksyuk Hkh tkurk gSA^^

OM
He can speak not only English, but also Punjabi.

If (;fn] vxj )

.C
If ds iz;ksx dks lef>, vkSj vxyh practice exercise ds tfj, vius vki dks fu[kkfj,A
Understand the usage of „if‟ and through the next practice exercise, polish your
learning. NT
rhu rjg ds okD;%
1- vxj ;s gksrk rks oks gksrkA (If + Past Indefinite Tense/Simple past, would)
 vxj eSa tkrk rks mlls feyrkA If I went, I would meet him.
OI
 vxj jke us ns[kk gksrk] rks oks eq>s Hkh crkrkA If Ram saw, he would also tell me.
 vxj ikik ?kj ij gksrs] rks oks eq÷ks tkus ugha nsrsA If Dad was at home, he would not let
me go.
P

 vxj eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gksrk] rks rqEgsa t+#j jksdrkA If I was your friend, I would stop you
for sure.
ER

2- vxj ;s gqvk gksrk rks oks gks pqdk gksrkA (If + Past Perfect Tense/Simple past, would
have)
 vxj eSa x;k gksrk] rks mlls fey fy;k gksrkA If I had gone, I would have met him.
PP

 vxj mlus [kk;k gksrk] rks oks eq>s crk pqdk gksrkA If he had eaten/taken/had, he would
have told me.
 vxj ikik ?kj ij gksrs] rks mUgksua s eq>s tkus ugha fn;k gksrkA If Dad was at home, he would not
have let me go.
TO

 vxj eSa rqEgkjh txg gksrk] rks eSaus ;s dj fy;k gksrkA If I was you, I would have done it.

3- vxj ;s gks@gksxk] rks oks gksxkA (If + Present Indefinite Tense/Simple present, will)
 vxj eSa x;k] rks mlls feyw¡xkA If I go, I will meet him.
 vxj jke ugha vk;sxk] rks eSa ugha vkÅ¡xkA If Ram doesn‟t come, I‟ll not come.
 vxj ikik ?kj ij gq,] rks eSa rqEgsa Qksu ugha d#¡xkA If Dad is at home, I‟ll not call you.
 vxj eSa rqEgkjh txg ij gqvk] rks igys ;s dke d#¡xkAIf I am you, I‟ll at first do this work.

,d ckr vkSj & ÞrksÞ ds fy, vki pkgsa rks „then‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
If I go, then I will meet him.

186
 Lest – should (dgha ,slk u gks fd] ;s u gks fd )

Rule: „Lest‟ ds ckn vkus okys okD; esa „should‟ dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(The sentence following „lest‟ must use „should‟ as a helping verb.)

1- eSa esgur d#¡xk dgha ,slk u gks fd eSa Qsy gks tkÅ¡A
I‟ll work hard lest I should fail.

2- lgh irk fy[kks dgha ,slk u gks fd dwfj;j dgha vkSj pyk tk,A
Write the correct address lest courier should go somewhere else.

3- ogk¡ er tkvks ;s u gks fd oks rqEgsa Mk¡VsAa

OM
Don‟t go there lest he should scold you.

Otherwise/ or else (ugha rks] ojuk )

1- eSa esgur d#¡xk ojuk eSa Qsy gks tkÅ¡xkA
I‟ll work hard otherwise/or else I will fail.

.C
2- lgh irk fy[kks ugha rks dwfj;j dgha vkSj tk ldrk gSA
NT
Write the correct address otherwise courier can go somewhere else.

3- ogk¡ er tkvks ugha rks oks rqEgsa Mk¡VsxkA

Don‟t go there or else he will scold you.
OI
So that (rkfd )
1- eSa esgur d#¡xk rkfd eSa ikl gks tkÅ¡A
I‟ll work hard so that I pass.
P
ER

2- lgh irk fy[kks rkfd dwfj;j dgha vkSj u pyk tk,A

Write the correct address so that courier doesn‟t go anywhere else.

3- esjs lkFk gh jgks rkfd eSa cksj u gksšA

PP

Be with me so that I don‟t feel bored.

4- ;s djks rkfd rqe ;s dg ldks fd rqeus Hkh dqN fd;k gSA

Do it so that you could also say that you had also done something.
TO

Provided / Providing ( c‛krsZ] ‚krZ ;s gS fd] ij rc tc )

Rule: Provided ds ckn okyk okD; ges‛kk „Present Indefinite Tense‟ esa gh curk gSA
„Provided‟ is always followed by „Present Indefinite Tense sentence‟.

1- eSa rqels feyw¡xk ij rc tc rqe eq>s oknk djks fd rqe eq>s jke ds ckjs esa ugha iwNksxsA
I‟ll meet you provided you promise me that you will not ask about Ram.

2- oks vk;sxk ij rc tc jke u vk;sA

He will come providing Ram doesn‟t come.
187
 “WH Family” used as a conjunction

1. What, That – tks ¼ltho o futhZo nksuksa ds fy, (for Living & Nonliving both))
2. Where – tgk¡
3. Whom – ftls
4. Who – tks ¼ltho dk½ (living being)
5. Which – tks ¼futhZo dk½ (non living)
6. When – tc
7. How / The way – tSls] ftl rjg ls
8. Whose – ftldk ¼ltho dk½ (living being)
9. Of Which – ftldk ¼futhZo dk½ (non living)
10. With whom – ftlds lkFk

OM
11. For whom – ftlds fy,
12. From where – tgk¡ ls
Example:
Did you hear what/that/which I said.

.C
1- D;k rqeus lquk tks eSaus dgkA
2- eSa Hkh vk;k tgk¡ ls rqe vk;sA Even, I came from where you came.
3- ftlds fy, eSaus lc dqN fd;k] oks ;gk¡ ugha gSA For whom I did everything, is not here.
NT
4- D;k rqe crk ldrs gks ftl rjg ls rqe ogk¡ igq¡ps\Can you tell me how you reached there?
5- jke] tks esjs lkFk Fkk] esjk nksLr gSA Ram, who was with me, is my friend.
6- iSu tks esjs ikl Fkk rqEgkjk ugha gSA Pen which/that I had is not yours.
7- jke oks gS] ftlds ikik iqfyl esa gSaA Ram is the one whose father is in police.
OI
8- EkSa oks gw¡] ftldk HkkbZ rqEgkjs lkFk FkkA I am the one whose brother was with you.
9- ;s oks ?kj gS ftldh Nr detksj gSA This is the house, the roof of which is weak.
10- ;s oks dqlhZ gS ftlds pkjksa iSj VwVs gq, gSaA This is the chair, the all 4 legs of which are
P

broken.
ER

ik¡pos o NBs okD;ksa ij t+jk /;ku nhft,A ik¡pos okD; esa jke ds ckn dkSek yxk;k x;k gS tcfd NBs okD; esa iSu ds ckn
dkSek ugha yxk;k x;kA rF; ;g gS fd bl rjg ds okD;ksa esa tc ÞtksÞ] ÞftlsÞ vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] ogk¡ O;fDrokpd
laKk tSls jke ds ckn dkSek dk iz;ksx gksuk vfuok;Z gS ysfdu tkfrokpd laKk tSls iSu ds lkFk dkSek dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
PP

Look at the 5th & 6th sentence. In 5th sentence, Ram is a proper noun hence it followed a
comma. But in 6th sentence, Pen is a common noun hence it didn‟t follow comma. The fact is;
Proper noun is followed by comma in such kind of sentences whereas common noun is never
followed by comma.
TO

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. You are never too old to dream a new dream.

vki dHkh brus cw<+s ugha gksrs fd dksbZ u;k liuk u ns[k ldsaA
2. A successful person is the one who can lay a firm foundation with the stones thrown
on him by others.
,d lQy O;fDr oks gS tks nwljksa ds }kjk Qsd a s x;s iRFkjksa ls ,d etcwr uhao cuk ldsA
3. A machine can replace an ordinary man but no machine can replace an extraordinary
man.
,d e‛khu ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ys ldrh gS ij dksbZ Hkh e‛khu ,d vlk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ugha ys ldrhA

188
 That‟s what /where/why/how/when/who/which

That‟s what- ;gh rks] ogh rks] ;gh ckr rks] ogh ckr rks
¼fdlh eqn~ns dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about an issue)
That‟s where- ;gha rks] ogha rks] blh txg rks] mlh txg rks
¼fdlh txg dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a place)
That‟s why- blhfy,] rHkh rks
¼fdlh dkj.k dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a reason)
That‟s when- mlh le; rks] rHkh rks
¼fdlh le; dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a time)
That‟s who/whom-mlh dks
¼fdlh ltho (living being) dh ckr gks jgh gSA½

OM
That‟s which- mlh dks
¼fdlh futhZo (non living) dh ckr gks jgh gSA½
That‟s how- blh rjg rks] blh rjg ls
¼djus ds rjhds dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ (talking about a way of doing something.)

.C
Example:
1- ;gh ckr rks eSa dg jgk FkkA That‟s what I was saying.
NT
2- ;gh rks rqe mls le>k jgs FksA That‟s what you were making him understand.
3- eSa ogha rks tk jgk gw¡A That‟s where I am going.
4- jke mlh txg rks [kM+k FkkA That‟s where Ram was standing.
That‟s where we had met that day.
OI
5- ge ;gha rks feys Fks ml fnuA
6- eSaus ,sls gh rks lh[kkA That‟s how I learned.
7- mlus blh rjg ckr dhA That‟s how he spoke.
That‟s when I reached.
P

8- eSa mlh oDr igq¡p x;kA

9- tc ikik vk;s] mlh oDr eEeh Hkh vk x;haAWhen dad came, that‟s when even mom turned up.
ER

10- eSaus mlh dks rks Mk¡Vk FkkA That‟s who/whom I had scolded.
11- eSaus blh ij rks fdrkc j[kh FkhA That‟s which I had kept the book on.
12- eSaus mlh yM+ds dks rks Mk¡Vk FkkA That‟s the boy I had scolded.
13- eSaus blh Vscy ij rks fdrkc j[kh FkhA That‟s the table on which I had kept the book.
PP

Still / Even now

(vHkh Hkh] vkt Hkh)
TO

Rule:
“still” dk iz;ksx helping verb ds ckn vkSj verb ls igys gksrk gS] tcfd “even now” dk iz;ksx ges‛kk okD; ds
vUr esaA
“still” is used after the helping verb and just before the verb, whereas “even now” is used at the end.

1- eSa vHkh Hkh i<+ jgk gw¡A I am still studying. / I am studying even now.
2- D;k jke vHkh Hkh [ksyrk gS \ Does Ram still play? / Does Ram play even now?
3- oks vkt Hkh eq>ls feyrk gSA He still meets me. / He meets me even now.

189
 While + Verb 1st form + ing
(tc nks dke ,d lkFk fd, tk jgs gksa )

Rule: “while” ds ckn vkus okyh fØ;k ds lkFk “ing” dk iz;ksx gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
The verb follows „while‟ is always used in „ing‟ form.

1- eSa pyrs gq, i<+ jgk gw¡A I am studying while walking./While walking, I am studying.
2- D;k jke i<+rs gq, [kkuk [kkrk gS \ Does Ram eat the food while studying ?
3- oks eq>ls ckr djrs gq, rqEgsa ns[k jgk FkkA He was watching you while talking to me.

No sooner had – than

OM
(gh Fkk)

1- eSa igq¡pk gh Fkk fd oks vk x;sA No sooner had I reached than they came.
2- jke dks eSaus Qksu fd;k gh Fkk fd mldk eSlst vk x;kANo sooner had I called Ram than he messaged me.

.C
3- ge LVs‛ku igq¡ps gh Fks fd Vªsu py nhA No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
4- ge lks;s gh Fks fd ckfj‛k vk xbZA No sooner had we slept than it started raining.
NT
As yet / yet / till now / by now / so far
(vHkh rd] vkt rd)

Rule: „yet‟ vkSj „as yet‟ dk iz;ksx eq[;r% dsoy Present Perfect Tense esa gksrk gSA
OI
1- eSaus vHkh rd mls ugha ns[kk gSA (Present Perfect Tense)
I have not seen her yet/ as yet/ till now/ by now/ so far.
P

2- vHkh rd dk Ldksj D;k gqvk gS \ (Simple Sentence)

ER

What is the score till now / by now / so far?

PP

Till / Till the time / By the time/As long as (tc rd)

Rule: bu pkjksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ij egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s gS fd buds ckn dk okD; ;k rks Present
Indefinite esa curk gS ;k fQj Past Indefinite esAa uhps fn;s x;s nwljs vkSj rhljs okD; esa Þtc rdÞ ds ckn
TO

dk okD; Þxk xs xhÞ okyk gS ij fQj Hkh vaxzsth+ esa cnyk x;k rks Present Indefinite dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

1] tc rd eSa ugha vkrk] rqe er tkukA Till/till the time/ by the time I don‟t come, you don‟t go.
2] tc rd jke ugha vk;sxk] ge ugha tk;saxsA Till Ram doesn‟t come, we will not go.
3] ge ugha [kk;saxs tc rd jke ugha vk;sxkA We will not eat till Ram doesn‟t come.
4] tc rd oks vk;k] eSa tk pqdk FkkA By the time he came, I had left/gone.
5] tc rd rqe esjs lkFk gks] eq>s ijokg ughaA As long as you are with me, I don‟t care.

190
 Unless / Until (tc rd ugha)
Rule: bu nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ij egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s gS fd buds ckn dk okD; ;k rks Present
Indefinite esa curk gS ;k fQj Past Indefinite esAa uhps fn;s x;s nwljs vkSj rhljs okD; esa Þtc rdÞ ds ckn
dk okD; Þxk xs xhÞ okyk gS ij fQj Hkh vaxzsth+ esa cnyk x;k rks Present Indefinite dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

1- tc rd eSa ugha vkrk] rqe er tkukA Until/Unless I come, you don‟t go.
2- tc rd jke ugha vk;sxk] ge ugha tk;sx a sA Until/Unless Ram comes, we will not go.
3- ge ugha [kk;saxs tc rd jke ugha vk;sxkA We will not eat until/unless Ram comes.
4- tc rd oks ugha vk;k] eq>s vPNk ugha yxkA Until / Unless he came, I didn‟t feel good.
5- tc rd cPpksa us ugha iwNk] eSaus mUgsa ugha crk;kA Until/Unless children asked, I didn‟t tell them.
6- tc rd vfer vuqefr ugha nsxk] eSa pqi jg¡x w kA Until/Unless Amit allows, I‟ll keep quiet.

OM
Whether – or (pkgs ---- ;k ½ ¼ fd -----;k )

Rule No 1: (pkgs ---- ;k ½

.C
vxj okD; esa ÞpkgsÞ ds lkFk Þ;kÞ vk;s rks ÞwhetherÞ ds lkFk ÞorÞ dk iz;ksx djuk t+#jh gSA ysfdu ÞwhetherÞ ds

1- pkgs oks vk;s ;k u vk;s] eSa rks tkšxkA

NT
lkFk okyk okD; tks dkSek ls igys gS] Present Indefinite esa gh cusxkA

Whether he comes or not, I will go.

2- pkgs jke [ksys ;k u [ksys] rqEgsa [ksyuk pkfg,A Whether Ram plays or not, you should play.
OI
Rule No 2: ¼ fd -----;k )
P

vxj okD; esa ÞfdÞ ds lkFk Þ;kÞ vk;s rks ÞwhetherÞ ds lkFk ÞorÞ dk iz;ksx djuk t+#jh gSA ysfdu ÞwhetherÞ ds
lkFk okyk okD; tks dkSek ls igys gS] Tense ds vuqlkj gh cusxkA
ER

1- eSa dg ugha ldrk fd oks [ksysxk ;k ughaA I can‟t say, whether he will play or not.
2- oks ugha tkurk Fkk fd yksx vk;sxa s Hkh ;k ughaA He didn‟t know, whether people will come or not.
PP

3- gesa ugha irk fd oks ogk¡ tkrk gS ;k dgha vkSjA We don‟t know, whether he goes there or
somewhere else.

Whereas / While (tcfd)

TO

1- esjs ikl 10 # gSa tcfd rqEgkjs ikl 50A

I have Rs 10 whereas/while you have 50.

2- tc jke dh ‚kknh gqbZ] oks 25 lky dk Fkk tcfd nqYgu dsoy 18 dhA
When Ram got married, he was 25 whereas/while the bride was only 18.

191
 Conjunctions – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- mlus Hkh ugha pkgkA 36- oks rqEgsa Mk¡Vus ds flok; dqN Hkh dj ldrk gSA
2- gkyk¡fd eq÷ks [ksyus ugha fn;k tk jgk] fQj Hkh eSa 37- ;s esjk I;kj ugha] ml yM+dh dh rjQ+ esjk vkdZ’k.k
‚kkUr gw¡A gSA
3- eSa mls fÒtok ldrk gw¡ ij rc tc rqe Äj vk 38- Okks eq÷kls ckr djus yxk ekuks eq÷ks igys ls tkurk
tkvksA gksA
4- eSaus u dHkh fd;k u djus dh lksp ldrk g¡wA 39- Pkkgs Vªsu 2 ?kaVs ckn vk;s] gesa rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
5- pkgs oks cSBs ;k u cSBs eSa rks Tk+#j cSBw¡xkA 40- D;k muesa ls dksbZ bruk gSaMle Fkk ftruk oks gSA
6- gesa i<+us rd ugha fn;k x;k FkkA 41- D;k mlds ikl esjs ftruh xkfM+;k¡ Fkh \

OM
7- esjh ckr fdlh us ugha lquhA 42- mls Hkh Q+y ilUn ugha FksA
8- ftls rqe ;kn dj jgs gks] mls rqe dHkh ;kn ugha 43- pw¡fd eSaus mls Qksu ugha fd;k] blfy, mlus vxys
vkrsA iwjs fnu eq÷kls ckr ugha dhA
9- tks rqeus Vscy ij j[kk] D;k gS oks \ 44- jkt ugha tkurk fd oks fnYyh tk;sxk ;k ughaA
10- pkgs oks u vk;s] eSa rks lqcg&2 gh fnYyh ds fy, 45- mls irk ugha Fkk fd oks tk;sxkA

.C
fudy tkšxkA 46- blh rjg eSa cM+k gqvk A
11- Okks Hkh gesa ns[krk jgkA 47- esjh eEeh ,slh ugha gS fd rqEgkjs cgkuksa dks eku tk,A
12- D;k oks tkurk Fkk fd eSa dkSu gw¡ \ NT 48- eSaus ;s fdrkc [kksyh gh Fkh fd eq>s viuk cpiu ;kn
13- eSa rqEgsa ;gh rks le÷kk jgk gw¡A vk x;k D;ksafd tc eSa cPpk Fkk eq>s ;s fdrkc ilan
14- fj‛rk oks pht+ gS ftlds fcuk ge vËkwjs gSaA Fkh A
15- ge ogha ij rks [kM+s gksdj i<+ jgs FksA 49- eSa vHkh Hkh rqEgsa viuh ft+anxh ls T+;knk I;kj djrk
16- mlus eq÷ks fl[kk;k Fkk fd yM+rs dSls gSaA gw¡A
OI
17- ;k rks viuh gkj ij jksuk gksxk gesa ;k fQj yM+rs gq, 50- muesa ls fdlh ds ikl Hkh esjs ftruh isfUlysa ugha FkhA
tku nsuh gksxhA 51- D;k rqEgkjk lq>ko esjs ftruk vPNk gS \
18- oks vaxzst+h gh ugha iatkch Hkh cksyuk tkurk gSA 52- eSuas ogha rks ml vtuch dks ns[kk Fkk A
19- lcdks bTt+r nks ,slk u gks rqEgsa Hkh dksbZ bT+t+r u 53- mlus eq>s Qksu ugha fd;k D;ksafd oks eq>ls ukjkt+ gSA
P

nsA 54- oks esjs ftruk yEck ugha Fkk A

20- vc pyrs gSa ojuk gesa nsj gks ldrh gSA 55- rqEgkjh vk¡[ksa eq÷ks bl rjg ?kwjrh gSa fd ,d iy ds
ER

21- oks i<+us ds fy, ugha vk;k rkfd mls Mk¡V u iM+sA fy, eSa [kks lk tkrk gw¡A
22- eSa dg ugha ldrk fd oks dc rd vk;sxkA 56- mlds gkykr vHkh Hkh mlds dkcw ls ckgj gSa A
23- mls vHkh Hkh cq[kkj gSA 57- oks yM+dh ,slk fx¶V ilUn ugha djsxh A
24- eSaus rqEgkjk uke lquk rd ugha FkkA 58- muesa ls dqN esjs HkkbZ ftrus rst+ gSa A
PP

25- u mlus ns[kk gksxk u fdlh vkSj usA 59- mlh oDr eSaus Hkh xzstq,‛ku iwjh dh A
26- eSa dg ugha ldrk fd oks vk;sxkA 60- tSls gh rqe ogk¡ igq¡pks] eq>s dkWy djuk A
27- Tkgk¡ rd esjh ft+Unxh dk loky gS] eSaus bls ekuo 61- tgk¡ rd eq>s irk gS oks LoHkko dk vPNk gS A
dY;k.k ij yxk fn;k gSA 62- u dsoy esjh fta+nxh cfYd mldh Hkh bl ,d xyr
TO

28- yksx vDlj esjs Äj vkrs gSa rkfd oks esjs vehj firk QSlys ds dkj.k cckZn gks xbZ gS A
dk iSlk iz;ksx dj ldsaA 63- eSa u mls dkWy dj ik;k u mls vkf[kjh oDr is ns[k
29- oks ekrk firk ftudh Å¡xyh idM+dj rqeus pyuk ik;k A
lh[kk] mUgsa dHkh nq[k er igq¡pkukA 64- bl lky dbZ fgV fQYesa gSa tSls ncax 2] lu vkWQ
30- u oks le÷kk tks eq÷ks dguk Fkk u gh mlus lquus dh ljnkj vkfn A
dksf‛k‛k rd dhA 65- oks vius nksLrksa ds lkFk [ksyrs gq, Vhoh ns[k jgk Fkk A
31- ;k rks oks rqEgsa tkus nsxk ;k oks cgkus cuk;sxkA 66- ;k rks esjk xyr gS ;k rqEgkjk \
32- f‛k{kk O;olk; ugha cfYd vki rd ig¡qpus dk ,d 67- rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks blfy, eSus dkWy ugha dh A
iz;kl gSA 68- tc rd rqe ;gk¡ [kM+s gks] eSa Hkh dgha ugha tkÅ¡xk A
33- eSa Hkh [kq‛k ugha gw¡A 69- ,slh dgkfu;k¡ cgqr cksfjax gksrh gSa A
34- ge mrus lH; gSa ftruk gesa gksuk pkfg,A 70- eSa dg ugha ldrk] oks rqEgsa ,slh fdlh ckr ds fy,
35- tgk¡ rd esjh lksp dk loky gS] eq÷ks iwjk ;dhu gS Qksu djsxk A
fd eSa lcdk fny thr yw¡xkA 71- eSa mls dkWy djus ds vykok dqN Hkh dj ldrk Fkk A
192
72- pkgs oks [kk;s ;k u [kk;s] de ls de eSa rks ugha [kkus 113- mldk Hkh dksbZ ugha Fkk A
okyk A 114- eSaus mlh le; cUnwd fudky yh A
73- ;k rks eSa xyr gw¡ ;k fQj rqe A 115- jke us ;s djok;k rkfd dksbZ mls nks’k u ns A
74- ftruk rqe mls I;kj djrs gks eSa Hkh djrk gw¡A 116- tc Hkh muls iwNk x;k] oks yksx pqi gks tkrs Fks A
75- eSus Hkh mls :yk;k A 117- eSa Hkh fdlh ls ugha Mjrk Fkk A
76- ;gh rks eq>s ges‛kk ukilan Fkk vkSj fu;fr nsf[k, vkt 118- tc rd cPps ugha iwNsaxs] mUgsa dSls irk pysxk \
esjs ikl ;s djus ds flok; dksbZ pkjk gh ugha gS A 119- oks rqEgsa vkus nsxk c‛krZs rqe mls dqN iSls nks A
77- Okks vHkh Hkh cqjs nkSj ls xqt+j jgk gS A 120- esjs ikl mlds ftruh fdrkcsa D;ksa ugha Fkh \
78- pkgs esjs lkFk cqjs ls Hkh cqjk crkZo gks ;k eq>s tku ls 121- gekjs ?kj esa Hkys gh dEI;wVj u gks] ij geusa dke
ekj fn;k tk;s esjh vkf[kjh lk¡l Hkh ;gh dgsxh fd eSa djuk lh[k fy;k gS A
vius ns‛k ls I;kj djrk gw¡ vkSj var rd djrk jgw¡xkA 122- gels dksbZ ugha fey ikrk Fkk ‚kk;n blfy, D;ksafd
79- tks rqe dgks] eSa var rd djrk jgw¡xk A ge lcls vyx Fks A
80- tc rd oks feyus ugha vkrk eSa ugha tkus okyk A 123- mUgsa gh ugha] muds ifjokj okyksa dks Hkh dksVZ esa is‛k
81- ge bl rjg jksM ikj djrs gSa A fd;k tkuk gSA

OM
82- tSlk rqe pkgks@tSlk rqe ilan djks A 124- geus vHkh rd fdlh dks ugha cqyk;k gSA
83- eSa i<+us yxk T;ksa gh ikik vk;s A 125- cPps us vk¡[ksa [kksyh Hkh ugha Fkh fd mls ekj fn;k
84- rqe esjs dksbZ ugha gks tcfd oks esjk lc dqN gS A x;kA
85- oks esjs fy, :dk tc rd eSa ugha vk;k A 126- Hkys gh mlus eq>s tkus fn;k ij eSa mldk lkFk nsus
86- tSlk&2 vkius eq>s crk;k Fkk eSaus dj fy;k gS A dh lksp Hkh ugha ldrk A

.C
87- mlus i<+rs gq, eq>s dkWy fd;k A 127- D;k rqe vHkh Hkh ,slk lksprs gks \
88- eSaus rqEgsa dkWy dh gh Fkh fd rqe esjs ?kj ig¡qp x;s A 128- gkyk¡fd mldh rch;r [kjkc gS fQj Hkh eSa mldh
89- geus vHkh rd rktegy ugha ns[kk gS A NT fgEer dh nkn nsrk gw¡ fd oks lqcg ls dke dj jgk
90- rqeus vHkh rd fdruk iSLkk bdV~Bk dj fy;k gS \ gS A
91- bl rjg dk vkneh ?keaMh gksrk gS A 129- mlus ,slk fd;k rkfd yksx mldh rkjhQ djsAa
92- mlus bl rjg esjk Lokxr fd;k fd ,d iy dks eq>s 130- vius nksLrksa dk lkFk nks ,slk u gks fd t+:jr iM+us
yxk fd eSa ghjks gw¡ A ij oks rqEgkjk lkFk u nas A
OI
93- eq>s Hkh ,slk O;ogkj dHkh ilan ugha vk;k A 131- D;k ;s ogh yM+dk gS ftls rqe ml fnu dqN iwN jgs
94- eSa bl lky T+;knk esgur d:¡xk D;ksafd eSa nksckjk Fks \
Qsy ugha gksuk pkgrk A 132- ftls eSaus fi;k oks ikuh ugha dqN vkSj Fkk A
95- eq>s Vhoh dh t:jr ugha Fkh ij rqeus fnyk nh] eSa 133- rqe eq>s jksd ugha ikvksxs A
P

/kU;okn djrk g¡w A 134- D;k oks vkt+ Hkh eq>s ;kn djrk gS \
96- esjs ikl dqN ugha gS fQj Hkh eSa fgEer ugha gkjrk A 135- eSaus vHkh rd dqN ugha [kk;k gS A
ER

97- dksbZ rks nks’kh gS] rqe ;k eSa \ 136- mlds ckjs esa Hkys gh rqe dqN Hkh dgks ij mls eq> ls
98- oks lkFkh ftlds fcuk rqe vkt tgk¡ gks ig¡qp ugha csgrj dksbZ ugha tkurk A
ldrs Fks] dgk¡ gS oks \ 137- ,slk [;ky rd eq>s ugha vkrk A
99- tc rd oks esjs iSls okil ugha djrk eSa mls ugha 138- oks u dqN lksp ik;k u viuh ckr dg ik;k A
PP

NksM+us okyk A 139- ,slh phtsa eSa Hkh ugha [kkrk A

100- oks mruh nwj rd ugha tk ldk A 140- ;k rks oks rqEgsa tkus nsxk ;k fQj ;s dgdj jksdsxk fd
101- oks lp ugha] ,d fn[kkok Fkk A mls rqEgkjh t+:jr gS A
102- ftlds lkFk cSBdj rqeus QksVks f[kapokbZ] oks dkSu gS \ 141- fj‛rs mUgsa dgrs gSa tks gesa ,d nwljs ls I;kj djuk
TO

103- mlh dks rks eSaus Hkstk Fkk A fl[kkrs gaS A

104- blh ckr ij rks gekjs chp >xM+k gqvk A 142- xka/khth oks egkiq:’k gSa ftuds fl)karksa dks lqurs gq,
105- u [kqn djrs gks] u djus nsrs gks A eSa cM+k gqvk A
106- ,slh ykijokgh vHkh rd fdlh vkSj us ugha dh gS A 143- ftlus rqEgsa tkus fn;k oks esjk cM+k HkkbZ Fkk A
107- mlds ikl vHkh Hkh cgqr iSlk gS A 144- ge Hkh fdlh dks ugha dgrs Fks A
108- u ckfj‛k gqbZ] u dksbZ vk;k A 145- ftlds da/ks ij cSBdj rqeus nqfu;k ns[kh] muds da/kks
109- rqeus mls cqyok;k rkfd gesa fiVok ldks A dks dHkh >qdus er nsuk A
110- ftlds lkFk ge py jgs gSa] oks Hkwr ugha gks ldrk A 146- eaSus rqEgsa iwNk rd ugha fd rqe dSls gks A
111- ftldk fny VwVk gksrk gS oks vDlj nnZ eglwl djrk 147- mls Hkh ;s ugha crk;k x;k A
gSA 148- D;k rqe dkj pykuk tkurs gks \
112- dy NqV~Vh gksxh A

193
 Answers
1. Even he didn‟t want.
2. Though I am not being let play, still I am quiet. / Although I am not being let play, yet I am quiet.
3. I can make him go provided you come home.
4. Neither I did nor I can ever think to do (of doing).
5. Whether he sits or not, I must sit (I will definitely sit).
6. We were not even let study.
7. Nobody listened to me.
8. The one who you are missing, she never misses you (You are never missed by her).
9. That you kept on table, what is that?
10. Even if he doesn‟t come, I will leave for Delhi early in the morning.
11. Even he kept on watching us.
12. Did he know who I was?

OM
13. That‟s what I am making you understand.
14. Relation is something without which we are incomplete.
15. That‟s where we were standing and studying.
16. He had taught me how to fight?
17. Either we will have to cry over our defeat or sacrifice our lives, fighting.

.C
18. He not only knows English but also Punjabi.
19. Respect all lest nobody should respect you.
NT
20. Let‟s go now otherwise (or else) we may (might) be late.
21. He didn‟t come to study so that he was not scolded.
22. I can‟t say until when (by what time) he will come.
23. He is still suffering from fever. / He still has fever.
24. I had not even heard your name.
OI
25. Neither he will have seen nor anybody else.
26. I can‟t say if he will come.
27. As far as my life is concerned, I have devoted it to human welfare.
P

28. People visit my home very often so that they might use my rich father‟s money.
29. The parents, holding whose fingers you toddled, don‟t ever hurt them.
ER

30. Neither he understood what I had to say nor he even tried to listen.
31. Either he will let you go or he will make excuses.
32. Education is not a business but an endeavor to reach you.
33. Even I am not happy. / I am not happy either.
PP

34. We are as civilized as we should be.

35. As far as my thinking is concerned, I firmly believe that I will win everyone‟s heart.
36. He can do anything but scold you.
37. It‟s not my love but an attraction towards that girl.
TO

38. He started talking to me as if he knew me beforehand (he already knew me).

39. Even if train comes after 2 hrs, we must be ready.
40. Was any of them as handsome as he is?
41. Did he have as many cars as I have?
42. He didn‟t like fruits either. / Even he didn‟t like fruits.
43. For (Since/as) I didn‟t phone (call) him, He didn‟t talk to me for next whole day.
44. Raj doesn‟t know whether he will go Delhi or not.
45. He had no idea whether he would go. / He didn‟t know whether he would go.
46. That‟s how I grew up.
47. My mom is not such a lady who will buy your excuses.
48. No sooner had I opened this book than I remembered my childhood as I loved it when I was a kid.
49. I still love you more than my life.
194
50. None of them had as many pens as I had.
51. Is your suggestion as good as mine is.
52. That‟s where I had seen that stranger.
53. He didn‟t call me because (,for / as) he is angry with me.
54. He was not as tall as I.
55. Your eyes stare me in such a way that I feel myself lost for that a moment.
56. His circumstances are still out of his hands.
57. That girl will not like such a gift.
58. Few of them are as intelligent as my brother is.
59. That‟s when even I completed Graduation.
60. As soon as you reach there, call me up.
61. As far as I know, he is nice by nature.
62. Not only my life but also his is ruined due to this one wrong decision.

OM
63. I could neither call him nor see him at the last breath (time).
64. There are so many big hits this year such as Dabang 2, Son of Sardar etc.
65. He was watching TV while playing with his friends.
66. Either mine is wrong or yours is.
67. You are not my friend that‟s why I didn‟t call you.

.C
68. As long as you are standing here, even I will not go anywhere.
69. Such stories are very boring.
70. I can‟t say if he will call you for any such purpose.
NT
71. I could do anything but call her.
72. Whether he eats or not, atleast I am not going to (gonna) eat.
73. Either I am wrong or you are.
74. As much as you love her, even I do.
OI
75. Even I made him weep. / I also made him weep.
76. That‟s what I always disliked and what a coincidence, I have no choice but to do it.
77. He is still going through a bad phase.
P

78. Whether I am treated brutally or killed, Even my last breathe will say “ I love my country and I will
keep loving till the end “.
ER

79. Whatever you say, I will keep doing till the end.
80. Unless he comes to meet, I am not going to go.
81. That‟s how we cross the road.
82. As you feel like.
PP

83. I started studying as soon as (the moment) Dad came (turned up).
84. You are no one to me whereas (while) he is everything to me.
85. He waited for me until (unless) I came. / He waited for me by the time (as long as) I didn‟t come.
86. I have done as you had instructed me.
TO

87. He called me while studying.

88. No sooner had I called you than you reached my home.
89. We have not seen the Taj Mahal yet (as yet).
90. How much money have you collected so far?
91. Such a man is arrogant.
92. She welcomed me in such a way that for a moment I felt as if I was a hero.
93. Even I never liked such a behavior.
94. I will work harder this year because I don‟t want to fail again.
95. I didn‟t need a TV but you provided me. I thank you so much.
96. I have nothing, yet I don‟t lose hope.
97. Someone is to blame; either you or I?
98. The mate without whom you could not have reached where you are today, where is he?
195
99. Unless (until) he returns my money, I am not going to (gonna) spare him.
100. He couldn‟t go up to that far.
101. That was not truth but fake.
102. The one, sitting with whom you had a snap. Who is he?
103. That‟s whom I had sent.
104. That‟s what we disputed on. / We disputed on the same matter.
105. Neither you do yourself not let do.
106. Nobody else has done such a negligence.
107. He still has lots of money. / He still has a lot of money.
108. Neither it rained, nor did anybody come.
109. You made him come so that we could be beaten.
110. The one with whom we are walking, he can‟t be a ghost.
111. The one whose heart is broken, he often feels the pain.

OM
112. It will be holiday tomorrow.
113. Nobody was his either. / Nobody was hers either.
114. That‟s when I took out the gun. / I took out the gun exactly at that time.
115. Ram got it done so that nobody blames him.
116. Whenever they were asked, they people would keep quiet.

.C
117. Even I was not scared of anybody.
118. Unless children ask, how will they know?
119. He will let you come provided you give him some money.
NT
120. Why did I not have as many books as he had?
121. Even if we don‟t have a computer at home, then also we have learnt how to work on it.
122. Nobody was able to meet us, probably because we were different than others.
123. Not only they but also their family members have to be produced in court.
OI
124. We have not called anyone yet.
125. Child had not even opened the eyes that he was killed.
126. Even if he let me go, but I can‟t even think of supporting him.
P

127. Do you still think so?

128. Though he is unwell, still I salute his courage that he has been working since morning.
ER

129. He did so, so that people appreciate him.

130. Help your friends lest in need, they shouldn‟t help you.
131. Is this the boy whom you were asking something the other day?
132. That I drank wasn‟t water but something else.
PP

133. You will not be able to stop me.

134. Does he still miss me?
135. I have not eaten/had/taken anything as yet.
136. Although you say anything about him, yet nobody knows him better than I.
TO

137. I can‟t even think so.

138. He could neither think something nor say what he wanted to.
139. I don‟t eat such things either.
140. Either he will let you go or he will stop you, saying that he needs you.
141. Relations are those which teach us to love each other.
142. Gandhiji is the great man, hearing whose principles I grew up.
143. The one, who let you go, was my elder brother.
144. Even we didn‟t use to say to anyone.
145. The one, sitting on whose shoulders you saw the world, don‟t let him ever down.
146. I didn‟t even ask you how you were.
147. Even he was not told this.
148. Do you know how to drive the car?
196
 Conjunctions – Test Papers

Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 20 x 1 = 20

1- Hkys gh ;s nwfj;k¡ cgqr xgjh gSa] fQj Hkh rqe esjs fny ds lcls djhc gksA
2- jke u esjk nksLr Fkk u gSA
3- eSa vHkh Hkh lksp jgk gw¡A
4- oks ;gh rks pkgrh gSA
5- u oks esjs ftruk xksjk Fkk u rqEgkjs ftruk dkykA
6- jke ds nl HkkbZ gSa tcfd esjs dsoy nksA
7- ge lc bl rjg [ksyrs gSa tSls fd HkkbZ HkkbZ gksAa

OM
8- oks oSls gh yM+k tSlk rqeus mls fl[kk;k FkkA
9- eSa jktsUnz ugha] lyeku gw¡A
10- eSaus rqEgsa eSlst Hkstk gh Fkk fd rqeus dkWy dj nhA
11- eSa lc dqN ns[k ldrk gw¡ gksrs gq, ij ugha ns[k ldrk rqEgsa jksrs gq,A
12- mlus fdrkc rd ugha [kksyh Fkh ij ikl gks x;kA
13- esjs lkFk jgks rkfd dqN lh[k ldksA

.C
14- esjs ikl Hkh iSu ugha gSA
15- ftruh tYnh gks lds esjs ?kj vkvksA
16-
17-
18-
esjk vkWfQl Hkh rqEgkjs vkWfQl ftruk gh nwj gSA
vkleku ds ftruk Å¡pk cuksA
NT
mldk 'kjhj yksgs dh rjg etcwr Fkk ij fny ,d cPps dh rjg funksZ"kA
19- cPps gh ugha VhplZ Hkh vk;s FksA
20- eSa rqEgsa fdrkc n¡wxk ij rc tc rqe bls jkst+ i<+ksA
OI
Q2: Choose the correct alternative: 10 x 1 = 10

1) My father always scolds me ………….. he was Hitler.

P

i) Even ii) However iii) As though iv) So that v) None of these

ER

2) I have not met him ……….

i) Till now ii) As Yet iii) So far iv) Still v) None of these
PP

3) Work hard lest you…….fail.

i) will ii) should iii) can iv) might v) None of these

TO

4) I can‟t say ……..he will come.

i) If ii) That iii) Whether iv) as v) None of these

5) Either you or he ……….wrong.

i) Am ii) Are iii) Is iv) Were v) None of these

6) Did you not go there ……….?

i) also ii) even iii) Either iv) too v) None of these

197
 7) Although I am your friend, ………it doesn‟t mean you make me fool.

i) then also ii) yet iii) however iv) still v) but

8) He can‟t…….go there.

i) even ii) either iii) yet iv) still v) also

9) He as well as his friends ……….coming.

i) is ii) are iii) were iv) have been v) None of these

10) Whether he ……..or not, I must go.

OM
i) comes ii) came iii) come iv) will come v) None of these

Q3: Correct the following sentences: 10 x 2 = 20

.C
1) I will give you the book provided you will read that daily.
2) My friends have not reached till now.
3) I will see whether he is at home. NT
4) Read the whole book thoroughly lest you may fail.
5) Even if he will go, I don‟t care.
6) I am even now thinking about her.
7) As soon as Dad came, I started study.
OI
8) You ordered me as if you are my boss.
9) Because I lost everything, I am depressed.
10) While walk, he was studying.
P

Answers
ER

Q1:
1- Hkys gh ;s nwfj;k¡ cgqr xgjh gSa] fQj Hkh rqe esjs fny ds lcls djhc gksA
Even if the differences are quite deep, still you are the closest to my heart.
2- jke u esjk nksLr Fkk u gSA
PP

Ram was neither my friend nor he is.

3- eSa vHkh Hkh lksp jgk gw¡A
I am still thinking.
4- oks ;gh rks pkgrh gSA
TO

That‟s what she wants.

5- u oks esjs ftruk xksjk Fkk u rqEgkjs ftruk dkykA
Neither he was as fair as I nor as dark as you.
6- jke ds nl HkkbZ gSa tcfd esjs dsoy nksA
Ram has 10 brothers whereas/while I have two.
7- ge lc bl rjg [ksyrs gSa tSls fd HkkbZ HkkbZ gksAa
We all play as if we are brothers.
8- oks oSls gh yM+k tSlk rqeus mls fl[kk;k FkkA
He fought as/the way you had trained him.
9- eSa jktsUnz ugha] lyeku gw¡A
I am not Rajendra but Salman.
198
 10- eSaus rqEgsa eSlst Hkstk gh Fkk fd rqeus dkWy dj nhA
No sooner had I messaged you than you called.
11- ns[k ldrk g¡w eSa dqN Hkh gksrs gq, ij ugha ns[k ldrk rqEgsa jksrs gq,A
I can see anything happening but you crying.
12- mlus fdrkc rd ugha [kksyh Fkh ij ikl gks x;kA
He had not even opened the book but he passed.
13- esjs lkFk jgks rkfd dqN lh[k ldksA
Be with me so that you could learn something.
14- esjs ikl Hkh iSu ugha gSA
I don‟t have a pen either. / Even, I don‟t have a pen.
15- ftruh tYnh gks lds esjs ?kj vkvksA
Come my home as soon as possible.
16- esjk vkWfQl Hkh rqEgkjs vkWfQl ftruk gh nwj gSA

OM
Even my office is as far as your office is.
17- vkleku ds ftruk Å¡pk cuksA
Be as high/tall as sky.
18- mldk 'kjhj yksgs dh rjg etcwr Fkk ij fny ,d cPps dh rjg funksZ"kA
His body was as strong as Iron but his heart was as innocent as a kid.

.C
19- cPps gh ugha VhplZ Hkh vk;s FksA
Not only students but also teachers had come.
NT
20- eSa rqEgsa fdrkc n¡wxk ij rc tc rqe bls jkst+ i<+ksA
I‟ll give you the book provided you read it daily.

Q2: Correct alternative is written in bold letters and underlined:

OI
1) My father always scolds me ………….. he is Hitler.
P

i) Even ii) However iii) As though iv) So that v) None of these

ER

2) I have not met him ……….

i) Till now ii) As Yet iii) So far iv) Still v) None of these
PP

3) Work hard lest you…….fail.

i) will ii) should iii) can iv) might v) None of these

TO

4) I can‟t say ……..he will come.

i) If ii) That iii) Whether iv) as v) None of these

5) Either you or he ……….wrong.

i) Am ii) Are iii) Is iv) Were v) None of these

6) Did you not go there ……….?

i) also ii) even iii) either iv) too v) None of these

199
 7) Although I am your friend, ………it doesn‟t mean you make me fool.

i) then also ii) yet iii) however iv) still v) but

8) He can‟t…….go there.

i) even ii) either iii) yet iv) still v) also

9) He as well as his friends ……….coming.

i) is ii) are iii) were iv) have been v) None of these

10) Whether he ……..or not, I must go.

OM
i) comes ii) came iii) come iv) will come v) None of these

Q3: Correct sentences are in italic letters just below the incorrect ones:

1) I will give you the book provided you will read that daily. (Incorrect)

.C
I will give you the book provided you read that daily. (Correct)

2) My friends have not reached till now. NT

My friends have not reached yet / as yet.

3) I will see whether he is at home.

I will see if he is at home.
OI
4) Read the whole book thoroughly lest you may fail.
Read the whole book thoroughly lest you should fail.
P

5) Even if he will go, I don‟t care.

Even if he goes, I don‟t care.
ER

6) I am even now thinking about her.

I am thinking about her even now. / I am still thinking about her.
PP

7) As soon as Dad came, I started study.

As soon as Dad came, I started studying.

8) You ordered me as if you are my boss.

TO

You ordered me as if you were my boss.

9) Because I lost everything, I am depressed.

Since/As/For I lost everything, I am depressed.

10) While walk, he was studying.

While walking, he was studying.

200
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 30 x 1 = 30

1- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ftruk gh nwj gSA 14- ftruh tYnh gks lds [kkuk [kk yksA
2- eSa jkgqy ugha jksgu gw¡A 15- u eSaus [kk;k] u fi;kA
3- eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A 16- esgur djks rkfd bXt+ke esa ikl gks ldksA
4- rqe u vPNs gks u cqjAs 17- eSa vHkh rd mlls ugha feyk gw¡A
5- rqe ;k rks dEI;wVj ys yks ;k ysiVkiA 18- bl rjg ds yksx fdlh ls ugha feyrsA
6- jke dqN Hkh dj ldrk gS ij fdlh dk fny ugha nq[kk 19- tc rd rqe esgur ugha djrs] lQy ugha gksxsA
ldrkA 20- pkgs rqe vkvks ;k u vkvks] eSa tk jgk gw¡A
7- rqe ,d vPNs bUlku ugha gksA eSa Hkh ughaA 21- eSa dg ugha ldrk oks vk;sxk ;k ughaA
8- eSa vke ugha [kkrk] rqe Hkh ugha [kkrsA 22- oks 5000 # dek jgk gS tcfd rqe 10000A

OM
9- Hkys gh oks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;k] fQj Hkh xtc dh 23- ;gh rks eSaus rqEgsa dgkA
vaxzsth cksyrk gSA 24- u rqeus dqN dgk] u mlusA
10- jkds‛k ds ikl dbZ xkfM+;k¡ gS tSls eflZMht+] gksUMk 25- yksx vHkh Hkh mlls yM+ jgs gSaA
vkfnA 26- Hkys gh rqe eq>s iSls ns nks] eSa ;s ugha d#¡xkA
11- oks bruk vPNk nksLr Fkk fd eSa crk ugha ldrkA 27- eSa rqels yM+us dks rS;kj gw¡ c‛krsZ rqe mls NksM+ nksA

.C
12- rqe mruh nwj rd dHkh ugha nkSM+ ldrs ftruk eSa 28- vxj rqe fnYyh vkvks rks eq>ls t+#j feyukA
nkSM+ ldrk gw¡A 29- eSa ogha rks tk jgk gw¡A
13- rqe feyus vk ldrs gks tc rd eSa vkWfQl esa gw¡A 30- rqe u dsoy ,d HkkbZ gks cfYd ,d firk Hkh gksA
NT
Q 2: Correct the following sentences if there is an error: 10 X 2 = 20

1. You don‟t like me. I don‟t like you too.

OI
2. If I will go to market, I will meet you.
3. Computer is such device, which can stop working anytime.
4. Wheather you go or not, I will go to Shimla.
P

5. That‟s what I am telling you since morning.

6. He is not only a manager, but a student as well.
ER

7. He is not in office since he is unwell.

8. He is working like a manager.
9. He has as much pencils as you have.
10. I am not yet satisfied.
PP

Answers
TO

Q1:
1- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ftruk gh nwj gSA My house is as far as your house.
2- eSa jkgqy ugha jksgu gw¡A I am not Rahul but Rohan.
3- eSa rqEgkjs ?kj ds flok; dgha Hkh tk ldrk gw¡A I can go anywhere but/except your home.
4- rqe u vPNs gks u cqjAs You are neither good nor bad.
5- rqe ;k rks dEI;wVj ys yks ;k ysiVkiA You either take a computer or a laptop.
6- jke dqN Hkh dj ldrk gS ij fdlh dk fny ugha nq[kk ldrkA Ram can do anything but hurt someone.
7- rqe ,d vPNs bUlku ugha gksA eSa Hkh ughaA You are not a good person. Neither do I.
8- eSa vke ugha [kkrk] rqe Hkh ugha [kkrsA I don‟t eat mango, neither do you.
9- Hkys gh oks dHkh Ldwy ugha x;k] fQj Hkh xt+c dh vaxzst+h cksyrk gSA
Even if he never went to school, yet he speaks fluently.
201
10- jkds‛k ds ikl dbZ xkfM+;k¡ gS tSls eflZMht+] gksUMk vkfnA
Rakesh has many cars such as Mercedez, Honda etc.
11- oks bruk vPNk nksLr Fkk fd eSa crk ugha ldrkA
He was such a good friend that I can‟t even tell you.

12- rqe mruh nwj rd dHkh ugha nkSM+ ldrs ftruk eSa nkSM+ ldrk gw¡A You can never run as far as I can.
13- rqe feyus vk ldrs gks tc rd eSa vkWfQl esa gw¡A You can come to meet till I am in office.
14- ftruh tYnh gks lds [kkuk [kk yksA Eat the food as soon as possible.
15- u eSaus [kk;k] u fi;kA Neither I ate nor drank.
16- esgur djks rkfd bXt+ke esa ikl gks ldksA Work hard so that you could pass the exam.
17- eSa vHkh rd mlls ugha feyk gw¡A I have not met him yet.
18- bl rjg ds yksx fdlh ls ugha feyrsA Such people don‟t meet anyone.

OM
19- tc rd rqe esgur ugha djrs] lQy ugha gksxsA Until/Unless you work hard, can‟t succeed.
20- pkgs rqe vkvks ;k u vkvks] eSa tk jgk gw¡A Whether you come or not, I am going.
21- eSa dg ugha ldrk oks vk;sxk ;k ughaA I can‟t say whether he will come or not.
22- oks 5000 # dek jgk gS tcfd rqe 10000A He is earning Rs 5000 whereas you earn 10000.
23- ;gh rks eSaus rqEgsa dgkA That‟s what I said to you.

.C
24- u rqeus dqN dgk] u mlusA Neither you said anything nor he.
25- yksx vHkh Hkh mlls yM+ jgs gSaA People are still fighting with him.
26- Hkys gh rqe eq>s iSls ns nks] eSa ;s ugha d#¡xkA NT
27- eSa rqels yM+us dks rS;kj gw¡ c‛krsZ rqe mls NksM+ nksA
28- vxj rqe fnYyh vkvks rks eq>ls t+#j feyukA
Even if you give me money, I will not do it.
I am ready to fight you, provided you leave him.
If you visit Delhi, meet me for sure.
29- eSa ogha rks tk jgk gw¡A That‟s where I am going.
OI
30- rqe u dsoy ,d HkkbZ gks cfYd ,d firk Hkh gksA You are not only a brother but also a father.

Q 2:
Incorrect Sentence Correct Sentence
P

1. You don‟t like me. I don‟t like you too. You don‟t like me. I don‟t like you either.
ER

2. If I will go to market, I will meet you. If I go to market, I will meet you.

3. Computer is such device, which can stop working anytime. (Incorrect)

PP

Computer is such a device, which can stop working anytime. (Correct)

4. Wheather you go or not, I will go to Shimla. Whether you go or not, I will go to Shimla.
5. That‟s what I am telling you since morning. That‟s what I have been telling you since morning.
TO

6. He is not only a manager, but a student as well. He is not only a manager, but also a student.
7. He is not in office since he is unwell. He is not in office because/as/,for he is unwell.
8. He is working like a manager. He is working as a manager.
9. He has as much pencils as you have. He has as many pencils as you have.
10. I am not yet satisfied. I am not satisfied yet/as yet. / I am yet not satisfied.

202
Lesson – 23
Imperative Sentences ¼vkKk lwpd okD;½
“vkKklwpd okD; oks gksrs gSa ftudh enn ls ge ;k rks fdlh dks dksbZ vkns‛k nsrs gSa] lykg nsrs gSa ;k fQj
fdlh ls dksbZ vuqjks/k djrs gSaA”
vxj eSa vkils dg¡w fd Þeq>s iSu nksÞ] rks ;k rks eSa vkidks vkns‛k ns jgk g¡w ;k fQj ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd eSa
vkils vuqjks/k ;k fourh dj jgk gw¡A ;s lc bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd esjs cksyus dk rjhdk dSlk gSA

“Imperative Sentences are those in which we either order someone, advice

someone or request for something from someone.”
If I say “Give me a pen”, then either I am ordering you to give me the pen, or it‟s possible that I

OM
am requesting you to do the same. It all depends on the tone of my voice.

vkb, foLrkj ls le÷ksa (Let‟s understand in detail.)

.C
¼fu;e½ ¼lw=½ ¼mnkgj.k½
Rule Formula Example
Do (djks) NT 1. jke ds lkFk tkvksA
vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks dgk x;k gksA Go with Ram.
Verb 1st form +
If it is said to do something in 2. ikdZ esa vkvksA
Object.
a sentence. Come at the park.
OI
Please/Kindly Do (—i;k djks) 1. Iyht+ cPpksa ls feyksA
vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks dgk x;k gks Please meet the
Please/kindly + Verb
ij request djrs gq,A children.
1st form + Object.
P

If it is said to do something in 2. Iyht+ eq>s crkvksA

the sentence but with request Kindly tell me.
ER

(please/kindly).
Always Do (ges‛kk djks) 1. ges‛kk lp cksyksAs
vxj okD; esa dqN ges‛kk djus dks dgk Always speak the
x;k gksA Always + Verb 1st truth.
PP

If it is said to always do form + Object. 2. ges‛kk cM+ksa dks bTt+r nksA

something in the sentence. Always respect elders.

Don‟t (er djks) 1. >wB er cksykssA

TO

vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks euk fd;k x;k Don‟t tell a lie.
gksA Don‟t + Verb 1st form
2. ckWch dks er Mk¡VksA
+ Object.
If it is said not to do something Don‟t scold Boby.
in the sentence.
Never Do (dHkh er djks) 1. xjhcksa dks dHkh er lrkvksA
vxj okD; esa dqN djus dks euk fd;k x;k Never bother the
gksA Never + Verb 1st poor.
If it is said not to do something form + Object. 2. dHkh >wB er cksyksA
in the sentence. Never tell a lie.

203
 tSlk fd geus ns[kk fd vxj eq>s dguk gS “tkvks” rks eSa dg¡wxk “Go” ij vxj eSa dg nw¡ “Do go” rks bldk ;g
eryc gksrk gS fd eSa okD; dks tksj nsdj dg jgk g¡w ;kfu eSa dguk pkgrk g¡w “t+#j tkvks”
If I use „do‟ in imperative sentences such as “Do go”, “Do eat the food”, that indicates
that I am emphasizing the command.

vc nsf[k, Let dk iz;ksx &

Let (djus nks) - Let + subject + Verb 1st form + Object.

Don‟t let (er djus nks) - Don‟s +let + subject + Verb 1st form + Object.
or
- Let + subject + not + Verb 1st form + Object

OM
bl rjg ds okD;ksa esa subject ;k rks noun gksxk tSls jke] lhrk vkfn ;k fQj subject ,d objective
pronoun tSls me, him, her, us, them vkfnA vxj vkidks objective pronoun esa dksbZ confusion gS
rks pronoun pSIVj ,d ckj fQj if<+,A
In such sentences, “subject” is either a noun such as Ram, Seeta etc or an objective pronoun such as

.C
me, him, her, us, them etc. If you are not clear on objective pronoun then go back to the chapter of
pronoun.
Examples(mnkgj.k):

1. eq>s tkus nksA - Let me go.

NT
2. jksfgr dks [ksyus nksA - Let Rohit play.
3. cPpksa dks ikdZ tkus nksA - Let children go to park.
OI
4. mls er vkus nksA - Don‟t let him go. / Let him not go.
5. ikik dks er tkus nksA - Don‟t let dad go. / Let dad not go.
P

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

ER

1. In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But in practice, there is.

2. I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.
PP

3. Each problem that I solved became a rule which served afterwards to solve other problems.

4. Luck is something you are born with; but the destiny is something you make yourself.
TO

5. Live every moment to the fullest; who knows what will happen tomorrow.

6. Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. (Mahatma Gandhi)

7. Don't be afraid to give up the good to go for the great.

8. No masterpiece was ever created without efforts.

9. Thinking should become your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across in your
life.

10. Winners are those who learn from their failures.

204
 Imperative Sentences – Practice Exercise

Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- esjs lkFk jgksA 48- vius twrs fudky yksA
2- vius nksLrkas ls ckr djksA 49- Qkyrw ckr er djksA
3- fdlh nksLr dks er NksM+ks A 50- Vscy yxk yksA
4- esjs ckjs esa lkspksA 51- cM+h&cM+h ckrsa er djksA
5- eq>s rqEgsa dqN crkus nksA 52- lqbZ esa /kkxk Mky nksA
6- bl ijs‛kkuh dk gy fudkyksA 53- uaxs iSj er pyksA
7- eq>s ns[kus nksA 54- fdLer ij NksM+ nksA
8- ukd lkQ djksA 55- fdlh dks nq[k er nksA
9- dHkh&dHkh ?kj vk;k djksA 56- vius twrs ds Qhrs [kksy nksA
10- mls ,d bUp Hkh er fgyus nksA 57- vius twrs ds Qhrs yxk yksA

OM
11- ges‛kk le; ds ikcUn jgksA 58- vius uk[kwu dkVksA
12- ,sls pkykd vkneh ls lko/kku jgksA 59- viuh gn ls T+;knk [kpZ er djksA
13- viuh deht ds cVu cUn djksA 60- ekfpl tyk yksA
14- foosd dks mu yksxksa ls er feyus nksA 61- ogk¡ fcYdqy [kM+s er gksukA
15- —Ik;k njokts dh dqUMh yxk nksA 62- viuk ?kj lef>,A

.C
16- dke ls th er pqjkvksA 63- uy cUn djksA
17- mls <¡w<+us nksA 64- uy [kksyksA
18- mls ijs‛kku er djksA NT 65- igys mls cksyus nksA
19- viuh dkj ;gk¡ [kM+h er djksA 66- dEI;wVj vkWQ dj nksA
20- mls ;s er djus nksA 67- ck;sa pyksA
21- dHkh&dHkh vius ekrk&firk dks ns[kus tkvksA 68- nk;sa pyksA
22- ml yM+ds ds lkFk BgjksA 69- bl ekeys dks NksM+ nksA
23- xjhcksa dh enn djksA 70- eq>s 500 dk NqV~Vk¼psUt½ nksA
OI
24- bl yM+dh dks ;gk¡ dke djus nksA 71- viuh vaxzst+h lq/kkjksA
25- lHkh diM+s izSl¼bL=h½ dj nksA 72- vius rd j[kks ;s ckrA fdlh dks Hkh er crkukA
26- ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ls th er pqjkvksA 73- dHkh&dHkh gels feyk djksA
P

27- cky cuk yksA 74- bl ‚kCn dks fMD‛kujh esa <+w¡<ksA
28- mUgsa tkus nksA 75- viuh t++qcku ij dkcw j[kksA
ER

29- FkksM+k ikuh vkSj feyk yksA 76- ykbV cUn er djksA
30- —i;k ued ikl djksA@—i;k ued ns nksA 77- eq>s lkeku [kksyus nksA
31- le; ns[kksA 78- eq>s lkeku ck¡/kus nksA
32- ;gk¡ er mrjksA 79- —Ik;k fcLrj yxk nksA
33- gesa i<+us nks D;ksafd dy gekjk isij gSA 80- eq>s ;s ;kn fnykukA
PP

34- eksecRrh cq>k nksA 81- vius dke ls dke j[kksA

35- lc dks I;kj djks tks dksbZ rqEgkjh ftUnxh esa 82- mls Qksu djksA
vk;sA 83- eq>s mls Qksu djus nksA
36- viuk fglkc dj yksA 84- vius eu eqVko nwj djksA
TO

37- uhys iSu ls er fyf[k,A 85- uhacw fupksM+ nksA

38- ;gk¡ ls pys tkvksA 86- mls er NqvksA
39- bl dkj ls ckgj fudy tkvksA 87- viuk [;ky j[kukA
40- [kpip er fy[kks] lkQ&lkQ fy[kksA 88- mls iSls ns nksA
41- tYnh Bhd gks tkb,A 89- diM+s fupksM+ yksA
42- eqn~ns ij vkb,A 90- eq>s lHkh diM+s fupksMu+ s nksA
43- vius okns ls er eqdjksA 91- 8 cts dk vykeZ yxk nksA
44- Q‛kZ ij ;gk¡ ogk¡ er FkwdksA 92- eq>s 9 cts dk vykeZ yxkus nksA
45- [kwc eqLdqjkvksA 93- eq> ij Hkjkslk j[kksA
46- t+Ynh vkWfQl igq¡pks D;ksfa d ckWl ukjkt+ gSA 94- lUrjk Nhy yksA
47- T;knk er [kkvksA 95- fnekx ls [ksyksA

205
 Answers
1. Be with me. 49. Do not talk nonsense.
2. Talk to your friends. 50. Lay the table.
3. Don‟t leave any friend. 51. Do not beat about the bush.
4. Think about me. 52. Thread the needle.
5. Let me tell you something. 53. Do not walk bare-footed.
6. Find out the solution of this problem. 54. Leave it to fate.
7. Let me see. 55. Don‟t hurt anybody.
8. Blow the nose. 56. Unlace your shoes.
9. Come home sometimes. 57. Lace your shoes.
10. Don‟t let him move even an inch. 58. Pare your nails.
11. Always be punctual. 59. Don‟t spend beyond your limit.

OM
12. Beware of such a clever man.
60. Strike a match.
13. Button up your shirt.
61. Don‟t stand there at all.
14. Don‟t let Vivek meet those people.
62. Feel at home here.
15. Kindly bolt the door.
63. Turn off the tap.
16. Don‟t shirk the work.
17. Let me find out/ search. 64. Turn on the tap.

.C
18. Don‟t bother her. 65. Let him speak first.
19. Don‟t park your car here. 66. Shut down the computer.
20. Let him not do this. NT 67. Keep to the left.
21. Sometimes, go to see your parents. 68. Keep to the right.
22. Stay with that boy. 69. Leave this matter.
23. Help the poor. 70. Give me change of five hundred.
24. Let this girl work here. 71. Improve your English.
OI
25. Iron all the clothes. 72. Keep it to yourself. Do not tell anyone.
26. Don‟t shirk responsibilities. 73. Sometimes, meet us.
27. Comb the hair. 74. Look up this word in the dictionary.
P

28. Let them go. 75. Mind your language.

29. Add a little more water. 76. Don‟t switch off the light.
ER

30. Pass the salt please. 77. Let me unpack the luggage.
31. Look at the time. 78. Let me pack the luggage.
32. Don‟t get off here. 79. Make the bed please.
33. Let us study as it is our paper tomorrow. 80. Remind me of it.
PP

34. Blow out the candle. 81. Mind your own business.
35. Love everyone whoever comes in your life. 82. Call her up.
36. Clear your accounts. 83. Let me call her.
37. Don‟t write with blue pen. 84. Sink the differences.
TO

38. Go away from here. 85. Squeeze the lemon.

39. Get out of this car. 86. Don‟t touch him.
40. Do not scribble, Write legibly. 87. Take care of yourself.
41. Get well soon. 88. Give him money.
42. Come to the point. 89. Wring the clothes.
43. Do not back out of your promise. 90. Let me wring all the clothes.
44. Don‟t spit on the floor here and there. 91. Set the alarm at 8.
45. Smile a lot. 92. Let me set the alarm at 9 o‟clock.
46. Reach office early as boss is angry. 93. Trust me.
47. Do not overeat. 94. Peel off the orange.
48. Take off your shoes. 95. Play wisely.

206
 Imperative Sentences – Test Papers

Test – I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- le; er ns[kksA 26- fnu esa de ls de ,d ckj ugk fy;k djksA

2- ;gk¡ ls er tkvksA 27- viuh lq[k lqfo/kkvksa ij T+;knk [kpZ er djksA
3- gesa i<+us nks D;ksafd ijlksa gekjk isij gSA 28- iSu esa bad Mky yksA
4- eksecRrh tyk ykssA 29- cksrysa Hkj yksA ikuh vk jgk gSA
5- uhys iSu ls gh fy[kksA 30- dkj ls tYnh mrjksA
6- ;gk¡ vk tkvksA 31- ogk¡ tkus dh Hkwy er djukA
7- bl ?kj ls ckgj fudy tkvksA 32- eq>s MkDVj er le>ksA eSa rks pijklh gw¡A

OM
8- lkQ&lkQ fy[kus dh dksf‛k‛k djksA 33- yksxksa ls ?kqy fey dj jgk djksA
9- tYnh Bhd gks tkvks] gesa cgqr dke djus gSaA 34- fdpu esa ,d eksecRrh dk iSdsV j[k yksA
10- eqn~ns ij vkb, D;ksfa d le; cgqr de gSA 35- mldh dgkuh er lqukvks] eSa id x;k gw¡A
11- viuk oknk er rksM+ukA 36- ogk¡ fcYdqy er tkuk] ogk¡ dqN ugha gSA
12- rqe [kwc eqLdqjkvksA 37- eq>ls er dfg,] dksbZ Qk;nk ughaA

.C
13- t+Ynh djks D;ksafd ge ysV gks jgs gSaA 38- njoktk cUn er djksA
14- T;knk er [kkvks] isV QV tk;sxkA 39- FkksM+k lk ikuh ns nksA
15- twrs igu yksA 40- FkksM+h fdrkcsa j[k yksA
16-
17-
18-
dEcy vks<+ yksA
dEcy vks<+ dj lksvksA
Qkyrw ckr er djks] fnekx [kjkc gksrk gSA
NT 41-
42-
43-
FkksM+h pk; ns nhft,A
YkkbV vkWQ er djksA
eksckby dks lk;ysUV eksM esa j[kksA
19- fcLrj yxk yksA 44- igys mls tkus nksA
20- mlds ckjs esa ckr er djksA 45- dEI;wVj vkWu djus dh xyrh er djukA
OI
21- de ls de iSu rks [kjhn yksA 46- esjs lkFk lkFk pyksA
22- uaxs iSj lM+d ij er pyksA 47- nk;ha rjQ pyksA
23- ckdh lc fdLer ij NksM+ nksA 48- Eksjk gkFk idM+ yksA
P

24- ckdh lc eq> ij NksM+ nksA 49- dYiuk djks fd rqe fdlh igkM+ ij gksA
25- fdlh dks Hkh nq[k er nksA 50- vanktk er yxkvksA
ER

Answers
1- le; er ns[kksA Don‟t see the time.
2- ;gk¡ ls er tkvksA Don‟t go from here.
PP

3- gesa i<+us nks D;ksafd ijlksa gekjk isij gSA Let us study as it is our paper day after tomorrow.
4- eksecRrh tyk ykssA Light the candle.
5- uhys iSu ls gh fy[kksA Write only with a blue pen.
TO

6- ;gk¡ vk tkvksA Come here.

7- bl ?kj ls ckgj fudy tkvksA Go out of this home.
8- lkQ&lkQ fy[kus dh dksf‛k‛k djksA Try to write clear / legible.
9- tYnh Bhd gks tkvks] gesa cgqr dke djus gSaA Get well soon, we have lots of work to do.
10- eqn~ns ij vkb, D;ksfa d le; cgqr de gSA Come to the point as we have less time.
11- viuk oknk er rksM+ukA Don‟t back out of your promise.
12- rqe [kwc eqLdqjkvksA I wish you smile a lot.
13- t+Ynh djks D;ksafd ge ysV gks jgs gSaA Hurry up as we are getting late.
14- T;knk er [kkvks] isV QV tk;sxkA Don‟t overeat, stomach might blow up.
15- twrs igu yksA Put on the shoes.
16- dEcy vks<+ yksA Take a blanket.
207
17- dEcy vks<+ dj lksvksA Sleep with a blanket.
18- Qkyrw ckr er djks] fnekx [kjkc gksrk gSA Don‟t talk rubbish/nonsense, I am fed up.
19- fcLrj yxk yksA Make the bed.
20- mlds ckjs esa ckr er djksA Don‟t talk about him/her.
21- de ls de iSu rks [kjhn yksA At least purchase a pen.
22- uaxs iSj lM+d ij er pyksA Don‟t walk bare footed on the road.
23- ckdh lc fdLer ij NksM+ nksA Leave rest on luck/destiny/God.
24- ckdh lc eq> ij NksM+ nksA Leave rest on me.
25- fdlh dks nq[k er nksA Don‟t hurt anyone.
26- fnu esa de ls de ,d ckj ugk fy;k djksA Take a bath at least once in a day.
27- viuh lq[k lqfo/kkvksa ij T+;knk [kpZ er djksA Don‟t spend a lot on your luxuries.
28- iSu esa bad Mky yksA Put the ink into the pen.

OM
29- cksrysa Hkj yksA ikuh vk jgk gSA Fill the bottles. Water is running.
30- dkj ls tYnh mrjksA Quickly get off the car.
31- ogk¡ tkus dh Hkwy er djukA Don‟t mistake to go there.
32- eq>s MkDVj er le>ksA eSa rks pijklh g¡wA Don‟t mistake me the doctor. I am a peon.

.C
33- yksxksa ls ?kqy fey dj jgk djksA Mingle with people.
34- fdpu esa ,d eksecRrh dk iSdsV j[k yksA Keep a packet of candles in kitchen.
35- mldh dgkuh er lqukvks] eSa id x;k gw¡A NT Don‟t tell me his story, I am fed up / bored / tired.
36- ogk¡ fcYdqy er tkuk] ogk¡ dqN ugha gSA Don‟t go there at all, there is nothing.
37- eq>ls er dfg,] dksbZ Qk;nk ughaA Don‟t tell me, it is of no use.
38- njoktk cUn er djksA Don‟t shut the door.
Give me some water. / Give me a little
OI
39- FkksM+k lk ikuh ns nksA
water.
40- FkksM+h fdrkcsa j[k yksA Keep a few books.
Give me some/a little tea.
P

41- FkksM+h pk; ns nhft,A

42- YkkbV vkWQ er djksA Don‟t turn/switch off the light.
ER

43- eksckby dks lk;ysUV eksM esa j[kksA Keep the mobile in silent mode.
44- igys mls tkus nksA Let him go first.
45- dEI;wVj vkWu djus dh xyrh er djukA Don‟t mistake to switch on the computer.
46- esjs lkFk lkFk pyksA Walk with me. / Pace with me. /Follow me.
PP

47- nk;ha rjQ pyksA Walk to the right.

48- Eksjk gkFk idM+ yksA Hold my hand.
49- dYiuk djks fd rqe fdlh igkM+ ij gksA Imagine that/as if you are in a mountain.
Don‟t guess.
TO

50- vanktk er yxkvksA

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. You are never too old to dream a new dream.
vki dHkh brus cw<+s ugha gksrs fd dksbZ u;k liuk u ns[k ldsaA
2. A successful person is the one who can lay a firm foundation with the stones thrown on
him by others.
,d lQy O;fDr oks gS tks nwljksa ds }kjk Qsd
a s x;s iRFkjksa ls ,d etcwr uhao cuk ldsA
3. A machine can replace an ordinary man but no machine can replace an extraordinary man.
,d e‛khu ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ys ldrh gS ij dksbZ Hkh e‛khu ,d vlk/kkj.k O;fDr dh txg ugha ys
ldrhA

208
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. Let me find out what he has. 26. Bear the charges yourself.
2. Sometimes try to visit him. 27. Don‟t watch such movies.
3. He dropped in to my place. 28. Repair it as soon as possible.
4. Always be nice to people. 29. Let me purchase something for her.
5. Don‟t do it. You‟ll repent sooner or later. 30. Let me tell you something.
6. Kindly do the needful. 31. Be regular in gym.
7. Don‟t lisp. 32. Always believe in yourself.
8. Do it because you are good at it. 33. Kindly help the poor.

OM
9. Teach them something. 34. Don‟t rip off the people.
10. Look at me. 35. Do good deed.
11. Have a look at it. 36. Let his father come.
12. Have something. 37. Come and play with us.
13. Have a look at this page. 38. Go and meet him.

.C
14. Get off the car. 39. Just do it, don‟t think much.
15. Always behave like a literate. NT 40. Wash the utensils.
16. Don‟t misbehave with others. 41. Hang this poster on the wall.
17. Don‟t defame me. 42. Keep on the right.
18. Never give up. 43. Let go.
19. Switch on the mobile after a while. 44. Let him try.
OI
20. Put on new clothes & take off the old 45. Count the stars.
ones. 46. Kindly meet me today.
21. Be my friend. 47. Have atleast one burger.
P

22. Don‟t befool me. 48. Have a little food with me.
23. Remind me of it tomorrow. 49. Have some water.
ER

24. Love your real ones. 50. Let God decide what we achieve in life.
25. Don‟t scold that kid.
PP

Answers

1. Let me find out what he has. eq>s irk yxkus nks fd mlds ikl D;k gSA
TO

2. Sometimes try to visit him. dHkh&dHkh mlds ;gk¡ tkus dh dksf‛k‛k djksA
3. He dropped in to my place. oks esjs ;gk¡ Vid x;k@vk;kA
4. Always be nice to people. ges‛kk yksxksa ds fy, vPNs cuksA
5. Don‟t do it. You will repent sooner or later. ,slk er djksA rqe vkt ugha rks dy iNrkvksxsA
6. Kindly do the needful. ÑIk;k ;s dj nhft,A
7. Don‟t lisp. er rqrykvksA
8. Do it because you are good at it. ;s djks D;ksfa d rqe ;s djus esa vPNs gksA
9. Teach them something. mUgsa dqN i<+kvksA
10. Look at me. eq>s ns[kksA
11. Have a look at it. bls ns[kksA
12. Have something. dqN yks@dqN [kkyksA
209
13. Have a look at this page. bl ist dks ns[kksA
14. Get off the car. dkj ls mrjksA
15. Always behave like a literate. ges‛kk i<+s fy[ks bUlku tSlk O;ogkj djksA
16. Don‟t misbehave with anyone. fdlh ds lkFk xyr O;ogkj er djksA
17. Don‟t defame me. eq>s cnuke er djksA
18. Never give up. dHkh gkj er ekuksA
19. Switch on the mobile after a while. FkksM+h nsj esa eksckby vkWu dj nsukA
20. Put on new clothes and take off the old ones. u;s diM+s iguks] iqjkus diM+s mrkj nksA
21. Be my friend. esjs nksLr cuksA@esjs nksLr cus jgksA
22. Don‟t befool me. eq>s csodwQ er cukvksA
23. Remind me of it tomorrow. eq>s dy bldh ;kn fnykuk A
24. Love your real ones. viuksa dks I;kj djksA

OM
25. Don‟t scold that kid. ml cPps dks er Mk¡VksA
26. Bear the charges yourself. [kPkkZ vius vki mBkvksA
27. Don‟t watch such movies. ,slh fQYesa er ns[kk djksA
28. Repair it as soon as possible. ftruh tYnh gks lds bls fjis;j@Bhd dj nksA

.C
29. Let me purchase something for her. eq>s mlds fy, dqN [kjhnus nksA
30. Let me tell you something. eq>s rqEgsa dqN crkus nksA
31. Be regular in gym. NT fte ges‛kk tkvksA
32. Always believe in your abilities. ges‛kk viuh dkfcfy;r is fo‛okl j[kksA
33. Kindly help the poor. ÑIk;k xjhcksa dh enn djksA
34. Don‟t rip off the people. yksxksa dks er ywVksA
35. Do good deed.
OI
vPNs deZ djksA
36. Let his father come. mlds firk dks vkus nksA
37. Come and play with us. vkvks gekjs lkFk [ksyks A
P

38. Go and meet him. tkvks mlls feyksA

39. Just do it, don‟t think much. cl dj nks] T+;knk er lkspksA
ER

40. Wash the utensils. crZu /kksvksA

41. Hang this poster on the wall. bl iksLVj dks nhokj ij yVdk nksA
42. Keep on the right. nk;sa pyksA@nk;ha rjQ jgksA
43. Let go. tkus nksA
PP

44. Let him try. mls dksf‛k‛k djus nksA

45. Count the stars. rkjs fxuksA
46. Kindly meet me today. Iyht+ vkt eq>ls feyksA
TO

47. Have atleast one burger. de ls de ,d cxZj rks [kkvksA

48. Have a little food with me. esjs lkFk FkksM+k [kkuk [kk yksA
49. Have some water. FkksM+k ikuh ihyksA
50. Let God decide what we achieve in life. Hkxoku dks QSlyk djus nks fd gesa thou esa D;k feysA

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

You can tell a lie to others; not to yourself.

210
Lesson – 24
Let ¼djus nsuk½

“bu okD;ksa esa Subject dke dks djrk ugha cfYd djus nsrk gSA”
vxj eSa dgw¡ jke eq>s [ksyus nsrk gSSA ;gk¡ ij jke Subject gS ij oks [ksyus dk dke [kqn ugha dj jgk cfYd eq>s
djus ns jgk gSA
vxj eSa dgw¡ vatfy vfojr dks i<+us nsrh gSA ;gk¡ ij vatfy Subject gS ij vatfy i<+us dk dke [kqn ugha dj jgh
cfYd djus ns jgh gS vfojr dksA
vc vki le÷k x;s gksx a s fd ;s ckr lkQ gS fd bu okD;ksa esa Subject dke dks djrk ugha cfYd djus nsrk gSA
ij /;ku nsus okyh ckr ;g gS fd Þdjus nsukÞ Hkh [kqn esa ,d fØ;k gS vkSj bl fØ;k dks „Let‟ dgrs gSaA

OM
bl fØ;k „Let‟ dh rhu forms „Let‟ gh gSa & Let Let Let

vxj eSa dgw¡ rqe jke dks tkus nsrs gksA rks bldk eryc gqvk fd rqe jke dks ,d dke djus nsrs gks vkSj dke gS
ÞtkukÞA
bu okD;ksa esa tks Hkh dke djus fn;k tkrk gS pkgs oks [ksyus dk gks] i<+us dk gks ;k dksbZ vkSj dke] oks Object ds

.C
ckn iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Let dk iz;ksx eq[; fØ;k dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA

,d ckr vkSj le>sa %

NT
vxj eSa dgw¡ Þjke tkrk gSÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject gS jke vkSj fØ;k gS tkukA
ij vxj eSa dgw¡ Þjke tkus nsrk gSÞ rks ;gk¡ ij nks fØ;k,sa gSa & izFke(first) fØ;k gS Þdjus nsukÞ vkSj nwljh(second)
fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA izFke(first) fØ;k Þdjus nsukÞ rks eq[; fØ;k dh rjg iz;ksx esa vk;sxh ysfdu nwljh(second) fØ;k
OI
ÞtkukÞ dks object ds ckn iz;ksx fd;k tk;sxkA
P
ER

mnkgj.k (Example)%
1- eSa rqEgsa lksus nsrk gw¡A ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k ÞlksukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½
PP

Subject: eSa (I)

Verb: djus nsuk (Let)
Tense: Present Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Verb 1st + (s, es) + obj.)
TO

I let you sleep.

2- jke eq>s lksus nsrk gSA ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k ÞlksukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½

Subject: jke (Ram)

Verb: djus nsuk (Let)
Tense: Present Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Verb 1st + (s, es) + obj.)

Ram lets me sleep.

211
 3- ikik us eq>s tkus fn;kA ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k ÞtkukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½

Subject: ikik (Dad)

Verb: djus nsuk (Let)
Tense: Past Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Verb 2nd + obj.)

Dad let me go.

4- eSa rqEgsa fdrkc i<+us nw¡xkA ¼;gk¡ ij izeq[k fØ;k Þi<+ukÞ ugha cfYd Þdjus nsukÞ gSA½

Subject: eSa (I)

Verb: djus nsuk (Let)

OM
Tense: Future Indefinite (Rule: Sub + Will + Verb 1st + obj.)

I will let you read the book.

.C
uhps fn;s x;s okD;ksa dks lef÷k, &
Understand the sentences given below –

fgUnh okD; English Sentence

NT
Subject Tense/Modal Main Verb Another Verb

jke tkrk gSA Ram goes. Ram Present Indefinite Go -

jke tkus nsrk gSA Ram lets go. Ram Present Indefinite Let Go
OI
jke eq÷ks tkus nsrk gSA Ram lets me go. Ram Present Indefinite Let Go
jke us rqEgsa tkus fn;kA Ram let you go. Ram Past Indefinite Let Go
jke ugha tk jgk gSA Ram is not going. Ram Present Continuous Go -
P

jke ugha tkus ns jgk gSA Ram is not letting go. Ram Present Continuous Let Go
eSaus fdrkc yhA
ER

I took the book. I Past Indefinite Take -

eSaus fdrkc ysus nhA I let take the book. I Past Indefinite Let Take
eSaus jke dks fdrkc ysus nhA I let Ram take the book. I Past Indefinite Let Take
eSa jke ls feyw¡xkA I will meet Ram. I Future Indefinite Meet -
PP

eSa jke ls feyus nw¡xkA I will let meet Ram. I Future Indefinite Let Meet
eSa rqEgsa jke ls feyus nw¡xkA I will let you meet Ram. I Future Indefinite Let Meet
D;k rqe eq÷ks tkus nksxsA Will you let me go? You Future Indefinite Let Go
eSa tk ldrk gw¡A I can go. I Modal(can) Go -
TO

eSa tkus ns ldrk gw¡A I can let go. I Modal(can) Let Go

eSa rqEgsa tkus ns ldrk gw¡A I can let you go. I Modal(can) Let Go

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.

2. Good people don‟t need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a
way around the laws.
3. Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake. (Napoleon Bonaparte)
4. Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.

212
 Let – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
1- jke eq>s lksus ugha nsrk A 49- rqe eq>s ‚kk;n u tkus nksA
2- rqe eq>s lksus nsrs gks A 50- oks iDdk eq>s tkus nsxk A
3- cPps eq>s i<+us ugha nsrs A 51- Hkxoku vkt ckfj‛k gksus nsaxs A
4- cPps i<+us ugha nsrsA 52- dksbZ eq>s i<+us ugha nsrk A
5- D;k jke rqEgsa tkus nsrk gS \ 53- eSa rqEgsa ckt+kj tkus ns jgk gw¡A
6- mls tkus D;ksa ugha fn;k rqeus \ 54- ge lc mls thus ugha nsrs A
7- eSa mls esjs ?kj vkus nw¡xk A 55- eq>s cxZj D;ksa ugha [kkus nsrs rqe \
8- eSa i<+us ugha nw¡xk A 56- oks esjk nksLr gS blfy, eSa mls xyr ugha djus nsrkA
9- eSa rqEgsa i<+us ugha nw¡xk A 57- ikik eq>s 18 lky ls igys dkj ugha pykus nsaxs A
10- eSa fdlh dks Hkh i<+us ugha nw¡xk A 58- rqe gesa tkus nks A

OM
11- eSa gj fdlh dks i<+us nw¡xk A 59- eSa rqEgsa tkus D;ksa nw¡ \
12- jke ‚;ke dks vkus nsxk A 60- mlus eq>s dHkh jksus ugha fn;k A
13- mlus eq>s dqN ugha djus fn;k A 61- rqeus eq>s dHkh g¡lus ugha fn;k A
14- rqeus eq>s [kkus ugha fn;k A 62- rqe u lksrs gks u eq>s lksus nsrs gks A
15- ljdkj us gesa fcfYMax ugha cukus nh A 63- ;k rks eq>s tkus nks ;k fQj rqe tkvks A

.C
16- ek¡ us cPps dks fiVus ugha fn;k A 64- eSaus ml fnu mls Qksu ugha djus fn;k A
17- eEeh eq>s Vh- oh- ns[kus nsrh gSA 65- eSaus Hkh vkus ugha fn;k A
18- eEeh eq>s Vh- oh- ugha ns[kus nsrh A NT 66- rqeus eq>s lkspus rd ugha fn;k A
19- D;k rqe eq>s tkus nksxs vxj eSa rqEgsa 10 :0 nw¡ rks A 67- oks eq>s Hkh lksus ugha nsrk A
20- ikik lkspus ugha nsrs vkSj fQj Mk¡Vrs gaSA 68- eSa u rqEgsa [ksyus nw¡xk u Vh- oh- ns[kus nw¡xkA
21- eSa rqEgsa xkus lquus nw¡xk ij igys iSls nksA 69- ge rqEgsa ,d lsd.M Hkh lkspus ugha nsaxs A
22- oks gesa ?kj esa ugha ?kqlus nsxk A 70- eSa rqEgsa feBkbZ [kkus nw¡xk ij rc tc rqe eq>s Hkh nksA
OI
23- ikik gesa isM+ ij ugha p<+us nsrs A 71- eSMe us Dykl esa flQZ eq>s cSBus fn;kA
24- cPps eEeh ikik dks lksus ugha nsaxs A 72- oks jke dks thus ugha nsrk vkSj rqe mls ejus ugha nsrs A
25- eSa rqEgsa iSu ls fy[kus ugha ns ldrkA 73- eSa rqEgsa ,Dljlkbt+ ugha djus nwaxkA
26- eaS rqEgsa vke rksM+us nw¡xkA 74- eEeh vkSj ikik gesa [ksyus nsaxs A
P

27- ml yM+ds us eq>s ogk¡ [ksyus ugha fn;k A 75- D;k vki esjs HkkbZ dks tkus nksxs\
28- bl vkneh us jke dks ;gk¡ cSBus ugha fn;k A 76- jkgqy us eq>s dksbZ Hkh dke dHkh vdsys ugha djus fn;kA
ER

29- eSa rqEgsa ;s ugha djus nw¡xkA 77- oks ge cPpksa dks eksckby ugha NsMu+ s nsrs gSaA
30- oks vDlj eq>s tkus nsrk gSA 78- ckWl eq÷ks lkspus rd ugha nsrs A
31- ge dHkh&dHkh mls [ksyus nsrs Fks A 79- eS lkspus D;ksa nw¡ \
32- ikik eq>s Ldwy tkus ugha nsrs A 80- jke mls D;ksa tkus ns \
PP

33- esjk vdsykiu eq>s thus ugha nsxk A 81- eEeh eq>s i<+us t+:j nsxh A
34- eSa rqEgkjs nq[k dks c<+us ugha nw¡xk A 82- oks eq>s i<+us nsrk gS A
35- mlus eq>s dkj ugha pykus nh A 83- ;gk¡ yksx eq>s pSu ls thus ugha nsrAs
36- mlus eq>s ckbd ugha pykus nh A 84- cPps i<+us ugha nsrsA
TO

37- mlus eq>s eksckby ugha [kjhnus fn;k A 85- D;k mlus rqEgsa vkus fn;k \
38- mlus eq>s dEI;wVj ugha pykus fn;k A 86- gesa D;ksa ugh cksyus fn;k rqeus \
39- mlus eq>s ikuh ugha ihus fn;k A 87- jke us lhrk dks t+gj D;ksa [kkus fn;k \
40- mlus eq>s [kkuk ugha [kkus fn;k A 88- ljdkj gesa viuh ckr ugha dgus nsrhA
41- D;k rqeus mls cSBus fn;k \ 89- eSa rqEgsa ml cPps dks ugha ihVus nw¡xk A
42- D;k mlus eq>s Qksu djus fn;k \ 90- jke rqEgsa dHkh thrus ugha nsxk A
43- rqeus mls tkus D;ksa fn;k \ 91- lhrk dk HkkbZ eq>s vius ?kj esa ugha ?kqlus nsrk A
44- rqeus mls [ksyus D;ksa fn;k \ 92- D;k rqe eq>s feyus nksxs \
45- mldh eEeh us mls ?kj ls fudyus ugha fn;kA 93- jke mls tkus ugha nsrkA
46- oks xjhc Fkk blfy, yksxkas us mls thus ugha fn;k A 94- yksx mls eq>ls feyus ugha nsrAs
47- D;k rqe eq>s pSu ls thus ns ldrs gksA 95- esjs ikik eq>s vkus ugha nsrsA
48- oks jke dks yM+us nsxh A 96- lhrk jke dks ogk¡ tkus D;ksa ugha nsrh\

213
 Answers

1. Ram doesn‟t let me sleep. 48. She will let Ram fight.
2. You don‟t let me sleep. 49. You might not let me go.
3. Children don‟t let me study. 50. He must let me go./ He‟ll definitely let me go.
4. Children don‟t let study. 51. God will let it rain today.
5. Does Ram let you go? 52. Nobody lets me study.
6. Why did you not let him go? 53. I am letting you go to market.
7. I will let him come my home. 54. We all don‟t let him live.
8. I will not let study. 55. Why do you not let me eat Burger?
9. I will not let you study. 56. He is my friend hence I don‟t let him do wrong.
10. I will not let anybody study. 57. Dad will not let me drive the car before 18.
11. I will let everyone study. 58. You let us go.

OM
12. Ram will let Shyam come. 59. Why do I let you go?
13. He didn‟t let me do anything. 60. He never let me cry.
14. You didn‟t let me eat. 61. You never let me laugh.
15. Government didn‟t let us construct a building. 62. You neither sleep nor let me sleep.
16. Mom didn‟t let child be beaten. 63. Either you let me go or you go.

.C
17. Mom lets me watch the TV. 64. I didn‟t let him call/phone that day.
18. Mom doesn‟t let me watch the TV. 65. Even I didn‟t let come.
19. Will you let me go if I give you Rs 10? 66. You didn‟t even let me think.
20. Dad doesn‟t let think and then scolds.
NT
21. I will let you listen to songs but first, you give
me money.
67. He doesn‟t let me sleep either.
68. I‟ll neither let you play nor watch TV.
69. We‟ll not let you think even for a second.
22. He‟ll not let us enter the house. 70. I‟ll let you eat sweets provided you give me too.
23. Dad doesn‟t let us climb upon the tree.
OI
71. Madam let only me sit in the class.
24. Children will not let mom and dad sleep. 72. He doesn‟t let Ram live & you don‟t let him die.
25. I can‟t let you write with a pen. 73. I‟ll not let you exercise.
26. I‟ll let you pluck the mangoes. 74. Mom and dad will let us play.
P

27. That boy didn‟t let me play there. 75. Will you let my brother?
28. This man didn‟t let Ram sit here. 76. Rahul never let me do any work alone.
ER

29. I will not let you do this. 77. He doesn‟t let we kids touch his mobile.
30. He often lets me go. 78. Boss doesn‟t even let me think.
31. We used to sometimes let him play. 79. Why do I let think?
32. Dad doesn‟t let me go to school. 80. Who does Ram let him go?
PP

33. My loneliness won‟t let me live. 81. Mom must let me study.
34. I‟ll not let your pain increase. 82. He lets me study.
35. He didn‟t let me drive the car. 83. People here don‟t let me live peacefully.
36. He didn‟t let me ride the bike. 84. Children don‟t let study.
37. He didn‟t let me purchase the mobile.
TO

85. Did he let you come?

38. He didn‟t let me operate the computer. 86. Why did you not let us speak?
39. He didn‟t let me drink water. 87. Why did Ram let Seeta eat poison?
40. He didn‟t let me eat the food. 88. Government doesn‟t let us say what we want.
41. Did you let him sit? 89. I will not let you beat that child.
42. Did he let me call/phone/ring? 90. Ram will never let you win.
43. Why did you let him go? 91. Seeta‟s brother doesn‟t let me enter his home.
44. Why did you let him play? 92. Will you let me meet?
45. His mother didn‟t let him go out of home. 93. Ram doesn‟t let him go.
46. He was poor that‟s why people didn‟t let him 94. People don‟t let him meet me.
live. 95. My father doesn‟t let me come.
47. Can you let me live peacefully? 96. Why does Seeta not let Ram go there?

214
 Let – Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 30 x 1 = 30

1. I will let him meet her.

2. They don‟t let you work.
3. She doesn‟t let you write.
4. Dad wasn‟t letting me go.
5. Will you please let us play?

OM
6. I will let you take this book provided you give money.
7. Then, I might let you go there.
8. Dad doesn‟t let me sing.
9. I will not let you do this.
10. Why did you let me go?

.C
11. You never let us go.
12. I will not let you beat my brother.
13. They will never let you win.
NT
14. You didn‟t let him study that‟s why he failed.
15. Government can never let us do this.
16. Mom didn‟t let dad scold me.
OI
17. Mom lets me eat whatever I want.
18. You didn‟t even let us talk.
19. Ram doesn‟t let me go either.
P

20. I‟ll neither let you write nor read.

21. We‟ll not let you enter even once.
ER

22. I‟ll let you purchase provided you don‟t tell you dad.
23. She lets only Ram eat in the class.
24. He doesn‟t let me eat.
25. Let me go with people.
PP

26. Ram will never let you earn profit.

27. Why did he let me do this?
28. He doesn‟t let go.
29. Either you do yourself or let me do.
TO

30. My financial problem doesn‟t let me do business.

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.

2. To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong.

3. When I dare to be powerful - to use my strength in the service of my vision, then it

becomes less and less important whether I am afraid.

215
 Answers

1. I will let him meet her. eSa mls mlls feyus nw¡xkA
2. They don‟t let you work. os rqEgsa dke ugha djus nsrAs
3. She doesn‟t let you write. oks rqEgsa fy[kus ugha nsrh A
4. Dad wasn‟t letting me go. ikik eq>s tkus ugha ns jgs FksA
5. Will you please let us play? D;k rqe Iyht+ gesa [ksyus nksxs \
6. I will let you take this book provided you give money. eSa rqEgsa ;s fdrkc ysus nw¡xk c‛krZsa rqe iSls ns nksA
7. Then, I might let you go there. rc ‚kk;n eSa rqEgsa ogk¡ tkus nw¡A
8. Dad doesn‟t let me sing. ikik eq>s xkus ugha nsrAs
9. I will not let you do this. eSa rqEgsa ;s ugha djus nw¡xk A
10. Why did you let me go? rqeus eq>s tkus D;ksa fn;k \

OM
11. You never let us go. rqe gesa dHkh tkus ugha nsrAs @rqeus gesa dHkh
tkus ugha fn;kA
12. I will not let you beat my brother. eSa rqEgsa vius HkkbZ dks ihVus ugha nw¡xk A
13. They will never let you win. os rqEgsa dHkh thrus ugha nsaxsA

.C
14. You didn‟t let him study that‟s why he failed. rqeus mls i<+us ugha fn;k blfy, oks Qsy gks
x;k A
15. Government can never let us do this. NT ljdkj gesa ;s dHkh ugha djus ns ldrh A
16. Mom didn‟t let dad scold me. eEeh us ikik dks eq÷ks Mk¡Vus ugha fn;k A
17. Mom lets me eat whatever I want. eEeh eq>s [kkus nsrh gS tks dqN eSa pkgrk gw¡A
18. You didn‟t even let us talk. rqeus gesa ckr rd ugha djus nhA
19. Ram doesn‟t let me go either. jke Hkh eq>s tkus ugha nsrk A
OI
20. I‟ll neither let you write nor read. u eSa rqEgsa fy[kus nw¡xk u i<+us A
21. We‟ll not let you enter even once. ge rqEgsas ,d ckj Hkh ugha ?kqlus nsaxsA
22. I‟ll let you purchase, provided you don‟t tell dad. eaS rqEgsa [kjhnus nw¡xk ij rc tc rqe ikik dks u
P

crkvksA
23. She lets only Ram eat in the class. oks Dykl esa dsoy jke dks [kkus nsrh gSA
ER

24. He doesn‟t let me eat. Okks eq>s [kkuss ugha nsrk A

25. Let me go with people. eq>s yksxksa ds lkFk tkus nks A
26. Ram will never let you earn profit. jke vkidks equkQk dHkh ugha dekus nsxk A
PP

27. Why did he let me do this? mlus eq>s ;s D;ksa djus fn;k \
28. He doesn‟t let go. oks tkus ugha nsrk A
29. Either you do yourself or let me do. ;k rks rqe [kqn djks ;k eq>s djus nksA
30. My financial problem doesn‟t let me do business. Eksjh vkfFkZd ijs‛kkuh eq>s O;olk; ugha djus
TO

nsrhA

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else.

2. If you look at what you have in life, you‟ll always have more. If you look at
what you don‟t have in life, you‟ll never have enough. –Oprah Winfrey

3. If you don‟t go after what you want, you will never have it.

216
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 30 x 1 = 30

1- jkgqy us fdlh dks Hkh mldh yk‛k dks Nqus ugha fn;k A
2- esjs viuksa us dHkh eq>s ;s eglwl ugha gksus fn;k fd eSa vdsyk gw¡A
3- mlus rqEgsa eq>ls D;ksa ugha feyus fn;k \
4- oDr us dHkh eq>s bl ckjs esa lkspus ughaa fn;k A
5- ikik eq>s dkj ughaa [kjhnus nsaxsA
6- eSa oknk djrk gw¡w] eSa vius thrs th rqEgsa dHkh jksus ugha nw¡xkA
7- ge lc mls tkus ugha nsaxsA
8- gesa cPpksa dks [ksyus nsuk pkfg,A
9- gesa ogk¡ tkus nksA

OM
10- eq>s ;s dgus nks A
11- mls jkgqy ds lkFk fcYdqy er tkus nksA
12- eq>s ?kM+h ns[kus nksA
13- ekekth dks ?kj okil vkus nks] rc ckr djsaxsA
14- yksaxks dks tks dguk gS] dgus nksA

.C
15- jkr dks xqt+j tkus nksA
16- lHkh dks vk tkus nksA
17- ,d ckj esjs lius dks lp gks tkus nksA
18-
19-
20-
eq>s ml yM+dh ls ‚kknh djus nksA
gesa mlds ?kj tkus nksA
eq>s dEI;wVj lh[k ysus nksA
NT
21- cPpksa dks vk tkus nksA
22- ikik dks vkWfQl pys tkus nksA fQj ge [ksyx sa sA
OI
23- eq>s mlls fey ysus nksA
24- mUgsa rS;kj gks tkus nksA
25- eSaus rqEgsa ml fnu vkus ugha fn;kA eq>s csgn vQlksl gSA
P

26- ckYVh esa ikuh Hkjus nksA

27- ckYVh dks iwjk Hkjus nksA
ER

28- tks gksrk gS] gksus nks A

29- ;kf=;ksa dks ogk¡ igq¡pus rks nksA
30- esjh ckr iwjh gksus nks] fQj rqe viuh ckr j[kukA
PP

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. A man can be as great as he wants to be. If you believe in yourself and have
TO

the courage, the determination, the dedication, the competitive drive and if
you are willing to sacrifice the little things in life and pay the price for the
things that are worthwhile, it can be done.

2. Always have dreams, because there is no achievement without a dream and

an action to materialize the dream.

3. People will always doubt your success but it‟s not about them, it‟s all about
you; what you dream, what you plan, what you put in & what you believe.

217
 Answers

1- jkgqy us fdlh dks Hkh mldh yk‛k dks Nqus ugha fn;kA Rahul didn‟t let anyone touch his dead
body.
2- esjs viuksa us dHkh eq>s ;s eglwl ugha gksus fn;k fd eSa vdsyk gw¡A My real ones never let me feel that I was
alone.
3- mlus rqEgsa eq>ls D;ksa ugha feyus fn;k \ Why didn‟t he let you meet me?
4- oDr us dHkh eq>s bl ckjs esa lkspus ughaa fn;k A Time never let me think about it.
5- ikik eq>s dkj ughaa [kjhnus nsaxsA Dad will not let me purchase a car.
6- eSa oknk djrk gw¡w] eSa vius thrs th rqEgsa dHkh jksus ugha nw¡xk I promise that I will never let you weep till I
live.
7- ge lc mls tkus ugha nsaxsA We all won‟t let him go.

OM
8- gesa cPpksa dks [ksyus nsuk pkfg,A We should let children play.
9- gesa ogk¡ tkus nksA Let us go there.
10- eq>s ;s dgus nks A Let me say this.
11- mls jkgqy ds lkFk fcYdqy er tkus nksA Don‟t ever let him go with Rahul.

.C
12- eq>s ?kM+h ns[kus nksA Let me see the watch.
13- ekekth dks ?kj okil vkus nks] rc ckr djsaxsA Let Maternal uncle return, then we‟ll talk.
14- yksxksa dks tks dguk gS] dgus nksA NT Let people say whatever they want to.
15- jkr dks xqt+j tkus nksA Let the night passby.
16- lHkh dks vk tkus nksA Let everyone come.
17- ,d ckj esjs lius dks lp gks tkus nksA Let my dream come true once.
18- eq>s ml yM+dh ls ‚kknh djus nksA Let me marry that girl.
OI
19- gesa mlds ?kj tkus nksA Let us go his home.
20- eq>s dEI;wVj lh[k ysus nksA Let me learn computer.
21- cPpksa dks vk tkus nksA Let children come.
P

22- ikik dks vkWfQl pys tkus nksA fQj ge [ksysx a sA Let Dad go to office. Then we‟ll play.
Let me meet him/her.
ER

23- eq>s mlls fey ysus nksA

24- mUgsa rS;kj gks tkus nksA Let them get ready.
25- eSaus rqEgsa ml fnu vkus ugha fn;kA eq>s csgn vQlksl gSA I didn‟t let you come that day. I am so sorry.
26- ckYVh esa ikuh Hkjus nksA Let bucket be filled.
PP

27- ckYVh dks iwjk Hkjus nksA Let bucket be fully filled.
28- tks gksrk gS] gksus nks A Let happen, whatever happens.
29- ;kf=;ksa dks ogk¡ igq¡pus rks nksA Let passenger reach there at least.
30- esjh ckr iwjh gksus nks] fQj rqe viuh ckr j[kukA Let me complete, then you lay/put your
TO

point.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. The measure of who we are is what we do with what we have.

2. You can avoid reality but you can never avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.

3. I can write better than anybody who can write faster, and I can write faster than anybody
who can write better.

218
Lesson – 25
Causative Verbs (Get & Make)

“Causative Verbs dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc Subject dke dks djrk ugha cfYd djokrk gSA
vFkkZr fdlh rhljs O;fDr ds ek/;e lsA”
;w¡ rks „Get‟ dk eryc gksrk gS ikuk vkSj „Make‟ dk eryc gksrk gS cukuk ij „Get‟ vkSj „Make‟
Causative Verbs Hkh dgykrh gSaA

“Causative Verbs are used when the subject doesn‟t perform the action
(verb) himself but get it done by a third person.”

OM
There are two causative verbs in English; Get & Make.

vxj eSa dgw¡ *jke us eq>s fHktok;k*] ;gk¡ ij jke Subject gSA jke eq>s Hkst ugha jgk cfYd fHktok jgk gSA *Hkstus*
dk dke dksbZ vkSj dj jgk gSA bl rjg ds okD;ksa esa eq[; fØ;k (main verb) „Get‟ ;k „Make‟ gksxh ij ;s

.C
tkuuk csgn t+#jh gS fd ‟Get‟ dgk¡ ij yxsxk vkSj „Make‟ dgk¡ ijA

NT
Normal Case Causative Case
eSaus fd;k A eSaus djok;k A
OI
jke us HkstkA jke us fHktok;kA
cPpk i<+rk gSA cPpk i<+okrk gSA
eSaus i= fy[kkA eSaus i= fy[kok;kA
P

rqeus cqyk;k FkkA rqeus cqyok;k FkkA

eSaus dkj ltk;hA eSaus dkj ltok;hA
ER

oks Hkst ldrk gSA oks fHktok ldrk gSA

Get
„Get‟ dk iz;ksx futhZo phtksa ds lkFk gksxkA („Get‟ will be used with non living)
PP

Concept :-
jke us i= fy[kok;kA ;gk¡ ij i= futhZo (non living) gSA blfy, „Get‟ dk iz;ksx Main Verb dh rjg
gksxkA nwljh Main Verb *fy[kuk* ;kfu „Write‟ gS ftldh 3rd form iz;ksx gksxhA ;kn j[ksa Get okys okD;ksa esa
TO

nwljh Main Verb tks Hkh gks mldh 3rd Form gh yxrh gSA

Example:
1- jke i= fy[kokrk gSA Ram gets the letter written.
2- eSa i= fy[kokrk gw¡A I get the letter written.
3- jke i= fy[kok jgk gSA Ram is getting the letter written.
4- jke i= fy[kok pqdk gSA Ram has got the letter written.
5- jke us i= fy[kok;k A Ram got the letter written.
6- jke i= fy[kok jgk FkkA Ram was getting the letter written.
7- jke i= fy[kok pqdk FkkA Ram had got the letter written.
219
 8- jke i= fy[kok;sxkA Ram will get the letter written.
9- jke i= fy[kok ldrk gSA Ram can get the letter written.
10- jke dks i= fy[kokuk pkfg,A Ram should get the letter written.

Make
„Make‟ dk iz;ksx ltho ds lkFk gksxkA („make‟ will be used with living being)
Concept :-
jke us eq>ls fy[kok;kA ;gk¡ ij eSa ltho (living being) g¡wA blfy, „Make‟ dk iz;ksx Main Verb dh rjg
gksxkA nwljh Main Verb *fy[kuk* ;kfu „Write‟ gS ftldh 1st form iz;ksx gksxhA ;kn j[ksa Make okys okD;ksa esa
nwljh Main Verb tks Hkh gks mldh 1st Form gh yxrh gSA vkSj nwljh ckr ;s fd nwljh Main Verb oks gksrh gS
tks subject ugha cfYd object djrk gSA vxj eSa dgw¡ fd Þjke us eq>s fHktok;kÞA ;gk¡ ij subject gS jke object g¡w
eSaA eSaus D;k dke fd;k Þtkus dkÞA blfy, nwljh Main Verb „send‟ ugha cfYd „go‟ gSA

OM
Example:
1- jke eq>ls fy[kokrk gSA Ram makes me write.
2- eSa rqels fy[kokrk gw¡A I make you write.
You make me go.

.C
3- rqe eq>s fHktokrs gksA
4- lhrk gels fdrkc i<+ok jgh gSA Seeta is making us read the book.
5- rqe eq>ls iSls [kPkZ djokvksxsA You will make me spend the money.
NT
6- eSa jke dks rqels fiVokÅ¡xkA I will make you beat Ram. ¼ihVus dk dke rqe djksxs½
7- eSa jke lss rqEgsa fiVokÅ¡xkA I will make Ram beat you. ¼ihVus dk dke jke djsxk½
8- eSa rqels fiVokÅ¡xkA I will make you beat. ¼ihVus dk dke rqe djksxs½
9- eSa rqEgsa fiVokšxkA I will make you be beaten.
OI
¼ihVus dk ugha cfYd fiVus dk dke rqe djksxs ;kfu rqe fiVksxs½

/;ku jgs fd fdlh dks ihVus dks beat dgrs gSa ij fdlh ls fiVus dks be beaten dgrs gSaA
P

FkksMk+ vkSj lef>, (Let‟s understand a bit more)

ER

1- eSa fy[kw¡xkA I will write.

2- eSa fy[kokšxkA I will make write.
3- eSa rqels fy[kokšxkA I will make you write.
4- eSa rqels i«k fy[kokÅ¡xkA I will make you write a letter. / I will get the letter
PP

written by you.
5- eSa i«k fy[kokÅ¡xkA I will get the letter written.
4th sentence esa „Get‟ vkSj „Make‟ nksuksa esa ls dksbZ lk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa D;ksfa d blesa living(rqels) vkSj
TO

non living(i«k) nksuksa gSaA

dqN egRoiw.kZ (Something Important)

„smile‟, „laugh‟, „cry‟, „weep‟, „understand‟, „happy‟, „sad‟ ds lkFk ges‛kk „Make‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
1- eSa rqEgsa [kq‛k d#¡xkA I will make you happy.
2- eSa rqEgsa g¡lkÅ¡xkA I will make you smile/laugh.
3- eSa rqEgsa #ykšxkA I will make you weep/cry.
4- eSa rqEgsa nq[k nw¡xkA I will make you sad. / I will hurt you.
5- eSa rqEgsa le>kšxkA I will make you understand.

220
 Causative Verbs (Get & Make) – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
1- oks eq>ls fy[kokrk gSA 41- mlus rqels fdls dkWy djokbZ \
2- oks eq>s fHktokrk gSA 42- mlus ;s iSu rqEgsa dSls fnyok;k \
3- oks eq>s fHktokrk gS tgk¡ eSa okLro esa tkuk ugha 43- rqEgkjs I;kj us eq>s eglwl djok;kA
pkgrkA 44- rqeus eq÷ks I;kj dh dher le÷kk;hA
4- oks eq>ls dke djokrh gSA 45- rqEgkjs Hkk"k.k us eq>s izsfjr fd;kA
5- oks eq>ls i= fy[kokrh gSA 46- rqe jke dks mlls ugha fiVok ldrsA
6- oks eq>s fHktok jgh gSA 47- rqe jke ls mls ugha fiVok ldrs A
7- oks eq>s csodwQ cuk jgh gSA 48- eSa rqEgsa le>k ugha ldrkA
8- mlus eq>s le>k;k A 49- eSaus rqels ckYVh HkjokbZA
9- eSa rqels dke djokšxk A 50- mlus rqels iSls D;ksa [kpZ djok;s \

OM
10- eSa mls fHktok pqdk gksÅ¡xk A 51- eSa D;k djokrk gw¡ \
11- rqe eq>s mlls yM+ok jgs gksA 52- yksx tcjnLrh rqEgsa ogk¡ fHktok;saxs A
12- rqe eq>s eglwl djok jgh gks fd rqe eq>s I;kj ugha 53- eSa dsoy mlls gh fdrkc i<+okšxkA
djrh cfYd esjs iSls ls I;kj djrh gksA 54- jke rqels ;s dke djok;sxkA
13- cPps eq>s csodwQ cuk jgs gSaA 55- eSa cky dVokus tk pqdk FkkA

.C
14- esjk I;kj eq>s :yk jgk gSA 56- rqeus cky dgk¡ ls dVok;s \
15- rqe gesa g¡lkrs FksA 57- eq>s ;s dke djokuk gSA
16- eSa rqEgsa tkus ns ldrk FkkA NT 58- jke eq>ls dke djok ldrk FkkA
17- jke ;s fdlh ls Hkh djok ldrs gSaA 59- ge jke ls xkuk xok ldrs gSaA
18- eSa rqEgsa [kkus dks dqN fnyok ldrk gw¡A 60- oks eq>s fiVok;sxkA
19- jke eq>s ikuh fnyk ldrk gSA 61- eSa rqEgsa D;k le>k jgk gw¡ \
20- D;k rqe eq>s bXtS+e esa ikl djok ldrs gks \ 62- oks eq>ls vius 2 cSp i<+ok jgk gSA
21- eSa rqEgsa ikl djok ldrk gw¡A 63- geus mls ckgj fHktok;k A
OI
22- iSlk rqEgsa I;kj ugha fnyok ldrkA 64- rqe ;s fdlls djokvksxs \
23- esjs ikik us eq>s eglwl djok;k fd iSlk cpkuk gh 65- tc dksbZ ugha vk;k] rc ikik us gels ;s djok;kA
lc dqN ugha gS cfYd gesa t+:jreanksa dh enn djuh 66- eSaus gj fdlh dks ml gksVy esa [kkuk f[kyok;k A
P

pkfg, A 67- rqeus eq>ls >wB cqyok;kA

24- le; eq>s esjh xyfr;ksa dk vglkl djok jgk gS tks 68- jke eq>s jkst+ :ykrk gSA
ER

eSaus igys dh A 69- rqe dc rd ;s dke [kRe djok nksxs \

25- rqe gj fdlh dks [kq‛k ugha dj ldrsA 70- D;k rqe eq>s Mk¡l fl[kok ldrs gks \
26- ikik vkidks dkj ugha fnyok ldrs D;ksafd muds ikl 71- geus mls fHktok;k ij mlus ogk¡ dke ugha fd;kA
iSls fcYdqy ugha gSaA 72- Oks rqEgsa vesfjdk fHktok;saxs c‛krsZ rqe mUgsa lkfcr djks
PP

27- eSa rqEkls ugha [kjhnok ldrkA fd rqe lcls vPNs gks A
28- D;k oks mls g¡lk ldk \ 73- Hkys gh vkt oks eq>ls dke djok;s ij Hkfo"; esa eSa
29- mls eq>s vglkl fnyokuk gksxk fd oks lcls vPNk mls lkfcr dj nw¡xk fd eSa okLro esa D;k gw¡A
gSA 74- ckWch us eq>s vPNk [kkuk f[kyk;k] tks mldh eEeh us
30- rqEgsa ;s dke djokuk iM+sxkA idk;k FkkA
TO

31- oks eq>s cxZj f[kykrk gSA 75- rqeus eq>s dEI;wVj fl[kok;kA
32- oks eq>s vPNk [kkuk f[kykrk gSA 76- rqEgkjs I;kj us eq>s rqEgkjs ikl okil cqyk;kA
33- rqe eq>s vesfjdk dc fHktokvksxs \ 77- mlus gesa dksd fiykbZ@fiyokbZA
34- jke gesa ikuh fiyok jgk FkkA 78- jkgqy us gesa ,Dljlkbt+ djkbZ@djokbZA
35- ml cPps us gj fdlh dks g¡lk;k A 79- rqeus eq>s fiVok;kA
36- rqeus eq>s :yk;k@:yok;k gSA 80- rqeus mls eq>ls fiVok;kA
37- oks gkL; dkykdkj gSA oks yksxksa dks g¡lkrk gSA 81- jkgqy us mlls eq>s dqN iSls fnyok;s A
38- eSa rqels xok ugha ldrk D;ksafd rqEgkjh vkokt+ lqjhyh 82- eSaus cky dVok,A
ugha gSA 83- jkgqy ;gha ls cky dVokrk gSA
39- jkgqy eq>ls viuk gkseodZ djok;sxkA 84- D;k rqe cky dVokvksxs \
40- rqe mlls viuk gkseodZ D;ksa djokrs gks \ 85- eSa ;s dke dSls djok ldrk gw¡ \

221
 Answers
1. He makes me write. 42. How did he get you this pen?
2. He makes me go. 43. Your love made me realize.
3. He makes me go where I really don‟t want to. 44. You made me understand the value of love.
4. She makes me work. 45. Your lecture motivated me.
5. She makes me write the letter./ She gets 46. You can‟t make him beat Ram.
the letter written by me. 47. You can‟t make Ram beat him.
6. She is making me go. 48. I can‟t make you understand.
7. She is making me fool. 49. I made you fill the bucket.
8. She made me understand. 50. Why did he make you spend the money?
9. I will make you work. 51. What do I get done?
10. I will have made him go. 52. People will forcefully make you go there.
11. You are making me fight with him. 53. I will make only him read the book.

OM
12. You are making me realize that you don‟t 54. Ram will make you do this work.
love me, rather you love my money. 55. I had gone to get the hair cut.
13. Children are making me fool. 56. From where did you get the hair cut?
14. My love is making me cry. 57. I have to get this work done.
15. You used to make us laugh. 58. Ram could have got the work done by me.

.C
16. I could have let you go. 59. We can make Ram sing the song.
17. Ram can get it done by anyone. 60. He will make me be beaten.
18. I can get you something to eat. NT 61. What am I making you understand?
19. Ram can get me water. 62. He is making me teach his 2 batches.
20. Can you make me pass the exam? 63. We made him go out.
21. I can make you pass. 64. From whom will you get this done?
22. Money can‟t get you love. 65. When nobody came, then Dad made us do it.
OI
23. My dad made me realize that saving money 66. I made everyone eat the food in that hotel.
is not everything; rather we should help 67. You made me tell a lie.
needy people. 68. Ram makes me cry every day.
P

24. Time is making me realize my mistakes 69. Until when will you get this work finished?
that I made in past. 70. Can you make me learn dance?
ER

25. You can‟t make everyone happy. 71. We made him go but he didn‟t work there.
26. Dad can‟t get you a car as he doesn‟t have 72. They will make you go America provided
money at all. you prove them to be the best.
27. I can‟t make you purchase. 73. Even if he makes me work for him today, but in
PP

28. Could he make her laugh? future I will show him what actually I am.
29. He will have to make me realize, he is the 74. Bobby made me eat the delicious food,
best. which his mom had cooked.
30. You will have to get this work done. 75. You made me learn computer.
TO

31. He makes me eat Burger. 76. Your love made me come back to you.
32. He makes me eat good food. 77. He made us drink coke.
33. When will you make me go America? 78. Rahul made us exercise.
34. Ram was making us drink water. 79. You made me be beaten.
35. That child made everyone laugh. 80. You made me beat him.
36. You have made me cry. 81. Rahul made me get some money from him.
37. He is a comedian. He makes people laugh. 82. I got the hair cut.
38. I can‟t make you sing as your voice is not fine. 83. Rahul gets the hair cut from here.
39. Rahul will make me write his homework. 84. Will you get the hair cut?
40. Why do you make him write your homework? 85. How can I get this work done?
41. Whom did he make you call?

222
 Causative Verbs (Get & Make) – Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. I got it done myself. 27. I got this mobile repaired by Sagar.

2. Can you make him come? 28. He was making me understand.
3. Ram made him go. 29. Saleem made Sagar call Rahul.
4. People makes you fool. 30. Saleem made Sagar come.
5. Pen made me remember you. 31. Why are you making us fool?

OM
6. They should not make you work in place of 32. I will make him fool.
study. 33. They both make her do their homework.
7. Get me something to read. 34. Aren‟t you getting food prepared?
8. He got me nothing to eat. 35. Life is making me go where I don‟t want
9. Rohit is making me understand. to.

.C
10. He used to make me eat the food. 36. As soon as Dad came, he made us work.
11. By whom will you get this done? 37. Mom makes us feel comfortable.
12. Rahul got the bucket filled by me.
13. He makes only me write his homework.
14. My circumstances made me work there.
NT 38. His personality makes us feel that we
should also work on our personality.
39. Ram made us realize how important
15. Your thinking got you good money. money is.
OI
16. He makes you smile. 40. You make me realize how bad I am.
17. I made him join there. 41. I am trying to make to understand.
18. Computer was got repaired. 42. I have to get this work done.
19. He made me drink coke. 43. From where did you get the hair cut?
P

20. Do you want to get this done by me? 44. Life will make you realize one day.
ER

21. I made him beat Rahul. 45. That boy makes me angry.
22. I made Rahul beat him 46. I was in exam. She got me answers.
23. I am getting the hair cut. 47. Such incidences make us realize.
24. I couldn‟t make you feel happy. 48. Nobody can make you fool.
PP

25. Seeta makes Ram cry. 49. How can you make him go there?
26. He can never make me go there. 50. You made me tell a lie.
TO

Answers
1. I got it done myself. eSaus ;s [kqn djok;k A
2. Can you make him come? D;k rqe mls cqyok ldrs gks \
3. Ram made him go. jke us mls fHktok;k A
4. People makes you fool. yksx rqEgsa csodwQ cukrs gSaA
5. Pen made me remember you. iSu us eq>s rqEgkjh ;kn fnykbZ A
6. They should not make you work in place of study.
mUgsa rqels i<+kbZ ds ctk; dke ugha djokuk pkfg,A
7. Get me something to read. eq>s i<+us dks dqN fnyok nksA
8. He got me nothing to eat. mlus eq>s [kkus dks dqN ugha fnyok;kA
223
9. Rohit is making me understand. jksfgr eq>s le>k jgk gSA
10. He used to make me eat the food. oks eq>s [kkuk f[kyokrk FkkA
11. By whom will you get it done? rqe ;s fdlls djokvksxs \
12. Rahul made me fill the water. jkgqy us eq>ls ikuh Hkjok;k A
13. He makes only me write his homework. oks dsoy eq>ls viuk gkseodZ fy[kokrk gSA
14. My circumstances made me work there. esjs gkykrksa us eq>ls ogk¡ dke djok;k A
15. Your thinking got you good money. rqEgkjh lksp us rqEgsa vPNk iSlk fnyok;k A
16. He makes you smile. oks rqEgsa g¡lkrk gSA
17. I made him join there. eSaus mls ogk¡ tkWbZu djok;k A
18. Computer was got repaired. dEI;wVj Bhd djok;k x;k A
19. He made me drink coke. mlus eq>s dksd fiykbZ@fiyokbZA
20. Do you want to get this done by me? D;k ;s rqe eq>ls djokuk pkgrs gks \

OM
21. I made him beat Rahul. eSaus jkgqy dks mlls fiVok;k A
22. I made Rahul beat him eSaus mldks jkgqy ls fiVok;k A
23. I am getting the hair cut. eSa cky dVok jgk gw¡ A
24. I couldn‟t make you happy. eSa rqEgsa [kq‛k ugha dj ik;k A

.C
25. Seeta makes Ram cry. lhrk jke dks :ykrh gSA
26. He can never make me go there. oks eq>s ogk¡ dHkh ugha fHktok ldrk A
27. I got this mobile repaired by Sagar. NT eSaus ;s eksckby lkxj ls Bhd djok;kA
28. He was making me understand. oks eq>s le>k jgk FkkA
29. Saleem made Sagar call Rahul. lyhe us jkgqy dks lkxj ls dkWy djok;h A
30. Saleem made Sagar come. lyhe us lkxj dks cqyok;k A
31. Why are you making us fool?
OI
rqe gesa csodwQ D;ksa cuk jgs gks \
32. I will make him fool. eSa mls csodwQ cukšxk A
33. They both make her do their homework. oks nksuksa mlls viuk gkseodZ djokrs gSa A
P

34. Aren‟t you getting food prepared? D;k rqe [kkuk ugha cuok jgs \
35. Life is making me go where I don‟t want to. ft+Unxh eq>s ogk¡ fHktok jgh gS] tgk¡ eSa tkuk ugha
ER

pkgrkA
36. As soon as Dad came, he made us work. tSls gh ikik vk;s] mUgksua s gels dke djok;k A
37. Mom makes us feel comfortable. ek¡ gesa vkjke eglwl djokrh gSA
38. He makes us feel that we are nothing. oks gesa eglwl djokrk gS fd ge dqN ugha gSaA
PP

39. Ram made us realize how important money is. jke us gesa eglwl djok;k fd iSlk D;k e;kus j[krk
gSA
40. You make me realize how bad I am. rqe eq>s vglkl fnykrs gks fd eSa fdruk cqjk gw¡A
41. I am trying to make you understand. eSa rqEgsa le>kus dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gw¡A
TO

42. I have to get this work done. eq>s ;s dke djokuk gSA
43. From where did you get the hair cut? rqeus cky dgk¡ ls dVok;s \
44. Life will make you realize one day. ft+Unxh rqEgsa ,d fnu eglwl djok;sxh A
45. That boy makes me angry. oks yM+dk eq>s xqLlk fnykrk gSA
46. I was in exam. She got me answers. eSa bXt+ke esa FkkA mlus eq>s mÙkj fnyok;sA
47. Such incidences make us realize. ,slh ?kVuk,¡ gesa eglwl djokrh gSA
48. Nobody can make you fool. rqEgssa dksbZ Hkh csodwQ ugha cuk ldrk A
49. How will you make him go there? rqe mls ogk¡ dSls fHktokvksxs \
50. You made me tell a lie. rqeus eq>ls >wB cqyok;k A

224
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 30 x 1 = 30

1. Child made me come.

2. Rahul had got the work done.
3. I wanted to make you meet Seeta.
4. I must get the work done by you.
5. You can make me do this.
6. I will make them go somewhere else.
7. We have to get the hair cut.

OM
8. Ram used to make me go.
9. I have to get mom a saree.
10. Ram will get it done himself.
11. Children will make you happy.

.C
12. Papa got me a watch.
13. Friend made me meet his family members.
14. I had made Rahul purchase a pen.
NT
15. Why did he get the hair cut from there?
16. I made my mom apply Mahendi onto my hair.
17. He made me spend money.
OI
18. You always make me cry.
19. I can make him laugh.
P

20. Meet him lest he should make you go America.

21. Get the food cooked.
ER

22. Get the poor few clothes.

23. You must get us something.
24. Make me meet him once.
PP

25. Make us listen to this story once.

26. Make Ram come from there lest he should die.
27. I got my heart broken.
TO

28. Don‟t make me fool.

29. He is making us laugh.
30. They were making us fight each other.

225
 Answers

1. Child made me come. cPps us eq>s cqyok;kA

2. Rahul had got the work done. jkgqy us dke djok;k FkkA
3. I wanted to make you meet Seeta. eSa rqEgsa lhrk ls feyokuk pkgrk FkkA
4. I must get the work done by you. eq÷ks rqels dke t+:j djokuk pkfg,A
5. You can make me do this. rqe eq>ls ;s djok ldrs gksA
6. I will make them go somewhere else. eSa mUgsa dgha vkSj fHktok nw¡xkA
7. We have to get the hair cut. gesa cky dVokus gSaA
8. Ram used to make me go. jke eq>s fHktokrk FkkA
9. I have to get mom a saree. eq>s eEeh dks ,d lkM+h fnyokuh gSA
10. Ram will get it done himself. jke ;s [kqn djok;sxkA

OM
11. Children will make you happy. cPps rqEgsa [kq‛k djsaxsA
12. Papa got me a watch. ikik us eq>s ?kM+h fnyok;hA
13. Friend made me meet his family members. nksLr us eq>s vius ?kjokyksa ls feyok;kA
14. I had made Rahul purchase a pen. jkgqy dks eSaus ,d iSu [kjhnok;k FkkA

.C
15. Why did he get the hair cut from there? mlus cky ogk¡ ls D;ksa dVok;s \
16. I made my mom apply Mahendi onto my hair. eSaus viuh eEeh ls ckyksa esa esagnh yxokbZA
17. He made me spend money. NT mlus eq÷kls iSls [kpZ djok;sA
18. You always make me cry. rqe ges‛kk eq>s :ykrs gksA
19. I can make him laugh. eSa mls g¡lk ldrk gw¡A
20. Meet him lest he should make you go America. mlls feyks ,slk u gks oks rqEgsa vesfjdk fHktok nsA
OI
21. Get the food cooked. [kkuk cuok yksA
22. Get the poor few clothes. xjhcksa dks dqN diM+s fnyok nksA
23. You must get us something. rqEgsa gesa dqN rks fnyokuk gh pkfg,A
P

24. Make me meet him once. eq>s mlls ,d ckj feyok nksA
25. Make us listen to this story once. gesa ;s dgkuh ,d ckj lquok nksA
ER

26. Make Ram come from there lest he should die. jke dks ogk¡ ls okil cqyok yks dgha oks ej u tk,A
27. I got my heart broken. eSaus viuk fny rqM+ok fy;kA
28. Don‟t make me fool. eq>s csodwQ er cukvksA
29. He is making us laugh. oks gesa g¡lk jgk gSA
PP

30. They were making us fight each other. oks gesa ,d nwljs ls yM+ok jgs FksA
TO

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Dear students,
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Aditya Sir

226
Lesson – 26
Active & Passive Voice
Active Voice esa os okD; gksrs gSa ftuesa Subject Hkh fn;k gksrk gS o Subject ds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z dk
Hkh o.kZu gksrk gSA os lHkh okD; tks geus “Tense” pSIVj esa i<+s Fks] lHkh Active Voice esa ekus tkrs gSaA

Passive Voice esa os okD; gksrs gSa ftuesa fØ;k rks gksrh gS ij ;k rks okD; esa Subject dk ftØ gh ugha
gksrk vkSj vxj ft+Ø gksrk Hkh gks rks ,sls okD;ksa esa Subject ds lkFk Þ}kjkÞ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

vkb, foLrkj ls le÷ksAa vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks Hkh t+#j lquaAs

Let‟s understand in detail. Do listen to audio lecture as well.

OM
Concept – Passive of Tenses

.C
There are two voices of the Tense Sentences: 1) Active Voice 2) Passive Voice

pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSa & NT

Let‟s understand with the help of following examples –

Active
okD; Voice /
OI
Explanation
(Sentence) Passive
Voice
P

Subject gS ÞeSaÞ tks fØ;k dks dj jgk gSA fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA pw¡fd
eSa tk jgk gw¡A Active Voice
Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
ER

eq>s Hkstk tk jgk gS fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu Hkst jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k
Passive x;kA tks eq>s Hkst jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
eq>s Hkstk tk jgk gSA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
PP

tks eq>s Hkst jgk gS oks gS jke ;kfu Hkstus dh fØ;k dks jke dj jgk
eq>s jke ds }kjk Hkstk tk Passive gSA blfy, jke Subject gSA
jgk gSA Voice bl okD; esa Subject fn;k rks x;k gS ij Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx
TO

fd;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA

gesa crk;k x;k Fkk fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu crk jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k
Passive x;kA tks gesa crk jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
gesa crk;k x;k FkkA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
jke dks ihVk tk;sxk fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu ihVsxk] ;s ugha crk;k
Passive x;kA tks jke dks ihVsxk] ogh rks Subject gSA
jke dks ihVk tk;sxkA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA

227
 Subject gS eSa tks fØ;k dks dj pqdk gSA fØ;k gS Þ[kkukÞA
eSaus [kkuk [kk fy;k gSA Active Voice
pw¡fd Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
mls iwNk x;k fdlh ds }kjkA ij fdlus iwNk] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA
Passive ftlus iwNk] ogh rks Subject gSA
mls iwNk x;kA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA

;s igpku djuk cgqr t+#jh gS fd okD; Active Voice esa gS ;k Passive Voice esAa
It‟s vital to recognize whether the sentence is in active voice or in passive voice.

vxj Active Voice esa gS rks Tense ds fglkc ls helping verb yxkb,A tSlk vkius Tense ds pSIVj esa
i<+k gSA vxj Passive Voice esa gS rks helping verb uhps Vscy ds fglkc ls gh yxkb,A vkSj ,d cgqr

OM
t+#jh ckr ;s gS fd Passive Voice esa ges‛kk Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

If the sentence is in active voice, then you need to simply follow the rules taught in „Tenses‟
chapter. If in passive voice, then the helping verbs are to be used exactly the way written in
the table below. Also note that in passive sentences, 3rd form of the verb is to be used.

.C
NT Active Voice
Passive
Voice (PV)
Tense (AV)
Helping
Helping Verbs
OI
Verbs
Present Indefinite
Do, Does Is, Am, Are
(rk] rs] rh)
P

Present Continuous Is, Am, Are +

Is, Am, Are
(jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa) being
ER

Present Perfect Has been,

Has, Have
(pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] fy;k gS] fn;k gS] yh gS] nh gS] dh gS) Have been
Present Perfect Continuous Has been, Have
PP

-
( jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSaA le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx) been
Past Indefinite
Did Was, were
(vk;k] x;k] fy;k] fn;k] yh] nh] dh)
TO

Past Continuous Was, Were +

Was, Were
(jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks) being
Past Perfect
Had Had been
(pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] fn;k Fkk] yh Fkh] nh Fkh] dh Fkh)
Past Perfect Continuous
Had been -
( jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs FksA le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx)
Future Indefinite
Will Will be
(xk] xs] xh)

228
 Future Continuous
Will be -
(jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxs)
Future Perfect
(pqdk gksxk] pqdh gksxh] pqds gksaxs] fy;k gksxk] fn;k gksxk] yh Will Have Will have been
gksxh] nh gksxh] dh gksxh)
Future Perfect Continuous
Will have been -
( jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxAs le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx)

pkj ,sls Tense gSa ftuds Passive Voice ugha gksrs &
There are four tenses that don‟t have their passive voices –
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

OM
3. Future Continuous Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Examples:

.C
okD; Tense igpkfu, Active/ vuqokn
Sentences Identify the Tense Passive Translation
eq>s Ldwy Hkstk x;kA
NT
Past Indefinite Passive I was sent to school.

jke dks crk;k x;k gSA Present Perfect Passive Ram has been told.
OI
ikik dks cqyk;k tk;sxkA Future Indefinite Passive Dad will be called.
P

eSaus lkspk FkkA Past Perfect Active I had thought.

ER

Why is your name

rqEgkjk uke D;ksa fy;k tk jgk gS \ Present Continuous Passive
being called?
mls fnYyh esa ns[kk x;kA Past Indefinite Passive He was seen in Delhi
PP

Children threw the

cPpksa us iRFkj Qsd
a sA Past Indefinite Active
stones.
TO

mls Mk¡Vk tk jgk FkkA Past Continuous Passive He was being scolded.

iRFkj Qsd
a s tk,sx
a sA Future Indefinite Passive Stones will be thrown.

gesa D;ksa Mk¡Vk tkrk gS \ Present Indefinite Passive Why are we scolded?

Will Aman have been

D;k veu dks Hkstk x;k gksxk \ Future Perfect Passive
sent?

229
 ;‛kh dks D;ksa cqyk;k x;k \ Past Indefinite Passive Why was Yashi called?

What has Dad been

ikik dks D;k dgk x;k gS \ Present Prefect Passive
told?
gesa bruk D;ksa ijs‛kku fd;k tk jgk Why are we being
gS \ Present Continuous Passive
bothered this much?
eSaus D;k dgk Fkk \ Past Perfect Active What had I said?

eq÷ks D;k dgk x;k Fkk \ Past Perfect Passive What had I been said?

OM
Concept – Passive of Modals
pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSa &
Let‟s understand with the help of following examples –

.C
Sentence Active Explanation
Voice / NT
Passive
Voice
Subject gS ÞeSaÞ vkSj fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA pw¡fd Subject fn;k
eSa tk ldrk gw¡A Active Voice x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
OI
eq>s Hkstk tk ldrk gS fdlh ds }kjkA fØ;k gS ÞHkstukÞA ij dkSu
Hkst ldrk gS] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA tks eq>s Hkst ldrk gS ogh rks
eq>s Hkstk tk ldrk gSA Passive Subject gSA
P

Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive

Voice gSA
ER

tks eq>s Hkst ldrk gS oks gS jke ;kfu Hkstus dh fØ;k dks jke dj
eq>s jke ds }kjk Hkstk tk Passive ldrk gSA blfy, jke Subject gSA
ldrk gSA Voice bl okD; esa Subject fn;k rks x;k gS ij Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx
PP

fd;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA

;s igpku djuk cgqr t+#jh gS fd okD; Active Voice esa gS ;k Passive Voice esAa
TO

It‟s vital to recognize whether the sentence is in active voice or in passive voice.

vxj Active Voice esa gS rks Modal ds fglkc ls helping verb yxkb,A tSlk fd vkius Modal
pSIVj esa i<+k gSA ij vxj okD; Passive Voice esa gS rks vkidks flQZ bruk djuk gS fd ftu modals ds
lkFk fØ;k dh QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS tSls can, could, should, must, may, might, has to,
have to, had to, will have to, would like to vkfn] muds lkFk „be‟ yxk nsuk gS vkSj ftu
modals ds lkFk fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS tSls could have, should have, must have,
may have, might have vkfn] muds lkFk „been‟ yxk nsuk gSA uhps Vscy ds ek/;e ls lef>,A vkSj
,d cgqr t+#jh ckr ;s fd Passive Voice esa ges‛kk Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

230
If the sentence is in active voice, then you need to simply follow the rules taught in „Modals‟
chapter. If in passive voice, then what you have to do is: the modals which use 1st form of the
verb like can, could etc, you have to just add „be‟ with them in passive voice and the modals
which use 3rd form of the verb like could have, should have etc, you have to add „been‟ with
them. Let‟s understand with the following table:
Also to be noted that you have to always use the 3 rd form of the verb in passive voice
sentences.

Active/
Sentence Modal Passive Translation Explanation
Voice
can ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k dh QLVZ
QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa can ds

OM
lkFk be yxk nsaxsA
eq>s Hkstk tk Passive
Can I can be sent.
ldrk gSA voice
We use 1st form of the verb with „can‟
that‟s why in passive voice, we‟ll use

.C
„be‟ with „can‟.
should ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k dh
NT QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa
jke dks iSls should ds lkFk be yxk nsaxsA
Passive Ram should be
fn, tkus Should
pkfg,A voice given money.
We use 1st form of the verb with
„should‟ that‟s why in passive voice,
OI
we‟ll use „be‟ with „should‟.
Could have ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk
fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive
P

Children could voice esa could have ds lkFk been yxk nsx
a sA
cPpksa dks i<+k;k Could Passive
have been
ER

tk ldrk FkkA have voice taught. We use 3rd form of the verb with „could
have‟ that‟s why in passive voice, we‟ll
use „been‟ with „could have‟.
PP

Should have ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk

fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive
voice esa should have ds lkFk been yxk nsaxsA
rqEgsa vesfjdk You should
Should Passive
Hkstk tkuk
TO

have been sent

pkfg, FkkA have voice to America. We use 3rd form of the verb with
„should have‟ that‟s why in passive
voice, we‟ll use „been‟ with „should
have‟.
Have to ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k
dh QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa
vkt rqEgsa Ldwy You have to be have to ds lkFk be yxk nsaxsA
Passive
esa fx¶V fn;k Have to given a gift in
tkuk gSA voice school today. We use 1st form of the verb with „have
to‟ that‟s why in passive voice, we‟ll
use „be‟ with „have to‟.
231
Examples:
Identify Active/
Sentences Translation
the Modal Passive
eq>s Ldwy Hkstk tk ldrk gSA Can Passive I can be sent to school.
jke dks iwNk ldrk gS fd oks dgk¡ Ram can be asked where he
FkkA Can Passive
was.
ikik dks cqyk;k tkuk pkfg,A Should Passive Dad should be called.

rqEgsa fdrkc nh tkuh gSA Have to Passive You have to be given a book.
Should

OM
mls Mk¡Vk tkuk pkfg, FkkA Passive He should have been scolded.
have
He could have been called
mls fnYyh cqyk;k tk ldrk FkkA Could have Passive
Delhi.
gesa i<+k;k tkrk FkkA Used to Passive We used to be taught.

.C
gesa ugha i<+k;k tkrk FkkA Used to NT Passive We didn‟t use to be taught.

D;k gesa i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \ Used to Passive Did we use to be taught?

D;k gesa ugha i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \ Used to Passive Did we not use to be taught?
OI

Concept – Passive of Let

P

Let ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ftl rjg geus Tense ds Passive Voice cuk;s Fks] Bhd mlh rjg cuk;saxsA
ER

bl pSIVj dks i<+us ls igys vkidks uhps fn;s x;s nksuksa pSIVj i<+s gksus pkfg, vkSj le> Hkh vkus pkfg,A
1. Let
2. Passive of Tenses
PP

fcuk ;s nksuksa pSIVj i<+s vkSj le÷ks vki bl pSIVj dks vPNh rjg ugha le> ik;saxsA
pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSaA

Active
TO

Voice /
Sentence Explanation
Passive
Voice
Subject gS ÞjkeÞ tks fØ;k dks djus nsrk gSA izeq[k fØ;k gS Þdjus
Active
jke eq>s lksus nsrk gSA nsukÞ vkSj nwljh fØ;k ÞlksukÞA pw¡fd Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy,
Voice
;g Active Voice gSA
eq>s lksus fn;k tk jgk gS fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu eq>s lksus dk dke
djus ns jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA tks eq>s bl dke dks djus ns
eq>s lksus fn;k tk jgk gSA Passive jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
232
 Subject gS lhrkA
lhrk us jke dks iwNus fn;kA Active Voice bl okD; esa Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active
Voice gSA
fdlus jke dks iwNus dk dke djus fn;k] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA
Subject ugha fn;k x;k gSA blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA
vxj Subject fn;k Hkh tkrk rks dqN bl rjg ls fd Þjke dks
jke dks iwNus fn;k x;kA Passive Voice
lhrk ds }kjk iwNus fn;k x;kAÞ lhrk tks fd Subject gS mls
Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkA rc Hkh rks okD; Passive
Voice gh gksrkA

vxj okD; Active Voice esa gS rks okD;ksa dks mlh rjg ls cuk;saxs tSlk vkius „Let‟ pSIVj esa i<k FkkA

OM
vxj okD; Passive Voice esa gS rks helping verb mlh Vscy ds fglkc ls gh yxk,saxs tks Vscy vkius „Passive
of Tenses‟ esa ns[khA
vkidks crk;k tk pqdk gS fd Passive Voice esa ges‛kk Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
cl ;s /;ku jgs fd “Let” dh rhuksa forms “Let” gh gSaA

.C
Examples:

Sentences
Identify the
Tense
NT Active/
Passive
Translation

eq>s Ldwy tkus fn;k x;kA Past Indefinite Passive I was let go to school.
OI
jke dks bXtS+e esa cSBus ugha fn;k Ram has not been let sit in
x;k gSA Present Perfect Passive
the exam.
ikik dks vkus fn;k tk;sxkA Future Indefinite Passive Dad will be let come.
P

mls [ksyus fn;k tk jgk FkkA Past Continuous Passive He was being let play.
ER
PP

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TO

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
Aditya Sir

233
 Active & Passive Voice - Practice Exercise

vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &

1- rqEgsa Mk¡Vk tkrk gSA 46- iSu mBk fy;k x;k gSA
2- gesa ihVk tk jgk FkkA 47- mls ;g D;ksa fn;k x;k \
3- eq>s ,d fdrkc nh tk;sxhA 48- gesa D;k crk;k x;k \
4- bl iqjLdkj ds fy, dsoy ,d vkneh pquk tkrk gSA 49- mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \
5- eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA 50- mls ?klhV dj iqfyl LVs‛ku ys tk;k x;k A
6- Hkkjr dks ‚kkfUrfiz; ns‛k ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA 51- gekjh fdrkcksa dks QkM+k x;k vkSj dwM+snku esa Qsad
7- D;k mls Hkstk x;k \ fn;k x;k A
8- rqEgkjs fy, LiS‛ky [kkuk cuk;k tk jgk gSA 52- gesa 6 Dykl rd vaxzst+h ugha i<+kbZ tkrh A

OM
9- muds lkFk ogk¡ cqjk crkZo fd;k x;kA 53- bl lky dqN fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ySiVkWi fn;s x;s gSaA
10- mls ,d egku ;ks)k ds #i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA 54- mlds HkkbZ dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;kA
11- ;s fy[kk tk pqdk gSA 55- 25 izfr‛kr lhVsa xjhc LVwMSUV~l ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA
12- D;k mls I;kj fd;k tkrk gS \ 56- bUlku dks LoxZ Hkstk tkrk gS vxj oks vPNs deZ djsA
13- fQYe ds esxk fgV gksus dh ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh gSA 57- jke dks Hkstk tk ldrk gSA

.C
14- xSax ds eqf[k;k dks 2 cts ekdsZV esa ns[kk x;k gSA 58- mls iwNk tkuk pkfg, FkkA
15- D;k mUgsa bl ‚kjkjr ds fy, Mk¡Vk x;k \ 59- gesa Hkstk tkuk gSA
16- nksuksa nksf"k;ksa dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSSA NT 60- rqEgsa cqyk;k tkuk Fkk ij ugha cqyk;k tk ldkA
17- pk; gj lqcg ih tkrh gSA 61- ;s dke gks tkuk pkfg, FkkA
18- mls fdlds lkFk Hkstk x;k \ 62- eEeh dks iwNk tkrk FkkA
19- mls eMZj ds ckjs esa D;ksa ugha iwNk tkrk \ 63- D;k jke dks fdrkc nh tk ldrh gS \
20- 4 fVdVsa cqd dj yh x;h gSaA 64- rqEgsa D;ksa ugha i<+k;k tk ldk \
21- fdLer ls eq>s ogk¡ Hkstk x;k vkSj eSa rqels feyk A 65- mls D;k fn;k x;k \
OI
22- eq>s ,d v/;kid ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA 66- jke dks fdlds lkFk Hkstk tkuk pkfg, \
23- cPpksa dks ckgj Hkstk x;kA 67- eksckby dk iz;ksx D;ksa gksuk pkfg, \
24- eq>s blds ckjs esa lwfpr ugha fd;k x;kA 68- gesa D;k i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \
P

25- fdrkcsa Nkih tk jgh gSaA 69- eq>s eksckby fn;k tk ldrk gSA
26- bl txg ls dqN dqflZ;k¡ gVkbZ xbZ gSaA 70- vxyk iz‛u D;k gksuk pkfg, \
ER

27- bl bykds esa dkjsa ugha pykbZ tkrhA 71- rqEgsa ltk feyuh pkfg,A
28- mls dc rd ugha iwNk x;k \ 72- gesa dqN iSls [kpZ ds fy, feyus pkfg,A
29- gj txg feBkb;k¡ ck¡Vh tk jgh gaSA 73- gekjh ru[okg c<+kbZ tkuh gSA
30- ogk¡ ,d fcfYMax cukbZ tk pqdh gSA 74- mls iwNk tkuk FkkA
PP

31- oks iqfyl ds }kjk idM+k x;k A 75- gkseodZ t+#j djuk pkfg,A
32- I;kt vkSj vkyw dkQh vf/kd ek=k esa dkVs x;s A 76- lkjs iz‛u gy fd;s tk ldrs gaSA
33- vijkf/k;ksa dks <+w¡<k tk jgk gSA 77- [kkus dk rjhdk lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA
34- mls xksyh ls ekj fn;k x;k A 78- mls jke dh otg ls cqyk;k x;k A
35- ckfj‛k ds dkj.k ehfVax jn~n dj nh x;h A 79- eq>s daiuh ls ckgj ugha fudkyk tk ldkA
TO

36- ?kM+h Bhd djkbZ x;hA 80- fdlh dk Hkh fny nq[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
37- gesa ,slk dqN ugha fn;k x;k gSA 81- gj fdlh dk fny ugha thrk tk ldrkA
38- gesa ogk¡ Qkyrw esa D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \ 82- esjs lkFk fdlh dks Hkstk ugha tkuk pkfg, A
39- eq>s dgha Hkstk x;k gSA 83- mls dgk¡ Hkstk tkuk pkfg,A
40- D;k rqEgsa crk;k x;k gS fd ge dgk¡ gaS \ 84- mldk uke dqN nsj ckr iqdkjk tkuk gSA
41- ,d fo/kkFkhZ dks mlds lgikBh }kjk izrkfM+r fd;k 85- ;gk¡ ij iSu ls fy[kk tkuk gSA
x;kA 86- rqEgsa ;s ugha fn;k tkukA
42- mls Vªd dh vksj /kDdk fn;k x;k rkfd oks ej tk,A 87- eNfy;ksa dks dgha vkSj Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
43- nhokyh [kq‛kh ls eukbZ xbZ A 88- ;s ikuh fi;k ugha tk ldrk D;ksfa d ;g [kkjk gSA
44- D;k rqEgsa rqEgkjh ykijokgh ds fy, naM fn;k tk,xk \ 89- bls fdlh Hkh gky esa csp fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
45- gesa dgha vkSj Hkstk tk jgk gSA 90- eq>s i<+us ugha fn;k tkrkA

234
 Answers
1. You are scolded. 46. Pen has been picked.
2. We were being beaten. 47. Why was he given this?
3. I will be given a book. 48. What was told to us?
4. Only one person is chosen for this prize. 49. Where had they been sent?
5. I have been told about you. 50. He was dragged to police station.
6. India is known as a peaceful nation. 51. Our books were torn & thrown into the dustbin.
7. Was he sent? 52. We are not taught English up to 6th standard.
8. A special food is being prepared for you. 53. Few students have been given laptops this year.
9. They were treated badly there. 54. His brother was killed.
10. He was known as a great warrior. 55. 25% seats are reserved for poor students.
11. It has been written. 56. Human is sent to heaven if he does good deeds.

OM
12. Is he loved? 57. Ram can be sent.
13. The movie has been declared a mega hit. 58. He should have been asked.
14. The chief of the gang is seen in market at 2. 59. We have to be sent.
15. Were they scolded for this mischief? 60. You had to be called but couldn‟t be.
16. Both the culprits have been identified. 61. This work should have been done.

.C
17. Tea is taken every morning. 62. Mom used to be asked.
18. With whom was he sent? 63. Can Ram be given the book?
19. Why is he not asked about the murder? NT 64. Why could you not be taught?
20. 4 Tickets have been booked. 65. What was he given?
21. Fortunately, I was sent there and I met you. 66. With whom should Ram be sent?
22. I am known as a teacher. 67. Why should mobile be used?
23. Children were sent outside. 68. What did we use to be taught?
OI
24. I was not informed about this. 69. I can be given a mobile.
25. Books are being printed. 70. What should be the next question?
26. Some chairs have been moved from this place. 71. You must be punished.
P

27. Cars are not driven in this area. 72. We should be given some money to spend.
28. Until when was he not asked? 73. Our salary has to be increased.
ER

29. Sweets are being distributed all over. 74. He had to be asked.
30. A building has been constructed there. 75. Homework must be done.
31. He was caught by police. 76. All the questions can be solved.
32. Onions and potatoes were cut in huge 77. The way of eating can be improved.
PP

quantity. 78. He was called due to Ram.

33. Criminals are being sought (searched). 79. I could not be fired from the company.
34. He was shot dead. 80. Anybody can be hurt.
35. Meeting was cancelled due to rain. 81. Everybody‟s heart can‟t be won.
TO

36. Watch was repaired. 82. Nobody should be sent with me.
37. We have not been given anything as such. 83. Where should he be sent?
38. Why are we unnecessarily sent there? 84. His name has to be called after a while.
39. I have been sent somewhere. 85. Pen has to be used here.
40. Have you been told where we are? 86. You have not to be given this.
41. A student was tortured by his classmate. 87. Fishes can be sent somewhere else.
42. He was pushed towards a truck so that he dies. 88. This water is not drinkable as it is saline.
43. Diwali was celebrated with joy. 89. It should be sold at any cost.
44. Will you be punished for your negligence? 90. I am not let study.
45. We are being sent somewhere else.

235
 Active & Passive Voice - Test Papers
Test – I
Q1: Choose the best alternatives: 16 x 1 = 16

1- gesa Hkstk x;kA

a) We were sent. b) We were to go. c) We were made go. d) We were let go.

2- jke dks Mk¡Vk tk jgk FkkA

a) Ram was scolding. b) Ram was being scold. c) Ram was being scolded. d)Ram was made scolded.

3- mls eq>ls feyok;k tk;sxkA

OM
a) He will be meeting me. b) He will be made meet me.
c) He will be made to meet me. d) He will make me meet.

4- rqEgsa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \

a) What are you taught? b) What are you be taught?

.C
c) What do you be taught? d) What are you learned?

5- eq>s fHktok;k x;kA

a) I was sent. b) I was made sent.
NT c) I was made go. d) I made go.

6- mUgsa crk;k x;k FkkA

OI
a) They were told. b) They had been told. c) They were informed. d) They were been told.

7- rqEgsa D;ksa ugha tkus fn;k x;k \

P

a) Why did you not go? b) Why did you not let go?
c) Why were you not let go? d) Why were you not let gone?
ER

8- D;k gesa [ksyus fn;k tk;sxk vkt \

a) Will we be let play today? b) Will we be made play today?
PP

c) Will we let play today? d) Will we get the play today?

9- eq>ls dke djok;k tk ldrk gS A

a) I can get the work done. b) Work can be done by me.
TO

d) I can made do the work. d) I can be made do the work.

10- D;k rqEgsa ihVk tkrk Fkk \

a) Had you to be beaten? b) Were you use to beat? c) Did you use to be beaten?
d) Were you use to be beaten? e) Had you been to be beaten?

11- lhrk dks gkWfLiVy ys tk;k x;k FkkA

a) Seeta was brought to hospital. b) Seeta had been brought to hospital.
c) Seeta was made bring to hospital. d) Seeta was got brought to hospital.

236
12- vkt gesa Dykl esa u;k VkWfid i<+k;k tkuk gSA
a) We have to be taught a new topic in the class today.
b) We are to be taught a new topic in the class today.
c) We have been to teach a new topic in the class today.
d) We have to teach a new topic in the class today.

13- lcdks tkus fn;k tk;sxkA

a) All will let go.
b) All will be gone.
c) All will let be gone.
d) All will be let go.

OM
14- gesa [kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA
a) We were not given the food.
b) We didn‟t be given the food.
c) We didn‟t use to be given the food.

.C
d) We were not to be given the food.

15- rqe
a)
eq>s i<+us D;ksa ugha ns jgs \
Why are you not letting me study?
NT
b) Why do you not let me study?
c) Why are you not let me study?
OI
d) Why are you not let me studying?
P

16- ;s dke fdlls djok;k x;k Fkk \

a) By whom was this work got done?
ER

b) By whom did this work get done?

c) By whom had this work been got done?
d) By whom had this work been get done?
PP

Answers
1. (a) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence
2. (c) Answer hint: Past Continuous Tense Passive Sentence
3. (b) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence of causative verb (make)
TO

4. (a) Answer hint: Present Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence

5. (c) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence of causative verb (make)
6. (b) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence
7. (c) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
8. (a) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
9. (d) Answer hint: Modal (can) Passive Sentence of Causative verb (make)
10. (c) Answer hint: Modal (use to) Passive Sentence
11. (b) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence
12. (a) Answer hint: Modal (have to) Passive Sentence
13. (d) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
14. (c) Answer hint: Modal (use to) Passive Sentence
15. (a) Answer hint: Present Continuous Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
16. (c) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence of Causative Verb (Get)
237
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- gesa iwNk tk jgk gS fd ge dkSu gSaA 26- D;k mls cqyk;k x;k \
2- rqEgsa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA 27- mlds firk dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;k A
3- eq>s jkst+ ihVk tkrk FkkA 28- mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk tk jgk gS \
4- mls ?klhV ds ?kj ls ckgj fudkyk x;k A 29- vc gekjh lSysjh c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg, A
5- jke dks jkst+ gkWfLiVy ys tk;k tkrk gSA 30- jkgqy dks dgk x;k Fkk fd mls 2 ?kaVs i<+uk gSA
6- gesa vkt dqN u;k i<+k;k tkuk pkfg, A 31- gesa fHktok;k tk;sxk A
7- rqe pksj gksA D;k rqEgsa ihVk ugha tkuk pkfg, \ 32- eq>s dqN Hkh ugha fn;k x;k A
8- ;s dke jke ds }kjk djok;k x;k A 33- jkgqy dks Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;k gksxk A
9- eq>s Hkh fdrkc nh tk ldrh Fkh ij vki eq>s I;kj ugha 34- cPpksa dks vkt dqN ugha i<+k;k x;k A

OM
djrs blfy, vkius ugha nhA 35- jkgqy dks lqyk;k tk jgk gSA
10- eq>s ;gk¡ Hkstk x;k gSA 36- eq>s lc dqN fn;k x;k tks dqN eSaus ek¡xk A
11- cPpksa dks D;k fn;k tk,xk \ 37- gesa fdlh vkSj ds lkFk Hkstk x;k A
12- eq>s ogk¡ tkus ugha fn;k x;k A 38- mls [kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA
13- eq>s ihVk tk;sxk A 39- D;k mls dksbZ vokMZ fn;k tkuk gS \

.C
14- mls csotg ogk¡ fHktok;k x;k A 40- rqEgsa mlds lkFk dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \
15- jke dks MaMs ls ihVk x;k A 41- ikik dks vesfjdk Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
16- rqEgsa fHktok;k tk jgk gSA NT 42- fny dh ckr dks Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gSA
17- tc rqe xyr dke djrs gks] D;k rqEgsa Mk¡Vk ugha tkrk\ 43- lc cPpksa dks pkWdysV nh x;h gSaA
18- mls crk;k tk jgk FkkA 44- eq>ls ,d xkuk xok;k x;k A
19- mls ogk¡ D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \ 45- mls fdlds lkFk fcBk;k x;k \
20- [kwuh dks frgkM+ tsy ys tk;k x;k A 46- ikik dks esjs ckjs es xyr crk;k x;kA
21- jke dks ugha Hkstk tk,xk A 47- ogk¡ ,d iqy cuk;k tk;sxk A
OI
22- rqEgsa Ldwy esa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \ 48- gesa vxys eghus lwpuk nh tk;sxh A
23- eq>ls pkj iz‛u iwNs x;s A 49- D;k rqEgsa iSls fn;s tkrs gSa Ldwy esa \
24- mls dHkh ugha ihVk x;k A 50- cPpksa dks D;k fn;k x;k \
P

25- jke dh eEeh dks ckt+kj esa ns[kk x;k FkkA

ER

Answers

1. gesa iwNk tk jgk gS fd ge dkSu gSa A We are being asked who we are.
PP

2. rqEgsa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA You may/can be sent.

3. eq>s jkst+ ihVk tkrk FkkA I used to be beaten daily.
4. mls ?klhV ds ?kj ls ckgj fudkyk x;k A He was dragged out of the house.
5. jke dks jkst+ gkWfLiVy ys tk;k tkrk gSA Ram is taken to hospital daily.
TO

6. gesa vkt dqN u;k i<+k;k tkuk pkfg, A We should be taught something new today.
7. rqe pksj gksA D;k rqEgsa ihVk ugha tkuk pkfg, \ You are a thief. Should you not be beaten?
8. ;s dke jke ds }kjk djok;k x;k A This work was got done by Ram.
9. eq>s Hkh fdrkc nh tk ldrh Fkh ij vkius ugha nhA Even I could have been given the book but you didn‟t.
10. eq>s ;gk¡ Hkstk x;k gSA I have been sent here.
11. cPpksa dks D;k fn;k tk,xk \ What will children be given?
12. eq>s ogk¡ tkus ugha fn;k x;k A I was not let go there.
13. eq>s ihVk tk;sxk A I will be beaten.
14. mls csotg ogk¡ fHktok;k x;k A He was unnecessarily made go there.
15. jke dks MaMs ls ihVk x;k A Ram was beaten with a stick.

238
16. rqEgsa fHktok;k tk jgk gSA You are being made go.
17. tc rqe xyr dke djrs gks] D;k rqEgsa Mk¡Vk ugha tkrk \ When you do wrong, are you not scolded?
18. mls crk;k tk jgk FkkA He was being told.
19. mls ogk¡ D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \ Why is he sent there?
20. [kwuh dks frgkM+ tsy ys tk;k x;k A The criminal was taken to the Tihar Jail.
21. jke dks ugha Hkstk tk,xk A Ram will not be sent.
22. rqEgsa Ldwy esa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \ What are you taught in school?
23. eq>ls pkj iz‛u iwNs x;s A I was asked four questions.
24. mls dHkh ugha ihVk x;k A He was never beaten.
25. jke dh eEeh dks ckt+kj esa ns[kk x;k FkkA Ram‟s mother had been seen in the market.
26. D;k mls cqyk;k x;k \ Was he called?
27. mlds firk dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;k A His father was killed.

OM
28. mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk tk jgk gS \ Where are they being sent?
29. vc gekjh lSysjh c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg, A Now, our salary must be increased.
30. jkgqy dks dgk x;k Fkk fd mls 2 ?kaVs i<+uk gSA Ram had been told that he had to study for 2 hours.
31. gesa fHktok;k tk;sxk A We will be made go.

.C
32. eq>s dqN Hkh ugha fn;k x;k A I was not given anything.
33. jkgqy dks Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;k gksxk A Rahul will have been expelled from the school.
34. cPpksa dks vkt dqN ugha i<+k;k x;k A NT Children were not taught anything today.
35. jkgqy dks lqyk;k tk jgk gSA Rahul is being made sleep.
36. eq>s lc dqN fn;k x;k tks dqN eSaus ek¡xk A I was given everything that I demanded.
37. gesa fdlh vkSj ds lkFk Hkstk x;k A We were sent with someone else.
38. He didn‟t use to be given the food.
OI
mls [kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA
39. D;k mls dksbZ vokMZ fn;k tkuk gS \ Has he to be given an award?
40. rqEgsa mlds lkFk dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \ Where had you been sent with him?
P

41. ikik dks vesfjdk Hkstk tk ldrk gSA Dad can be sent to America.
42. fny dh ckr dks Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gSA Even, the heart can be read.
ER

43. lc cPpksa dks pkWdysV nh x;h gSaA All the children have been given chocolates.
44. eq>ls ,d xkuk xok;k x;k A I was made sing a song.
45. mls fdlds lkFk fcBk;k x;k \ With whom was he made sit?
46. ikik dks esjs ckjs es xyr crk;k x;kA Dad was told wrong about me.
PP

47. ogk¡ ,d iqy cuk;k tk;sxk A A bridge will be constructed there.

48. gesa vxys eghus lwpuk nh tk;sxh A We will be informed next month.
49. D;k rqEgsa iSls fn;s tkrs gSa Ldwy esa \ Are you given money in school?
TO

50. cPpksa dks D;k fn;k x;k \ What were children given?

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. If you think of something difficult, that means you have not understood it
well.
vxj vkidks dqN eqf‛dy yxrk gS] rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd vkius mls <ax ls le÷kk ughaA

239
Lesson – 27
Special Cases
bl pSIVj esas dqN bl rjg ds okD;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS] ftlls vki dqN vyx rjg ds okD;ksa dks
Hkh le> ik;sx a As ;s cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ pSIVj gSA vki bu dkWUlsIV~l dks lef>, vkSj fQj vH;kl dfj,A

This chapter will let you know about a few special cases which will
enhance your skills of making sentences of different types. It‟s certainly
an important lesson. Understand the concept & then practice.

OM
Get ¼chekj gks tkuk½
1- eq>s [kk¡lh gks xbZA I got cough.

.C
2- jke dks cq[kkj gks x;k gSA Ram has got fever.
3- tc Hkh ikik Mk¡Vrs gSa] rqEgsa cq[kkj gks tkrk gSA Whenever dad scolds you, you get fever.
4-
5-
mls Vhch gks x;k FkkA
BaMk ikuh er fi;ks] rqEgsa BaM yx tk,xhA
NT
He had got TB.
Don‟t drink cold water, You will get cold.
6- jke Hkhxk gqvk gSA mls cq[kkj gks ldrk gSA Ram is drenched. He may get cold.

Fond of ¼‛kkSdhu½
OI

Rule: vxj Subject fdlh verb ;kfu fØ;k ;kfu fdlh dke dk ‚kkSdhu gS] rks ml verb ds lkFk „ing‟ dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd jke fØdsV dk ‚kkSdhu gSA fØdsV dksbZ fØ;k ugha gSA ij vxj eSa dgw¡ fd jke [ksyus dk
P

‚kkSdhu gSA bl okD; esa jke subject gS vkSj oks [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu gSA [ksy+uk ,d fØ;k gSA blfy, play ds lkFk ing
ER

yxkuk t+#jh gksxkA

Rule: If the subject is fond of any verb, then „ing‟ needs to be used with that verb. If I
say “Ram is fond of cricket.” This sentence is correct but if I say “Ram is fond of play.”
PP

This sentence is incorrect as „play‟ is a verb and I need to use „ing‟ with it so the correct
sentence would be “Ram is fond of playing.”

1- eSa laxhr dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A I am fond of music. ¼laxhr dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS ½
TO

2- rqe blds ‚kkSdhu D;ksa gks \ Why are you fond of it ?

3- jke i<+us dk ‚kkSdhu FkkA Ram was fond of reading. ¼i<+uk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ing yxk;kA½
4- ;s yM+dk [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu gSA This boy is fond of Playing.¼[ksyuk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ing
yxk;kA½
5- eSa fØdsV dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A I am fond of cricket. ¼fØdsV dksbZ fØ;k ugha gS] ;s [ksy dk uke ;kfu
laKk gS½
6- eSa fØdsV [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A I am fond of playing cricket.¼[ksyuk ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ing
yxk;kA½

240
 Meant for / Made for ¼cuk gksuk½
Rule: vxj Subject fdlh verb ;kfu fØ;k ;kfu fdlh dke ds fy, cuk gS] rks ml verb ds lkFk „ing‟ dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd jke [ksyus ds fy, cuk gSA bl okD; esa jke subject gS vkSj oks [ksyus ds fy,
cuk gSA [ksy+uk ,d fØ;k gSA blfy, play ds lkFk ing yxkuk t+#jh gksxkA

Rule: If the subject is meant for some verb, then „ing‟ needs to be used with that verb.
If I say “Ram is meant for cricket.” This sentence is correct but if I say “Ram is meant
for play.” This sentence is incorrect as „play‟ is a verb and I need to use „ing‟ with it so
the correct sentence would be “Ram is meant for playing.”

1- rqe fct+usl ds fy, cus gks A You are meant for business.

OM
2- rqe fct+usl djus ds fy, cus gks A You are meant for doing business.
3- rqe flQZ esjs fy, cus gksA You are only meant for me.
4- ge ,d nwljs ds fy, cus gaSA We are meant /made for each other.
5- fdrkc i<us ds fy, cuh gSA Book is meant for reading.

.C
6- v/;kid i<+kus ds fy, cus gSaA Teachers are meant for teaching.

Made in (Country Name)

NT
Made of (Material Name)
Made by (Company Name/Person‟s Name)
OI

1- ;s eksckby pkbZuk dk gSA This mobile is made in China. (China is the name of a country)
P

2- ;s eksckby IykfLVd dk gSA This mobile is made of Plastic. (Plastic is the name of a material)
3- ;s eksckby uksfd;k dk gSA This mobile is made by Nokia. (Nokia is the name of a company)
ER

4- ;s ewfrZ lksus dh gSA This idol is made of Gold. (Gold is a material noun)
5- xwxy ekbZdzkl s ks¶V us cuk;k gSA Google is made by Microsoft. (Microsoft is the name of a
company)
PP

6- ;g oSclkbV eSaus cukbZ gSA This website is made by me. („me” is a person)

Able to
TO

¼dkfcy gksuk] ;ksX; gksuk] leFkZ gksuk] dj lduk½

1- eSa ;s dke djus ds dkfcy gw¡A I am able to do this work.
2- jke ;s dke dj ldrk gSA Ram is able to do this work. / Ram can do this work.
3- D;k rqe bl fct+ul s dks l¡Hkkyus ds dkfcy gksA Are you able to handle this business?

241
 How to + verb 1st form

tc Hkh vki dksbZ dke djuk ;k rks tkurs gks ;k fQj ugha tkurs gks] rks how to dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekuk ,d okD; gS Þjke fy[kuk tkurk gSAÞ
vxj eSa dgw¡ “Ram knows writing.” rks ;s xyr ugha gS ij ,slk dguk “Ram knows how to write.”
csgrj rjhdk gSA

1- eSa ukpuk tkurk gw¡A I know how to dance.

2- eSa ukpuk ugha tkurk gw¡A I don‟t know how to dance.
3- D;k eSa ukpuk tkurk gw¡ \ Do I know how to dance ?
4- jke [ksyuk tkurk gSA Ram knows how to play.
5- jke fØdsV [ksyuk tkurk gSA Ram knows how to play cricket.

OM
6- D;k oks [ksyuk tkurk Fkk \ Did he know how to play ?
7- eSa fØdsV [ksyuk ugha tkurk FkkA I didn‟t know how to play cricket.
8- eSa iatkch cksyuk tkurk gw¡A I know how to speak Punjabi.
9- eSa vaxzst+h cksyuk tkurk gw¡A I know how to speak English.

.C
10- jke dkj pykuk tkurk gSA Ram knows how to drive a car.
11- jke ckbd pykuk ugha tkurkA Ram doesn‟t know how to ride a bike.
NT
Keep on ¼djrs jguk½ $ Verb 1st form + ing

1- oks i<+rk jgrk gSA He keeps on reading.

2- yksx yM+rs jgrs gSaA People keep on fighting.
OI
3- eSa mlds ?kj tkrk jgw¡xkA I will keep on going his home.
4- eSa mlds ?kj tkrk jgrk FkkA I used to keep on going his home.
5- cPps [ksyrs jgrs gaSA Children keep on playing.
P

6- vady lksprs jgrs gSa] dqN cksyrs ugha A Uncle keeps on thinking, doesn‟t say anything.
7- jke 24 ?kaVs i<+rk jgrk gSA Ram keeps on studying 24 hours.
ER

8- oks fnu Hkj [kkuk cukrk jgkA He kept on cooking the food for the whole day.
9- ge pyrs jgsA We kept on walking.
10- oks lksrk jgkA He kept on sleeping.
PP

11- jkgqy nkSM+rk jgkA Rahul kept on running.

12- EkSa feyrk jgk Hkys gh yksxksa us cgqr VksdkA I kept on meeting even though people objected a lot.

Having $ Verb 3rd form

TO

(After doing something)

¼fØ;k djus ds ckn½
1- rqels feyus ds ckn] eSa ogk¡ tkÅ¡xkA Having met you, I will go there.
2- jke ds lkFk [kkuk [kkus ds ckn] eSaus iwNkA Having eaten the food with Ram, I asked.
3- ;s ns[kus ds ckn] eSa ogk¡ tkus dh fgEer ugha dj ldrkA Having seen this, I can‟t dare to go there.
4- ikik ls vuqefr ysus ds ckn] eSa ?kj ls fudy x;kA Having taken permission from dad, I left
home.
5- rqEgsa ikus ds ckn ekuks lkjs [okc iwjs gks x;sA Having found you, as if all dreams came
true.

242
 ÞÅ¡Þ formation
bl rjg ds okD; ges‛kk iz‛uokpd gksrs gSaA
These sentences are always interrogative in nature.

1- D;k eSa tkš \ Do I go?

2- eSa dgk¡ tkÅ¡ \ Where do I go?
3- eSa fdlls dgw¡ \ Who do I say?
4- eSa mlls dSls feyw¡\ How do I meet him?
5- D;k eSa ogk¡ u tkÅ¡ \ Do I not go there?
6- vc eSa D;k d:¡ \ What do I do now?
7- ;s ckr vc fdls crkš \ Whom do I tell this now?

OM
Hold + verb 1st form + ing
¼jksd ikuk@dkcw dj ikuk½

.C
1- eSa g¡lh ugha jksd ik;k A NT I couldn‟t hold laughing.
2- jke vius vk¡lw ugha jksd ik;k A Ram couldn‟t hold his tears.
3- eSa viuh Hkkoukvksa ij dkcw ugha dj ik;k A I couldn‟t hold my emotions.
4- jke mlls ckr djus ls [kqn dks jksd ik;sxk D;k\ Will Ram be able to hold himself from talking to her?
5- eSas g¡lh ugha jksd ikÅ¡xkA I won‟t be able to hold laughing.
P OI

Suggest
¼yxuk½
ER

1- rqEgkjh Qkyrw ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe ikxy gksA Your nonsense suggests that you are mad.
2- mlds ckr djus ds rjhds ls yxrk gS fd oks cgqr vehj gSAHis way of talking suggests that he is very rich.
3- mlds pyus ds rjhds ls yxrk gS fd oks dksbZ ekWMy gSA Her way of walking suggests that she is a modal.
PP

4- mldh vkokt+ ls yxk ekuks eSa mls igys Hkh fey pqdk gw¡A Her voice suggested as if I have already met her.
5- eq÷ks ,slk yxk ekuks rqeus dbZ fnuksa ls [kkuk u [kk;k gksA I felt as if you had not taken the food for a long.
TO

The very
¼;gh ;k ogh½
1- eq>s ;gh fdrkc pkfg, A This is the very book I need. / I need the very book.
2- eq>s ;gh iSu pkfg, A I need the very pen.
3- jke ogh yM+dk gSA Ram is the very boy.
4- D;k rqe ogh yM+ds gks tks ml fnu thrk Fkk \ Are you the same boy who had won that day?
5- D;k ;s ogh eksckbZy gS ftlds ckjs esa rqe crk jgs Fks\ Is this the very mobile which you were telling about?

243
 Or so ¼,dkn½
1- veu ,dkn fnu esa vk tk;sxk A Aman will come in a day or so.
2- jke ,dkn lky esa vesfjdk tk jgk gS A Ram is going to America in a year or so.
3- eSa ,dkn ckj mlds ?kj x;k Fkk A I had gone to his home once or so.
4- ikik ,dkn ?kaVs esa igq¡pus okys gSaA Dad is about to/going to reach in an hour or so.
5- mlus ;s ,dkn g¶rs esa fd;kA He did it in a week or so.

The one(s) ¼oks½

With Singular subject ¼,dopu ds lkFk½ the one
With Plural subject ¼cgqopu ds lkFk½ the ones
*jke* ,dopu gS blfy, the one dk iz;ksx fd;k

OM
jke oks gS tks esjs lkFk Ram is the one, who was x;kA
FkkA with me. „Ram‟ is a singular subject hence „the
one‟ is used.
*ge* cgqopu gS blfy, the ones dk iz;ksx fd;k

.C
ge oks gSa tks rqEgkjs We are the ones, who x;kA
lkFk FksA were with you. „we‟ is a plural subject hence „the
ones‟ is used.
NT
*;s* ,dopu gS blfy, the one dk iz;ksx fd;k
;s oks gS tks eSaus rqEgsa This is the one that I x;kA
fx¶V fd;k FkkA had gifted to you. „This‟ is a singular subject hence „the
one‟ is used.
OI
*;s* cgqopu gS blfy, the ones dk iz;ksx fd;k
;s oks gSa tks eSaus [kjhns These are the ones that I x;kA
FksA had purchased. „These‟ is a plural subject hence „the
P

ones‟ is used.
*ekrk firk* ;kfu nks yksx ;kfu cgqopu blfy, the
ER

Mom & Dad are the

ekrk firk oks gSa ftuds ones dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
fcuk ft+Unxh v/kwjh gSA ones, without whom, life
„Mom & Dad‟ is a plural subject
is incomplete.
hence „the ones‟ is used.
PP

uksV & vxj *oks* ds lkFk dqN vkSj Hkh gks tSls oks yM+dk] oks cPps] oks iSu] oks fdrkcsa vkfn rks „the one‟ dh txg
dsoy „the‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
jke oks yM+dk gS tks esjs lkFk FkkA Ram is the boy who was with me.
TO

ge oks yksx gSa tks rqEgkjs lkFk FksA We are the people who were with you.

;s oks eksckbZy gS tks eSaus rqEgsa fx¶V fd;k FkkA This is the mobile that I had gifted to you.

;s oks fdrkcsa gSa tks eSaus [kjhnh FkhaA These are the books that I had purchased.

fcfurk oks cgu gS tks eksgCcsokyk esa jgrh gSA Binita is the sister, who lives in
Mohobewala.
vatfy oks cgu gS ftldh ,d lky igys gh ‚kknh Anjali is the sister, who has got married
gqbZ gSA just a year ago.

244
iq"dj vady oks vkneh gSa tks lHkh ds fy, lksprs gSaA Pushkar uncle is the man, who cares for
everyone.
fMEih HkS;k oks O;fDr gS ftlds csVs dk uke izrhd gSA Dimpi Bhaiya is the person, whose son‟s
name is Prateek.
fc‛ku flag jk.kk oks O;fDr gSa tks viuh t+qcku ds iDds Bishan Singh Rana is the person, who is
gSaA a man of words.
veu oks yM+dk ugha ftlds lkFk usgk ckr dj jgh Aman is not the boy, whom Neha was
FkhA talking to.
;‛kh oks yM+dh gS tks DykWl esa QLVZ vkbZ gSA Yashi is the girl, who stood first in class.

lanhi oks HkkbZ gS tks iqfyl esa gSA Sandeep is the brother, who is in police.

OM
vkf‛kdh&2 oks fQYe gS] tks eq÷ks cgqr ilUn gSA Ashiqui-2 is the movie that I like a lot.

I;kj oks vglkl gS tks vUnj ls eglwl gksrk gSA Love is the feeling that comes from
within.
Bikrant is the person, who wants to

.C
fcØkUr oks O;fDr gS tks f‛k{kk ds mRFkku ds fy, viuk
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsuk pkgrk gSA contribute significantly to uplift
education.
eqthc [kku oks O;fDr gS] tks esjk lcls fiz; fe= gSA
NT Mujeeb Khan is the person, who is my
best friend.
Amit, Sumit, Sagar, Saleem, Nikhil,
vfer] lqfer] lkxj] lyhe] fuf[ky] pUnzeksgu] jkds‛k
o o#.k oks nksLr gS] ftuls viuh fny dh ckr dguk Chandramohan, Rakesh and Varun are
OI
eq÷ks vPNk yxrk gSA the friends, whom I love to share my
feelings with.
dqYnhi oks HkkbZ gS tks eq÷ks cgqr fiz; gSA Kuldeep is the brother, whom I love a
P

lot.
vfer jk.kk oks cUnk gS tks fdlh ls ugha MjrkA Amit Rana is the guy who doesn‟t get
ER

scared of anyone.
Avirat and Yashi are the two cute
vfojr vkSj ;‛kh oks nks I;kjs cPps gSa ftUgsa mudk
fcØkUr ekek [kqn ls Hkh T+;knk I;kj djrk gSA children, whom their maternal uncle
Bikrant loves more than himself.
PP

esjh eEeh oks vkSjr gSa] tks fdlh dks ijs‛kkuh esa ugha My mother is the woman, who can‟t see
ns[k ldrhA anyone in trouble.
TO

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. The measure of who we are is what we do with what we have.

2. You can avoid reality but you can never avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.

3. Life is not about waiting for storm to pass; it‟s about learning to dance in the rain.

245
 Special Cases - Practice Exercise

vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- vkt rqEgkjk psgjk vPNk yx jgk gSA 26- eSa oks ugha ftlus rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks Mk¡VkA
2- rqEgsa ns[kus ds ckn eq>s vPNk yxkA 27- rqe oks bUlku gks ftls eSa pkgrh g¡wA
3- jke vkSj lhrk ,d nwljs ds fy, gh cus gSaA 28- D;k eSa ogk¡ tkÅ¡ \
4- D;k rqe vaxszth cksyuk tkurs gks \ 29- oks [kkuk cukuk ugha tkurkA
5- eSa fnu Hkj [ksyrk jgrk FkkA 30- fny dks dSls eukš \
6- ;g iSu Hkkjr esa cuk gSA 31- ;s ckr vPNh yxrh gSA
7- rqe tc mldh gkyr ns[kksxs rks vius vk¡lw jksd ugha 32- cPps dks BaM yx x;h FkhA

OM
ikvksxsA 33- rqEgkjk ;s dguk fd eSa ikxy gw¡] eq>s vPNk ugha
8- pkgs oks tks djs] eSa lkFk nw¡xkA yxkA
9- jke ds ikl iSls ugha gSa] vc jke D;k djs \ 34- rqEgkjk eq>s Mk¡Vuk Bhd ugha FkkA
10- rqEgkjh vkokt+ vPNh yxhA 35- jke dk eq>s Mk¡Vuk Bhd ugha FkkA
11- ;g p‛ek pkbZuk esa cuk gSA 36- ikik dk eq>s ihVuk Bhd ugha FkkA

.C
12- [kkuk [kkus ds ckn eq>s tkuk FkkA 37- ;g laxhr vPNk yx jgk gSA
13- iSlk [kpZ djus ds fy, gh gksrk gSA 38- yxrk gS rqEgsa eSa vPNk ugha yxkA
14- D;k rqe fy[kuk tkurs Fks \ 39- yxrk gS rqe ikxy gksA
15-
16-
17-
eSa jkr Hkj i<+rk jgkA
ge dgk¡ lks;sa \
eSa vk¡lw ugha jksd ik;kA
NT 40-
41-
42-
jksVh eEeh us cuk;h FkhA
eSa rqEgsa ns[krk jgw¡xkA
oks [kkuk idkuk D;ksa ugha tkurh\
18- ;g eksckby vkWLVªsfy;k esa cuk gSA 43- eSa ?kj igq¡pus okyk gw¡A
19- eSa dkj pykuk ugha tkurkA 44- Vªsu vkus okyh FkhA
OI
20- rqEgkjh vkokt+ ls yxrk gS fd rqEgsa [kk¡lh gSA 45- eSa ;s dke djus ;ksX; gw¡A
21- oks ukjkt+ gks x;kA 46- ;s jke us cuk;k gSA
22- eSa fdls iwNw¡ \ 47- D;k rqe [ksyuk tkurs gks \
P

23- eSa ijs‛kku gks x;kA 48- f[kM+fd;k¡ ydM+h dh cuh gaSA
24- lhrk dEI;wVj pykuk ugha tkurh FkhA 49- eSa blh dke ds fy, cuk gw¡A
ER

25- eEeh ,dkn lky esa Bhd gks tk;sxhA 50- ;s njoktk yksgs dk gSA

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

PP

1. If you want to lift yourself up, lift up someone else.

2. If you look at what you have in life, you‟ll always have more. If you look at what
you don‟t have in life, you‟ll never have enough. –Oprah Winfrey
TO

3. If you don‟t go after what you want, you will never have it.

4. Whenever you see a successful person you only see the public glories, never the
private sacrifices to reach them.

5. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you
didn‟t do than by the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from
safe harbor, catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.

6. Talent does what it can; genius does what it must.

246
 Answers

1. Your face is looking good today. 25. Mom will be fine in a year or so.
2. Having seen you, I felt good. 26. I am not the one who scolded your brother.
3. Ram & Seeta are meant for each other. 27. You are the person who I love.
4. Do you know how to speak in English? 28. Do I go there?
5. I used to play throughout the day. 29. He doesn‟t know how to prepare the food.
6. This pen is made in India. 30. How do I convince my heart?
7. When you will see his plight, you wouldn‟t 31. This sounds good.
be able to hold your emotions. 32. Child had got cold.
8. No matter what, I‟ll stand by him. 33. Yours saying that I was mad, I didn‟t like.
9. Ram doesn‟t have money, what does he do 34. Yours scolding me was not fair.

OM
now? 35. Ram‟s scolding me was not fair.
10. Your voice sounded pretty. 36. Dad‟s beating me was not fair.
11. These spectacles are made in China. 37. This music is sounding good.
12. I had to go after having food. / Having had 38. Seems as you didn‟t like me.
food, I had to go. 39. Seems as you are mad.

.C
13. Money is to spend. 40. Roti was made by Mom.
14. Did you know how to write? 41. I will keep on watching you.
15. I kept on reading whole night. NT 42. Why does she not know how to cook the
16. Where do we sleep? food?
17. I couldn‟t hold tears. 43. I am about to reach home.
18. This mobile is made in Australia. 44. Train was about to arrive.
19. I don‟t know how to drive the car. 45. I am able to do this work. / I can do this
OI
20. You voice suggests you are suffering from work.
cough. 46. This is made by Ram.
21. He got angry. 47. Do you know how to play?
P

22. Whom do I ask? 48. Windows are made of wood,

23. I got annoyed. 49. I am meant only for this.
ER

24. Seeta didn‟t know how to operate a 50. This door is made of Iron.
computer.
PP

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be afraid you will make a mistake.
TO

2. If you do what you always did, you will get what you always got.

3. When I was 5 years old, my mother always told me that happiness was the key to
life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I
wrote down „happy‟. They told me I didn‟t understand the assignment, and I told
them they didn‟t understand life.

247
 Special Cases - Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 10 x 1 = 10

1. If you are meant for each other, no one can separate you.
2. You may get cold.
3. Sachin was fond of playing Cricket.
4. This mobile is not meant for playing games.
5. Is it made by you?

OM
6. Does he know how to prepare the food?
7. You keep on irritating me.
8. Having met your friends, I can guess why you don‟t study.
9. How do I express my feelings?

.C
10. You are not preparing for exams. It suggests you are least bothered.

Q2: Translate the following sentences into English:

NT 10 x 1 = 10

1- rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe T;knk lksprs gksA

OI
2- ;s eksckbZy lSelax dk gSA
3- eSa [kqn dks ugha jksd ldrk A
4- eSa dkfcy bUlku gw¡A
P

5- lhrk ogh yM+dh rks gS tks ml fnu vk;h FkhA

6- ge ,dkn fnu esa vk ldrs gSa A
ER

7- jke oks yM+dk gS ftlus rqEgkjh enn dh FkhA

8- gesa lnhZ yx x;h FkhA
9- eSa flQZ rqEgkjs fy, gh cuk gw¡A
10- eSa iatkch fy[kuk tkurk gw¡A
PP

Answers
Q1:
TO

1. If you are meant for each other, no one can separate you.
vxj rqe ,d nwljs ds fy, cus gks] rks rqEgsa dksbZ vyx ugha dj ldrkA

2. You may get cold.

rqEgsa lnhZ yx ldrh gSA

3. Sachin was fond of playing Cricket.

lfpu fØdsV [ksyus dk ‚kkSdhu FkkA

4. This mobile is not meant for playing games.

;g eksckbZy xsEl [ksyus ds fy, ugha cuk gSA

248
 5. Is it made by you?
D;k ;s rqeus cuk;k gS \

6. Does he know how to prepare the food?

D;k oks [kkuk cukuk tkurk gS \

7. You keep on irritating me.

rqe eq>s ijs‛kku djrs jgrs gksA

8. Having met your friends, I can guess why you don‟t study.
rqEgkjs nksLrksa ls feyus ds ckn] eSa vanktk yxk ldrk gw¡ fd rqe i<+kbZ D;ksa ugha djrsA

9. How do I express my feelings?

OM
eSa viuh Hkkoukvksa dks dSls O;Dr d#¡ \

10. You are not preparing for exams. It suggests you are least bothered.
vki bXtS+El ds fy, rS;kjh ugha dj jgsA blls yxrk gS fd vkidks jRrh Hkj Hkh ijokg ughaA

Q2:

.C
1- rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe T;knk lksprs gksA
Your talks suggest, you think a lot.

2- ;s eksckbZy lSelax dk gSA

NT
This mobile is made by Samsung. / It‟s a Samsung mobile.
OI
3- eSa [kqn dks ugha jksd ldrk A
I can‟t hold myself.
P

4- eSa dkfcy bUlku g¡wA

I am an able man.
ER

5- lhrk ogh yM+dh rks gS tks ml fnu vk;h FkhA

Seeta is the very/same girl who had come the other day.
PP

6- ge ,dkn fnu esa vk ldrs gSa A

We can come in a day or so.

7- jke oks yM+dk gS ftlus rqEgkjh enn dh FkhA

TO

Ram is the boy who had helped you.

8- gesa lnhZ yx x;h FkhA

We had got cold.

9- eSa flQZ rqEgkjs fy, gh cuk gw¡A

I am meant only for you.

10- eSa iatkch fy[kuk tkurk gw¡A

I know how to write Punjabi.

249
Lesson – 28
Fillers
Fillers ,sls ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa ds lewg gksrs gSa tks ,sls oDr esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa tc vaxzst+h esa ckr djrs gq, ge
vpkud chp esa dgha vVd tkrs gSaA buls gesa FkksMk+ oDr fey tkrk gS vkSj nwljs O;fDr dks ,slk Hkh eglwl ugha gksrk
fd ge vVd x;s FksA Fillers dk iz;ksx djuk iwjh rjg xyr Hkh ugha gS D;ksfa d gj ckj ckr djrs oDr ,dne ls
lgh ‚kCn fnekx esa vk tk;s ,slk t+#jh ugha gSA gk¡] ij /;ku jgs fd tc vki fdlh bUVjO;w esa gksa ;k fQj fdlh
lhfu;j ;k cM+ksa ls ckr dj jgs gka]s rks fillers dk iz;ksx de ls de dfj,A

Fillers are nothing but a few words that help us to take some time before uttering the next
word/Sentence. While speaking, sometimes the accurate word doesn‟t strike immediately
and then it becomes useful to use fillers so that the fluency is not broken. So we can‟t say

OM
that using fillers is not good, rather I would say sometimes you are bound to use them.
However, in formal conversations i.e. Interview conversation, professional conversation
with superiors/seniors, speaking with teachers etc, we must avoid using fillers. Sometimes,
it becomes a habit if we unnecessarily use them.

.C
Fillers are (Fillers ds mnkgj.k½ -
“um”, “like” “you know”, “it's like”, “I mean”, “actually”, “basically”, “well” etc.

vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand):

NT
vkidks dguk gS jke vui<+ gSA vkius dgk Ram is….vkidks ;kn ugha vk;k fd vui<+ dks illiterate dgrs gSaA
vki vVd x;sA vkidks FkksM+k lkspuk iM+k vkSj bl nkSjku vkius filler dk iz;ksx dj fy;kA filler cksyrs oDr vki
OI
lksp jgs Fks fd vui<+ dks cksyrs D;k gSaA vpkud ;kn vk;k vkSj vkius dg fn;k vkSj vkxs c<+ x;sA
uhps fn;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg filler yxk;sAa
P

Ram is um….. illiterate.

Ram is like….. illiterate.
ER

Ram is you know….. illiterate.

Ram is I mean….. illiterate.
Ram is actually….. illiterate.
Ram is basically….. illiterate.
PP

Examples:
TO

1) Ummm, I think he is a genuine guy.

2) Well, I don‟t know about him.
3) I mean, he is not trustworthy.
4) She is, you know, she is not trustworthy.

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever. (Mahatma Gandhi)

250
Lesson – 29
Question Tags
Question tags D;k gS \ ekuk eSa vkils ckr dj jgk gw¡A eSa ugha tkurk fd vki fdl rjg ds bUlku
gSaA vxj eSa vkils iwNw¡ ÞD;k vki pkykd gSa \Þ rks vkidk mÙkj gksxk Þgk¡Þ ;k fQj ÞukÞA ysfdu lksfp, fd
vxj eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vki pkykd gSa] rks eSa ;s ugha iwNw¡xk ÞD;k vki pkykd gSa \Þ] ctk; blds eSa rks ;s
dgw¡xk fd Þvki pkykd gSa] gS uk \Þ ;k fQj dqN bl rjg ls Þvki pkykd gSa] ugha D;k\Þ ;k fQj dqN bl
rjg ls Þvki pkykd gSa] gS fd ugha\Þ bl rjg ls cksyus dk lh/kk eryc ;s gS fd eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vki
okLro esa pkykd gks ij fQj Hkh eSa rks cl ;w¡ gh vki ls iwN jgk gw¡A ;s lc & ÞgS uk \Þ] Þugha D;k\Þ] ÞgS
fd ugha\Þ vkfn question tags gh rks dgykrs gSaA

vxj okD; ldkjkRed gS] rks question tag udkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is good.” rks

OM
question tag gksxk “isn‟t he?”
vxj okD; udkjkRed gS] rks question tag ldkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is not good.”
rks question tag gksxk “is he?”

.C
Question tags are nothing but just a confirmation that the speaker seeks from other
person, he is talking to, even though he knows what he is asking is true. Let me explain.
Suppose I am talking to you. I have no idea what kind of person you are. If I ask you “Are
NT
you clever?” you might reply; “yes” or “no”. But think about the case where I literally
feel that you are clever. Now I would not ask you like “Are you clever?”, rather I would
say “You are clever, aren‟t you?” Here, it‟s just a formality because I know that you are
clever. This „aren‟t you‟ is nothing but a question tag.
OI
If the sentence is positive, then the question tag will be in negative form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is good.” Then the question tag will be “isn‟t he?”
P

If the sentence is negative, then the question tag will be in positive form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is not good.” Then the question tag will be “is he?”
ER
PP

Scenario No. 1

vxj okD; ldkjkRed gS] rks question tag udkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is good.” rks question
TO

tag gksxk “isn‟t he?”

If the sentence is positive, then the question tag will be in negative form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is good.” Then the question tag will be “isn‟t he?”

1- iadt vPNk gS] gS uk \ Pankaj is good, isn‟t he ?

2- fiadh vPNh yM+dh gS] gS uk \ Pinki is a sweet girl, isn‟t she ?
3- rqe ikxy gks] ugha D;k \ You are mad, aren‟t you ?
4- eSa cqjk gw¡] gS uk \ I am bad, am I not ?
5- oks [kq‛k Fkk] ugha \ He was happy, wasn‟t he ?
6- ge nq[kh Fks] gS uk \ We were sad, weren‟t we ?
7- esjs ikl iSls gaS] ugha \ I have money, haven‟t I ?
251
8- ikik ds ikl dqN gS] gS uk \ Father has something, hasn‟t he ?
9- mlds ikl fdrkc Fkh] ugha D;k \ He had a book, hadn‟t he ?
10- rqe Ldwy tkrs gks] gS uk \ You go to school, don‟t you ?
11- jke Ldwy tkrk gS] gS uk \ Ram goes to school, doesn‟t he ?
12- oks [ksy jgh gS] gS uk \ She is playing, isn‟t she ?
13- rqeus rktegy ns[kk gS] gS fd ugha \ You have seen the Taj, haven‟t you ?
14- oks Ldwy tk;sxk] gS uk \ He will go to school, won‟t he ?
15- rqe ogk¡ x;s] gS fd ugha \ You went there, didn‟t you ?
16- eSa vk;k Fkk] gS fd ugha \ I had come, hadn‟t I ?
17- cl pyh x;h gksxh] gS uk \ Bus will have gone, won‟t it ?
18- oks lks jgk gksxk] gS uk \ He will be sleeping, won‟t he ?
19- rqe vdsys tk ldrs gks] gS fd ugha \ You can go alone, can‟t you ?
I should go, shouldn‟t I ?

OM
20- eq>s tkuk pkfg,] D;k dgrs gks \
21- ;s I;kj gS] gS uk \ It is love, isn‟t it ?

Scenario No. 2

.C
vxj okD; udkjkRed gS] rks question tag ldkjkRed gksxkA vxj okD; gS “He is not good.” rks
question tag gksxk “is he?” NT
If the sentence is negative, then the question tag will be in positive form. Ex: If the
sentence is “He is not good.” Then the question tag will be “is he?”
OI
1- jke vPNk ugha gS] gS D;k \ Ram is not good, is he ?
2- rqe ikxy ugha gks] gks D;k \ You are not mad, are you ?
3- eSa ikxy ugha gw¡] g¡w D;k \ I am not mad, am I ?
P

4- oks [kq‛k ugha Fkk] Fkk D;k \ He was not happy, was he ?
5- ge nq[kh ugha Fks] Fks D;k \ We were not sad, were we ?
ER

6- esjs ikl iSls ugha gSa] gaS D;k \ I don‟t have money, do I?
7- jke ds ikl dqN ugha gS] gS D;k \ Ram doesn‟t have anything, does he?
8- mlds ikl fdrkc ugha Fkh] Fkh D;k \ He didn‟t have a book, did he ?
PP

9- rqe Ldwy ugha tkrs gks uk \ You don‟t go to school, do you ?

10- jke Ldwy ugha tkrk] gS uk \ Ram doesn‟t go to school, does he ?
11- oks ugha [ksy jgh gS] gS uk \ She is not playing, is she ?
12- rqeus rktegy ugha ns[kk gS uk \ You haven‟t seen the Taj, have you ?
TO

13- oks Ldwy ugha tk;sxk] gS uk \ He will not go to school, will he ?

14- rqe ogk¡ ugha x;s] gS uk \ You didn‟t go there, did you ?
15- eSa ugha vk;k Fkk] vk;k Fkk D;k \ I hadn‟t come, had I ?
16- cl ugha x;h gksxh] gS uk \ Bus will not have gone, will it ?
17- oks lks ugha jgk gksxk] gS uk \ He will not be sleeping, will he ?
18- rqe ugha tk ldrs] gS uk \ You can‟t go, can you ?
19- eq>s tkuk ugha pkfg,] D;k dgrs gks \ I shouldn‟t go, should I ?
20- ;s I;kj ugha gS] gS D;k \ It is not love, is it ?

252
Lesson – 30
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal fØ;k,a izk;% nks ‚kCnksa dk lewg gksrh gSa ftlesa ,d ‚kCn fØ;k gksrh gS vkSj izk;% nwljk ‚kCn ,d
Preposition gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij & ,d Phrasal fØ;k gS “Get in”. blesa “Get” ,d fØ;k gS vkSj “in”,d
izSiksft+‛kuA

Phrasal Verbs are usually two-word phrases, consisting of a verb for sure & mostly the
another word is a preposition. For example – A phrasal verb is “Get in”. Here, “Get” is a
verb & “in” is a preposition.

OM
vkb, ns[ksa &
Let‟s have a look –

Get

.C
Get in/Get To board a vehicle I got on the bus.
1
on
NT
¼fdlh okgu esa p<+uk½ ¼eSa cl esa p<+kA½

He was getting off the car.

Get off / To leave a vehicle
2 ¼oks dkj ls mrj jgk FkkA½
Get down ¼fdlh okgu ls mrjuk ½
OI
Ram got away with the
Get away To escape punishment.
3
with ¼cp fudyuk½
P

¼jke lt+k ls cp fudykA½

She gets up at 6.
ER

To wake up
¼mBuk] tkxuk½ ¼oks 6 cts mBrh gSA½
4 Get up
To stand up Get up all the students.
PP

¼[kM+s gksuk½ ¼lkjs cPps [kM+s gks tkb,A½

Develop good terms with I get along with all my colleagues.

Get along
5 someone ¼lHkh lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk esjs vPNs laca/k gSaA½
with
TO

¼fdlh ds lkFk vPNs laca/k cukuk½

I want you to get out of my home.
To leave for outside ¼eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe esjs ?kj ls ckgj fudy
6 Get out of
¼ckgj fudyuk½ tkvksA½

Ram could somehow get over his

To recover from some problems.
7 Get over trouble ¼jke fdlh rjg viuh ijs‛kkfu;ksa ls ckgj fudy
¼fdlh ijs‛kkuh ls ckgj fudyuk½ ik;kA½

253
 Get To pass an exam/a test I couldn‟t get through the exam.
8 ¼eSa ijh{kk esa ikl ugha gks ik;kA½
through ¼fdlh ijh{kk esa ikl gks tkuk½

Run

To chase Does he run after money?

1 Run after ¼D;k oks iSls ds ihNs Hkkxrk gS \½
¼ihNk djuk] ihNs Hkkxuk½
I ran away from there, the moment I
Run To escape, flee saw him.
2
away/off ¼cp fudyuk@Hkkx tkuk½ ¼eSa ogk¡ ls Hkkx x;k tSls gh eSaus mls ns[kkA ½

OM
To feel weakness in body I am run down in health today.
3 Run down ¼esjh rfc;r Bhd ugha gSA½
¼‛kjhj esa detksjh eglwl djuk½

Study quickly Don‟t run over the lesson.

¼ikB dks t+Ynh t+Ynh er i<ksA ½

.C
¼tYnh tYnh i<+uk½
He ran over the defending champion.
4 Run over NT
To knock down ¼mlus fiNys lky ds fotsrk dks gjk fn;kA½
¼gjk nsuk½ uksV & Defending champion oks gksrk gS tks
fiNys lky dk fotsrk gksA
OI
Turn
Switch on–light, tap, a
P

I turned on the tap.

1 Turn on switch etc. ¼vkWu djuk & ykbV] ¼eSaus uy [kksyk½
ER

uy] dksbZ cVu vkfn½

Switch off–light, tap, a Don‟t turn off the computer.
2 Turn off switch etc. ¼vkWQ djuk & ykbV] ¼dEI;wVj dks cUn er djksA½
uy] dksbZ cVu vkfn½
PP

He turned around, the moment I

Turn To turn called out his name.
3
around ¼iyVuk½ ¼tSls gh eSaus mldk uke iqdkjk] oks iyV x;kA½
TO

To turn the page Stop turning over the page.

4 Turn over ¼ ist iyVuk cUn djksA½
¼ist iyVuk½
It is a glass, if I turn it upside down,
Turn To turn something it would form a conical shape.
5 upside opposite ¼;g ,d fxykl gS] vxj eSa bls iyV dj mYVk dj
down ¼myV dj iwjh rjg iyV nsuk½ nw¡ rks ;g ,d ‚k¡dw dk vkdkj cu tk,xkA½

254
 Put
1 Put out / Extinguish (light/fire/gas etc) Kindly put out the fire.
off ¼cq>kuk&ykbV@vkx@xSl vkfn½ ¼—i;k vkx cq>k nksA½

2 Put down To write All the students are requested to

¼fy[kuk½ put down their ideas.
¼lHkh fo/kkfFkZ;ksa ls vuqjks/k gS fd os vius fopkj
j[ksaA½

3 Put To present/propose I put forward my report.

forward ¼is‛k djuk@izLrko j[kuk ½ ¼eSaus viuh fjiksVZ is‛k dhA½

OM
4 Put up To live I put up in Delhi
¼jguk½ ¼eSa fnYyh esa jgrk g¡wA½

Mr. Rakesh, now I am putting

To transfer the call / to pass
you through to Mobile

.C
Put the phone to someone else
5 ¼Qksu dkWy dks fdlh nwljs O;fDr@foHkkx esa Department.
through ¼fe0 jkds‛k] vc eSa vkidh dkWy dks eksckbZy
Vªk¡LQj dj nsukA ;k fQj Qksu dks fdlh
NT
nwljs dks ns nsukA foHkkx esa transfer dj jgh gw¡A½

I have put up 10 Kgs in just 10

days.
OI
To gain weight/mass ¼eSaus viuk otu 10 fnu esa 10 fdyks c<+k fn;k
¼otu c<+uk ;k c<+kuk@ gSA½
ekl c<+uk ;k c<+kuk½ ;k
6
P

Put on ¼10 fnu esa esjk otu 10 fdyks c<+ x;k gSA½
ER

To wear She puts on Saree even at home.

¼iguuk½ ¼oks ?kj ij Hkh lkM+h igurh gSA½

Put up To bear / To tolerate I can‟t put up with your anger.

PP

7 ¼eSa vkids xqLls dks lgu ugha dj ldrhA½

with ¼lgu djuk½

Go
TO

To depart Just go away from my life.

1 Go away ¼cl esjh ft+Unxh ls pys tkvksA½
¼fudy tkuk½
Prices of mobiles are going
Decrease in the price down day by day.
2 Go down
¼dher ?kVuk½ ¼eksckbyksa ds ewY; fnu c fnu fxj jgsa gSaA½

255
 To continue Go on with your story please.
3 Go on ¼—i;k viuh dgkuh tkjh jf[k,A ½
¼tkjh j[kuk½

In an affair Priya is going around with him.

4 Go around ¼fiz;k dk mlds lkFk vQs;j py jgk gSA½
¼fdlh ds lkFk vQs;j esa gksuk½
I am not going against you.
¼eSa rqEgkjk fojks/k ugha dj jgk gw¡A½

To be contrary to He goes against everything that

5 Go against
¼fdlh O;fDr ;k ckr dk fojks/k djuk½ I put forward.
¼tks Hkh ckr eSa j[krk gw¡ oks mldk fojks/k djrk
gSA½

OM
To read I have gone through this book
¼i<+uk½ many a time.
¼eSaus ;s fdrkc dbZ ckj i<+h gSA½
Go

.C
6
through He had to go through such a
To face NT trouble.
¼lkeuk djuk] >syuk½ ¼mls bruh ijs‛kkuh >syuh iM+hA½

Prices of food grains are

Increase in price increasing.
7 Go up
OI
¼dher c<+uk½ ¼vukt+ dh dhersa c<+ jgh gSaA½

Here is the money as your

P

To start demand. Now, you can go ahead.

8 Go ahead ¼;s jgs iSls] tks vkius dgs FksA vc vki dke
ER

¼vkxs c<+uk@‛kq# djuk½

‚kq# dj ldrss gSaA½

Break
PP

Enter with the aim of theft. The thief broke in my house.

Break in /
1 ¼pksjh ds bjkns ls ?kqluk ;k fcuk btkt+r ¼pksj esjs ?kj esa ?kql x;kA½
into
TO

?kqluk½
I broke off with her.
To end a relationship ¼esjk mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe gks x;kA½
2 Break off ;k
¼fj‛rk [kRe gksuk ;k djuk½
¼eSaus mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe dj fn;kA½

256
 I broke up with her.
To end a relationship ¼esjk mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe gks x;kA½
3 Break up ;k
¼fj‛rk [kRe gksuk ;k djuk½
¼eSaus mlds lkFk fj‛rk [kRe dj fn;kA½

That criminal broke out the jail.

To escape from some prison ¼ml vijk/kh us tsy rksM+ nhA½
¼fdlh dSn ls Hkkx tkuk ;k cp fudyuk½ ;k
¼oks vijk/kh tsy ls Hkkx x;kA½
4 Break out
This disease has broken out in
To spread the city.
¼QSykuk ;k QSy tkuk½ ¼;g chekjh ‚kgj esa QSy x;h gSA½

OM
Break To quarrel Why do you break with me?
5 ¼rqe eq>ls D;ksa >xM+rs gks \½
with ¼>xM+uk½
All the poorly constructed houses

.C
Break To collapse broke down.
6
down ¼<g tkuk ;k [kjkc gks tkuk½ ¼lHkh [kjkc rjhds ls cus ?kj <g x;sA½
NT
Come
OI
I came across her brother last
Come To face/meet year.
1
across ¼feyuk@#c# gksuk½ ¼eSa mlds HkkbZ ls fiNys lky #c# gqvkA½
P

Come up Produce an idea I have come up with an idea.

ER

2 ¼eq>s ,d vkbfM;k vk;k gSA½

with ¼dksbZ fopkj vkuk½
Rs 20 for onion and Rs 10 for pen,
Amount to it comes to 30.
PP

3 Come to ¼20 # dk I;kt vkSj 10 # dk iSu] dqy

¼dqy feykdj fdruk fglkc½
feykdj gqvk 30A½

Increase in the price Prices are coming up.

TO

4 Come up ¼dhersa c<+ jgh gSaA½

¼dher c<+uk½

Come Decrease in the price Prices are coming down.

5 ¼dhersa ?kV jgh gSaA½
down ¼dher ?kVuk½
He just came by me but I ignored.
To pass ¼oks cl esjs ikl ls xqtjk ij eSaus ut+jvankt+
6 Come by
¼xqtjuk½ fd;kA½

257
 Look

Look Take care of I am looking after my parents.

1 ¼eSa vius eEeh ikik dh ns[kHkky dj jgk gw¡A½
after/out ¼[;ky j[kuk½
He was looking up the book for
a sentence.
To search something in ¼oks fdrkc esa ,d okD; <w¡< jgk FkkA½
2 Look up dictionary / book
¼fMD‛kujh@fdrkc esa dqN <¡w<uk½ I am looking up a word in the
dictionary.
¼eSa ‚kCndks‛k esa ,d ‚kCn <w¡< jgk gw¡A½

OM
To search Are you looking for a room?
3 Look for ¼D;k rqe dejk <w¡< jgs gks \½
¼<w¡<uk½
Police is looking into the
To investigate

.C
4 Look into matter.
¼tk¡p iM+rky djuk½ ¼iqfyl ekeys dh tk¡p iM+rky dj jgh gSA½

5
Look down
upon
NT
To treat someone nothing
¼fdlh dks de le>uk@rqPN le>uk½
Don‟t look down upon the poor.
¼xjhcksa dks uhp@de@rqPN er le>ksA½
OI
Few others
Take off the dirty clothes and
P

To take the clothes off put on the clean ones.

¼xUns diM+s mrkj nks vkSj lkQ diM+s igu
ER

¼diM+s mrkjuk½
1 Take off yksA½

Airplane departure from Plane took off exactly at 8.

airport
PP

¼tgkt us Bhd 8 cts mM+ku HkjhA½

¼gokbZ tgkt dk ,;jiksVZ ls fudyuk½
We must abide by the company
To adhere the rules policy.
TO

2 Abide by ¼gesa dEiuh dh uhfr dk ikyu djuk

¼fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk½
pkfg,A½

I never back out of my

Not to keep one‟s words promises.
3 Back out of
¼viuh ckr ;k okns ls eqdjuk½ ¼eSa vius oknksa ls dHkh ugha eqdjrkA½

To extinguish He blew out the candle.

4 Blow out ¼mlus eksecRrh cq>k nhA½
¼cq>kuk½

258
 Ram always acts upon my
To follow advice.
5 Act upon
¼vey djuk@ikyu djuk½ ¼jke ges‛kk esjh lykg ij vey djrk gSA½

They brought me up.

To foster ¼mUgksaus eq>s ikykA½
6 Bring up I was brought up in Dehradun.
¼ikyuk@ikyu iks"k.k djuk½
¼eSa nsgjknwu iyk c<+kA½

To cancel He called off the meeting.

7 Call off ¼mUgksaus ehfVax jn~n dhA½
¼jn~n djuk½

OM
I was calling out for help but
To call someone no one turned up.
8 Call out/in ¼eSa lgk;rk ds fy, iqdkj jgk Fkk ij dksbZ
¼fdlh dks iqdkjuk½
ugha vk;kA½

.C
He couldn‟t carry on his
NT project due to not having
To continue enough money.
9 Carry on
¼tkjh j[kuk½ ¼oks t+#jr eqrkfcd iSlk u gksus dh otg ls
viuk izkstDs V tkjh ugha j[k ik;kA½
OI
To abandon Snake casts off the outer skin.
10 Cast off ¼lk¡i dsapqyh dks vyx dj nsrk gSA½
¼R;kxuk@vyx dj nsuk½
P

Prices are cut down by a great

To reduce extent.
11 Cut down
ER

¼de dj nsuk½ ¼dhersa dkQh gn rd de dj nh x;ha gSaA½

To end He cuts off the phone.

12 Cut off ¼oks Qksu dkV nsrk gSA½
¼lekIr djuk½
PP

I just want to get rid of this

To make yourself away from trouble.
13 Get rid of something/someone ¼eSa cl bl ijs‛kkuh ls NqVdkjk ikuk pkgrk
TO

¼NqVdkjk ikuk½ gw¡A ½

To abandon I had given up bad habits.

14 Give up ¼eSaus cqjh vknrsa NksM+ nh FkhA½
¼R;kxuk@NksM+ nsuk½

To continue Keep up the good work.

15 Keep up ¼vPNk dke tkjh jf[k,A½
¼tkjh j[kuk½

259
 I held on the project due to not
To stop receiving money.
16 Hold on ¼eSaus izkt
s sDV dks iSls u feyus dh otg ls
¼jksduk½
jksd fn;kA½

Don‟t give in till the last

To accept defeat breath of yours.
17 Give in
¼gkj eku ysuk½ ¼vkf[kjh lk¡l rd gkj er ekuksA½

I pulled up the data of all the

To take out employees.
18 Pull up ¼eSaus lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dk MsVk fudky fy;k

OM
¼dksbZ tkudkjh fudkyuk½
gSA½

I can‟t see after them unless I

Look after go there.
19 See after

.C
¼ns[kHkky djuk½ ¼eSa mudh ns[kHkky ugha dj ldrk tc rd
eSa ogk¡ u tkÅ¡A½

To be with
NT He stood by me, in good or bad,
every time when I needed him.
20 Stand by ¼mlus esjk lkFk fn;k] vPNs es]a cqjs esa] ges‛kk
¼lkFk nsuk½
tc Hkh eq>s mldh t+#jr FkhA½
OI
This project will turn out to be
a master piece.
P

Prove to be ¼;g izkt

s sDV ,d ekLVj ihl lkfcr gksxkA½
21 Turn out
ER

¼lkfcr gksuk½
uksV& ekLVj ihl dk eryc gS ,d vuwBk
vkSj vf}rh;A ftlds tSlk dksbZ Hkh u gksA
PP
TO

260
Lesson – 31
Prepositional Phrases
ftl rjg Phrasal fØ;kvksa esa fdlh u fdlh fØ;k dk gksuk t+#jh gS] mlh rjg Prepositional
phrases esa fdlh u fdlh Preposition dk gksuk t+#jh gSA
Prepositional phrases, just like phrasal verbs having at least one verb in
it, are the ones having at least one of the prepositions in it.

vkb, ns[ksa (Let‟s have a look) –

A few important prepositional phrases…..

OM
According to ¼ds vuqlkj½
1. According to my sisters, I am the best brother in the world.
2. According to Aman, Life is beautiful.
3. It‟s not an easy question according to mathematics department Head Mrs. Pooja Rana.

.C
At the risk of ¼[krjk eksy ysdj½
1. I came to your house at the risk of my life but you didn‟t even open the door.
NT
2. At the risk of his life, he saved me.
3. Even at the risk of being caught by his enemies, he did it with great courage.

At the top of one‟s voice ¼ne yxkdj vkokt+ yxkuk ;k fpYykuk½

OI
1. He shouted at the top of his voice when his elder brother slapped him.
2. Why are you shouting at the top of your voice?
P

Because of/due to ¼ds dkj.k] dh otg ls½

1. I started playing cricket due to my father‟s enormous support.
ER

2. Because of poverty, many people die every year.

3. Just because of your commitment to work, you could get this promotion.

By all means / at anyhow ¼fdlh Hkh rjg] fdlh Hkh dher ij] pkgs tSls Hkh½
PP

1. Just complete this chapter today by all means.

2. I have to meet her today at anyhow.
TO

For the sake of / For one‟s sake ¼ds [kkfrj½

1. For your mom‟s sake, please open the door right now.
2. For God sake, do exactly what I am saying.

In favor of ¼ds i{k es½a

1. Don‟t take the decision in favor of your brother otherwise people will doubt you.
2. I did it in favor of you because I loved you.

In the hope of ¼mEehn es½a

1. I studied hard in the hope of scoring good marks but all in vein.
2. In the hope of success, he wasted his teenage but eventually he achieved what he
desired for.
261
In lieu of / In the place of / Instead of ¼ds cnys es½a
1. I purchased a mobile instead of wasting money on laptop.
2. In lieu of tears, I preferred to smile.

In order to ¼ds cnys es½a

1. I sacrificed my whole life in order to provide you better education.
2. In order to find peace, he roamed the world but he ended up his journey back to
his country itself.

On behalf of / on one‟s behalf ¼dh rjQ ls½s

1. Please say sorry to him on behalf of me. / Please say sorry to him on my behalf.
2. I wrote a letter to Mr Ram on behalf of you. / I wrote a letter to Mr Ram on your
behalf.

OM
With reference to ¼ds lanHkZ es½a
1. With reference to our conversation last week, I am sending my brother to your
home.

.C
2. With reference to my application, I want to talk to you.

Not at all ¼fcYdqy ugha½ NT

1. Not at all! I can never come with you.
2. He can‟t read at all.

Anything at all ¼dqN Hkh & tksj nsrs gq, dguk½

OI
1. I can do anything at all for you.
2. He loved doing anything at all to pass the exam.
P

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

ER

1. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. (Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½

2. People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people
PP

will never forget how you made them feel.

yksx Hkwy tk;saxs vkius D;k dgk] yksx Hkwy tk;sx
a s vkius D;k fd;k] ij yksx dHkh ugha Hkwysaxs fd vkius mUgsa
dSlk eglwl djok;kA
TO

3. I am not a product of circumstances. I am a product of my decisions.

eSa gkykrksa ls fufeZr izk.kh ugha] esjk fuekZ.k esjs QSlyksa ls gqvk gSA

4. When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane
takes off against the wind, not with it. –Henry Ford
tc lc dqN vkids f[kykQ gks jgk gks] rks ;s ckr ;kn djuk fd gokbZtgkt Hkh gok ds fo#) gh mM+ku Hkjrk
gS] mlds lkFk ughaA ¼gSujh QksMZ½

262
Lesson – 32
Confusing Similar Words ¼Hkzfer djus okys ,d tSls ‚kCn½
Hkzfer djus okys ‚kCn dbZ rjg ds gksrs gSa &
nks ‚kCnksa dh LiSfyax ,d tSlh yxs ij ,dkn v{kj dh fHkUurk gks ;k fQj nks ‚kCnksa dk mPpkj.k fcYdqy ,d
tSlk gks ysfdu vFkZ fHkUu gksa ;k fQj ,d gh ‚kCn dk mPpkj.k vyx&2 rjhdksa ls fd;k tk;s vkfnA
Confusing similar words are of many types:
2 words may have same spelling but different meanings, 2 words may have
different spelling but same pronunciation etc.
vkb, ns[ksa &
Let‟s have a look –

OM
Exercise – 1

1. Cast dkLV & fdlh ukVd ;k fQYe ds ik=ksa dh lwph

.C
](list of characters in a drama, movie etc)
Caste dkLV & tkfr

2. Story LVksjh - dgkuh

NT
Storey LVksjh - eafty ¼bekjr dh½] (the horizontal division of building)
OI
3. Suit lwV - dksV iSUV] diM+s
Suite LohV - gksVy dk dejk
Sweet LohV - ehBk
P

4. Currant djSUV - fd‛kfe‛k

ER

Current djSUV - unh dh /kkjk] orZeku dh ?kVuk,¡

5. Tasty VsLVh - Lokfn"V

Testy - xqLlSy ¼ftls tYnh xqLlk vkrk gks ½ (short tempered)
PP

VSLVh

6. Lightening ykbVfuax - jks‛kuh

Lightning ykbVfuax - vkdk‛k esa fctyh dk peduk
TO

7. Heat ghV - xeZ djuk

Hit fgV - ekjuk

8. Weak ohd - detksj

Week ohd - lIrkg

9. Fond QkWUM - ‚kkSdhu

Found QkmUM - ik;k (2nd form of “find”)

10. Seek lhd - <¡w<uk] dksf‛k‛k djuk

Sick fld - chekj
263
11. Sign lkbu - gLrk{kj djuk (signature djuk)
Shine ‚kkbu - peduk

12. Same lse - leku] ,d tSlk

Shame ‚kse - ‚keZukd

13. Ran jSu - nkSM+k] (2nd form of “run”)

Rain jsu - ckfj‛k

14. People ihiy - yksx

Pupil I;wfiy - f‛k";

15. Shoulder ‚kksYMj - da/kk

OM
Soldier lksYtj - flikgh

16. Weep ohi - jksuk

Wipe okbi - iksaNuk

.C
17. Small LekWy - NksVk
Smell LeSy - xa/k NT
18. Close Dyksl - [kkl] djhch (He is my close friend.)
Close Dykst+ - cUn djuk (I closed the door.)
OI
19. Tired Vk;MZ - Fkdk gqvk
Tyre Vk;j - xkfM+;ksa dk Vk;j
P

20. Break czsd - rksM+uk

ER

Brake czsd - xkfM+;ksa dk czsd

21. There nsvj - ogk¡

Their ns;j - mudk
PP

22. Whether oSnj - pkgs

Weather oSnj - ekSle
TO

23. Check pSd - pSd djuk

Cheque pSd - cSad dk pSd

24. Heart gkVZ - fny

Hurt gVZ - pksV igq¡pkuk] nq[k igq¡pkuk

25. Waste osLV - csdkj

Waist osLV - dej
West oSLV - if‛pe fn‛kk

264
26. Dear fM;j - fiz;
Dare Msvj - fgEer djuk

27. Chick fpd - eqxhZ dk cPpk

Cheek phd - xky

28. Hill fgy - igkM+

Heel ghy - ,M+h
Heal ghy - t+[e Hkjuk
Hell gSy - ujd
Hail gsy - vksys iM+uk
Hale gsy - LoLFk

OM
29. Reach jhp - igq¡puk
Rich fjp - vehj

30. Bed C;M@csM- fcLrj

.C
Bad cSM - cqjk

31. Warm okWeZ - xeZ NT

Worm okseZ - dhM+k

32. Letter ySVj - i=

Later -
OI
ysVj ckn esas
Latter ysVj - ckn okyk
Late ysV - nsj
Lately -
P

ysVyh gky gh esa

ER

33. Soap lksi - lkcqu

Shop ‚kkWi - nqdku

34. Sweet LohV - ehBk

PP

Sweat LoSV - ilhuk

35. Fist fQLV - eqB~Bh

Feast -
TO

QhLV nkor

36. And ,sUM - vkSj

End ,UM - lekIr

37. Confident dkWfUQMSUV- fo‛okl ls Hkjk gqvk

Confidant dkWfUQMsUV- lgk;d

38. Google xwxy - bUVjusV dk ,d lpZ batu

Goggles xkWxYt+ - p‛ek

265
 39. Heroin gSjksbu - ,d izdkj dk u‛khyk Mªx
Heroine ghjksbu - fQYe dh ghjksbu

40. Deference MSQjSUl - lEeku

Difference fMQjSUl- eueqVko] vUrj

Exercise – 2

This exercise is purely in English. Now you must develop a habit of using English as
much as possible. If you have a confusion in any word, kindly refer to dictionary.

OM
1. Accessary - Helper 13. Compliment - Commendation
Accessory - Spare part Complement - Match, Supplement

2. Amiable - Lovable 14. Corporal - Pertaining to body

Amicable - Friendly Corporeal - Tangible

.C
3. Ascent - Climb up 15. Bridal - Marriage related
Assent - To agree NT Bridle - Limit

4. Bail - Security 16. Counsil - Assembly

Bale - Bundle Counsel - Advice
OI
5. Beneficial - Useful 17. Affluent - Rich
Beneficent - Kind person Effluent - A small river, coming
out of a large river or a lake
P

6. Ball - Sphere
Ball - Social gathering for dance 18. Lapse - Loophole
ER

Bowl - A utensil Elapse - Expire

Bawl - Cry loudly
19. Emigrant - He is an emigrant in india
7. Breach - A break of law, contract etc (he is actually a foreigner)
PP

Breech - Back part of a rifle Immigrant - He is an immigrant from

India (He is an Indian)
8. Cannon - A big gun
Canon - A rule or law 20. Ghastly - Horrible
TO

Ghostly - Related to ghosts

9. Calendar - Calendar (of date)
Calender - A pressing machine 21. Godly - Holy
Godlike - Just like God
10. Childish - Immature
Childlike - Innocent 22. Vacation - Holiday
Vocation - Profession
11. Chord - A string of music instrument
Cord - A thin rope 23. Urban - Belong to town
Urbane - Cultured
12. Coarse - Rough (Antonym of fine)
Course - Line of action
266
24. Vicious - Cruel 40. Rigorous - Severe, Rigid
Viscous - Sticky Vigorous - Energetic

25. Veracity - Truthfulness 41. Sheer - Absolute

Voracity - Greediness Shear - Shave/ Trim

26. Suit - To fit, clothes 42. Vassal - Pauper

Suite - A set of rooms Vessel - Utensil

27. Vein - Blood vessels 43. Venal - Evil

Vain - Useless Venial - Forgivable

OM
28. Verbal - Oral 44. Willing - Wanting, to want
Verbose - Talkactive Wilful - Stubborn

29. Right - Correct, A side 45. Potable - Drinkable

Rite - Ceremony Portable - Movable

.C
30. Prophecy (Noun ) - Prediction 46. Prescribe - To recommend
Prophesy (Verb) -To predict NT Proscribe - To prohibit

31. Proceed - Continue 47. Funeral - Burial

Proceeds - Collections Funereal - Horrible
OI
32. Premier - Supreme, Chief, first 48. Dissent - Disagree
Premiere - Opening show Descent - Collapse, Downwards
P

33. Intelligent - Wise 49. Elicit - To deduce

Intelligible - Readable Illicit - Illegal
ER

34. Ingenious - Prudent 50. Discrete - Distinct, clear

Ingenuous - Gullible Discreet - Prudent
Indigenous - Native
PP

51. Disinterested - Impartial

35. Momentary - For a moment Uninterested - Boring.
Momentous - Important
52. Forbear - Refrain from
TO

36. Patrol - Police patrolling Forebear - Ancestors

Petrol - Car Petrol Forerunner - Ancestors

37. Prosecute - To sue 53. Corps - Military Branch

Persecute - To harass Corpse - Dead body

38. Salon - Parlour 54. Tear - Water drops coming out

Saloon - Large room of eyes.
Tier - Standard.
39. Route - Path
Rout - Defeat
267
55. Sculpture - Art 58. Tasty - Good in taste
Sculptor - Artist Testy - Short tempered.

56. Wile - To deceive 59. Bash - To hit physically or verbally

Vile - Cruel Bashful - Shy

57. Pen - That we use to write. 60. Aleft - To the left side
Pan - To criticize badly Aloft - Above

OM
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. When I dare to be powerful - to use my strength in the service of my vision, then it

becomes less and less important whether I am afraid.

.C
2. If you genuinely want something, don't wait for it -- teach yourself to be impatient.

3. You efforts today make your tomorrow. so make your every today count.
NT
4. If you want to make a permanent change, stop focusing on the size of your problems
and start focusing on the size of you.
OI
5. The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be afraid you will make a mistake.

6. If you do what you always did, you will get what you always got.
P

7. When I was 5 years old, my mother always told me that happiness was the key to
ER

life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I
wrote down „happy‟. They told me I didn‟t understand the assignment, and I told
them they didn‟t understand life.
PP

8. All what we are, is the result of what we have thought.

9. Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds
TO

discuss people.

10. To be a great champion you must believe you are the best. If you‟re not,
pretend you are. (Muhammad Ali)

11. Life is 10% what happens to me and 90% of how I react to it.

12. What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise.

268
Lesson – 33
One word Substitution ¼iwjk okD; flQZ ,d ‚kCn esa½
vkb, ns[ksa fd fdl rjg dsoy ,d ‚kCn ,d iwjs okD; dh txg ys ldrk gSA
Let‟s see how a word can replace the whole sentence.

,d ckj vdcj dks iwNk x;k fd vki dkSu gSa\ vdcj us tokc fn;k &
ÞeSa oks gw¡ ftls vkt rd dksbZ gjk ugha ik;kAÞ “I am the one who has never been
defeated.”
chjcy us vdcj ls dgk & egkjkt vki bruk yEck okD; cksyus ls vPNk flQZ ,d ‚kCn dg fn;k dhft,
&

OM
Þvts;Þ “Invincible”

D;ksfa d vts; dk vFkZ gksrk gS & ftls vkt rd dksbZ gjk ugha ik;kA
Because „invincible is the one, who has never been beaten/defeated.‟

.C
egku vdcj dks chjcy dk ;s lq÷kko ‚kkunkj yxkA
Great Akbar loved this brilliant advice of Birbal.
NT
1. Centenary Celebration of a hundredth year.
2. Contemporary One who lives with the trend.
OI
3. Celibacy To abstain from sex.
4. Democracy Government of the people, for the people, by the people.
5. Epicure A person fond of enjoyment.
P

6. Exonerate To free a person from all the blames.

7. Fastidious A person difficult to please.
ER

8. Fatalist One, who just believes in luck.

9. Incorrigible Something, that can‟t be corrected.
10. Invincible One, who can never be beaten/defeated.
11. Indispensable Something which can‟t be ignored.
PP

12. Inevitable Something which can‟t be ignored.

13. Irrevocable That can‟t be changed at any cost.
14. Inflammable That can catch fire easily.
15. Medieval Belonging to the middle ages.
TO

16. Omnipotent One who is all powerful.

17. Omnipresent One who is found everywhere.
18. Polyandry Practice of having more than one husband at a time
19. Polygamy Practice of having more than one wife at a time
20. Red- tapism Too much official formality.
21. Venial A pardonable fault.
22. Theist Who believes in God.
23. Atheist Who doesn‟t believe is God.
24. Ascetic A person, who renounces the world and devotes himself to a strictly devout life
25. Connoisseur Who is well versed in any subject
26. Philologist Who studies about the language.

269
27. Archaeologist Who studies ancient build and monuments.
28. Gullible Who is easily be fooled.
29. Bellicose Who is fond of fighting
30. Hygienist Who is very health conscious
31. Omnivorous Who eats every thing
32. Cannibal Who eats human flesh
33. Philanthropist Who is a lover of humanity
34. Feminist Who is devoted to the welfare of women
35. Parasite Who depends on others
36. Fastidious Who can‟t be easily pleased
37. Credulous Who easily believes on whatever is told
38. Bigot Who strongly hold an opinion or believe

OM
39. Mercenary Who only works for money or reward
40. Orthodox Who holds conventional beliefs
41. Foster child Who is brought up by persons, who are not his parents
42. Omniscient Who knows everything
43. Democracy Government by people, of people, for people

.C
44. Autocracy Government by one person
45. Bureaucracy Government by officials
46. Monarchy Government by a monarch NT
47. Antidote A medicine which counteracts poison
48. Aesthetics Study of the nature of beauty
49. Venial That may be forgiven
50. Prologue Introductory Preface of a drama
OI
51. Polyglot Multilingual
52. Philology Science of languages
53. Phonology Science of climates effect
P

54. Genocide Extermination of a race

55. Morphology Science of animal body Structure
ER

56. Cartography Science of map making

57. Calligraphy Art of characteristic writing
58. Ideology Idea of a group of people
PP

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. A man is a product of his thoughts what he thinks, he becomes. (Mahatma Gandhi)

O;fDr vius fopkjksa dk ,d izk.kh gS] oks tSlk lksprk gS oSlk gh cu tkrk gSA ¼egkRek xk¡/kh½
TO

2. Our dream can come true if we have a firm desire to materialize them.
gekjk liuk lkdkj gks ldrk gS vxj gekjs vUnj mUgsa iwjk djus dh izcy bPNk gksA

3. Be the change that you want to see in the world. (Mahatma Gandhi)
igys [kqn esa oks cnyko dhft, tks cnyko vki nqfu;k esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA ¼egkRek xk¡/kh½

4. Your talent is nothing without opportunity.

fcuk ekSds ds vkidh izfrHkk dqN Hkh ugha gSA

5. Education is the weapon that can be used to change the world.

f‛k{kk oks gfFk;kj gS ftldk iz;ksx dj nqfu;k dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA

270
Lesson – 34
Special & Complex Sentences
vkb, uhps fn;s x;s dqN vyx rjg ds okD;ksa dks jV ysa vkSj tc&2 ekSdk feys] budk iz;ksx djsAa ,d ckr
ges‛kk ;kn j[ksaA fdlh Hkh Hkk’kk ij vPNh idM+ rHkh cukbZ tk ldrh gS tc vkids ‚kCndks‛k esa ,sls ‚kCn gksa
tks vkids okD;ksa dks NksVk ysfdu izHkkoh cuk nsAa
Let‟s cram a few sentences given below and use them whenever you get an
opportunity. Always remember, if you want to have a good command over
a language, you must have certain special words in your dictionary, which
can make your sentences short but effective.

OM
1. She is very talkactive. / She talks a lot.
oks cgqr ckrwuh gSA
2. You are my namesake. / Your name and my name are same.
rqe esjs geuke gksA

.C
3. I am a person/man of words. / I keep my words.
eSa t+qcku dk iDdk gw¡A
4. I am a spendthrift. / I spend a lot. NT
eSa cgqr [kpZ djrk gw¡A
5. I am in trouble.
eSa ijs‛kkuh esa gw¡A
6. I have financial problem these days.
OI
eq>s vktdy iSls dh fnDdr gSA
7. He is blind of one eye. / One of his eyes is not working.
mldh ,d vk¡[k [kjkc gSA
8. This is a good excuse.
P

;s ,d vPNk cgkuk gSA

9. He was idle all the time. / He was free all the time. / He had nothing to do all the
ER

time.
oks lkjs fnu [kkyh FkkA
10. My younger brother has his own ways. / My younger brother does not follow others‟
PP

advices.
esjk NksVk HkkbZ viuh et+hZ dk ekfyd gSA
11. I have my own ways.
eSa vius eu dh djrk gw¡ A
TO

12. I had pain in my hand. / My hand was paining.

esjs gkFk esa nnZ FkkA
13. What brings you here? / Why did you come here?
dSls vkuk gqvk \
14. Does it make any difference?
D;k blls dksbZ QdZ iM+rk gS \
15. How did you find Delhi?
rqEgsa fnYyh dSlh yxh \
16. I was out of station. / I was out of the city/town. / I was not in the city.
eSa ‚kgj ls ckgj FkkA
17. She couldn‟t hold weeping. / She couldn‟t control her tears.
oks vius vk¡lw ugha jksd ldh@ik;hA
271
18. She couldn‟t hold laughing. / She couldn‟t control her laugh.
oks viuh g¡lh ugha jksd ldh@ik;hA
19. She couldn‟t hold herself talking to him./ She couldn‟t control herself from talking to
him.
oks vius vki dks mlls ckr djus ls ugha jksd ldh@ik;hA
20. I have got a car. / I have a car.
esjs ikl dkj gSA
21. He has got a computer. / He has a computer.
mlds ikl dEI;wVj gSA
22. Let it be./ Forget it./ Leave it.
NksM+ uA ;k ckr [kRe djksA ;k Hkwy tkvksA
23. He is unwell. / He is ill. / He is suffering from an ailment.
mldh rch;r Bhd ugha gSA

OM
24. I met with an accident yesterday. / I had an accident yesterday.
dy esjk ,DlhMsVa ¼nq?kZVuk½ gks x;k A
25. Where does this road go to? / Where is this road going?
;s jksM dgk¡ tkrh gS \
26. You have given me a rupee extra.

.C
rqeus eq>s ,d :i;s T+;knk ns fn;k gSA
27. This cloth is of inferior quality. / The quality of this cloth is not very good.
;s diM+k ?kfV;k DokfyVh dk gSA NT
28. The sky is full of clouds. / The sky is over cast. / Clouds are all covering the sky.
vkleku cknyksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA
29. You look younger than your age. / You don‟t look that old.
OI
rqe viuh mez ls de yxrs gksA
30. He looks older than his age.
oks viuh mez ls T+;knk yxrk gSA
31. I am feeling sleepy. / My body needs rest.
P

eq>s uhan vk jgh gSA

32. I am feeling appetite. / My stomach is demanding food.
ER

eq>s Hkw[k yx jgh gSA

33. I am feeling feverish. / I feel as if I have got fever.
eq>s cq[kkj lk yx jgk gSA
34. You should be ashamed of yourself.
PP

rqEgsa vius vki ij ‚keZ vkuh pkfg,A

35. How is your study going on? / How is your study?
vkidh i<+kbZ dSlh py jgh gS \
36. What is going on in his mind?
TO

mlds fnekx esa D;k py jgk gS \

37. What is going on there?
ogk¡ D;k py jgk gS \
38. Is something going on there?
D;k ogk¡ dqN py jgk gS \
39. She has got on to my heart and soul.
oks esjs fnyks fnekx ij cl x;h gSA
40. Money has got on to his mind.
iSlk mlds fnekx ij gkoh gks x;k gSA
41. This is not a thoroughfare. / This way is not for common people.
;g vke jkLrk ugha gSA
272
42. It is in talk. / Everybody is talking about this.
;s ppkZ esa gSA
43. He is a notorious person.
oks ,d dq[;kr O;fDr gSA
44. The road has been closed for repairs.
jksM fjis;fjax dh otg ls cUn gks xbZ gSA
45. The mobile was with him for repairs.
eksckby fjis;fjax ds fy, mlds ikl FkkA
46. This is a rumour. / This is in the air.
;g ,d vQokg gSA
47. Who is to blame? / Who is guilty? / Who is culprit?
nks"kh dkSu gS \
48. You were shouting at the top of your voice. / You were shouting so loud.

OM
rqe tku yxkdj fpYyk jgs FksA
49. These pens are selling like anything. / These pens are selling heavily.
;s iSu /kM+Yys ls fcd jgs gaSA
50. Are you in the right?
D;k rqe lgh gks \

.C
51. Are you on the right?
D;k rqe nk;ha rjQ gks \
52. Are you in the wrong?
D;k rqe xyr gks \
53. Are you on the left?
NT
D;k rqe ck;ha rjQ gks \
54. Are you in your senses?
OI
D;k rqe gks‛k esa gks \
55. Are you scared of me?
D;k rqe eq>ls Mjrs gks \
P

56. I had a headache./ My head was paining.

eq>s fljnnZ gks jgk FkkA
ER

57. I had a stomachache./ My stomach was paining.

esjk isVnnZ gks jgk FkkA
58. The lamp has no oil. / There is no oil in the lamp.
ySEi esa rsy ugha gSA
PP

59. I had a pain in my leg. / My leg was paining.

esjk iSj nnZ gks jgk FkkA@esjs iSj esa nnZ FkkA
60. It is getting dark.
va/ksjk gks jgk gSA
TO

61. There is no shortage of food grains in our country.

gekjs ns‛k esa vukt dh deh ugha gSA
62. There is a saying that „nothing is impossible‟.
,d dgkor gS] vlEHko dqN Hkh ughaA
63. Is there a way to get out of this problem?
bl ijs‛kkuh ls NqVdkjk ikus dk D;k dksbZ rjhdk gS \
64. Here is your watch.
;s jgh vkidh ?kM+hA@;s yhft, vkidh ?kM+hA
65. Here is the money.
;s yhft, iSlsA@;s jgs iSlsA

273
66. Here is the pen.
;s yhft, iSuA
67. Here comes the teacher.
yks] Vhpj vk x;s A
68. Here comes Rohit.
yks] jksfgr vk x;k A
69. Here comes you.
yhft,] vki vk x;sA
70. Here comes I. / Here I am.
;s yks] eSa vk x;k A
71. Since when have you been here?
rqe dc ls ;gk¡ gks \
72. This is out of my control/hands.

OM
;s esjs dkcw ls ckgj gSA
73. The house is on fire. / The house is burning.
?kj ty jgk gSA
74. God‟s grace is always with you.
Hkxoku dk vk‛khZokn ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk gSA

.C
75. Don‟t copy others.
nwljksa dh udy er djksA
76. Don‟t write with a pencil.
isfUly ls er fy[kksA
77. Keep the fire on.
NT
vkx tyh jgus nksA
78. We should give up bad habits.
OI
gesa cqjh vknrsa NksM+ nsuh pkfg,A
79. Chew the food well.
[kkuk vPNh rjg pckvksA
P

80. Blow your nose.

ukd lkQ djksA
ER

81. Button up the coat.

dksV ds cVu cUn djksA
82. Hold this mobile with both hands.
bl eksckby dks nksuksa gkFkksa ls idM+ksA
PP

83. All the while I was waiting for Ram.

iwjk fnu eSa jke dk bUrt+kj dj jgk FkkA
84. I will come after a while.
eSa FkksM+h nsj ckn vkšxkA
TO

85. Looks as, he is someone to you.

yxrk gS] oks rqEgkjk dksbZ gSA
86. Looks as, our teacher is not here today.
yxrk gS] gekjs v/;kid vkt ;gk¡ ugha gSaA
87. Looks as, you are not well today.
yxrk gS] rqEgkjh rfc;r Bhd ugha gS vktA
88. He came to me as usual. / As usual, he came to me.
oks ges‛kk dh rjg esjs ikl vk;kA
89. As usual, Dad scolded him and he left home.
ikik us ges‛kk dh rjg mls Mk¡Vk vkSj oks ?kj ls pyk x;kA

274
90. Come what may, we will not do so.
pkgs tks gks] ge ,slk ugha djsaxsA
91. No matter what, I‟ll go there.
pkgs tks gks] eSa ogk¡ tkÅ¡xkA
92. God knows who he is.
Hkxoku tkus oks dkSu gSA
93. God knows where they are.
Hkxoku tkus os dgk¡ gSaA
94. God knows who made this.
Hkxoku tkus ;s fdlus cuk;kA
95. The winters are round the corner.
lfnZ;k¡ vkus okyh gSaA
96. The summers are round the corner.

OM
xfeZ;k¡ vkus okyh gSaA
97. I will go in a month or so.
eSa ,dkn eghus esa vk tkšxkA
98. They will go London in a year or so.
os ,dkn lky esa yUnu tk;saxsA

.C
99. He will come in a day or so.
oks ,dkn fnu esa vk;saxsA
NT
100. Dad is about to reach in an hour or so.
Ikkik ,dkn ?kaVs esa igq¡pus okys gSaA
101. I am whiling away my time. / I am passing my time. / I am doing time pass.
eSa viuk le; dkV jgk gw¡A
102. I am tired of eating it daily. / I am fed up of eating it daily.
OI
eSa ;s jkst+&jkst+ [kkdj Fkd x;k gw¡A
103. I am tired of you. / I am fed up with you.
eSa rqels id x;k gw¡A
P

104. He will be hereabouts Kanpur this time.

oks bl le; dkuiqj ds vklikl gksxk A
ER

105. I am sure of success. / I am sure that I will get success.

eq>s fo‛okl gS fd eSa lQy gks tkÅ¡xkA
106. Keep in mind that you have to go there. / Don‟t forget that you have to go there.
/;ku j[kuk rqEgsa ogk¡ tkuk gSA
PP

107. You have been a great help to me. / You have helped me a lot.
rqeus esjh cgqr enn dh gSA
108. How old are you? / What is your age?
rqe fdrus lky ds gks \
TO

109. We can‟t assess the value of this gift.

ge bl fx¶V dh vgfe;r dks ugha vk¡d@eki@rksy ldrsA
110. Sachin has real flair/interest/taste/passion for cricket.
lfpu ds vUnj fØdsV dh ,d vthc lh yyd gSA
111. He is coming from afar. / He is coming from a long distance.
oks cgqr nwj ls vk jgk gSA
112. He seemed very aloof all the time. / He seemed very quiet and neutral all the time.
oks lkjs fnu cgqr pqi&pqi lk yxkA
113. I like the lisping of children.
eq>s cPpksa dk rqrykuk ilUn gSA

275
114. I didn‟t work up to the par. / I didn‟t work up to the expectations.
eSaus mEehn ds eqrkfcd dke ugha fd;kA
115. This is the very book I want.
;gh fdrkc rks eSa pkgrk gw¡A
116. She was in a shock due to her brother‟s death.
oks viuh HkkbZ dh ekSr dh otg ls lnesa esa FkhA
117. I have to unravel this enigma. / I have to solve this puzzle.
eq>s ;s igsyh lqy>kuh gSA
118. I will always stand by you. / I will always be there with you.
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk lkFk nw¡xkA
119. I had heard a footfall.
eSaus dneksa dh vkokt+ lquh FkhA
120. My hairs haven‟t turned white yet.

OM
esjs cky vHkh Hkh lQsn ugha gq, gSaA
121. I have turned 18.
eSa 18 lky dk gks x;k gw¡A
122. He has turned 15.
oks 15 lky dk gks x;k gSA

.C
123. You have turned 80.
rqe 80 lky ds gks x;s gksA
124. Have you seen him lately/recently?
D;k rqeus gky gh esa mls ns[kk gS \
125. For the time being, you wait here.
NT
fQygky rqe ;gk¡ bUrtkj djksA
126. I am giving you this book for the time being.
OI
fQygky eSa rqEgsa ;s fdrkc ns jgk gw¡A
127. Sumit is not seen around.
lqfer vklikl ugha fn[k jgk gSA
P

128. Mom was not seen around.

eEeh vklikl ugha fn[k jgh FkhaA
ER

129. They are not seen around.

os vklikl ugha fn[k jgs gSaA
130. He started studying and made it look as if he had been studying for a long.
oks i<+us yxk vkSj ,slk fn[kk;k ekuks oks dkQh nsj ls i<+ jgk gksA
PP

131. Let‟s stroll. / Let‟s walk.

pyks Vgyrs gSaA
132. These books are of no use to me.
;s fdrkcsa esjs fdlh dke dh ugha A
TO

133. India is tottering against Australia.

Hkkjr vkWLVªsfy;k ds fo:)@f[kykQ+ yM+[kM+k jgk gSA
134. Will you do me a favor?
D;k rqe esjh enn djksxs \@D;k rqe eq> ij ,d vglku djksxs \
135. The auspicious date of Kalpana‟s marriage is 13th of April 2013.
dYiuk dh ‚kknh dh ‚kqHk frFkh 13 vizSy 2013 gSA
136. What wrong have I done to him?
eSaus mlds lkFk D;k xyr fd;k gS \
137. We are not in speaking terms. / We don‟t talk to each other.
gekjs chp ckrphr ugha gSA

276
138. We are not in visiting terms. / We don‟t visit each other‟s homes. / We don‟t go to
each other‟s homes.
gekjs chp ,d nwljs ds ;gk¡ vkuk tkuk ugha gSA
139. It is not worthwhile going there. / There is no benefit to go there.
ogk¡ tkuk Bhd ugha gSA
140. You should confess your fault. / You should accept your mistake.
rqEgsa viuh xyrh eku ysuh pkfg, A
141. I will not spare you.
eSa rqEgsa ugha NksM+w¡xk A
142. To be honest, I am very happy.
lp dgw¡ rks eSa cgqr [kq‛k gw¡A
143. He has become unconscious.
oks csgks‛k gks x;k gSA

OM
144. Your marriage is drawing near.
rqEgkjh ‚kknh djhc vk jgh gSA
145. The launching date is drawing near.
ykWfUpax dh rkjh[k djhc vk jgh gSA
146. I laid my condition. / I put my condition.

.C
eSaus viuh ‚krZ j[khA
147. I am in a dire need of money.
eq>s iSls dh l[r t+:jr gSA NT
148. We shouldn‟t abase/debase/defame others.
gesa nwljkas dk vieku ugha djuk pkfg,A
149. As always, Yashi came to my laps.
OI
ges‛kk dh rjg] ;‛kh esjh xksn esa vk;hA
150. I was craving to see you.
eSa rqEgsa ns[kus ds fy, rM+Ik jgk FkkA
151. What‟s that bulge in your pocket?
P

rqEgkjh tsc esa oks mHkjk gqvk D;k gS \

152. What‟s that bulge in the sea?
ER

leqnz esa oks mHkjk gqvk D;k gS \

153. He is hovering between life and death.
oks ft+Unxh vkSj ekSr ds chp tw>@>wy jgk gSA
154. The flood created havoc there.
PP

Ckk<+ us ogk¡ rckgh epk nhA

155. They created havoc there.
mUgksaus ogk¡ rckgh epk nhA
156. Throughout the day, I was busy.
TO

iwjs fnu eSa O;Lr FkkA

157. Throughout the summers, I used AC.
iwjh xfeZ;ksa es]a eSaus ,lh pyk;kA
158. Please keep still while I take your photograph.
Iyht+ fgyuk er] tc eSa vkidh QksVks [khpw¡A
159. I liked his cordial behavior.
eq>s mldk [email protected] O;ogkj vPNk yxkA
160. I don‟t like those guys who cram at the last month before exams.
eq>s oks yksx ilUn ugha tks bXtS+El ls ,d eghus igys jV ysrs gSaA
161. Doctor tried a lot to keep him alive but of no avail/use.
MkWDVj us mls ft+Unk j[kus dh cgqr dksf‛k‛k dh ij dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gqvkA
277
162. Leave the door ajar.
njokts dks vk/kk [kqyk NksM+ nksA
163. The vegetable seller is ripping you off.
lCth cspus okyk vkidks ywV jgk gSA
164. I retorted him in such a way that he will not do it again.
eSuas mls ,slk djkjk tokc fn;k fd oks ;s nksckjk ugha djsxkA
165. What are you fumbling in Almirah?
rqe vyekjh esa D;k VVksy jgs gks \
166. What are you whispering in his ear?
rqe mlds dku esa D;k QqlQqlk jgs gks \
167. We will keep a vigil on his activity.
ge mldh gjdr ij ut+j j[ksaxsA
168. The blood is oozing from the wound.

OM
?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA
169. What do you do in your leisure time?
rqe [kkyh le; esa D;k djrs gks \
170. I am not a puppet.
eSa dBiqryh ugha gw¡A

.C
171. We should be ready for its consequences.
gesa blds ifj.kkeksa ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
172. This is not love but infatuation.
;s I;kj ugha vkd"kZ.k gSA
173. You can keep this book for keeps.
NT
rqe ;s fdrkc ges‛kk ds fy, j[k ldrs gks A
174. He is having a sound sleep.
OI
oks cgqr xgjh uhan esa gSA
175. I had a sound sleep last night.
dy jkr eq>s cgqr xgjh uhan vk;hA
P

176. Sumit is here.

lqfer ;gk¡ gSA
ER

177. Sumit is very much here.

lqfer ;gha ij gSA ¼t+kjs nsrs gq,½
178. Mom is at home.
eEeh ?kj ij gSaA
PP

179. Mom is very much at home.

eEeh ?kj ij gh gSaA ¼t+ksj nsrs gq,½
180. He was shivering with cold.
oks BaM ls dk¡i jgk FkkA
TO

181. I don‟t like to run after anybody.

eSa fdlh ds ihNs Hkkxuk ilUn ugha djrk A
182. We should not think ourselves to be clever.
gesa vius vki dks pkykd ugha le>uk pkfg,A
183. I am taking off the clothes.
eSa diM+s mrkj jgk gw¡A
184. I took off the shoes.
eSaus twrs mrkjs A
185. I am putting on the clothes.
eSa diM+s igu jgk gw¡A

278
186. I put on the shoes.
eSaus twrs igus A
187. He put ointment on the wound.
mlus ?kko ij ejge yxk;kA
188. I sighed of relief.
eSaus pSu dh lk¡l yhA
189. There is no problem in our relation.
gekjs fj‛rs esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gaSA
190. Dowry system is a malediction for our society.
ngst+ izFkk gekjs lekt+ ds fy, ,d vfHk‛kki gSA
191. Terrorist attacks occur due to the security lapse.
vkradoknh geys lqj{kk [kkfe;ksa dh otg ls gksrs gSaA
192. I could see his face after a lapse of six months.

OM
eSa 6 eghus ds ckn mldk psgjk ns[k ik;kA
193. The one, who faces fiasco, sometimes blames to his luck.
tks cqjh rjg vlQyrk dks >syrk gS] oks dHkh&dHkh viuh fdLer dks nks"k nsrk gSA
194. I will leave no stone unturned.
eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+w¡xkA

.C
195. He has been addicted to smoking.
oks flxjsV ihus dk vknh gks x;k gSA
196. He is delivering a lecture.
oks Hkk"k.k ns jgk gSA
197. The sun is still at its place.
NT
lw;Z viuh txg ij fLFkj gSA
198. He stood first in class.
OI
oks Dykl esa QLVZ vk;kA
199. I stand second in class.
eSa Dykl esa lSdUM vkrk gw¡A
P

200. Would that I was a girl. / If I was a girl.

dk‛k eSa yM+dh gksrk A
ER

201. It will serve my purpose.

blls esjk dke pyk tk;sxkA
202. I went for the interview off hand.
eSa fcuk rS;kjh bUVjO;w ds fy, x;k A
PP

203. I am familiar with the heads and tails of life.

eSa thou ds mrkj&p<+ko ls voxr gw¡A
204. We shouldn‟t lose our temper over trifles.
gesa NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ij vkik ugha [kksuk pkfg,A
TO

205. That criminal is still at large.

oks vijk/kh vHkh Hkh idM+ ls ckgj gSA
206. It is not a matter of kindness. It will rather please me.
;s cM+Iiu dh ckr ugha A eq>s rks cfYd [kq‛kh gksxhA
207. We have plenty of time.
gekjs ikl cgqr le; gSA
208. You are just in time. I would have left just in 2 mins.
rqe fcYdqy le; is vk;sA cl nks feuV esa eSa fudy x;k gksrkA
209. This revolution will unearth the black money.
;g ØkfUr CySd euh dk inkZQk‛k dj nsxhA

279
210. I don‟t want to delve into your matter.
eSa rqEgkjs ekeys esa ugha ?kqluk pkgrkA
211. He has been fired/expelled from the job.
mls ukSdjh ls fudky fn;k x;k gSA
212. Put all the children to sleep.
lHkh cPpksa dks lqyk nksA
213. Sip the juice slowly.
twl dks gYds&gYds fi;ksA
214. Try my coat on.
esjs dksV dks igu ds ns[kksA
215. See him off.
mls fonk dj nksA
216. Look after the guests.

OM
esgekuksa dh ns[kHkky@[kkfrjnkjh djksA
217. Sachin‟s departure is a terrible blow for India.
Lkfpu dk vkÅV gksuk Hkkjr ds fy, ,d tcjnLr >Vdk gSA
218. Your work is praiseworthy.
rqEgkjk dke iz‛kaluh; gSA@rqEgkjk dke rkjhQ ds dkfcy gSA

.C
219. Don‟t be arrogant of your money.
vius iSls dk ?keaM er djksA
220. I give my consent.
eSa viuh vuqefr@lgefr nsrk gw¡A
221. I am not imposing my will on you.
NT
eSa rqe ij viuh et+hZ ugha Fkksi jgk gw¡A
222. You had to suffer because of me.
OI
rqEgsa esjh otg ls ijs‛kkuh >syuh iM+hA
223. You are very short tempered.
rqe cgqr xqLlsckt gksA@rqe tYnh viuk vkik [kks nsrs gksA
P

224. Settle this matter somehow.

bl ekeys@eqn~ns dks fdlh rjg lqy>kvksA
ER

225. Please apologize on my behalf.

esjh rjQ ls Iyht ekQh ek¡x ysukA
226. I have unknowingly hurt you.
eSaus rqEgsa vutkus esa nq[k igq¡pk;k gSA
PP

227. You knowingly hurt me.

rqeus eq>s tku cw>dj nq[k igq¡pk;k A
228. Many people were injured in the road mishap.
jksM nq?kZVuk esa dbZ yksx ?kk;y gq,A
TO

229. Arrogance can never caress me.

?keaM eq>s dHkh Nw ugha ldrkA
230. Conversation increases the proximity.
ckrphr ls djhch c<+rh gSA
231. He couldn‟t escape himself from the impulse of cigarette.
oks [kqn dks flxjsV dh ryc ls cpk ugha ik;kA
232. He went through the whole book. / He read the whole book.
mlus iwjh fdrkc i<+hA
233. I go through the newspaper every day. / I read the newspaper every day.
eSa U;wt+iis j jkst+ i<+rk gw¡A

280
234. Put out the fire lest it should spread around.
vkx cq>k nks dgha pkjkas vksj u QSy tk,A
235. He got off the morning train.
oks lqcg dh Vªus ls mrjkA
236. He got through the IAS exam.
mlus vkb , ,l bXtS+e ikl dj fy;kA
237. On the way back I went to his home.
okfil vkrs gq,] eSa mlds ?kj x;kA
238. Rs 15 for onions, Rs 12 for beans. It comes to Rs 27.
15 :i;s dk I;kt] 12 :i;s dh chUl] 27 :i;s gks x;kA
239. I am watering the plants.
eSa ikS/kksa dks ikuh ns jgk gw¡A
240. He is a late riser. / He wakes up late in the morning.

OM
oks nsj ls mBrk gSA
241. He is an early riser. / He wakes up early in the morning.
oks tYnh mBrk gSA
242. The demise of his father saddened me.
mlds ikik dh ekSr us eq>s nq[kh dj fn;kA

.C
243. I am supposed to go there today.
eSa vkt ogk¡ tkus okyk gw¡A
244. I will remain indebted to you.
NT
eSa ges‛kk vkidk vkHkkjh@‛kqØxqtkj jgw¡xkA
245. Don‟t mistake me for a Doctor.
eq>s MkWDVj le>us dh xyrh er djksA
246. He mistook me for an Engineer.
OI
mlus eq>s baftfu;j le>us dh xyrh dhA
247. I agree with you but not quite.
eSa rqels lger gw¡ ij iwjh rjg ugha A
P

248. These clothes are worn out.

;s diM+s iqjkus@NksVs gks x;s gaSA
ER

249. We should not back out of our promise.

gesa viuh ckr@okns ls ugha eqdjuk pkfg,A
250. This animal is becoming extinct.
;g tkuoj foyqIr gks jgk gSA
PP

251. He ascribed his failure to his bad luck.

mlus viuh vlQyrk dk nks"k viuh cqjh fdLer dks fn;kA
252. He ascribed his success to his dad.
mlus viuh lQyrk dk Js; vius firk dks fn;kA
TO

253. I never shirk responsibility.

eSa ft+Eesnkjh ls dHkh th ugha pqjkrkA
254. This is a backpaining work.
;s dej rksM+ nsus okyk dke gSA
255. Feed me bit by bit.
eq>s FkksM+k&FkksM+k djds f[kykvksA
256. My salary has been credited into my Allahabad bank account.
esjh lSyjh esjs bykgkckn cSad vdkmUV esa vk xbZ gSA
257. I have only 3 leaves in my credit.
esjs ikl dsoy 3 NqfV~V;k¡ gSaA

281
258. He doesn‟t act on my advice.
oks esjh lykg dks ugha ekurkA
259. Please have a little more.
Iyht+ FkksM+k vkSj yhft,A
260. I am at your service.
eSa vkidh lsok esa gkftj gw¡A
261. You should travel light.
rqEgsa gYds lkeku ds lkFk ;k=k djuh pkfg,A
262. Nobody can stand against fate.
HkkX; ds lkeus dksbZ ugha fVd ldrk A
263. You don‟t take pity on the poor.
rqe xjhcksa ij n;k ugaha djrsA
264. We tossed a coin, it came down heads.

OM
geus VkWl fd;k] gSM vk;kA
265. We tossed a coin, it came down tails.
geus VkWl fd;k] VsYl vk;kA
266. It‟s a blistering heat today.
vkt ririkrh xehZ gSA

.C
NT
OI
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
P

bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
ER

English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
a hA –
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksfa d esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsx
PP

Aditya Sir
TO

282
Lesson – 35
Extensive Translation Exercise
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vH;kl djsa o vius vki dks fu[kkfj,A
Practice the following sentences and polishes yourself.

“Practice makes a man perfect.”

“The more you practice, the better you become.”

OM
1- /;ku nhft,A Pay attention
is vVSa‛ku-
2- ekQ djsa vkidks d’V gqvkA Sorry to hurt you.
lkWjh Vq gVZ ;w-
3- tSlh vkidh et+hZA As you wish.

.C
,st+ ;w fo‛k-
4- vkjke ls cSfB,A Feel at home. / Be comfortable.
Qhy ,sV gkse-@ch dEQVsZcy-
NT
5- vki eq>s cksyus nksA ¼xqLls esa½ Let me speak.
ySV eh Lihd-
6- vkius ge ij cgqr d`ik dhA It‟s very kind of you.
bV~l oSjh dkbZUM vkWQ ;w-
OI
7- lkspus ds fy, oDr nhft,A Give me some time to think.
fxo eh le Vkbe Vq fFkad-
8- vkils feydj [kq‛kh gqbZA Pleasure to meet you.
P

IyS‛k+j Vq ehV ;w -
9- mlus tku cw>dj rqEgsa nq[k igq¡pk;kA He knowingly hurt you.
ER

gh uksbaxyh gVZ ;w -
10- xyrh vutkus esa gqbZA It happened unknowingly.
bV gSiUM vuuksbaxyh-
11- eSa lM+d ikj dj jgk FkkA I was crossing the road.
PP

vkb okWt+ ØkSflax n jksM -

12- eq>s ekSr ls Mj ugha yxrkA I am not afraid of death.
vkb ,e ukWV vQjsM vkWQ MSFk-
13- rqEgsa ‚keZ vkuh pkfg,A You must be ashamed.
TO

;w eLV ch v‛ksEM-
14- rqEgkjh ,slk djus dh fgEer dSls gqbZ ! How dare you do so!
gko Msvj ;w Mw lks !
15- rqEgkjh fgEer dSls gqbZ ! How dare you!
gko Msvj ;w !
16- rqEgkjs fcuk eSa fcYdqy vdsyk gks x;k gw¡A I am lonely without you.
vk;e yksUyh fonkmV ;w -
17- eSa jkst+ vkidh QksVks ns[krk FkkA I would see your pic daily.
vkb oqM lh ;kSj fid Msyh-
18- eq>s uhan vk jgh gSA I am feeling sleepy.
vk;e Qhfyax Lyhih-

283
19- eSa vkils ijlksa lqcg feyw¡xkA I‟ll meet you day after tomorrow.
vkby ehV ;w Ms vkQVj VqekWjks-
20- D;k eq>s ,d Xykl ikuh fey ldrk gS \ Can I get a glass of water?
dSu vk; xSV v Xykl vkWQ okWVj \
21- vkt jkgqy dk tUefnu gSA It‟s Rahul‟s birthday today.
bV~l jkgqYl cFkZMs VqMs-
22- rqe bruk dke er djks Fkd tkvksxsA Don‟t do this much work, you will get tired.
MksUV Mw fnl ep odZ] ;w foy xSV Vk;MZ-
23- eq>s cgqr t+kjs fd Hkw[k yxh gSA I am feeling very appetite.
vk;e Qhfyax oSjh ,siSVkbV-
24- rqe [kke[kk ijs‛kku gks jgs gksA You are stressed for no reason.
;w vkj LVªSLM QkWj uks jht+u-
Be confident.

OM
25- vius vki ij Hkjkslk j[kksA
ch dkWufQMSUV-
26- mls rqEgkjh enn dh t+:jr gSA He needs your help.
gh uhM~l ;kSj gSYi-
27- vkWfQl dsoy 20 feuV dh nwjh ij gSA It takes only 20 mins to reach office.

.C
bV VsDl vksUyh V~oSUVh feuV~l Vq jhp vkWfQl-
28- eSa mUgsa vPNh rjg ls tkurk gw¡A I know him very well.
vkb uks fge oSjh oSy-
NT
29- vkt 4 Qjojh gS og vizSy esa vk,xkA It‟s 4th Feb today, he will come in April.
bV~l QksFkZ QSc VqMs] gh foy de bu ,fizy-
30- eSa 3 lIrkg ls ;gk¡ jg jgk gw¡A I‟ve been here for 3 weeks.
vkbo chu fg;j QkWj Fkzh ohDl-
OI
31- ‚;ke ;gk¡ 1985 ls jg jgk gSA Shyam has been here since 1985.
‚;ke gSt+ chu fg;j flUl ukbZUVhu ,Vh Qkbo-
32- esjs vkus ls igys ;gk¡ dkSu jgrk Fkk \ Who lived here before me?
P

gw fyOM fg;j fcQksj eh \

33- rqEgsa tkus ls igys crkuk pkfg, FkkA You must have told before leaving.
ER

;w eLV gSo VksYM fcQksj yhohax-

34- ‚;ke jksfgr dk iM+kslh gSA Shyam is Rohit‟s neighbor.
‚;ke bt+ jksfgRl uscj-
35- esjs ?kj ls FkksM+h nwj vtZqu dk ?kj gSA Rohit‟s home is little afar from mine.
PP

jksfgRl gkse bt+ fyfVy vQkj ÝkWe ekbu-

36- rqEgsa vkWfQl igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxrk gS \ How long do you take to reach office?
gko yk¡x Mq ;w Vsd Vq jhp vkWfQl\
37- rqEgsa viuk [kqn /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A You must take care of yourself by your own.
TO

;w eLV Vsd dsvj vkWQ ;kSjlSYQ ck; ;kSj vksu-

38- oks esjs fy, dqN Hkh dj ldrk gSA He can do anything for me.
gh dSu Mw ,sfufFkax QkWj eh-
39- eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqe ,slk D;ksa dj jgs gksA I know, why you are doing so.
vkb uks ok; ;w vkj Mwbax lks -
40- eS vkWfQl ds fy, fudy gh jgk FkkA I was just leaving for work.
vkb okt+ tLV yhfoax QkWj odZ-
41- jke dh vksj ls ek¡Qh ek¡x yhft,A Kindly say sorry on Ram‟s behalf.
dkbUMyh ls lkWjh vkWu jkEl fcgkQ+-
42- jke FkksM+k ysV gks x;kA Ram got a little late.
jke xkWV v fyfVy ysV-

284
43- lqudj cgqr nq[k gqvkA Sorry to hear that.
lkWjh Vq fgvj nSV-
44- vxj vkKk nsa rks dqN dguk pkgw¡xkA If you allow, I would like to say something.
bQ ;w vyko] vkbZ oqM ykbZd Vq ls lefFkUx-
45- ek¡Q dhft, ¼Qksu ugha lquus ij½ Beg your pardon! / Sorry. / I couldn‟t get it.
csx ;ksj ikjMu!@lkWjh!@vkbZ dqUV xsV bV-
46- pfy, eSa vkidh enn dj nw¡A Let me help you.
ySV eh gSYi ;w-
47- pfy, eSa vkidh FkksM+h enn dj nsrk gw¡A Let me help you.
ySV eh gSYi ;w-
48- FkksM+k f[klfd,A Kindly move a bit.
dkbUM~yh ewo v fcV-
May I sit?

OM
49- D;k eSa cSB ldrk gw¡ \
es vkbZ flV \
50- D;k vki esjs fy, FkksMk+ le; fudky ldrs gSa \ Can you please spare some time for me?
dSu ;w Iyht+ Lis;j le Vkbe QkWj eh \
51- ,slk xyrh ls gqvkA It happened by mistake.

.C
bV gSiUM ck; feLVsd-
52- ,slk rqDds ls gqvkA It happened by chance.
bV gSiUM ck; pkUl-
NT
53- Eksjh vksj ls ek¡Qh ek¡x yhft,A Convey my apologies.
dUos ek; vikWykstht+-
54- eSa iwjh dksf‛k‛k d:axkA I‟ll try my level best.
vkbZy Vªk; ek; ySoy cSLV-
OI
55- vc eSa dqN cksyw¡A May I say something now?
es vkbZ ls lefFkax uko \
56- mEehn gS vki ets esa gksA Hope, you are enjoying yourself.
P

gksi] ;w vkj ,sutkWf;ax ;kSjlSYQ-

57- d`ik djds /khjs cksfy,A Please speak slowly.
ER

Iyht+ Lihd Lyksyh-

58- ;s lqudj rqEgsa cgqr nq[k gksxkA You will be hurt hearing this.
;w foy ch gVZ fgvfjax fnl-
59- rqe D;k pkgrs gks \ What do you want?
PP

oV Mq ;w okWUV \
60- rqe D;k lksp jgs gks \ What are you thinking?
oV vkj ;w fFkafdax \
61- D;k rqe dqN cksyuk pkgrs gks \ Do you want to say something?
TO

Mq ;w okWUV Vq ls lefFkax \
62- rqEgkjs firkth D;k dke djrs gSa \ What is your father? / What does your father do?
oV bt+ ;kSj QknlZ \ @ oV Mt+ ;kSj Qknj Mw \
63- jke vkt dy D;k dj jgk gS \ What is Ram doing these days?
oV bt+ jke Mqbax nht+ Mst+ \
64- rqEkus tks dgk bldk D;k eryc gS \ What do you mean?
oV Mq ;w ehu \
65- fnus‛k D;k djrk gS \ What does Dinesh do?
oV Mt+ fnus‛k Mw \
66- D;k rqEkus dksf‛k‛k dh \ Did you try?
fMM ;w Vªk; \

285
67- rqEkus vius Hkfo’; ds fy, D;k lkspk gS \ What have you thought for your career?
oV gSo ;w FkkWV QkWj ;kSj dfj;j \
68- rqe dkSu gks \ Who are you?
gw vkj ;w \
69- os yksx dkSu Fks \ Who were they/those people?
gw oj ns@nkst+ ihiy \
70- Mk¡l fdlus fd;k \ Who danced?
gw MkULM \
71- nsgjknwu dkSu tk,xk \ Who will go Dehradun?
gw foy xks nsgjknwu \
72- ;s xkuk fdlus fy[kk \ Who wrote this song?
gw jksV fnl lkWUx \
Who had come here?

OM
73- ;gk¡ dkSu vk;k Fkk \
gw gSM de fg;j \
74- vkidks fdlls feyuk gS \ Who do you want to meet?
gw Mq ;w okWUV Vq ehV \
75- eq>ls dkSu feyuk pkgrk gS \ Who wants to meet me?

.C
gw okWUV~l Vq ehV eh \
76- rqEgsa fdlls ckr djuh gS \ Whom do you want to talk?
gwe Mq ;w okWUV Vq VkWd \
NT
77- bl fcfYMax dk efyd dkSu gS \ Who is the owner of this building?
gw bt+ n vksuj vkWQ fnl fcfYMax \
78- rqe n¶rj dSls tkrs gks \ How do you go to office?
gko Mq ;w xks Vq vkWfQl \
OI
79- vc vkidh rch;r dSlh gS \ How are you now?
gko vkj ;w uko \
80- vki bruh xehZ esa dSls jgrs gks \ How do you manage in such a heat?
P

gko Mq ;w eSut s bu lp v ghV \

81- jke dk ?kj dSlk gS \ How is Ram‟s house?
ER

gko bt+ jkEl gkÅl \

82- nsgjknwu esa ekSle dSlk gS \ How is the weather in Dehradun?
gko bt+ n oSnj bu nsgjknwu \
83- rqEgkjs firkth fd vk;q fdruh gS \ How old is your father?
PP

gko vksYM bt+ ;kSj Qknj \

84- rqe okil dSls vk;s \ How did you come back?
gko fMM ;w de cSd \
85- nsgjknwu ls esjB fdruh nwj gS \ How far is Meerut from Dehradun?
TO

gko Qkj bt+ esjB ÝkWe nsgjknwu \

86- djhc 100 fdyksehVjA About 100 kilometers.
vckmV gUMªSM fdyksfeVj-
87- rqEgsa ogk¡ ig¡qpus esa fdruk oDr yxsxk \ How much time will you take to reach there?
gko ep Vkbe foy ;w Vsd Vq jhp ns;j \
88- rqe dkSu lh fdrkc i<+uk pkgrs gks \ Which book do you want to read?
fop cqd Mq ;w okWUV Vq jhM \
89- rqEgkjk euilan xkuk dkSu lk gS \ Which is your favorite song?
fop bt+ ;kSj QsojsV lk¡x \
90- rqe dkSu lh fQYe ns[kuk ilan djksxh \ Which movie would you like to watch?
fop ewoh oqM ;w ykbd Vq okWp \

286
91- rqEgsa dkSu lk xkuk lcls T+;knk ilan gS \ Which song do you like the most?
fop lkWUx Mq ;w ykbZd n eksLV \
92- rqe dkSu ls LVs‛ku ij gks \ Which station you are at?
fop LVs‛ku ;w vkj ,sV \
93- rqe [ksyus dc tkrs gks \ When do you go to play?
oSu Mq ;w xks Vq Iys \
94- jke dc i<+rk gS \ When does Ram study?
oSu Mt+ jke LVMh \
95- rqEkus lhrk dks dc ns[kk \ When did you see Seeta?
oSu fMM ;w lh lhrk \
96- jke Ldwy dc vk,xk \ When will Ram come school?
oSu foy jke de Ldwy \
When did you come back from Shimla?

OM
97- rqe f‛keyk ls dc vk;s \
oSu fMM ;w de cSd ÝkWe f‛keyk \
98- vkidk HkkbZ dgk¡ dke djrk gS \ Where does your brother work?
oSu Mt+ ;kSj cznj odZ \
99- vkius ;s iqLrd dgk¡ ls yh \ Where did you take this book from?

.C
os;j fMM ;w Vsd fnl cqd ÝkWe \
100- jke jkst dgk¡ tkrk gS \ Where does Ram go daily?
os;j Mt+ jke xks Msyh \
NT
101- rqe dgk¡ ls vk jgs gks \ Where are you coming from?
os;j vkj ;w dfeax ÝkWe \
102- rqe dy dgk¡ tkvksxh \ Where will you go tomorrow?
os;j foy ;w xks VqekWjks \
OI
103- rqe ,slh cdokl D;ksa djrs gks \ Why do you talk such a nonsense?
ok; Mq ;w VkWd lp v ukWulSUl \
104- mlus rqEgas ,slk D;ksa dgk \ Why did he say so to you?
P

ok; fMM gh ls lks Vq ;w \

105- jke vkt xqLls esa D;ksa Fkk \ Why was Ram angry today?
ER

ok; okWt+ jke ,sxa zh VqMs \

106- vkt rqe Ldwy D;ksa ugha x;s \ Why did you not go to school today?
ok; fMM ;w ukWV xks Vq Ldwy VqMs \
107- D;k gqvk \ What happened?
PP

oV gSiUM \
108- D;k jke us eq>s cqyk;k Fkk \ Had Ram called me?
gSM jke dkWYM eh \
109- eSa tkš \ May I go? / Shall I go?
TO

es vkbZ xks \@‚kSy vkbZ xks \

110- eSa Hkh lkFk pyw¡ \ May I accompany you? / Shall I accompany
you?
es vkbZ vdEiuh ;w \@‛kSy vkbZ vdEiuh ;w \
111- D;k ‚;ke vk jgk gS \ Is Shyam coming?
bt+ ‚;ke dfeax \
112- eSa dqN ykš \ Do I bring something?
Mq vkbZ fczax lefFkax \
113- rqEgkjk eryc D;k gS \ What do you mean?
oV Mq ;w ehu \
114- le> x;s \ Understood?
vUMLZVqM \
287
115- D;k jke vanj gS \ Is Ram in?
bt+ jke bu \
116- vanj dkSu gS \ Who is in?
gw bt+ bu \
117- jke dgk¡ gS \ Where is Ram?
os;j bt+ jke \
118- vki dc vk;s \ When did you come?
oSu fMM ;w de \
119- esjk ,d dke djksxs \ Would you do me a favor?
oqM ;w Mw eh v Qsoj \
120- dy rqEgkjh NqV~Vh Fkh D;k \ Were you in off yesterday?
oj ;w bu vkWQ ;LVMsZ \
Are you going somewhere?

OM
121- D;k rqe dgha tk jgs gks \
vkj ;w xksbZax leos;j \
122- dEI;wVj pkyw djsa D;k \ Do we switch on the computer?
Mq oh fLop vkWu n dEI;wVj \
123- D;k rqEgas irk gS \ Do you know?

.C
Mq ;w uks \
124- D;k rqe Ldwy ugha tkvksxs \ Will you not go to school?
foy ;w ukWV xks Vq Ldwy \
NT
125- D;k [kjkch gS \ What is the fault?
oV bt+ n QkWYV \
126- vki eq>ls ukjkt gSa D;k \ Are you annoyed with me?
vkj ;w vukWbM fon eh \
OI
127- crkbZ;s eSa vkidh D;k lsok dj ldrk gw¡ \ Tell me, how can I help you?
VSy eh] gko dSu vk; gSYi ;w \
128- ge dgk¡ ij gSa \ Where are we?
P

os;j vkj oh \
129- dkSu vk;k Fkk njokts ij \ Who was there at the door?
ER

gw okWt+ ns;j ,sV n Mksj \

130- ;g fdldk eksckbZy uEcj gS \ Whose mobile number is this?
gwt+ eksckbZy uEcj bt+ fnl \
131- rqe dc feyksxs \ When will you meet?
PP

oSu foy ;w ehV \

132- rqe okil dSls vk;s \ How did you come back?
gko fMM ;w de cSd \
133- jke us i<+kbZ D;ksa NksMh+ \ Why did Ram drop studies?
TO

ok; fMM jke MªkWi LVMht+ \

134- vc vkids firkth dSls gSa \ How is your father now?
gko bt+ ;kSj Qknj uko \
135- lcls vPNh ‚kVZ dkSu lh gS \ Which shirt is the best?
fop ‚kVZ bt+ n csLV \
136- oks yM+dk dgk¡ gS \ Where is that boy?
os;j bt+ nSV ckW; \
137- vc gekjh vxyh eqykdkr dc gksxh \ When will we meet next?
oSu foy oh ehV uSDLV \
138- ;g ‚kVZ fdrus dh gS \ What is the cost of this shirt?
oV bt+ n dkWLV vkWQ fnl ‚kVZ \

288
139- fdrus fnu yxsaxs \ How long will it take?
gko ykWUx foy bV Vsd \
140- ;g njoktk cUn D;ksa gS \ Why is this door closed?
ok; bt fnl Mksj DyksT+M \
141- vkt dkSu lh fQYe yxh gS \ Which movie is on today?
fop ewoh bt+ vkWu VqMs \
142- vki brus ijs‛kku D;ksa gSa \ Why are you so worried?
ok; vkj ;w lks ofjM \
143- rqe eq÷ks D;ksa ugha le>rs \ Why don‟t you understand me?
ok; MksUV ;w vUMLZVSUM eh \
144- eSa vkils dqN iwN jgk gw¡ \ I am asking you something.
vk;e vkfLdax ;w lefFkax-
Are you listening to me?

OM
145- D;k vki esjh ckr lqu jgs gks \
vkj ;w fylfuax Vq eh \
146- D;k vki eq>s igpkurs gks \ Do you know me?
Mq ;w uks eh \
147- eSa rqEgkjs fy, D;k ykš \ What do I bring for you?

.C
oV Mq vk; fczax QkWj ;w \
148- ;gh eksckbZy eSa pkgrk FkkA This is the very mobile, I want.
fnl bt+ n oSjh eksckbZy] vkbZ okWUV -
NT
149- ;s esjh iqLrdsa gSa] os rqEgkjh iqLrdsa gSa A These are my books, those are yours.
nht+ vkj ek; cqDl] nkst+ vkj ;kSlZ-
150- ;s iqLrdsa esjh gSa] os iqLrdsa rqEgkjh gSa A These books are mine, those are yours.
nht+ cqDl vkj ekbu] nkst vkj ;kSlZ -
OI
151- bu yM+dksa es ls gjsd Ldwy tkrk gSA Each one of these boys goes to school.
bZp ou vkWQ nht+ ckW;t+ xkst+ Vq Ldwy-
152- geus f‛keyk esa [kwc vkuUn fy;k A We enjoyed a lot in Shimla.
P

oh ,UtkW;M v ykWV bu f‛keyk -

153- rqEgkjs :[ks O;ogkj ls mls pksV igq¡ph gSA Your rude behavior has hurt him.
ER

;kSj :M fcgsfo;j gSt+ gVZ fge-

154- ;g fdrkc rqEgkjs fdlh dke dh ugha gSA This book is of no use to you.
fnl cqd bt+ vkWQ uks ;wt+ Vq ;w -
155- rqEgsa vHkh rqjUr tkuk gksxk A You will have to leave right away.
PP

;w foy gSo Vq yho jkbV vos-

156- ;s fdrkc fdldh gS \ Whose is this book?
gwt bt+ fnl cqd \
157- vkils ;s mEehn ugha FkhA I didn‟t expect it from you.
TO

vkbZ fMUV ,sDliSDV bV ÝkWe ;w -

158- rqEgkjh vkokt+ cgqr vPNh gSA Your voice is pretty nice.
;kSj okWbl bt+ fizfV ukbl-
159- eSa vkidk ges‛kk ,glkuean jgw¡xk A I will be indebted to you.
vkbZ foy ch bUMSfVM Vq ;w -
160- njokts is dkSu [kM+k gS \ Who is at the door?
gw bt+ ,sV n Mksj \
161- eS rqe ij Hkjkslk dSls dj ldrk gw¡ \ How can I trust you?
gkWo dSu vk; VªLV ;w \
162- esjh ckr /;ku ls lquks A Listen to me carefully.
fylu Vq eh dsvjQqyh-

289
163- eq>s bl fdrkc dh dher ugha ekywe A I have no idea of the cost of this book.
vkbZ gSo uks vkbfM;k vkWQ n dkWLV vkWQ fnl cqd-
164- Xykl esa FkksM+k ikuh vkSj MkyksA Pour some more water into the glass.
iksj le eksj okWVj buVq n Xykl-
165- i= Mkd }kjk Hkstk x;kA Letter was sent by post.
ySVj okWt+ lSUV ck; iksLV-
166- xsan dks nhokj ds Åij ls Qsadks A Throw the ball over the wall.
Fkzks n ckWy vksoj n okWy -
167- eSa ykbu esa rqEgkjs vkxs FkkA I was ahead of you in the queue.
vkbZ okWt+ vgSM vkWQ ;w bu n D;w-
168- ‚;ke rqEgkjs ihNs [kM+k FkkA Shyam was standing behind you.
‚;ke okWt+ LVSfUMax fcgkbUM ;w-
Pen is on the table.

OM
169- dye est ij gSA
iSu bt+ vkWu n Vscy-
170- eSa vanj vk jgk gw¡A I am coming in.
vk;e dfeax bu-
171- iqy ds uhps ,d uko FkhA There was a boat under the bridge.

.C
ns;j okWt+ v cksV vUMj n fczt-
172- fdrkc rfd, ds uhps gSA Book is beneath / underneath the pillow.
cqd bt+ fcuhFk@vUMjuhFk n fiyks-
NT
173- esjs firk dh txg dksbZ ugha ys ldrkA Nobody can replace my father.
ukscMh dSu fjIysl ek; Qknj-
174- dHkh vius ekrk firk ds fo#) ugha tkuk pkfg,A Never go against your parents.
usoj xks vxsULV ;kSj isjUs V~l-
OI
175- lksp gh bUlku dks cM+k cukrh gSA Thinking makes a person great.
fFkafdax esDl v ijlu xszV-
176- [kqn ds fy, rks gj dksbZ djrk gSA Obviously, Everybody does for himself.
P

vkWfc;lyh] ,sojhcMh Mt+ QkWj fgelSYQ-

177- rqe eq>ls ukjkt+ ugha gks u \ You are not angry with me, are you?
ER

;w vkj ukWV ,axzh fon eh] vkj ;w \

178- rqe mlls bruh uQjr D;ksa djrs gks \ Why do you hate him this much?
Okk; Mq ;w gsV fge fnl ep \
179- eSa mlls dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡A I want to say something to him.
PP

vkbZ okWUV Vq ls lefFkax Vq fge-

180- vkt ds ckn oks rqEgsa dHkh pksV ugha igq¡pk;sxkA Now onwards, he will never hurt you.
uko vkWuoMZ~l] gh foy uSoj gVZ ;w-
181- eSa rqEgsa tkus ugha nw¡xk A I will not let you go.
TO

vkbZ foy ukWV ySV ;w xks -

182- eq>s xqLlk vk jgk gS A I am feeling angry.
vk;e Qhyhax ,Uxzh-
183- eq>s cqjk yx jgk gS A I am feeling bad.
vk;e Qhyhax cSM-
184- rqEgsa ,slk ugha dguk pkfg, Fkk A You shouldn‟t have said so.
;w ‚kqMUV gSo lsM lks-
185- vkt tgk¡ eSa g¡w] dy dksbZ vkSj FkkA Today where I am, earlier somebody else was.
VqMs os;j vk;e] vjfy;j lecMh ,sYl okWt+-
186- ;s Hkh ,d nkSj gS] oks Hkh ,d nkSj FkkA It‟s also a time, that was also a time.
bV~l vkWYlks v VkbZe] nSV okWt+ vkWYlks v VkbZe-

290
187- eSa tkuk rks pkgrk gw¡ ij tk ugha ldrkA I want to go but I can‟t.
vkbZ okWUV Vq xks cV vkbZ dkUV-
188- ;s esjh etcwjh gh rks gSA It‟s nothing but my helplessness.
bV~l ufFkax cV ekW; gSYiySluSl-
189- ;s dqN iUus gh rks gSaA These are nothing but a few papers.
nht+ vkj ufFkax cV v ¶;w isilZ-
190- crkvks] eq>s D;k djuk pkfg, \ Tell me, what should I do?
VSy eh] oV ‚kqM vkbZ Mw \
191- oks fnYyh ls vHkh&2 vk;k gSA He has just come from Delhi.
gh gSt+ tLV de ÝkWe MSYgh-
192- rqe ges‛kk eq>s ogk¡ tkus ls jksdrs gksA You always stop me from going there.
;w vkWyost+ LVkWi eh ÝkWe xksbZax ns;j-
You must refrain from Tobacco.

OM
193- rqEgsa rEckdw ls cpuk pkfg,A
;w eLV fjsÝsu ÝkWe VcSdks-
194- rqEgsa vius dke esa O;Lr jguk pkfg,A You must be busy in your work.
;w eLV ch fct+h bu ;kSj odZ-
195- gesa lQyrk dk iwjk Hkjkslk gSA We are sure of success.

.C
oh vkj ‚;ksj vkWQ lDlSl-
196- eSa ges‛kk flQZ rqEgkjs ckjs esa lksprk gw¡A I always think only about you.
NT vkbZ vkWyost+ fFkad vksuyh vckmV ;w-
197- rqe Hkh vaxszt+h lh[kuk pkgrs gks] gS u \ You also want to learn English, don‟t you?
;w vkWylks okWUV Vq yuZ baxfy‛k] MksUV ;w \
198- eq>s vkidk i= feyk ij eSa i<+ ugh ldkA I got your letter but I couldn‟t read.
vkbZ xkWV ;kSj ySVj cV vkbZ dqMUV jhM-
OI
199- tc vki vk;s] oks fudy pqdk FkkA When you came, he had left.
oSu ;w de] gh gSM yS¶V-
200- fdlh dk fny nq[kk ds fdlh dks dqN gkfly ugha gksrkANobody gains nothing by hurting someone.
P

ukscMh xsUl ufFkax ck; gfVZax leou-

201- D;k vkidks ugha ekywe] oks chekj py jgk gS \ Don‟t you know, he is unwell?
ER

MksUV ;w uks] gh bt+ vuoSy \

202- eSa tkurk gw¡] vki eq>ls ukjkt gksA I know, you are not happy with me.
vkbZ uks] ;w vkj ukWV gSIih fon eh -
203- og fxVkj dk vknh gks x;k gSA fnu jkr ctkrk gSAHe is addicted of guitar, plays day and night.
PP

gh bt+ ,sfMfDVM vkWQ fxVkj] Iyst+ Ms ,sUM ukbV-

204- rqe ,slk dSls dj ldrs gksA How can you do this?
gko dSu ;w Mw fnl \
205- rqe ,slk lksp Hkh dSls ldrs gksA How can you even think so?
TO

gko dSu ;w bZou fFkad lks \

206- rqe fnu jkr mUufr djks] ;gh esjh nqvk gSA May God bless you!
es xkWM CySl ;w!
207- ;g i= cq/kokj rd igq¡p tkuk pkfg,A This letter must reach before Wednesday.
fnl ySVj eLV jhp fcQksj osUt+M-s
208- rqEgsa ns[kdj eq>s vius HkkbZ dh ;kn vkrh gSA You remind me of my brother.
;w fjekbUM eh vkWQ ek; cznj -
209- eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk [;ky j[kw¡xkA I will always take care of you.
vkbZ foy vkWyost+ Vsd dsvj vkWQ ;w-
210- mls I;kj dk eryc ugha irkA He doesn‟t know the meaning of love.
gh Mt+u uks n ehfuax vkWQ yo-

291
211- vkt cq/kokj gS] oks jfookj dks vk,xkA It‟s Wednesday today, he will come on
Sunday.
bV~l osUt+Ms VqMs] gh foy de vkWu lUMs-
212- oks esjs dke ls cgqr [kq‛k gq,A He got very happy with my work.
gh xkWV oSjh gSIih fon ek; odZ-
213- eq>s bl ckr fd [kq‛kh gS fd eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gw¡A I am happy to be your friend.
vk;e gSIih Vq ch ;kSj ÝSUM-
214- ;s esjk lkSHkkX; gS fd eSa rsjk nksLr gw¡A It‟s my pleasure to be your friend.
bV~l ek; IyS‛k+j Vq ch ;kSj ÝSUM-
215- vkils ckr djds cgqr vPNk yxkA It was pleasure talking to you.
bV okWt+ IyS‛k+j VkWfdax Vq ;w-
216- ?kcjkvks er A Don‟t worry.
MksUV ojh-

OM
217- rqEgsa vPNk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A You must behave well.
;w eLV fcgso oSy-
218- eSa dke esa yxk gqvk FkkA I was into some work.
vkbZ okWt+ buVq le odZ-

.C
219- rqEgsa mldk t+jk Hkh [;ky ugha vk;kA You didn‟t even think about him.
;w fMUV bou fFkad vckmV fge-
220- gesa vius ekrk firk dk vknj djuk pkfg,A NT We must respect our parents.
oh eLV fjLiSDV voj@vkj isjasV~l-
221- rqe dgk¡ tkuk pkgrs gks \ Where do you want to go?
os;j Mq ;w okWUV Vq xks \
222- vkidks gqbZ vlqfo/kk ds fy, gesa [ksn gSA Inconvenience regretted.
OI
budUohfUk;Ul fjxzSVM s -
223- eSa rqels t+:j feyw¡xk A I‟ll surely meet you.
vkby ‚;ksjyh ehV ;w -
P

224- eSa vkidk bart+kj d:¡xk A I‟ll wait for you.

vkby osV QkWj ;w -
ER

225- eq>s rqels dqN dguk gSA I want to say something to you.
vkbZ okWUV Vq ls lefFkax Vq ;w-
226- ge lcdks vaxzsth Hkk’kk lh[kuh pkfg,A We all must learn English language.
oh vkWy eLV yuZ bZaxfy‛k ySaxost-
PP

227- mldh izfrHkk dkfcysrkjhQ gSA His talent is praiseworthy.

fgt+ VSysUV bt+ izsto+ nhZ-
228- eSa vHkh baftfu;fjax dh i<+kbZ dj jgk gw¡A I am pursuing Engineering.
vk;e ijlqf;ax ,aaftfu;fjax-
TO

229- eq>s fdrkc i<+uk cgqr ilan gSA I love reading books.
vkbZ yo jhfMax cqDl-
230- vc eq>s pyuk pkfg,A I must leave now.
vkbZ eLV yho uko-
231- tc rd rqe esgur ugha djksxs] lQy ugha gks ikvksxsAUnless you work hard, you‟ll not be able to succeed.
vuysl ;w odZ gkMZ] ;w foy ukWV ch ,cy Vq lDlhM-
232- rqe ijlksa fnYyh esa FksA You were in Delhi day before yesterday.
;w oj bu MSYgh Ms fcQksj ;LVMZs-
233- rqe dgha Hkh tkvks] eSa rqEgsa ugha NksM+wxkA You go anywhere, I‟ll not spare you.
;w xks ,uhos;j] vkbZy ukWV Lis;j ;w-
234- tc rc vki ugha vkvksxs] eSa bUrt+kj d#¡xkA Until you come, I‟ll wait.
vufVy ;w de] vkbZy osV-
292
235- oks bruk chekj gS fd fcLrj ls mB ugha ldrkA He is too weak to rise from the bed.
gh bt+ Vw ohd Vq jkbt+ ÝkWe n csM-
236- rqe ,d vPNs dykdkj cu ldrs gks vxj rqe ;s djksAYou can become a good artist, provided you do this.
;w dSu fcde v xqM vkfVZLV] izkos kbMsM ;w Mw fnl-
237- og bruk det+ksj gS fd py ugha ldrkA He is too weak to walk.
gh bt+ Vw ohd Vq okWd-
238- tSls gh eSaus [ksyuk ‚kq: fd;k] ikik vk x;sA The moment I started playing, dad turned up.
n ekWesUV vkbZ LVkVsZM Iysbax] MSM VuZM~ vi-
239- mlus ,slk D;k dgk fd rqEgsa cqjk yx x;k \ What did he say to make you feel bad?
oV fMM gh ls Vq esd ;w Qhy cSM \
240- pyks dgha ?kweus pyrs gSaSA Let‟s go somewhere for a walk.
ySV~l xks leos;j QkWj v a okWd-
241- esjk rqEgas nq[k igq¡pkus dk dksbZ bZjknk ugha FkkA I didn‟t mean to hurt you.

OM
vkbZ fMUV ehu Vq gVZ ;w-
242- esjk rqEgas nq[k igq¡pkus dk dksbZ bZjknk ugha gSA I don‟t mean to hurt you.
vkbZ MksUV ehu Vq gVZ ;w-
243- jke dk rqEgas nq[k igq¡pkus dk dksbZ bZjknk ugha gSA Ram doesn‟t mean to hurt you.
jke Mt+u ehu Vq gVZ ;w-

.C
244- rqe rks tkurs gks fd eSa etcwj gw¡A You know it very well that I am helpless.
;w uks bV oSjh oSy nSV vk;e gSYiySl-
245-
NT
eq>s ekQ djuk eSa rqEgkjh dksbZ enn ugha dj ldrkA I am sorry, I can‟t help you.
vk;e lkWjh] vkbZ dkUV gSYi ;w-
246- gesa [kq‛kh gS fd vkt ge brus yksxksa rd igq¡p pqds gaSA We are happy to reach these many people now.
oh vkj gSIih Vq jhp nht+ eSuh ihiy uko-
Thanks for your cooperation.
OI
247- vki yksxksa ds lg;ksx ds fy, /kU;oknA
FkSaDl QkWj ;kSj dqvkWijs‛ku-
248- rqe eq>ls feyus dc vkvksxs \ When will you come to meet me?
oSu foy ;w de Vq ehV eh \
P

249- esjs firkth eq>s MkWDVj cukuk pkgrs gSaA My father wants me to become a doctor.
ek; Qknj okWUV~l eh Vq fcde v MkWDVj-
ER

250- eSa mUkdk ;s liuk t+:j iwjk d:¡xkA I‟ll surely make his dream come true.
vkbZy ‚;ksjyh esd fnl Mªhe de Vwª -
251- ?kj ls fudyk gh Fkk fd ckfj‛k ‚kq: gks x;hA No sooner had I left home, than it started raining.
uks lwuj gSM vkbZ yS¶V gkse] nsu bV LVkVsZM jsfuax-
PP

252- va/ksjk u gks tk, blls igys gesa ;gk¡ ls fudyuk pkfg,A We must leave before it gets dark.
oh eLV yho fcQ+ksj bV xSV~l MkdZ-
253- tc rd tokc ugha nksxs] eSa rqEgsa tkus ugha nw¡xkA Until you answer, I‟ll not let you go.
TO

vufVy ;w vkUlj] vkbZy ukWV ySV ;w xks-

254- eSa ckt+kj x;k Fkk] jktw eq>s feyk FkkA I met Raju in market.
vkbZ eSV jktw bu ekdsZV-
255- eq>s vius vki ij Hkjkslk gSA I believe in myself.
vkbZ fcyho bu ek;lSYQ-
256- ge 15 tuojh dks fnYyh ds fy, jokuk gq,A We left for Delhi on 15th January.
oh yS¶V Q+kWj MSYgh vkWu fQQVhUFk tSUojh-
257- tuojh esa eq>s uSuhrky tkuk iM+kA I had to visit Nainital in January.
vkbZ gSM Vq foft+V uSuhrky bu tSUojh-
258- eSa rqEgsa ekj Mkyw¡xk] mlus ,slk dgkA I‟ll kill you, he said so.
vkbZy fdy ;w] gh lsM lks-

293
259- rqeus mls tkus D;ksa fn;k \ Why did you let him go?
ok; fMM ;w ySV fge xks \
260- eq>s vc bldh vknr lh gks x;h gSA I am used to it now.
vk;e ;wT+M Vq bV uko-
261- oks tSlk Hkh gS] esjk HkkbZ gSA However he is, he is my brother.
gkoSoj gh bt+] gh bt+ ek; cznj-
262- rqe dqN Hkh djks eq>s dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rkA You do anything, I don‟t care.
;w Mw ,sfufFkax] vkbZ MksUV dsvj-
263- dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rkA It doesn‟t make any difference.
bV Mt+u esd ,suh fMÝSUl-
264- gesa ;s dke djus fd fy, dqN oDr pkfg,A We need some time to do this work.
oh uhM le Vkbe Vq Mw fnl odZ-
I know, you could have done better.

OM
265- eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqe csgrj dj ldrs FksA
vkbZ uks] ;w dqM gSo Mu cSVj-
266- nksuksa ,d nwljs ds cgqr djhch gSaA Both are close to each other.
cksFk vkj Dyks‛k Vq bZp vnj-
267- eSa vxys eghus f‛keyk tkÅ¡xkA I‟ll go Shimla next month.

.C
vkbZy xks f‛keyk uSDLV eUFk-
268- vki mls xyr er lef>,A Don‟t take him wrong.
NT MksUV Vsd fge jkSax-
269- eS tkurk gw¡ rqe ,slk dHkh ugha dj ldrsA I know you can never do this.
vkbZ uks ;w dSu uSoj Mw fnl-
270- gesa dM+h ls dM+h esgur djuh gSA We have to work harder than the hardest.
oh gSo Vq odZ gkMZj nsu n gkMSZLV-
OI
271- Hkys gh rqe eq>s ekj Mkyks ij eSa ugha tkÅ¡xkA Even if you kill me, I‟ll not go.
bou bQ ;w fdy eh] vkbZy ukWV xks-
272- tc rqe vk;s eSa Vh-oh- ns[k jgk FkkA When you came, I was watching TV.
P

osu ;w de] vkbZ okWt+ okfpax Vhoh-

273- eq>s yxk rqEgsa crkuk pkfg,A I thought, I must tell you.
ER

vkbZ FkkWV] vkbZ eLV VSy ;w-

274- eSa mls /kks[kk ugha ns ldrkA I can‟t cheat her.
vkbZ dkUV phV gj-
275- mlus eq÷ks /kks[kk fn;kA He cheated on me.
PP

gh phVsM vkWu eh-

276- rqeus mls xyr le>kA You misunderstood him.
;w felvUMLVqM fge-
277- D;k eSa otg tku ldrk gw¡ \ May I know the reason?
TO

es vkbZ uks n jht+u \

278- rqeus dgk Fkk eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk lkFk nw¡xkA You had told me, you will always stand by me.
;w gSM VksYM eh] ;w foy vkWyost LVSUM ck; eh-

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

We must win the final war irrespective of how many battles we‟ve lost before.
QdZ ugha iM+rk fd fdruh yM+kbZ;k¡ ge igys gkj pqds gSa] gesa vafre ;q) thruk gSA

294
Lesson – 36
Objective Exercises
Objective exercises of this lesson are to assess your ability to choose the
correct verb, helping verb, articles and prepositions. If you find
difficulties in choosing the correct alternative, that simply means you
have to revise respective chapters.

Let‟s assess ourselves…..

Objective Exercise – Verbs

OM
fjDr LFkkuksa dks lgh fØ;k ;k lgk;d fØ;k ls Hkfj, &
Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs or helping verbs:

1. You ………spoken with me.

.C
a) have b) has c) do d) does e) none of these
2. She ……….walking for a long.
a) have been b) has been
NT
c) do d) does e) none of these
3. He ………..found a watch.
OI
a) have b) has c) do d) did e) none of these
4. I will study provided he ………me money.
P

a) give b) will give c) gives d) gave e) none of these

ER

5. I have …….you.
a) seeked b) sought c) founded d) finded e) none of these
6. I ……….left by the time you reach my home.
PP

a) will b) have c) will have d) had e) none of these

7. He and his father ………..taking part in this competition.
TO

a) have been b) has been c) are d) was e) is

8. My hair ………black.
a) are b) is c) look d) were e) none of these
9. You didn‟t ……….money.
a) have b) has c) got d) kept e) none of these
10. I firmly …….. that you have an extraordinary career.
a) belief b) believe c) faith d) want e) none of these

295
11. I ………..him.
a) love b) loves c) loved d) a & c e) none of these
12. He has ……………this car.
a) drive b) drove c) driven d) driving e) none of these
13. He ………asleep at that time.
a) has b) had c) have d) was e) none of these
14. I am ………..today.
a) tire b) tyre c) tired d) tear e) none of these

OM
15. All ……well.
a) do b) are c) is d) all of the above
16. Sumit …………went to America.

.C
a) has b) had c) was d) has been e) none of these
17. Those guys …………not study at all.
NT
a) have b) has c) do d) does e) none of these
18. Aditya ……….for a walk.
a) gone b) went c) go d) going e) none of these
OI
19. Speed Bike ……….is thrilling.
a) rider b) riding c) ride d) drive e) none of these
P

20. Children ………..excuses if they don‟t like your advice.

ER

a) make b) makes c) made d) does e) none of these

21. I have …………up bad habits.
PP

a) give b) gave c) given d) leave e) none of these

22. Things ……….going tough these day.
a) have b) is c) are d) have been e) none of these
TO

23. The stone ………..not move itself.

a) have b) has c) do d) does e) none of these
24. Mom is not ……….around.
a) see b) seen c) seeing d) saw e) none of these
25. Blood ……….from the wound.
a) ooze b) come c) oozes d) oozing e) none of these

296
26. Why ………they fight with Ram?
a) have b) has c) do d) does e) none of these
27. I will …….with you.
a) have b) be c) been d) have to e) none of these
28. Life …………us thousand things.
a) teaches b) teach c) learn d) teached e) none of these
29. He ………….waiting for you since Monday.
a) have b) has been c) is d) was e) none of these

OM
30. It ………..not matter to me.
a) has b) does c) do d) have e) none of these
31. I am ………….TV.

.C
a) watching b) looking c) seeing d) seen e) none of these
32. They both …………..sleeping at this time.
NT
a) are b) were c) will be d) all of these e) none of these
33. My trousers …………black.
a) is b) are c) have d) has e) none of these
OI
34. I ……..at fault.
a) have b) has c) do d) am e) none of these
P

35. He …………her of murder.

ER

a) accuse b) accuses c) accusing d) a & b e) none of these

36. You have ………….. me.
PP

a) found b) get c) find d) founded e) none of these

37. She will …….. been mad.
a) have b) has c) had d) not e) none of these
TO

38. He……..not work with me.

a) have b) has c) do d) does e) none of these
39. He………lived in Delhi for about two years.
a) have b) did c) do d) does e) none of these
40. The road …….bent ahead.
a) have b) has c) is d) had e) none of these

297
41. The glass …………broken.
a) have b) has c) is d) are e) none of these
42. Mobile ……………ringing for a long.
a) have b) has c) has been d) did e) none of these
43. I …………still look for her.
a) have b) has c) am d) was e) none of these
44. He does not …………brain.
a) have b) has c) had d) all of these e) none of these

OM
45. …… you go to school?
a) have b) has c) do d) does e) none of these
46. He was sweating when he ………up to me.

.C
a) came b) comes c) come d) coming e) none of these
47. If he………….., he will meet you. NT
a) will come b) came c) comes d) has come e) none of these
48. Your success……on your stars.
a) depended b) depending c) depend d) depends e) none of these
OI
49. I don‟t………in luck.
a) believe b) belief c) faith d) rely e) none of these
P

50. He is …………..from one company to another.

ER

a) hoping b) leaving c) departing d) switching e) a & d

PP

Answer Sheet

1. A 6. C 11. D 16. E 21. C 26. C 31. A 36. A 41. C 46. A

2. B 7. C 12. C 17. C 22. C 27. B 32. D 37. A 42. C 47. C
TO

3. B 8. B 13. D 18. B 23. D 28. A 33. B 38. D 43. E 48. D

4. C 9. A 14. C 19. B 24. B 29. B 34. D 39. E 44. A 49. A
5. B 10. B 15. D 20. A 25. C 30. B 35. B 40. C 45. C 50. E

298
 Objective Exercise – Articles
fjDr LFkkuksa dks lgh vkfVZdy ls Hkfj, &
Fill in the blanks with appropriate Articles (A, An, The):

1. I am at ………home.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
2. She invited me to ……….dinner.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
3. I was studying in ………..Delhi university.

OM
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
4. I was born in ………….Calcutta.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article

.C
5. He is one of …………..most intelligent students of mine.
a) the b) a c) an NTd) No article
6. You are……..honest boy.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
OI
7. You are……..honest.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
P

8. I have four and …………half years of experience with international BPOs.

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
ER

9. He is …………..greatest warrior of today.

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
PP

10. He is weak in……….mathematics.

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
TO

11. All………..boys are naughty.

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
12. He lives in………….US.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
13. I am from……………Delhi
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
14. She lives in……………Dilshad Colony.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
299
15. I have read………..whole book.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
16. He is one of…………best students of mine.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
17. I met with …………accident yesterday.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
18. He is ……….PM of India.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article

OM
19. You should go by……………bus.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
20. I am not ……….best.

.C
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
21. A woman is more sensitive than………..man.
NT
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
22. I will meet you on………..Sunday.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
OI
23. Don‟t make……….noise.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
P

24. I have been working for………….hour.

ER

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
25. He is ………….union leader.
PP

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
26. He is working for …….university.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
TO

27. I am at………….fault.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
28. I have only one and……………half kilos rice.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
29. I will meet you in…….morning.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article

300
30. He studies at………..night.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
31. ……….Earth is revolving around the Sun.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
32. It is not…..book but a novel.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
33. I have been waiting for …….reply since I questioned you.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article

OM
34. I don‟t expect ………answer from you.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
35. He was going to …….school.

.C
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
36. I was coming from………..market. NT
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
37. People took the injured guy to ……….hospital.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
OI
38. Police has been looking into ……matter for quite a long.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
P

39. ………Gold is a precious metal.

ER

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
40. Ram is a brother of ………guy who I had met the other day.
PP

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
41. He was in ……….Australia last year.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
TO

42. Honesty is ………best policy.

a) the b) a c) an d) No article
43. My watch is made in ……..India.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
44. Mobile has been ringing for ……. long.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article

301
45. I loved ……..way she spoke with me.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
46. He does not have ……..brain.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
47. …….love is life.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
48. I distributed ………pens, you had given me, to all the students.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article

OM
49. I am ……..one who doesn‟t talk to many people.
a) the b) a c) an d) No article
50. It is your ………..best attempt.

.C
a) the b) a c) an d) No article

Answer Sheet
NT
1. D 6. C 11. A 16. A 21. B 26. B 31. A 36. D 41. D 46. D
2. D 7. D 12. A 17. C 22. D 27. D 32. B 37. D 42. A 47. D
OI
3. D 8. B 13. D 18. A 23. B 28. B 33. B 38. A 43. D 48. A
4. D 9. A 14. D 19. D 24. C 29. A 34. C 39. D 44. B 49. A
5. A 10. D 15. A 20. A 25. B 30. D 35. D 40. A 45. A 50. D
P

Objective Exercise – Prepositions

ER

fjDr LFkkuksa dks lgh izSiksft+‛kUl ls Hkfj, &

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions:
PP

1. You must not look down…………the poor.

b) at b) on c) in d) upon e) to
2. She invited me…………dinner.
TO

a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) to
3. The day proved fatal………….his plan.
a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) to
4. I was born………..Calcutta.
a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) over
5. He is very bad…………..expressing himself.
a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) into
302
6. You should look……………the matter.
a) at b) on c) in d) into e) over
7. I was tired…………your rubbish talk.
a) by b) on c) of d) upon e) over
8. Take care…………your parents
a) off b) on c) of d) upon e) over
9. Pour some more milk……….the jug.
a) inside b) on c) in d) upon e) into

OM
10. I can ride……………the horse back.
a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) over
11. The stone came……….me.

.C
a) down upon b) down at c) onto d) upon e) over
12. She lives………Dilshad Garden. NT
a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) over
13. Wipe the dust…………..the table.
a) from b) by c) off d) with e) onto
OI
14. He is older…………..I.
a) to b) than c) then d) from e) above
P

15. You are younger …………me.

ER

a) at b) to c) in d) upon e) over
16. He is far ahead………….others.
PP

a) by b) on c) of d) than e) over
17. I am running short………money.
a) at b) with c) off d) of e) by
TO

18. He has lived in Delhi………..two years.

a) in b) for c) about d) since e) over
19. He is content ………this amount.
a) in b) with c) by d) for e) over
20. Letter is kept ……….the pillow.
a) under b) beneath c) over d) below e) down

303
21. She has married …………… him last year.
a) to b) with c) within d) by e) No Preposition
22. You should be ashamed ……………yourself.
a) at b) on c) by d) of e) No Preposition
23. I told him to be careful……………the traffic.
a) at b) on c) in d) by e) of
24. He is ………….blame.
a) at b) on c) in d) to e) with

OM
25. I am…….. fault.
a) at b) on c) in d) to e) by
26. A leaf is kept ……….the Mathematics book.

.C
a) under b) above c) over d) below e) underneath
27. I have seen …….my parents. NT
a) of b) to c) off d) above e) by
28. I prefer studying ……night.
a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) over
OI
29. He studies …….the evening.
a) at b) on c) in d) by e) over
P

30. The Earth is revolving……. the Sun.

ER

a) by b) surround c) around d) about e) over

31. Does it make any difference ……….you?
PP

a) at b) on c) with d) to e) beneath
32. I was looking ……..a room as I had to relocate immediately.
a) at b) for c) on d) over e) onto
TO

33. I went for the interview ……..hand but I got selected.

a) of b) in c) off d) with e) over
34. Ram is younger ……..me.
a) to b) than c) by d) below e) before
35. I will blame you ………that negligence.
a) for b) about c) under d) to e) over

304
36. He assures you ………assistance.
a) for b) with c) of d) upon e) over
37. What‟s…….?
a) at b) up c) into d) upon e) than
38. He was sitting ……….10 people.
a) among b) between c) in d) under e) underneath
39. Can you see the man …………the road?
a) at b) across c) in d) beyond e) off

OM
40. Your imagination is ……………….dreams.
a) at b) across c) off d) beyond e) over
41. He got………….the bus and rushed to school.

.C
a) from b) by c) of d) off e) over
42. This mobile is ……..no use …….me. NT
a) of, to b) to, of c) of, of d) off, to e) to, off
43. I will always remain indebted ………..my parents.
a) at b) of c) to d) by e) over
OI
44. Put out the fire lest it should spread ……..
a) out b) off c) away d) onto e) over
P

45. I got very happy, the moment I saw my best friend dropped………
ER

a) at b) on c) in d) upon e) over
46. I came ……..your home but didn‟t courage to knock ……the door.
PP

a) at, at b) up to, on c) up to, at d) till, at e) till, on

47. We had…….return to home quickly as it was getting dark.
a) on b) to c) by d) off e) No Preposition
TO

48. I run ……….money.

a) by b) before c) after d) ahead e) No Preposition
49. You are addicted……………gambling.
a) to b) of c) with d) by e) beneath
50. She died………….hard work.
a) of b) from c) with d) onto e) over

305
51. My house is adjacent……..his house.
a) to b) by c) with d) across e) No preposition
52. She is married…………Ram.
a) to b) with c) by d) along e) No preposition
53. You should investigate………….the matter.
a) about b) into c) over d) onto e) No preposition
54. I discussed……….the issue.
a) about b) into c) over d) onto e) No preposition

OM
55. You should look after……………..your parents.
a) out b) off c) away d) onto e) No preposition
56. He was applying the cream……………..his face.

.C
a) on b) onto c) up to d) in e) over
57. He will come home………….Holi. NT
a) on b) in c) at d) onto e) over
58. The convict escaped………..the punishment.
a) off b) of c) from d) onto e) No preposition
OI
59. I was tired…………listening to his excuses.
a) out b) off c) of d) onto e) over
P

60. I opened………..the fiftieth page of the book.

ER

a) out b) off c) at d) in e) No preposition

61. He killed his brother…………an arrow.
PP

a) of b) off c) with d) onto e) over

62. He is a friend ………mine.
a) than b) to c) from d) of e) then
TO

63. He is……….weak that he can‟t talk.

a) too b) to c) so d) All of these e) No Preposition
64. He is sitting………………the auditorium.
a) out b) at c) in d) into e) over
65. I am running short…………time.
a) out b) off c) away d) of e) over

306
66. I wish……..early rains.
a) for b) off c) of d) on e) No preposition
67. She broke……….. the house to steal something.
a) in b) on c) away d) onto e) No preposition
68. I broke……….with Priya.
a) out b) off c) away d) onto e) up
69. I made him………..go there.
a) in b) on c) at d) onto e) No preposition

OM
70. This chain is made………..Gold.
a) by b) of c) in d) inside e) upon
71. This computer is made…………America.

.C
a) by b) of c) in d) inside e) upon
72. I am ……….the wrong. NT
a) in b) on c) at d) onto e) No preposition
73. This cloth is inferior……….my cloth.
a) than b) to c) then d) rather than e) over
OI
74. I will reach office………….6 o‟clock.
a) by b) at c) before d) All of these e) No Preposition
P

75. His car is parked………….the road.

ER

a) to b) by c) along d) upon e) with

PP

Answer Sheet

1. D 12. C 23. C 34. A 45. C 56. B 67. A

TO

2. E 13. C 24. D 35. A 46. C 57. C 68. B

3. E 14. B 25. A 36. C 47. B 58. C 69. E
4. C 15. B 26. E 37. B 48. C 59. C 70. B
5. C 16. C 27. C 38. A 49. A 60. C 71. C
6. D 17. D 28. A 39. B 50. B 61. C 72. A
7. C 18. B 29. C 40. D 51. E 62. D 73. B
8. C 19. B 30. C 41. D 52. A 63. C 74. D
9. E 20. B 31. D 42. A 53. E 64. C 75. C
10. B 21. A 32. B 43. C 54. E 65. D
11. A 22. D 33. C 44. E 55. E 66. A

307
Lesson – 37
Sentence Correction Exercises
The sentences taken in this lesson are based on all the concepts taught in
previous chapters. Unless your basics are strong, you will find difficulty in
correcting the sentences out here.
This is a kind of self assessment of your understanding to concepts taught
so far. If you face any difficulty in understanding the logic of correction in
this lesson, go back to the respective lesson and learn the concept again. If
you still face issues, mail us at [email protected] or place your
doubts in student helpdesk forum after logging into

OM
www.englishwale.com. We are always there to help you out.

Exercise – I

.C
S. v‛kq) okD; ‚kq) okD;
No Incorrect Sentence Correct Sentence
1. Does he goes for a walk?
NT Does he go for a walk?

2. I doesn‟t know what to do. I don‟t know what to do.

OI
3. He is greatest. He is great. / He is the greatest.

4. He don‟t remember what I said. He doesn‟t remember what I said.

P

5. He has went to market. He has gone to market.

ER

6. He has been doing it since two years. He has been doing it for two years.

7. All boys are naughty. All the boys are naughty.

PP

8. She must be standing on the door. She must be standing at the door.
India is our country and we are it‟s India is our country and we are her
9.
TO

inhabitants. inhabitants.
10. Hi, its me. Hi, it‟s I.
I have been working with you from I have been working with you since
11
yesterday. yesterday.
I have never seen such wonderful
12 I have never seen such a wonderful people.
people.
13 He is one of the best friend of mine. He is one of the best friends of mine.

14 Let he dance. Let him dance.

308
15 I went market yesterday. I went to market yesterday.
16 This is a womens park. This is a women‟s park.
17 He is going to the market. He is going to market.
18 You, who is honest, shouldn‟t do it. You, who are honest, shouldn‟t do it.
19 I, who is a good man, can never do it. I, who am a good man, can never do it.
Neither the ball nor the bats was in good Neither the ball nor the bats were in
20
condition. good condition.
Neither the bats nor the ball were in good Neither the bats nor the ball was in good
21
condition. condition.

OM
22 It take 2 minutes. It takes 2 minutes.
The director and the producer are dead.
(Director & Producer are 2 different
23 The director and the producer is dead. persons.)
nksuksa ls igys “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2 O;fDr

.C
gSaA
The director and producer is dead.
NT (Director & Producer is the same
24 The director and producer are dead. person.)
dsoy ‚kq#vkr esa “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa ,d gh
O;fDr gSA
Director and Producer are dead.
OI
(Director & Producer are 2 different
25 Director and Producer is dead. persons.)
nksuksa ls igys “the” ugha yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2
P

O;fDr gSaA
26 Neither my brother nor I is happy. Neither my brother nor I am happy.
ER

27 Either she or I is telling a lie. Either she or I am telling a lie.

28 Either I or she is telling a lie. Either I or she is telling a lie.

PP

Ajay as well as his brothers deserve the Ajay as well as his brothers deserves the
29
award. award.
30 I have seen the film and she has also. I have seen the film and so has she.
TO

31 The bus left before we reached. The bus had left before we reached.
32 He is addicted to smoke. He is addicted to smoking.
This sentence is correct.
33 A Mr. Patel had come to our office today.
A Mr. Patel – dksbZ fe0 iVsyA
34 He never hesitates to sing. He never hesitates in singing.
35 He has passion to read books. He has passion for reading books.
36 Mr. Kumar is my English Teacher. Mr. Kumar is my teacher of English.
37 His Exam starts from Monday. His Exam starts on Monday.
38 I have learnt it word by word. I have learnt it word for word.
309
39 It‟s female compartment. It‟s a ladies‟ compartment.

40 It‟s color is black. Its color is black.

41 Open your book in page number 8. Open your book at page number 8.
Mr. Kumar is my teacher of
42 Mr. Kumar is my Mathematics teacher.
Mathematics.
43 This is the house whose roof leaks. This is the house the roof of which leaks.
This is the chair the legs of which are

OM
44 This is the chair whose legs are broken.
broken.
45 He died from Cancer. He died of Cancer.

46 He died with Typhoid. He died of Typhoid.

.C
47 He is going to the school. He is going to school.

48 I am coming from the hospital.

NT I am coming from hospital.

49 I am sitting at the home. I am sitting at home.

OI
50 I have lost my patience. I have lost patience.

51 I say you. I say to you.

P

52 Mr. Kumar is my Science teacher. Mr. Kumar is my teacher of science.

ER

53 I resigned from HCL and joined IBM. I resigned HCL and joined IBM.
First of all, I told him about his
54 First in all, I told him about his mistakes.
mistakes.
PP

55 We need a house to live. We need a house to live in.

56 Raju secured only passing marks in Maths. Raju secured only pass marks in Maths.
TO

No less than hundred soldiers were died in No fewer than hundred soldiers were
57
that blast. died in that blast.
58 One day, you will be of my age. One day you will be my age.

59 You have got perfect furnitures. You have got perfect furniture.

60 He is master of English. He is a master of English.

My trousers are old.
61 My trouser is old. esjh iSaV iqjkuh gSA

310
62 My scissors are sharp. My scissors are sharp.

63 Riches is transitory. Riches is transitory.

64 Mr. Goyal is my Commerce teacher. Mr. Goyal is my teacher of Commerce.

65 The sheep is grazing. The sheep are grazing.

66 Mr. Kumar is my Hindi teacher. Mr. Kumar is my teacher of Hindi.

67 My hair are black. My hair is black.

OM
68 I found two hair in vegetable. I found two hairs in vegetable.

69 Rahul looks me. Rahul looks at me.

.C
70 Hindustan times is a newspaper. The Hindustan Times is a newspaper.

71 He lives in UK. NT He lives in the UK.

72 My house is made of the stone. My house is made of stone.

73 He invited me for the lunch. He invited me to lunch.

OI
Ram‟s and Mohan‟s houses are under
74 Ram‟s and Mohan‟s houses is under repair.
repair.
I appeared in B.Tech Exam in June this I appeared at B. Tech Exam in June this
P

75
year. year.
ER

76 Sit in the door. Sit at the door.

77 Somebody is knocking on the door. Somebody is knocking at the door.

PP

78 The thief escaped off the police. The thief escaped from the police.
I have got an account with Allahabad
79 I have got an account in Allahabad bank.
bank.
TO

80 Open fifth page. Open at the fifth page.

81 He is writing by a pen. He is writing with a pen.

82 None of you was present in the class. None of you were present in the class.

83 Each one of you are my friend. Each one of you is my friend.

My friends enjoyed themselves in the
84 My friends enjoyed in the party.
party.
85 You should avail the facilities. You should avail yourself the facilities.

311
86 God helps all the rich & poor people. God helps all the rich & the poor.
87 Many a students is working hard. Many a student is working hard.
88 Call me anything else than a donkey. Call me anything else but a donkey.
89 How clever man is he! How clever man he is!
The teacher had hardly reached the
The teacher had hardly reached the class,
90 class, when the students began to make
then the students began to make a noise.
a noise.
No sooner had I reached the room, then No sooner had I reached the room, than
91
you started studying. you started studying.

OM
92 I love to walk in the park. I love walking in the park.
93 He likes to music more than his life. He likes music more than his life.

94 He loves to read the newspaper. He loves reading the newspaper.

.C
Unless you don‟t go there, nothing will Unless you go there, nothing will
95
change. change.
96 Work hard lest you may fail the exam.
NT Work hard lest you should fail the exam.
The manager and the director are dead.
97
The manager and the director is dead. nksuksa ls igys “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2
O;fDr gSaA
OI
(Manager & Director - 2 different persons)
98 He will come home in Christmas. He will come home at Christmas.
P

99 You can cut the potato by a knife. You can cut the potato with a knife.
100 Take the book from the table Take the book off the table
ER

101 I enjoy myself a lot during summer. I enjoy myself a lot during the summer.
The singer and philosopher is dead.
nksuksa ls igys “the” ugha yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa ,d gh
PP

102 The singer and philosopher are dead.

O;fDr gSaA
(Singer & Philosopher – same person)
The singer and the philosopher are dead.
nksuksa ls igys “the” yxk gS ;kfu nksuksa vyx&2
TO

103 The singer and the philosopher is dead. O;fDr gSaA

( Singer & Philosopher - 2 different
persons)
Neither Ali nor his friends was present in Neither Ali nor his friends were present
104
the party. in the party.
105 Many a girl love Rahul. Many a girl loves Rahul.
106 I have purchase 12 dozen bananas. I have purchased 12 dozen bananas.
107 He gave me an advice. He gave me a piece of advice.
108 Did he advice you? Did he advise you?

312
 Each of the ladies performs her duty
109 Each of the ladies perform her duty well.
well.
The crocodile is the largest of all other The crocodile is the largest of all the
110
reptiles. reptiles.
Preeti is the best of all other students in Preeti is the best of all the students in
111
the class. the class.
112 Swati is more smarter than Neha. Swati is smarter than Neha.

113 I lain the book on the table. I laid the book on the table.

114 He made me to go there. He made me go there.

OM
115 I discussed about the matter. I discussed the matter.

116 I am so happy today. I am very happy today.

.C
117 He was so tired to walk any further. He was too tired to walk any further.

118 He had told to me. NT He had told me.

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

OI
1. The measure of who we are is what we do with what we have.

2. You can avoid reality but you can never avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.
P

3. I can write better than anybody who can write faster, and I can write faster than anybody who
ER

can write better.

4. Not everything that can be counted counts; and not everything that counts can be counted.
PP

5. In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But in practice, there is.

6. I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.
TO

7. Each problem that I solved became a rule which served afterwards to solve other problems.

8. Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.

9. Once we decide we have to do something, we can go miles ahead.

10. When you stop chasing the wrong things you give the right things a chance to catch you.

313
 Exercise – II
S. v‛kq) okD; ‚kq) okD;
No Incorrect Sentence Correct Sentence
1 I am enjoying. I am enjoying myself.
Rahul that is my best friend is a
2 Rahul, who is my best friend, is a dancer.
dancer.
The boy who is my best friend is a dancer.
The boy, who is my best friend, is a
3 or
dancer.
The boy that is my best friend is a dancer.
Marble table that is my favourite is Marble table, which is my favourite, is
4

OM
expensive. expensive.
The table which is my favourite is
The table, which is my favourite, is expensive.
5
expensive. or
The table that is my favourite is expensive.

.C
6 Four dozens bananas are kept there. Four dozen bananas are kept there.

7
The child has no idea where his
parents were.
NT The child has no idea where his parents
are.
Seeta is in fifth class. / Seeta is in class
8 Seeta is in class fifth.
five.
OI
Rahul is an honest person. / Rahul is
9 Rahul is honest person.
honest.
P

Aman is a person honest in his dealings./

Aman is an honest person in his
10 Aman is a person who is honest in his
dealings.
ER

dealings.
11 Ram is my the best friend. Ram is my best friend.

He is the Shakespeare of our class. /

PP

12 He is Shakespeare of our class.

He is a Shakespeare of our class.
13 She has two son-in-laws. She has two sons-in-law.

14 They have got a summon today. They have got a summons today.
TO

15 They have got two summons today. They have got two summonses today.

He gave me some information.

16 He gave me some informations.
He gave me some pieces of information.

17 I have many furnitures. I have many furniture.

The famous singer and politician were The famous singer and politician was
18
present there. present there.

314
 The famous singer and the politician was The famous singer and the politician
19
present there. were present there.
The team couldn‟t win because it was split The team couldn‟t win because they
20
into three groups. were split into three groups.
We should be kind to the poor.
21 We should be kind to the poor people.
We should be kind to poor people.
Take money from the rich. / Take
22 Take money from the rich people.
money from rich people.

23 Any of the two girls can do this work. Either of the two girls can do this work.

OM
24 I, he and you will go. You, he and I will go.

25 It was me who did it. It was I who did it.

26 Each one of you has seen this. Each of you has seen this.

.C
27 I was sitting amongst 20 people. I was sitting among 20 people.

28 I was among the crowd.

NT I was amongst the crowd.
Rohit and Mohit‟s home is just round
Rohit‟s and Mohit‟s home is just round the the corner. /
29
corner. Rohit‟s and Mohit‟s homes are just
OI
round the corner.
All the guests who I invited to dinner were All the guests whom I invited to dinner
30
present. were present.
P

31 I invited my friend on dinner. I invited my friend to dinner.

ER

32 It is worth fifty rupees. It is worth rupees fifty.

33 He is one of my best friend. He is one of my best friends.

PP

34 Who did you see that day? Whom did you see that day?
You and I know one another for many You and I know each other for many
35
TO

years. years.
You, he and I know each another for many You, he and I know one another for
36
years. many years.

37 I, he and you are good boys. You, he and I are good boys.

38 You, he and I are bad boys. I, you and he are bad boys.

39 Rahul told that he was unhappy. Rahul said that he was unhappy.

40 Rahul said to me that he was unhappy. Rahul told me that he was unhappy.

315
41 Its good that you have come. It‟s good that you have come.

You had promised that you would You had promised me that you would
42
come. come.
You had promised me that you will You had promised me that you would
43
come. come.

44 Your face resembles with my mom. Your face resembles my mom.

The police shot at the criminal.

45 The police shot the criminal.
The police shot the criminal dead.

OM
46 Police has caught the criminal. The police has caught the criminal.

47 Tell me how are you. Tell me how you are.

48 I asked him who is he. I asked him who he was.

.C
I don‟t know that he will go to Shimla I don‟t know whether he will go to Shimla
49
or not. or not.
50 Study lest you will fail.
NT Study lest you should fail.

51 I am also not good. I am not good either. / Even, I am not good.

OI
52 I don‟t have something. I don‟t have anything. / I have nothing.

He is too weak to walk. / He is so weak

53 He is so weak to walk.
P

that he can‟t walk.

I am too weak to pass the exam. / I am so
ER

54 I am so weak to pass the exam.

weak that I can‟t pass the exam.

55 She lived in a boarding. She lived in a boarding house.

PP

56 I am suggesting you. I am suggesting to you.

57 I want your reply. I want a reply from you.

TO

Doctor suggested us newer

58 Doctor suggested to us newer medications.
medications.
59 I love to go there. I love going there.

60 I am looking forward to meet him. I am looking forward to meeting him.

I am used to smoking a lot. / I used to

61 I am used to smoke a lot.
smoke a lot.
62 This question is difficult to be solved. This question is difficult to solve.

316
63 He loves to read books. He loves reading books.

64 They like to watch TV. They like watching TV.

I and the members of my team has seen I and the members of my team have seen
65
the Taj. the Taj.
I along with the members of my team I along with the members of my team has
66
have seen the Taj. seen the Taj.

67 If you will go there, tell him about me. If you go there, tell him about me.

If Ram will come your home, he will talk If Ram comes your home, he will talk to

OM
68
to you. you.
If you go there with me, you will also see
that Aman‟s house. (Future)

.C
If you went there with me, you would also
If you gone there with me, you would see that Aman‟s house.
69
have also seen Aman‟s house. NT (Present)

If you had gone there with me, you would

have also seen that Aman‟s house.
(Past possibility)
OI
If I am fit, we will play together. (Future)
If I were fit, we would play together.
If I was fit, we would have played
70 (Present)
together.
If I had been fit, we would have played
P

together. (Past possibility)

ER

71 Last week, I have met you. Last week, I had met you.

72 Since morning, she is studying. Since morning, she has been studying.
PP

73 Since yesterday, I am upset. Since yesterday, I have been upset.

76 He is with me for a long. He has been with me for a long.

I have been here ever since you have
TO

77 I am here ever since you have come.

come.
By 6 o‟clock tomorrow, I will have finished
78 By 6 o‟clock tomorrow, I will finish it.
it.

79 I prefer tea to coffee. I prefer tea over coffee.

I prefer singing to dancing. / I prefer to

80 I prefer singing over dancing.
sing to dance.
I am not only your brother but your I am not only your brother but also your
81
friend as well. friend.

317
 He not only went there but talked to He not only went there but also talked to
82
that girl too. that girl.
I am Saleem. / My name is Saleem. / This
83 Myself Saleem.
is Saleem.
Because you are my friend, I will Since/As/For you are my friend, I will
84
stand by you. stand by you.
I will stand by you since you are my I will stand by you as/for/because you are
85
friend. my friend.
His performance is more superior
86 His performance is superior to mine.
than mine.

OM
87 Rahul was braver than wise. Rahul was more brave than wise.

88 You are taller than me. You are taller than I.

89 He is older than me. He is older than I.

.C
90 Ram is younger than I. Ram is younger to me.

91 He is senior than I.
NT He is senior to me.

92 I am more brave than you. I am braver than you.

OI
93 He is braver than wise. He is more brave than wise.
P

94 Of the three, he is the better. Of the three, he is the best.

ER

95 Of the two, he is the best. Of the two, he is better.

96 Of the four, he is better. Of the four, he is the best.

PP

97 I am worse than him. I am worse than he.

98 He is so clever. He is very clever.

TO

99 The God is great. God is great.

100 I am so clever as my brother. I am as clever as my brother.

101 I am not as clever as my brother. I am not so clever as my brother.

Wherever you will go, you will find

102 Wherever you go, you will find God.
God.
103 I don‟t know to speak English. I don‟t know how to speak in English.

318
104 He doesn‟t know Punjabi. He doesn‟t know how to speak in Punjabi.

Translate Hindi into English./

105 Translate from Hindi to English.
Translate from Hindi into English.
He has finished three-fourth of this
106 He has finished three-fourths of this book.
book.

107 There is no problem in whole UP. There is no problem in whole of UP.

108 I love writing by a pen. I love writing with a pen.

109 I have no house to live. I have no house to live in.

OM
110 Do not discuss about this topic. Do not discuss this topic.

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

.C
1. Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
NT
2. No masterpiece was ever created without efforts.

3. Thinking should become your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across
in your life.
OI
4. Winners are those who learn from their failures.

5. The number one reason people fail in life is because they listen to their friends, family, and
P

neighbors.
ER

6. There is no chance, no destiny, no fate, that can hinder or control the firm resolve of a determined
soul.

7. Whatever the mind of man can believe, can be achieved.

PP

8. Strive not to be a success, but to be of value.

9. You miss 100% of the shots you don‟t take.

TO

10. Every time you lose, you gain experience.

11. Unless you try, you can‟t say whether you‟ll succeed or not. So go ahead and try your best.

12. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn‟t do than by
the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe harbor, catch the trade winds
in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.

13. Even thousands of stars can‟t replace the Moon; Similarly thousands of ordinary men can‟t
replace an extraordinary man.

319
Lesson – 38
Mixed Practice Exercise
Translate the following sentences into English……

1- mls ?kj yk;k x;k A 46- eSa pkjksa HkkbZ;ksa esa lcls cM+k gw¡ A
2- eq>s 2 feuV fn;s x;s Fks A 47- oks dc ls [ksy jgk gS \
3- ;s yksx rqels dc feys \ 48- geus mls fn[kk;k Fkk A
4- ;s dke dkSu djrk gS \ 49- ;s fdl isM+ dk vke gS A
5- eSa vDlj rqEgkjs ?kj vkrk Fkk A 50- jke mu fnuksa gels feyrk Fkk A
6- rqe yksxksa dks iSls ugha fn;s tk ldrs A 51- rqEgsa gkWfLiVy D;ksa ys tk;k x;k \
7- mlus cPpksa dks cSBus fn;k FkkA 52- jke dks Hkstk tkuk pkfg, A

OM
8- eSa cgqr nsj ls mls <wa< jgk gw¡ A 53- oks esjk D;k yxrk gS \
9- ckcj dks vdcj ls feyus fn;k tk;sxk A 54- mls [kkuk ugha fn;k tk;sxk A
10- bl ns‛k esa nhikoyh dc eukbZ tkrh gS \ 55- gesa Hkstk tk jgk gS A
11- rqEgsa fdlds ?kj tkuk gS \ 56- eSa rqEgsa tkus ugha nsrk A
12- D;k rqEgsa ,slk dguk pkfg, Fkk \ 57- thruk mldh vknr cu x;h gS A

.C
13- jke ds HkkbZ ds ikl D;k ugha gS \ 58- mls fdlus ugha ns[kk \
14- rqels feys gq, dbZ lky gks x;s gSa A 59- oks fdlds lkFk i<+rk Fkk \
15- ‚kk;n oks Ldwy x;k gksxk A NT 60- esjs ikl fdlh dk iSu ugha gS A
16- Ykksx ,sls D;ksa gksrs gSa \ 61- esjk fny mlls T+;knk etcwr gS A
17- mlus ,slk dHkh ugha fd;k A 62- vkt vksys ugha iM+s A
18- yksxksa dks ?kj tkuk iM+k A 63- rqels feys gq, eq>s dbZ lky gks x;s gaS A
19- rqels dksbZ ‚kknh ugha djuk pkgsxk A 64- eq>s Ldwy igq¡pus esa 10 feuV yxrs gSa A
OI
20- eksckbZy esa D;k gS \ 65- 25 lky yxs A
21- oks fdlh vkSj ds liuksa esa [kks;k gqvk Fkk A 66- ;s cPpk fdl vkSjr dk gS \
22- gesa i<+us D;ksa ugha fn;k tk jgk gS \ 67- D;k ;s ml yM+dh dk gS \
23- D;k rqe ;gk¡ lks ikvksxs \ 68- oks eq>s dHkh gkjus ugha nsxk A
P

24- mlds fdrus HkkbZ Fks \ 69- fdrus fnu yxs \

25- T+;knk Vh oh ns[kuk vk¡[kksa ds fy, Bhd ugha gS A 70- ogk¡ dkSu fNik gqvk gS \
ER

26- oks ‚kk;n eq>s ;kn dj jgk gks A 71- fdl yM+ds dh cgu ogk¡ [kM+h Fkh \
27- mlus vkus fn;k A 72- eSa dc ls txk gqvk gw¡\
28- ‚kk;n dy vksys iM+sa A 73- ‚kk;n mlus ns[kk gksxk \
29- oks eq>s vDlj ;kn vkrk Fkk A 74- eq>s dgk x;k Fkk fd eq>s vesfjdk Hkstk tk,xk A
PP

30- jke us dgk gS A 75- ;s dc gqvk \

31- cxZj [kk;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \ 76- rqe eq>ls de iSls okys gks A
32- lHkh dks dqN fn;k tk jgk Fkk A 77- gesa lqcg ls i<+k;k tk jgk gS A
33- Hkxoku Ñ".k dks ekjk ugha tk ldrkA 78- oks dkQh nsj ls lks;k gqvk gS A
34- vxj eSa vkrk rks rqels feyrk A 79- mls Hkstk tkuk pkfg, A
TO

35- ;gk¡ ckfj‛k D;ksa ugha gksrh \ 80- eSa dy ls ;gk¡ cSBk gw¡ A
36- Ekq>s ?kqlus ugha fn;k tk jgk Fkk A 81- ;s eksckbZy rqEgkjs eksckbZy ls T+;knk iqjkuk gS A
37- oks esjs vkxs [kM+k Fkk A 82- mlds ikl fdlh vkSj dk iSu Fkk A
38- ijlksa NqV~Vh Fkh A 83- D;k eSa mlls T+;knk cqjk gw¡ \
39- fdl ghjks dk HkkbZ fnYyh esa gS \ 84- Ckkfj‛k fdrus cts gqbZ \
40- mls jkst+ gkWfLiVy D;ksa ys tk;k tkrk Fkk \ 85- D;k rqEgsa ugha tkuk \
41- T+;knk lkspuk csdkj gS A 86- D;k irk] mlus dgk gks A
42- cPpksa dks Hkstk tk,xk A 87- Lkjdkj gesa fonzksg D;ksa ugha djus nsrh \
43- mlds psgjs us eq>s ,d vkneh dh ;kn fnyk nh ftls eSa 88- eq>s pSu ls thus nks A
1985 esa feyk FkkA 89- mldk dqN ugha gS] lc esjk gS A
44- HkkbZ iDdk Ldwy ds fy, fudy x;k gksxk A 90- esjh gS ;s fdrkc \
45- eSus dgk Fkk fd eSa tkšxk A
320
 Answers

1. He was brought home.

2. I had been given 2 minutes. 46. I am the eldest among 4 brothers.
3. When did these people meet me? 47. Since when has he been playing?
4. Who does this work? 48. We had shown him.
5. I used to often come your home. 49. Which tree‟s mango is it?
6. You people can‟t be given money. / 50. Ram used to meet us those days.
Money can‟t be given to you people. 51. Why were you brought to hospital?
7. He had let children sit. 52. Ram should be sent.
8. I have been searching him for a long? 53. What is he to me?
9. Babar will be let meet Akbar. 54. He will not be given the food.
10. When is Diwali celebrated in this country? 55. We are being sent.
11. Whose home have you to go? 56. I don‟t let you go.

OM
12. Should you have said so? 57. Winning has become his habit.
13. What does Ram‟s brother not have? 58. Who didn‟t see him?
14. It has been many years having met you. 59. With whom did he use to study?
15. He might have gone to school. 60. We don‟t have anybody‟s pen.
16. Why are people so? 61. My heart is stronger than his.

.C
17. He never did so. 62. It didn‟t hail today.
18. People had to go home. 63. It has been many years having met you.
19. Nobody would like to marry you.
20. What is there in mobile?
21. He was lost in someone else‟s dreams.
NT 64. It takes me 10 minutes to reach school.
65. It took 25 years.
66. Of which woman is this child?
22. Why are we not letting study? 67. Is it of that girl? / Is it that girl‟s?
23. Will you be able to sleep here? 68. He will never let me lose.
OI
24. How many brothers did he have? 69. How many days did it take?
25. Watching TV a lot is not good for eyes. 70. Who is hidden there?
26. He might be missing me. 71. Which boy‟s sister was standing there?
P

27. He let come. 72. Since when/From when am I awake?

28. It might hail tomorrow. 73. He might/may have seen.
ER

29. He used to often miss me. 74. I was said that I will be sent to America.
30. Ram has said. 75. When did it happen?
31. How many days has it been to you 76. You are poorer than I.
having eaten/taken/had burger? 77. We are being taught since morning.
PP

32. All were being given something. 78. He is asleep for a long.
33. Lord Krishna can‟t be killed. 79. He should be sent.
34. If I came, I would meet you. 80. I have been sitting here since
35. Why does it not rain here? yesterday.
TO

36. I was not being let enter. 81. This mobile is older than your mobile.
37. He was standing ahead of me. 82. He had somebody else‟s pen.
38. It was holiday day before yesterday. 83. Am I worse than he?
39. Which actor‟s brother is in Delhi? 84. At what time did it rain?
40. Why did he use to be taken to hospital 85. Have you not to go?
every day? 86. He might/may have said.
41. Thinking a lot is a waste. 87. Why does Government not let us
42. Children will be sent. protest?
43. His face reminded me of a man whom I 88. Let me live peacefully.
had met in 1985. 89. His is nothing, all is mine.
44. Brother must have left for school. 90. Mine is this book.
45. I had said that I would go.

321
Lesson – 39
Mixed Test Papers
Let‟s check our progress through following mixed test papers.
If you don‟t score more than 80%, that clearly means you are not competent
enough to go any further. In that case, go back and re-revise the lessons.

Mixed Test - I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 30 x 1 = 30
1- eSa dbZ yksxksa ds chp cSBk FkkA 17- bruk vklku ugha gksrkA
2- canj isM+ ls dwnkA 18- lkspus dh ckr ;s gS fd ge ;s djsaxs dSls \
3- jke dks eq>ls feyok;k tk;sxkA 19- rqe esjh etcwjh dk Qk;nk mBk jgs gks A

OM
4- eq>s fHktok;k x;k A 20- ,slk djuk fdlh iki ls de ugha gSA
5- eq>s jkst+ fl[kk;k tkrk FkkA 21- ckj&ckj cqykdj mldk le; [kjkc er djksA
6- eSa iwN jgk gw¡ fd rqe dkSu gksA 22- vius vki dks T+;knk pkykd le>us dh xyrh
7- vxj eSa Bhd gksrk] rks ge lkFk [ksyrsA er djksA
8- eSa lqcg ls ;gk¡ gw¡A 23- D;k irk dc esjh fdLer cny tk;s!
9- fdrkc rfd;s ds uhps FkhA 24- csdkj dh ckrsa djus ls dksbZ Qk;nk ugha A

.C
10- jke dks [ksyus ugha fn;k x;kA 25- ,slk lkspuk fcYdqy tk;t+ ugha gSA
11- eq>s le>k;k tk jgk FkkA 26- eSa ;s lc djds NksM+ pqdk gw¡ tks rqe vc dj

j[krs gks \
NT
12- ;s rqEgsa eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs fy, D;k ek;us

13- mldh gjdrksa ls yxrk gS fd oks vHkh Hkh cPpk gSA

jgs gks A
27- ;gh rks fdrkc gS tks eSaus rqEgsa nh FkhA
28- ge oks gSa tks nqfu;k thr ldrs gSaA
14- ;s lquus esa vPNk yxrk gS ij dj ds ns[kks] et+kd 29- mldh gkyr ns[kdj eSa vius vk¡lw ugha jksd
ugha gSA ik;kA
OI
15- oDr us rqEgkjh ;knksa dks /kq¡/kyk dj fn;k FkkA 30- esjs lkjs nksLr ogha ij FksA
16- mlus rqEgsa /kks[kk fn;k] rqe mls vc Hkh pkgrs
gks \
P

Q2: Correct the following sentences if incorrect: 10 x 2 = 20

ER

1) He as well as his friends is good.

2) The Director & Producer is dead.
3) A Mr. Ram is sitting outside and waiting. He is wearing a blue shirt.
PP

4) I took the mobile from the table.

5) The Table, which is my favourite is expensive.
6) You, he & I are to blame.
7) You, he & I are doing a good job.
TO

8) He along with the members of his team has seen the Taj.
9) If he will come, he will scold you.
10) He is older than me.
11) I will see whether he is there.
12) He is 3 years younger than me.
13) Even if he will go, I don‟t care.
14) I am here for 3 days.
15) The moment he come, baby starts weeping.
16) You looks tired today.
17) Because you are my friend, I will help you.
18) I have got 3 hair on my head.
19) He was used to my anger.
20) He hide behind the wall.
322
 Answers
Q1:

1- eSa dbZ yksxksa ds chp cSBk FkkA I was sitting amongst many people.
2- canj isM+ ls dwnkA Monkey jumped off the tree.
3- jke dks eq>ls feyok;k tk;sxkA Ram will be made meet me.
4- eq>s fHktok;k x;k A I was made go.
5- eq>s jkst+ fl[kk;k tkrk FkkA I used to be taught every day.
6- eSa iwN jgk gw¡ fd rqe dkSu gks A I am asking who you are.
7- vxj eSa Bhd gksrk] rks ge lkFk [ksyrsA If I was fit, we would play together.
8- eSa lqcg ls ;gk¡ gw¡A I have been here since morning.
9- fdrkc rfd;s ds uhps FkhA Book was underneath/beneath the pillow.
10- jke dks [ksyus ugha fn;k x;kA Ram was not let play.

OM
11- eq>s le>k;k tk jgk FkkA I was being made understand.
12- ;s rqEgsa eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs fy, D;k ek;us j[krs gks \ How do I tell you what you are to me.
13- mldh gjdrksa ls yxrk gS fd oks vHkh Hkh le÷knkj ugha gSA His activities suggest as he isn‟t mature yet.
14- ;s lquus esa vPNk yxrk gS ij dj ds ns[kks] et+kd ugha gSA It sounds good but if you do it, it‟s not a joke.

.C
15- oDr us rqEgkjh ;knksa dks /kq¡/kyk dj fn;k FkkA Time had diminished your memories.
16- mlus rqEgsa /kks[kk fn;k] rqe mls vc Hkh pkgrs gks\ He cheated on you, do you still love him?
17- bruk vklku ugha gksrk A NT It‟s not that easy.
18- lkspus dh ckr ;s gS fd ge ;s djsaxs dSls \ The matter of concern is, how we will do it?
19- rqe esjh etcwjh dk Qk;nk mBk jgs gks A You‟re taking advantage of my helplessness.
20- ,slk djuk fdlh iki ls de ugha gSA Doing so is not less than a sin.
21- ckj&ckj cqykdj mldk le; [kjkc er djksA Don‟t waste his time by calling him again & again.
OI
22- vius vki dks T+;knk pkykd le>us dh xyrh er djksA Don‟t mistake thinking yourself too clever.
23- D;k irk dc esjh fdLer cny tk;s A Who knows, when my fate turns.
24- csdkj dh ckrsa djus ls dksbZ Qk;nk ugha A There is no point of talking nonsense.
P

25- ,slk lkspuk fcYdqy tk;t+ ugha gSA It‟s not ethical thinking so.
ER

26- eSa ;s lc djds NksM+ pqdk gw¡ tks rqe vc dj jgs gks A I‟ve already gone through, that you‟re doing now.
27- ;gh rks fdrkc gS tks eSaus rqEgsa nh FkhA This is the very book that I had given to you.
28- ge oks gSa tks nqfu;k thr ldrs gSaA We are the ones who can win the world.
29- mldh gkyr ns[kdj eSa vius vk¡lw ugha jksd ik;kA Seeing his condition, I couldn‟t hold tears.
PP

30- esjs lkjs nksLr ogha ij FksA All of my friends were very much there.

Q2: Corrected Sentences are written just below the incorrect ones -
TO

1) He as well as his friends is good. (Correct Sentence)

2) The Director & Producer is dead. (Correct Sentence)
3) A Mr. Ram is sitting outside and waiting. He is wearing a blue shirt. (Correct Sentence)

4) I took the mobile from the table. (Incorrect Sentence)

I took the mobile off the table. (Correct Sentence)

5) The Table, which is my favourite is expensive. (Incorrect Sentence)

The Table which is my favourite is expensive. (Correct Sentence)

6) You, he & I are to blame. (Incorrect Sentence)

I, you & he are to blame. (Correct Sentence)

323
7) You, he & I are doing a good job. (Correct Sentence)

8) He along with the members of his team has seen the Taj. (Correct Sentence)

9) If he will come, he will scold you. (Incorrect Sentence)

If he comes, he will scold you. (Correct Sentence)

10) He is older than me. (Incorrect Sentence)

He is older than I. (Correct Sentence)

11) I will see whether he is there. (Incorrect Sentence)

I will see if he is there. (Correct Sentence)

OM
12) He is 3 years younger than me. (Incorrect Sentence)
He is 3 years younger to me. (Correct Sentence)

13) Even if he will go, I don‟t care. (Incorrect Sentence)

Even if he goes, I don‟t care. (Correct Sentence)

.C
14) I am here for 3 days. (Incorrect Sentence)
I have been here for 3 days. NT (Correct Sentence)

15) The moment he come, baby starts weeping. (Incorrect Sentence)

The moment he comes, baby starts weeping. (Correct Sentence)
OI
16) You looks tired today. (Incorrect Sentence)
You look tired today. (Correct Sentence)
P

17) Because you are my friend, I will help you. (Incorrect Sentence)
Since/as/for you are my friend, I will help you. (Correct Sentence)
ER

18) I have got 3 hairs on my head. (Correct Sentence)

19) He was used to my anger. (Correct Sentence)

PP

20) He hide behind the wall. (Incorrect Sentence)

He hides behind the wall. / He hid behind the wall. (Correct Sentence)
TO

324
 Mixed Test – II

Q 1: Choose the correct spelling in the followings: 5x1=5

1) i) Grammar ii) Grammer iii) Gremmar iv) Gremmer

2) i) Tommorrow ii) Tomorow iii) Tommorow iv) Tomorrow
3) i) Parhaps ii) Perheps iii) Perhaps iv) Parheps
4) i) Pronounciation ii) proununciation iii) Pronunciation iv) Prununciation
5) i) Calendar ii) Calendir iii) Calander iv) Celender

Q 2: Tick whether the sentence is correct or incorrect: 15 x 1 =15

1. I am working ever since you went out. Correct / Incorrect

2. He is not such person who can fight till the end. Correct / Incorrect

OM
3. My parents got me written a letter. Correct / Incorrect
4. He keep on calling me fool. Correct / Incorrect
5. He gets up early in the morning. Correct / Incorrect
6. His awkward behavior suggests me that he is not social. Correct / Incorrect
7. None of Ram & Shyam is my friend. Correct / Incorrect

.C
8. Did you not tell him something? Correct / Incorrect
9. I don‟t like burger too. Correct / Incorrect
10. People don‟t like me much.
11. Rain has started.
12. Today is my birthday.
NT Correct
Correct
Correct
/
/
/
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
13. He had told me that he will not go. Correct / Incorrect
14. I am going to the school. Correct / Incorrect
OI
15. The Earth is revolving around Sun. Correct / Incorrect
P

Q 3: Translate the following sentences into Hindi 15 x 2 =30

ER

1- rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe lpeqp ikxy gksA

2- mls xqLlk vk x;kA
3- eq>s ?kj yk;k x;kA mlds ckn eSa lks ik;kA
PP

4- mls dgk x;k Fkk fd rqe ekjs tkvksxsA

5- eSa rqEgsa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA
6- mlus eq>s cgqr #yk;k FkkA
7- eSa oks gw¡ tks dÒh ugha gkjkA
TO

8- mlus eq>s D;ksa tkus fn;k \

9- tc oks Fkk] rqe ugha FksA
10- eq>s mlls ckr djus esa dbZ lky yxsA
11- dbZ lky gks x;s gSaA
12- ftlus eq>s pkgk oks vc bl nqfu;k esa ugha gSA
13- ckfj‛k gks jgh gS] gS uk \
14- oks ,dkn fnu esa vk tk;sxkA
15- pkgs rqe ftruk i<+ yks] ikl ugha gks ldrsA

325
 Answers

Q 1: Correct spellings are underlined:

1) i) Grammar ii) Grammer iii) Gremmar iv) Gremmer

2) i) Tommorrow ii) Tomorow iii) Tommorow iv) Tomorrow
3) i) Parhaps ii) Perheps iii) Perhaps iv) Parheps
4) i) Pronounciation ii) proununciation iii) Pronunciation iv) Prununciation
5) i) Calendar ii) Calendir iii) Calander iv) Celender

Q 2: Corrected Sentences are written just below the incorrect ones -

1. I am working ever since you went out. (Incorrect)

I have been working ever since you went out. (Correct)

OM
2. He is not such person who can fight till the end. (Incorrect)
He is not such a person who can fight till the end. (Correct)

3. My parents got me written a letter. (Incorrect)

.C
My parents made me write a letter. / My parents got a letter written by me. (Correct)

4. He keep on calling me fool. (Incorrect)

He keeps on calling me fool.

5. He gets up early in the morning.

NT (Correct)

(Correct)

6. His awkward behavior suggests me that he is not social. (Correct)

OI
7. None of Ram & Shyam is my friend. (Correct)
P

8. Did you not tell him something? (Incorrect)

Did you not tell him anything? (Correct)
ER

9. I don‟t like burger too. (Incorrect)

I don‟t like burger either. (Correct)

10. People don‟t like me much. (Correct)

PP

11. Rain has started. (Incorrect)

It has started raining. (Correct)
TO

12. Today is my birthday. (Incorrect)

It‟s my birthday today. (Correct)

13. He had told me that he will not go. (Incorrect)

He had told me that he would not go. (Correct)

14. I am going to the school. (Incorrect)

I am going to school. (Correct)

15. The Earth is revolving around Sun. (Incorrect)

The Earth is revolving around the Sun. (Correct)

326
Q 3:

1- rqEgkjh ckrksa ls yxrk gS fd rqe lpeqp ikxy gksA Your talks suggest that you are really mad/crazy.
2- mls xqLlk vk x;kA He got angry. / He got annoyed. / He turned angry.
3- eq>s ?kj yk;k x;kA mlds ckn eSa lks ik;kA I was brought to home. Thereafter, I could sleep.
4- mls dgk x;k Fkk fd rqe ekjs tkvksxsA He was told that you would be killed.
5- eSa rqEgsa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA How do I tell you what you are to me.
6- mlus eq>s cgqr #yk;k FkkA He had made me cry a lot.
7- eSa oks gw¡ tks dÒh ugha gkjkA I am the one who never lost.
8- mlus eq>s D;ksa tkus fn;k\ Why did he let me go?
9- tc oks Fkk] rqe ugha FksA When he was there, you weren‟t.

OM
10- eq>s mlls ckr djus esa dbZ lky yxsA It took me many years to have a word with him.
11- dbZ lky gks x;s gSaA It has been many years.
12- ftlus eq>s pkgk oks vc bl nqfu;k esa ugha gSA The one who loved me is no more.
13- Ckkfj‛k gks jgh gS] gS uk\ It‟s raining, isn‟t it?

.C
14- oks ,dkn fnu esa vk tk;sxkA He will come in a day or so.
15- pkgs rqe ftruk i<+ yks] ikl ugha gks ldrsA No matter how much you study, you can‟t pass.
NT
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. There is only one way to avoid criticism: do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. So
OI
remember, if you are criticized, never be afraid.

2. You can‟t make it big unless you try.

P

3. When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a
ER

single bit of talent left and could say, I used everything you gave me.

4. Every time you lose, you gain experience.

PP

5. Unless you try, you can‟t say whether you‟ll succeed or not. So go ahead and try your
best.

6. Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn‟t
TO

do than by the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe harbor,
catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.

7. Failure is better teacher than success, because when you fail, you tend to focus more
for the next try.

8. You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.

9. The best revenge is massive success.

327
 Mixed Test - III (Tense + Simple Sentence)

Q1. Correct the following sentences: 10 x 1 = 10

1. He do not has a pen.

2. Does people have computers?
3. Why does you not do this?
4. It don‟t sound good to me.
5. Why doesn‟t we work together?
6. Ram and Shyam works together.
7. Those peoples are doing something.
8. My brother‟s friend have not come.

OM
9. My brother has been studying for 2 pm.
10. I have saw off my mother.

Q2. Translate the following sentences into English: 10 x 1 = 10

.C
1- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa D;ksa ugha lksprk gw¡ \
2- jke vkSj vkfnR; fdl vkWfQl ls vk jgs gSa \
NT
3- oks vkneh rqEgsa /kedh dSls nsrk gS \
4- ;g lquus esa vPNk yx jgk gS ij esjk fny [kq‛k ugha gSA
5- D;k rqe lcus mlds dneksa dh vkokt+ lquh gS\
6- Lkhrk Hkxoku dh iwtk dc ls dj jgh gS \
OI
7- eSa vkWWfQl ds vUnj igys gh vPNh rjg ls ns[k pqdk g¡Aw
8- rqe dc rd vkWfQl esa jgrs gSa \
9- oks bl tuojh ls fdl dEiuh ds fy, xkuk xk jgk gS \
P

10- eSa 2 ?kaVs ls BaM ls dkai jgk g¡wA

ER

Q3. Write three forms of the following verbs: 10 x 1 = 10

1. Feed (f[kykuk) 6. Seek (<+w¡<uk)

PP

2. Begin (‚kq# djuk) 7. Run (nkSM+uk)

3. Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk) 8. Come (vkuk)
4. Hold (idM+uk) 9. Bring (ykuk)
TO

5. Hide (fNiuk) 10. Ride (2 wheeler pykuk)

328
 Answers

1. Corrected sentences are given below:

1. He does not have a pen. 6. Ram and Shyam work together.
2. Do people have computers? 7. Those people are doing something.
3. Why do you not do this? 8. My brother‟s friend has not come.
4. It doesn‟t sound good to me. 9. My brother has been studying since 2 pm.
5. Why don‟t we work together? 10. I have seen off my mother.

2. Translated Sentences:

OM
1- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa D;ksa ugha lksprk g¡w \
Why do I not think about you?
2- jke vkSj vkfnR; fdl vkWfQl ls vk jgs gSa\
From which office are Ram & Aditya coming?

.C
3- oks vkneh rqEgsa /kedh dSls nsrk gS\
How does that man threaten you?
4- ;g lquus esa vPNk yx jgk gS ij esjk fny [kq‛k ugha gSA
NT
It is sounding good but my heart is not happy.
5- D;k rqe lcus mlds dneksa dh vkokt+ lquh gS\
Have you all heard his footfall?
6- Lkhrk Hkxoku dh iwtk dc ls dj jgh gS\
OI
Since when has Seeta been worshiping God?
7- eSa vkWWfQl ds vUnj igys gh vPNh rjg ls ns[k pqdk g¡Aw
I have already seen properly inside the office.
P

8- rqe dc rd vkWfQl esa jgrs gks\

Until when do you stay in office?
ER

9- oks bl tuojh ls fdl dEiuh ds fy, xkuk xk jgk gS\

For which company has he been singing since this January?
10- eSa 2 ?kaVs ls BaM ls dkai jgk g¡wA
I have been shivering with the cold for 2 hours.
PP

3. Three forms of the verbs:

fed(QSM)
TO

1. Feed (f[kykuk) fed

2. Begin (‚kq# djuk) began begun
3. Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk) hurt hurt
4. Hold (idM+uk) held held
5. Hide (fNiuk) hid (fgM) hidden
6. Seek (<+w¡<uk) sought sought
7. Run (nkSM+uk) ran run
8. Come (vkuk) came come
9. Bring (ykuk) brought brought
10. Ride Rode Ridden

329
 Mixed Test – IV

Q1: Translate the following sentences in English: 60 marks

1 marks each: 10 x 1 = 10 marks
1) ckgj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
2) ;s dqN vkSj ugha esjk I;kj gSA
3) ek¡ us gesa tUe fn;kA
4) ;s jksM+ dgk¡ tkrh gS\
5) oks iSlk esjs fdlh dke dk ughaA
6) jke ;gha ij FkkA
7) vkf[kjdkj 'kknh ds 'kqHk fnu dh ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh gSA
8) /;ku j[kuk rqEgsa esjs ?kj vkuk gSA

OM
9) eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+w¡xkA
10) eqÖks dbZ lky yxs mls Hkwyus esAa

2 marks each: 10 x 2 = 20 marks

11)

.C
pkgs dksbZ dqN Hkh dgs eSa rqEgkjk lkFk nw¡xkA
12) ngst izFkk ,d vfHk'kki gSA
13) e¡gxkbZ Hkz’Vkpkj dks tUe nsrh gSA NT
14) ftudh Å¡xyh idM+dj rqeus pyuk lh[kk muds dU/kksa dks dHkh Ökqdus er nsukA
15) mlus lkQ euk dj fn;kA
16) rqe D;k ‚krZ j[kuk pkgrs gks\
17) fgUnw ejs gq, dks tykrs gSa vkSj eqfLye nQukrsA
OI
18) eSa viuh lQyrk dk Js; rqEgsa nsrk gw¡A
19) vkx cq÷kk nks ,slk u gks fd QSy tk,A
20) ml "kM+;a= dk inkZQk‛k eSa d#¡xkA
P

3 marks each: 10 x 3 = 30 marks

ER

21) vklikl gh jguk, eSa cl vHkh vk jgk gw¡A

22) lfpu dk vkmV gksuk ,d tcjnLr ÷kVdk gSA
23) vPNk gqvk rqe vk x;s, eSa cl vHkh fudy x;k gksrkA
PP

24) eq÷ks Hkksyk Hkkyk le÷kus dh xyrh er dj, iNrk,xkA

25) ,d dgkor gS, “uQjr iki ls djks ikih ls ughaA”
26) ftEesnkjh ls Hkkxuk yxrk gS rqEgkjs [kwu esa gSA
27) ekuks lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gkasa gesa feys gq,A
TO

28) ftruk eSa lkspw¡xk] mruk gh ikxy gks tkÅ¡xkA

29) eSaus tkucwÖkdj dHkh rqEgkjk fny ugha nq[kk;kA
30) ,d ckr dg¡,w ikl gksdj Hkh cgqr nwj gks rqeA

Q 2: Write the meaning of the following words: 40 X 1 = 40 marks

Shirk, shy away, bury, off hand, enchant, fiasco, totter, dacoit, abase, sigh of relief, delve,
imbibe, lisp, notorious, hover, retaliate, havoc, trifles, indebted, altogether, instincts, ascribe,
thoroughfare, mist, fist, demise, lately, vigilance, fumble, auspicious, assess, confess, unearth,
malediction, aloof, rip off, negligence, deliberately, Legislative assembly, Ointment

330
 Answers

Q1: Translated Sentences:

1 marks each: 10 X 1 = 10 marks

1) It‟s hailing outside.

2) It‟s nothing but my love.
3) Mother bred us.
4) Where does this road lead to?
5) That money is of no use to me.
6) Ram was very much here.
7) Finally, auspicious date of marriage is announced.

OM
8) Keep in mind, you have to come to my home
9) I‟ll not leave any stone unturned.
10) It took me many years to forget her.

2 marks each: 10 X 2 = 20 marks

.C
11) Irrespective of what anyone says, I‟ll stand by you.
12)
13)
14)
Dowry system is a malediction.
Inflation breeds corruption.
NT
One whose fingers you resorted to toddle, don‟t let him ever down.
15) He refused a point blank.
16) What condition do you want to lie?
OI
17) Hindus burn the dead bodies and Muslims bury.
18) I ascribe my success to you.
19) Put out the fire lest it should spread out.
P

20) I‟ll unearth that conspiracy.

ER

3 marks each: 10 X 3 = 30 marks

21) Stick around, I am just coming.

22) Sachin‟s departure is big blow.
PP

23) Thank God you dropped in, I would have just left.
24) Don‟t mistake me for a credulous, you would regret.
25) There is a saying, “Hate sin, not a sinner.”
26) To shirk responsibility seems to be in your blood.
TO

27) As if centuries have passed since we met.

28) Deeper I think, more I‟ll go mad.
29) I never hurt you unknowingly.
30) You know what, although near, yet afar you are.

Q 2: (Answers) 40 X 1 = 40 marks

th pqjkuk( nwj Hkkxuk( nQukuk( fcuk rS;kjh ds( [kq‛k djuk( ?kksj vlQyrk( yM+[kM+kuk( Mkdw( vieku djuk( pSu dh lk¡l
ysuk( ?kqluk( xzg.k djuk( rqrykuk( dq[;kr( >wyuk( djkjk tokc nsuk( rgydk( NksVk eksVk >xM+k( dtZnkj( iwjh rjg ls(
izo`fr( Js; nsuk( vke jkLrk( vksl( eqÎh( e`R;q( gky gh esa( ns[kjs[k djuk( VVksyuk( ‚kqHk ( vk¡duk( xyrh eku ysuk( mtkxj
djuk( vfHk‛kki( mnklhu( ywVuk( ykijokgh( tkucw>dj( fo/kkulHkk( Øhe

331
Lesson – 40
Translation Exercises
Let‟s practice a few translation exercises; Hindi to English & English to Hindi.
The more you practice, the better you become.
The more you face problems, the more you strive to find solutions.
The more you understand a concept, the nearer you reach to your aim.
The more you try to speak, the more you command a language.
“Practice & Practice & Practice, keep doing it. Success is for sure.

English to Hindi Translation Exercises

OM
1.
This is the story of a boy who had to put down his first love „Guitar‟ and get into father‟s
business. But all of a sudden, something as such happened which changed his life and made
him pick the gun. Earlier, he was absolutely carefree and now he was worried for his

.C
family. He had lost a lot in his life. His father was brutally killed. His Mother was shot 10
bullets to dead. Left were only his two sisters and one brother. He picked the gun in
NT
revenge but he had to also ensure that if he was caught, what would happen with his
siblings. Hence, whatever he did, he would be cautious. He himself punished all the
culprits. Nobody could ever know who killed them. There was a doubt but no evidence.
;s ,d ,sls yM+ds dh dgkuh gS ftls viuk igyk I;kj fxVkj NksM+uk iM+k vkSj ikik ds fctusl esa yxuk iM+kA ij
OI
vpkud dqN ,slk gqvk ftlus mldh ftUnxh gh cny nh vkSj mls cUnwd mBkus ij etcwj dj fn;kA igys mls fdlh
dh ijokg rd ugha Fkh vkSj vc oks vius ifjokj dh fpUrk djrk FkkA mlus thou esa cgqr dqN [kks fn;k FkkA mlds
firk dks csjgeh ls dRy dj fn;k x;kA mldh ek¡ dks 10 xksfy;k¡ ekjh x;hA flQZ cph mldh nks cgusa vkSj ,d HkkbZA
P

cnys dh Hkkouk ls mlus cUnwd mBkbZ ij mls ;s Hkh ns[kuk Fkk fd vxj oks idM+k x;k rks mlds HkkbZ cguksa dk D;k
gksxkA blfy, oks tks djrk] cM+s /;ku ls djrk A mlus lHkh xqugxkjksa dks [kqn gh ltk ns nhA dksbZ dHkh ugha tku
ik;k fd mu yksxksa dk ekjk fdlus] ‚kd Fkk ij fcuk fdlh lcwr dsA
ER

2.
What is an Ambition? Ambition is a firm goal that we set for ourselves. It also changes with
our experience. As time passes by and we experience lot many new things, which changes
PP

the way we take things, either something adds on to our goal or something eliminates. For
example, a person wants to become a social worker and he is firm in his idea. Sudden in life,
he encounters (goes through) a terrible phase and he realizes the importance of money, now
he sets a target of having good money as well. Now, there are two types of people. Ones are
TO

those who change their viewpoint and entirely change their target and otherwise are those
who just add money earning to their original idea of social welfare but not at the cost of
their original goal. Hence, a goal is not static, but dynamic.

egRokdka{kk D;k gS \ egRokdka{kk ,d fuf‛pr y{; gS] tks ge vius fy, r; djrs gSaA ;g gekjs vuqHko ds lkFk&lkFk
cnyrk Hkh jgrk gSA tSls&tSls le; chrrk gS vkSj ge dbZ ubZ phtsa vuqHko djrs gSa] ;s gekjs lkspus ds rjhds esa cnyko
ykrk gS] fQj ;k rks vius y{; esa ge dqN vkSj tksM+ nsrs gSa ;k dqN ?kVk nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekuk ,d O;fDr
lks‛ky odZj ¼lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ ½ cuuk pkgrk gSA vpkud ftUnxh esa oks ,d cgqr cqjs nkSj ls xqt+jrk gS vkSj iSls dh
egRrk dks eglwl djrk gSA vkSj vc iSlk dekuk Hkh viuk m)s‛; cuk ysrk gSA nks rjg ds yksx gksrs gSaA ,d rks oks tks
lksp gh cny ysrs gSa vkSj iwjh rjg vius y{; dks cny nsrs gSaA nwljs oks tks vius ewy m)s‛; ;kfu lekt dY;k.k ds
lkFk iSls dekus dks Hkh vius y{; esa tksM+ nsrs gSa ij vius ewy m)s‛; dks NksM+rs ughaA vr% y{; vpy¼static½ ugha
py¼dynamic½ gksrk gSA
332
3.
It was Sunday and I had to go for an interview. I got up at about 8, took a bath and got
ready. I was a bit scared thinking about the interview. In fact, it was the first time when I
was about to face an interview. My friends had told me a lot about how to face but it was
obvious that I was scared. I left for the interview venue. When I reached there, I read a
quote by Thomas Alva Edison on the board, written as “I will not say that I failed thousand
times, rather I would say, I know thousand ways which can cause failure”. This encouraged
me and I realized that it didn‟t matter if I failed, rather I must be optimist for future.
Thinking this, I reached at a specious hall; where already about 50 candidates were sitting.
I looked here and there. I saw a receptionist sitting there. I went to her. She asked me for
my resume. I provided the same. She had a glance on it and she advised me to have a seat.
My name was called after a long wait. The moment I stepped in the interview room, I was
straight away asked what I liked the first thing about the venue. I told the interviewer

OM
about Edison‟s quote. She got impressed. She asked me just a few more questions and asked
me to wait outside. After a little while, a lady called my name and I was informed that I got
through. It proved to be one of the best days of my life.
laMs FkkA eq>s bUVjO;w ds fy, tkuk FkkA eSa djhc 8 cts mBk] ugk;k vkSj rS;kj gks x;kA eSa bUVjO;w ds ckjs esa lkspdj

.C
Mjk gqvk FkkA lp rks ;s Fkk fd ;s igyh ckj Fkk tc eSa bUVjO;w nsus okyk FkkA esjs nksLr us eq>s bUVjO;w ds ckjs esa dkQh
dqN ckrk;k Fkk ij t+kfgj lh ckr Fkh fd eSa Mjk gqvk FkkA eSa fudy iM+k ogk¡ ds fy, tgk¡ bUVjO;w gksuk FkkA tc eSa
ogk¡ igq¡pk] eSus FkkWEl vYok ,fMlu dh dgh ckr cksMZ ij i<+h] fy[kk Fkk ÞeSa ;s ugha dgw¡xk fd eSa gt+kj ckj vlQy
NT
gqvk] cfYd eSa rks ;s dgw¡xk fd eSa ,sls gt+kj rjhds tkurk gw¡ ftuls vki lQy ugha gksaxsÞA blus eq>s gkaSlyk fn;k vkSj
eSaus eglwl fd;k fd bl ckr ls QdZ ugha iM+rk fd eSa vlQy gks tkÅ¡] cfYd eq>s rks vk‛kkoknh gksuk pkfg,A ;s lksprs
gq,] eSa ,d cM+s gkWy esa igq¡pk] tgk¡ djhc 50 yksx cSBs FksA eSaus b/kj&m/kj ns[kkA eSaus ,d fjlSI‛kfuLV dks ns[kk] eSa mlds
ikl x;kA mlus eq>ls esjk jST;wes ekaxk] eaSus fn;kA mlus eq>s ,d ut+j ns[kk vkSj eq>s cSBus dh lykg nhA dkQh nsj
ckn esjk uke iqdkjk x;kA tSls gh eaSus bUVjO;w #e esa dne j[kk] eq>s lh/ks ;s iz‛u iwNk x;k fd ;gk¡ lcls igyh pht+
OI
eq>s D;k ilUn vk;hA eaSus bUVjO;w ysus okys O;fDr dks ,fMlu dh dgh ckr ds ckjs esa crk;kA oks izHkkfor gks xbZaA
mUgkasus eq>s dqN vkSj iz‛u iwNs vkSj ckgj bUrtkj djus dks dgkA FkksM+h gh nsj ckn] ,d efgyk us esjk uke fy;k vkSj
eq>s lwfpr fd;k x;k fd eSa flySDV gks x;kA ;s esjh ft+Unxh ds lcls vPNs fnukas esa ls ,d lkfcr gqvkA
P

4. Colors of Life
ER

Life is called colorful with so many colors in it. Colors are nothing but the reference of
several phases of life. Life is given names i.e. Struggling, Beautiful or any other adjective
as such. It differs person to person and it all depends on how we take it. We are all born
with some innate instincts, positive or negative which differs us in how we celebrate win
PP

and how we surpass a loss. Losing a race, by two people might be seen in two different
ways. One might consider himself a weaker contender and promise to improvise further
whereas the other one might blame his fortune. This exhibits two different behavior
TO

patterns of two individuals. However, the way we expect life, is not necessarily what it
turns out to be. Hence, our perception about it changes with our experience. The more we
experience, the more colors we discover.

ftUnxh dks dgk tkrk gS fd ;s dbZ jaxks ls Hkjh gSA jax dqN vkSj ugha thou ds dbZ i{kksa dks n‛kkZrs gSA ftUnxh dks dbZ
fo‛ks"k.kksa ls uokt+k tkrk gS tSls eqf‛dy Hkjh] [kwclwjr vkSj ,sls gh dbZ vkSj fo‛ks"k.kA ;s bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd
vyx&vyx yksx bls fdl rjg le>rs gaSA ge lHkh dk tUe dqN LokHkkfod izo`fRr;ksa ds lkFk gqvk gSA ldkjkRed ;k
udkjkRed tks gekjh lksp ds fglkc ls gS fd ge fdl rjg viuh thr dk t‛u eukrs gaS ;k viuh gkj dk ‚kksdA nks
yksx ,d jsl dh gkj dks nks vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls ys ldrs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd ,d vius vki dks detksj le>dj
vius vki dks csgrj cukus dk iz.k ys rks nwljk viuh fdLer dks nks" k nsA ;g nks O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkfjd uewus dks
n‛kkZrk gSA ij le>us dh ckr ;g gS fd tks ge mEehn djrs gSa] t+:jh ugha fd ogh gksA blfy,] gekjh lksp gekjs
vuqHko ds lkFk cnyrh gSA ftrus T+;knk ge vuqHko ysrs gSa] thou ds mrus gh jaxks ls voxr gksrs gaSA

333
5. Criminals

Criminals are those who commit crime for any reason at all. This is the actual definition
that we expect from all of us and also we expect such people to be given the title „criminals‟.
However, needless to say that this title is not in fact given to all, who commit crimes and
neither, all the people, who are given this title are necessarily criminals. What we often
hear is about hidden crimes, which are never unearthed; reasons are many. Sometimes it‟s
because the victim is scared of future repercussions to himself/herself or to loved ones and
sometimes it‟s because victim is completely unaware of the laws, which might give him/her
justice. These crimes are huge in numbers. I believe, Education plays a vital role in
minimizing crime rate. Our country will grow if we grow our hereabouts. A revolution
doesn‟t demand many but one.

OM
vijk/kh oks gksrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh dkj.ko‛k vijk/k djrs gSaA ;gh oks ifjHkk"kk gS tks ge lHkh ls mEehn djrs gaSA vkSj ;s Hkh
mEehn djrs gSa fd ,sls yksxksa dks vijk/kh uke fn;k tk,A ij ;s crkus dh t+:jr ugha fd ;g uke okLro esa lHkh
vijkf/k;ksa dks ugha fn;k tkrk vkSj ;g Hkh t+#jh ugha fd ftUgas fn;k tkrk gS oks vijk/kh gh gksAa ge vDlj fNis gq,
vijk/kksa ds ckjs esa lqurs gSa tks dHkh mtkxj gh ugha gq,] dkj.k dbZ gaS] dHkh&dHkh ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd ihfM+r
Hkfo"; ds nqLizHkkoksa ls Mjrk gS tks mlds lkFk ;k mlds viuksa ds lkFk gks ldrs gSa ;k fQj dHkh blfy, fd oks dkuwu
ds ckjs esa tkurk gh ugha tks mls U;k; ns ldrs gSaA ;s vijk/k cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa gksrs gSaA eSa le>rk gw¡ fd f‛k{kk

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vijk/k dh nj de djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA gekjk ns‛k vkxs c<+sxk vxj ge vius vkl&ikl dh rjDdh
djsAa ,d ØkfUr ds fy, dbZ ugha] ,d gh dkQh gSA

6. Diwali
NT
Diwali is the most important festival of Hindus. This festival is celebrated with joy and
happiness. It is a festival of light. The reason of celebrating this festival is that on this day,
OI
Lord Rama had come back to Ayodhya after 14 years of exile. On his arrival, people of
Ayodhya lighted the whole city with Diyas. Since then, Hindus has been celebrating this
festival. It is celebrated with fireworks and crackers. In this festival, distributing sweets
P

has also become a trend. But there is something that we can‟t ignore that on this day, air
pollution is on high due to the smoke of crackers.
ER

nhokyh fgUnqvksa dk lcls izeq[k R;ksgkj gSA ;g R;ksgkj g’kksZYykl ls euk;k tkrk gS A ;g jks‛kuh dk R;ksgkj gSA bl
R;ksgkj dks eukus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd bl fnu Hkxoku jke 14 o’kksaZ ds cuokl ds ckn v;ks/;k okil vk;s FksA Hkxoku
jke ds bl vkxeu ij] v;ks/;k okfl;ksa us ‚kgj dks nh;ksa ls txex dj fn;kA rc ls] fgUnw bl R;ksgkj dks euk jgs gSaA
PP

bls iVk[kksa ds lkFk euk;k tkrk gSA bl R;ksgkj esa feBkbZ ck¡Vuk Hkh ,d izpyu lk cu x;k gSA ij ,d ckr gS ftls
ge >qByk ugha ldrs fd bl fnu iVk[kksa ds /kq,¡ ds dkj.k ok;q izn’w k.k vR;f/kd ek=k esa gksrk gSA

7. When I was a kid

TO

How cruel I feel I was when I was a kid. I used to kill small creatures like ants, fishes, birds
etc without any regret. Every day was a new day of my sin. I would separate the nests off
the tree, thinking that the bird would have to face trouble finding her children. Even if kids
would die, I would feel no pain. I would make two ants fight and imagine how I would have
experienced if I was of their size. I would kill birds with a special weapon called “Gulail”. I
remember an incidence when I rather ate toffees of the school fee than pay to Class Teacher
and next day hid behind the tree. Having been seen, I jumped into a canal and put myself
under water thinking they couldn‟t see me, just like a pigeon, closes eyes seeing cat
believing that she is not being seen. It‟s something that makes me laugh now. Whatever it
was, cute it was. It is true that childhood is like a dream that is to be broken some or the
other day.

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eSa eglwl djrk gw¡ fd eSa fdruk Øwj Fkk] tc eSa ,d cPpk FkkA eSa NksVs izkf.k;ksa tSls phaVh] eNfy;ksa] if{k;ksa vkfn dks ekj
fn;k djrk gS oks Hkh fcuk fdlh iNrkos dsA gj fnu esjs iki dk ,d u;k fnu FkkA eSa ?kksl a yksa dks isM+ ls vyx dj nsrk
Fkk] ;s lkspdj fd fpfM+;k¡ dks vius cPpksa dks <w<a us esa fnDdr >syuh iM+sxhA cPps pkgs ej tk,] eq>s nnZ eglwl Hkh ugha
gksrk FkkA eSa nks phafV;ksa dks yM+krk Fkk vkSj ;s dYiuk djrk Fkk fd eq>s dSlk eglwl gksrk vxj eSa muds ftrus vkdkj
dk gksrkA eSa ,d vuks[ks gfFk;kj xqysy ls if{k;ksa dks ekj fn;k djrk FkkA eq>s ,d ?kVuk ;kn gS tc eSaus Dykl Vhpj
dks Qhl nsus ds ctk, ml iSls dh VkWQh [kk yh vkSj vxys fnu isM+ ds ihNs fNi x;kA vkSj ns[ks tkus ij] eSa ugj esa
dwn x;k vkSj vius vki dks ikuh esa ?kqlk fn;k] ;s lkspdj fd oks eq>s ns[k ugha ik;saxs fcYdqy ,d dcwrj dh rjg tks
fcYyh dks ns[kdj vk¡[k cUn dj ysrk gS vkSj ;s lksprk gS fd mls ns[kk ugha tk jgk gSA vc ;s ckr eq>s g¡lk nsrh gSA
ij tks dqN Hkh Fkk ;s] cgqr I;kjk FkkA
;g lp gS fd cpiu ,d lius dh rjg gS ftls ,d u ,d fnu VwVuk gh gSA

8.
Recent incidents have threatened Delhi. People are in a dilemma what to do. They are quite

OM
agitated due to increasing crimes against women. Its witness is people‟s protest at Jantar
Mantar. But only protest is not our aim but we want our views to be reached to
Government. In future, such incidents might happen with our loved ones to. Such shameful
incidents defame our nation. If we really want to stop these, we will have to raise our voice.
gky gh esa gqbZ ?kVukvksa us fnYyh dks ngyk fn;k gSA yksx le> ugha ik jgs gSa fd oks djsa rks D;k djsaA efgykvksa ds lkFk

.C
gks jgs t++qeZ ds f[kykQ yksx dkQh vkØks‛k esa gSa] ftldk lcwr gS tUrj eUrj ij gks jgk yksxks dk fonzksg izn‛kZuA ij
fonzksg djuk gh gekjk m)s‛; ugha gS cfYd ge ljdkj rd viuh ckr igq¡pkuk pkgrs gSaA dy ,slh ?kVuk,¡ gekjs fdlh
vius ds lkFk Hkh gks ldrh gaSA bl rjg dh ‚keZukd ?kVuk,¡ gekjs ns‛k dks cnuke djrh gaSA vxj ge lgh ek;us esa bu
NT
?kVukvksa dks jksduk pkgrs gSa rks gesa vkokt+ mBkuh gksxh A

9. Poverty
Poverty is a malediction for our society. If you really want to realize what poverty is, then
OI
you must interact with people who live in slums. Talk to them, ask them about their lives,
their past and then see how difficult their lives have been. I lived a middle class life and
always got almost everything that I wanted, even though I had to ask my dad for many a
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time. I firmly believe that pain ideally is realized by the one who goes through, not by
everybody. Indian Government has put in several efforts to improvise their lives, Huge is
ER

the number of NGOs, which claim to help the needy but implementation is not up to the
mark and the major reasons of Government‟s failure is nothing but the corruption.
In fact, poverty and corruption go hand by hand. Both are mutually related to a great
extent. If you are poor, you tend to do anything and everything that can get you some
PP

money and that‟s where corruption comes from. However, there are numerous examples,
where even the rich are corrupt due to the greediness for having more money.
xjhch gekjs lekt ds fy, ,d vfHk‛kki gS] vxj okLro esa xjhch dks eglwl djuk pkgrs gks] rks vkidks mu yksxksa ls
feyuk pkfg, tks xUnh cLrh esa jgrs gSaA muls ckr djks] mUgsa iwNks muds thou ds ckjs esa] muds chrs dy ds ckjs esa
TO

vkSj fQj ns[kks mudh ft+Unxh fdruh eqf‛dy jgh gSA eSaus ,d e/;e Lrj dh ft+U nxh th vkSj yxHkx oks gj pht+ ik;h
tks eSus pkgh] gkyk¡fd eq>s vius firk ls dbZ ckj dguk iM+kA eSa ;s fo‛okl djrk gw¡ fd nnZ lgh ek;uksa esa ogh eglwl
djrk gS] tks mlls xqtjrk gS] gj dksbZ ughaA Hkkjr ljdkj us muds thou lq/kkj gsrq dbZ iz;kl fd;s gS a] dbZ lkjs xSj
ljdkjh laLa Fkku (NGO) gSa tks t+#jreanks dh enn djus dk nkok djrs gSa ij okLrfodrk dqN vkSj gS vkSj ljdkj dh
vlQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k dqN vkSj ugha cfYd Hkz"Vkpkj gSA
okLro esa] xjhch vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaA nksuksa ,d nwljs ls dkQh gn rd tqM+s gq, gSaA vxj vki xjhc gks]
rks iSlk izkIr djrs gsrq vki dqN Hkh djus dks rRij jgrs gks vkSj ;gha ls tUe gksrk gS Hkz"Vkpkj dkA ij fQj Hkh] dbZ
,sls mnkgj.k gSa tgk¡ vehj Hkh T+;knk iSls ds ykyp esa Hkz"V gksrs gSaA

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10. Uncertainty of Life
Life is full of uncertainty. It is difficult to say about future as what we think is not
necessarily going to happen. But it doesn‟t mean that we leave putting efforts. We must
improvise on every next day, as in we must make everyday count. Someone has said,
whatever we expect, we often achieves lesser. If it is true why don‟t we aim at more than
what we dream so that we might get what we want. No matter what fortune has for us,
efforts mustn‟t remain below the mark.

Tkhou vfuf‛prrkvksa ls Hkjk gSA dy ds ckjs esa dg ikuk eqf‛dy gS D;ksafd tks ge lksprs gSa oSlk gh gks] t+:jh ugha gSA
ij bldk ;g vFkZ Hkh ugha fd ge iz;kl djuk NksM+ nsaA gesa gj fnu vius vki dks igys ls csgrj cukuk pkfg, ;kuh
gesa gj fnu dks iwjh rjg thuk pkfg,A fdlh us dgk gS fd ftruk gekjs eu esa gS] ge vDlj mlls de gh ikrs gSaA
;fn ;s lp gS rks ge D;ksa u mlls T+;knk dks y{; cuk;sa rkfd gesa mruk gh fey tk,] ftruk ge pkgrs gSaA Hkfo"; esa

OM
pkgs tks gks] iz;kl dHkh de u jg tk,¡A

Hindi to English Translation Exercises

The following paragraphs are just mixed up with several conversations in
between, hence you might feel no flow from one sentence to another in many

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cases; but don‟t worry, just focus on translation, not on sequence.

1- eSa dHkh dHkh lksprk gw¡ fd rqe esjs lkFk cSBks vkSj dqN vPNh ckrsa py jgh gksa ij eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s mruk
NT
vklku ugha gSA gkyk¡fd eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ge iwjh rjg vyx gSaA rqe cgqr vPNh yM+dh gks vkSj eSa cgqr cqjk yM+dk gw¡A
ij lp es]a eSa vius vki dks cnyus dh dksf‛k‛k d#¡xkA eSa dkQh gn rd vius vki dks cny Hkh pqdk gw¡A rqe eq>s D;ksa
ugha le>rh\ ij eSa rqEgsa Cyse ugha d#¡xkA ;g rqEgkjs vkSj esjs chp dh ckr gSA ge nksuksa vPNs nksLr gSaA tc esjs lkFk
dksbZ ugha Fkk] rqe rc Hkh esjs lkFk FkhA eSa rqEgkjk vkHkkjh gw¡A
OI
I sometimes think that you sit with me and an interesting talk is going on but I know, it‟s
not that easy. Though, I know we are different altogether. You are a very nice girl and I am
a bad boy. But seriously, I will try to change myself. I have even changed myself to a great
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extent. Why don‟t you understand me? But I will not blame you. This is between you and
me. We both are good friends. When nobody was with me, you were still with me. I am
ER

grateful to you.

2- vki dSls gSa\ eSa vPNk gw¡A vki crkb,\ eSa Hkh vPNk g¡Aw vki dh QSfeyh dSlh gS\ vPNh gS A vki ds cPps dSls
gSa\ os vPNs gSaA vkidk #Vhu D;k gS\ eSa lqcg 6 cts mBrk gw¡A ugkrk gw¡A mlds ckn ?kweus tkrk gw¡A ikdZ esa ?kweuk
PP

vPNk yxrk gSA fQj okil vk tkrk gw¡A dy tc eSa ?kweus x;k] eSaus ,d cUnj ns[kkA mlds ikl nks iSu FksA pyks NksM+ksA
okil vkus ds ckn eSa uk‛rk djrk gw¡A esjh eEeh cgqr vPNk [kkuk cukrh gSaA [kkus ds ckn eSa vkWfQl pyk tkrk gw¡A eSa
10 cts vkWfQl igq¡prk gw¡A izkStsDV cukrk gw¡A 2 cts yUp djrk gw¡A v¡xM+kbZ ysrk gw¡A 4 cts vkWfQl ls fudyrk gw¡A 5
cts ?kj igq¡prk gw¡A fQj FkksM+k i<+kbZ djrk gw¡A i<+kbZ ds ckn] FkksM+k [ksyrk gw¡A [ksyus ds ckn] iwtk djrk gw¡A U;wt+ ns[krk
TO

gw¡A U;wt+ ns[kuk vPNk yxrk gSA eSa vHkh Hkh U;wt+ ns[k jgk gw¡A lkFk esa [kkuk Hkh [kkuk jgk gw¡A 10 cts lksus tkrk gw¡A
dSlk gS esjk #Vhu\ vPNk gS esjs nksLrA eSa iwtk ugha djrk gw¡A eSa [ksyrk Hkh ugha gw¡A

How are you? I am fine. You tell me? I am fine too. How is your family? Good. How are your
children? They are good. What is your routine? I get up at 6 o‟clock in the morning, take a
bath and then go for a walk. I like walking in the park. Then I come back. Yesterday when I
went for a walk, I saw a monkey having two pens. Leave it. After coming back, I take
breakfast. My mom cooks pretty nice food. After having food, I go to office. I reach office at
10 o‟clock. I prepare the project. I take lunch at 2 o‟clock. I stretch. I leave office at 4. I reach
home at 5. Then I study bit. After studying, I play for a while. After playing, I worship. I
watch news. I like watching News. I am still watching it and eating the food as well. At 10,
I go to bed. How is my routine? It‟s nice mate. I don‟t worship. I don‟t play either.
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3- os pkj yM+fd;k¡ gS vkSj rqe dsoy nks yM+ds gksA muds ikl fnekx gS vkSj rqEgkjs ikl dke gSA rqe vxj fey
dj dke djks rks lc Bhd gks ldrk gSA bl nqfu;k esa lc dqN lEHko gSA rqeus dHkh muls ckr dh bl ckjs esa\ eSa rks
dHkh ugha dj ik;kA vxyh ckj tc rqe ogk¡ tkvks rks muls t+#j feyukA os cgqr vPNs bUlku gSaA lHkh yM+fd;k¡ viuk
dke le; ij djrh gSaA rqe Hkh djrs gks ij deh jg tkrh gSA D;k rqe esjs ckjs es tkurs gks \ eq>s ,slk ugha yxrkA eq>s
oks ?kM+h feyh ij eSaus okfil dj nhA D;k eSaus vPNk ugha fd;k\ rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>k ij eSaus rqEgas nksLr le>kA
vkt oDr vk pqdk gS fd ge ,d nwljs dks le>saA ns[krs gSa rqe dc le>ksxsA ysfdu eq>ls nwj er tkukA eSa oknk djrk
gw¡ fd eSa Hkh ugha tkÅ¡xkA

They are four girls and you are only 2 boys. They have mind and you have work. If you work
together, then everything can be alright. Everything is possible in this world. Did you talk
to them about this? I could never do. When you go there next time, meet them for sure.
They are very nice human beings. All the girls finish their work in time. You also do but
something misses. Do you know about me? I don‟t think so. I found that watch but I

OM
returned. Did I not do well? You always took me wrong but I took you as a friend. Now the
time has come that we understand each other. Let‟s see when you understand. But don‟t go
away from me. I promise that I will not go either.

4- eSa dgha tk jgk gw¡A eq>s ugha irk dgk¡\ ‚kk;n ogha tgk¡ eSa rUgkbZ esa tkrk gw¡A cM+k lqdwu feyrk gSA efUnjksa dh

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?kfUV;ksa dh vkokt+ lqukbZ nsrh gSA ,slk yxrk gS tSls Hkxoku esjs cgqr ikl gSA eSa fiNys 4 ?kaVs ls py jgk gw¡ ij vHkh
Hkh ogk¡ ugha ig¡pk gw¡A tkurs gks D;ksa\ D;ksafd eSa rqels Qksu ij ckr Hkh dj jgk gw¡A djhc 2 ?kaVs gks pqds gSaA irk gS\ ,d
gkFkh fn[k jgk gSA cM+k I;kjk lk gSA yxrk gS ;s 1 lky dk gSA eq>s tkuojksa dk cgqr rt+qZck gSA eSa vklkuh ls tkuojksa
dh mez crk ldrk gw¡A NT
I am going somewhere. I don‟t know where? Most probably, the place where I go in my
loneliness. I feel good. The sound of temple‟s bells is heard. It seems as God is just quite
nearby me. I have been walking for last 4 hours but not reached there yet. You know why?
OI
Because I‟ve been talking to you over the phone as well. It has been about 2 hrs. You know
what? I can see an elephant. He is very cute. It looks a year old. I have rich experience
about animals. I can easily figure out animals‟ age.
P

5- eSa dke dj pqdk gw¡ ij rqe iwNrs gh ugha gksA eSa rqels vuqjks/k djrk gw¡ fd rqe iwNk djksA irk ugha rqe D;k dj
ER

jgs gksA gesa ,d nwljs ls iwNuk pkfg,A eSa tkurk gw¡ ;g vklku ugha gS ij ukeqefdu dqN Hkh ughaA ge nksuksa lksp esa
fcYdqy vyx gSaA ,slk D;ksa gS\ blfy, D;ksfa d ge dHkh dke ds ckjs esa ckr ugha djrs\ eSa ugha tkurk fd rqe D;k
lksprs gks\ eSa id pqdk gw¡A D;k rqe ugha ids\ ‚kk;n rqe Hkh] ij rqe dHkh crkrs ughaA eSa rqEgkjh cgqr bT+t+r djrk gw¡
ij bldk ;g eryc ugha fd rqe esjh ijs‛kkuh le÷kks gh ughaA
PP

I have worked but you don‟t ask. I request you that you ask. I don‟t know what you are
doing. We must ask each other. I know it‟s not easy but nothing is impossible. We both are
different altogether in thinking. Why is it? Is it because we never talk about work? I don‟t
TO

know what you think? I am fed up. Aren‟t you? Perhaps, you too but you never express. I
respect you a lot but it doesn‟t mean that you don‟t even understand my problems.

6- rqeus dHkh mlls ckr dh bl ckjs esa\ fdl ckjs esa\ nksLr] rqe Hkwy tkrs gksA ge dHkh Hkh dke ds ckjs esa ckr
ugha djrsA eSa fiNys 4 ?kaVs ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gw¡A rqels Qksu ij ckr Hkh dh ij dksbZ Qk+;nk ugha gqvkA rqEgsa D;k yxrk
gS fd eSa ikxy gw¡ ! eSaus ,slk rks ugha dgkA pyks NksM+ksA vkt ,slk yx jgk gS tSls eSaus rqEgsa [kks fn;k gksA D;k rqeus jke
dks dHkh ns[kk gS\ gk¡ ns[kk rks gS ij Hkwy x;k g¡w mldk psgjkA

Did you ever talk to him on this matter? About what? Mate, you forget. We never discuss
about work. I have been trying for last 4 hours. We even had a talk over the phone but of no
use. What do you think, I am mad! I didn‟t say so. Anyways Leave it. Now, I feel as if I have
lost you. Have you ever seen Ram? Yes I have but I‟ve forgotten his face.
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Lesson – 41
Written Conversations
All the conversations of this chapter are taken just for the learning purpose and
any similarities to any events, resemblance to any person/place/thing would be
just a coincidence.

Conversation –1 ¼okrkZyki&1½
jkds'k % xqM ekWfuZax ljA
Rakesh : Good Morning sir.
Mk0 caly % xqM ekWfuZax] vUnj vk tkb,A

OM
Dr. Bansal : Morning. Come in please.
jkds'k % lj dqN fnuksa ls esjs flj esa dkQh nnZ jgrk gSA djhc 15 fnu gks x;s gSaA nnZ vDlj jkr esa gksrk gS eSa
tc lksus tkrk gw¡] mlds FkksM+k igys 9 cts ds djhcA
Rakesh : Sir, Actually, I have got a severe headache for a few days. It has been about 15
days now. Pain mostly occurs at night, just before I go to bed, at about 9.

.C
Mk0 caly % dgha ls nokb;k¡ yh \
Dr. Bansal : Did you take medicine from somewhere?
jkds'k
Rakesh
Mk0 caly
: Not yet. Though, I was thinking.
NT
% vc rd rks ugha A gkyk¡fd eSa lksp jgk FkkA

% fdlh Hkh chekjh dks gYds esa ugha ysuk pkfg,A 15 fnu rks cgqr gksrs gSaA 5&7 fnu rks pyrk gSA pyks
vkius ;s rks le>k fd nnZ vDlj ,d gh le; ij gksrk gS vkSj oks Hkh lksus ls igysA
Dr. Bansal : No illness must be taken lightly. 15 days is more than enough. 5-7 days
OI
period is acceptable. Anyways, now you atleast made out that the headache
occurs at the same time before going to bed.
jkds'k % igys eaSus lkspk fd [kqn gh Bhd gks tk;sxk ij vc eq>s Mj yx jgk gSA [kkus&ihus dk [;ky u j[kus
P

dh otg ls tks chekfj;k¡ vkt dy gks jgh gS mUgsa lkspdj gh Mj yxus yxrk gSA
Rakesh : Well, initially I thought it might be cured itself but now I am a bit scared.
ER

Due to irregularity in food habits, the illnesses which are known these days, I
get horrified even thinking about those.
Mk0 caly % ?kcjkus dh ckr ugha gSA vc vki eq> ij NksM+ nhft,A vPNk crkvksA bu 15 fnuksa [kk¡lh tqdke]
cq[kkj ;k fQj pDdj vkuk tSlk dqN gqvk \
Dr. Bansal : Not to worry. Leave it on me now. Let me know if in these 15 days, you had
PP

cold, cough, fever or any giddiness sort of.

jkds'k % gk¡ nks ckj pDdj vk;kA vk¡[kksa ds vkxs va/ksjk lk Nk x;k FkkA
Rakesh : yeah, I felt giddiness twice. It just got dark in front of eyes.
Mk0 caly % rst lkal yks A fpUrk djus dh t+:jr ughaA eSa dqN nokb;k¡ fy[k ds ns jgk gw¡A ckgj eSfMdy LVksj
TO

ls [kjhn ysukA lc Bhd gks tk,xkA vc vki 2 fnu ckn fQj vkb,A ns[krs gSa D;k QdZ iM+rk gSA
Dr. Bansal :Breathe heavily. Don‟t worry. I am writing a few medicines. Purchase from
the medical store outside. Everything will be alright. Now you have to come
after 2 days. Let‟s see the progress.
jkds'k % Bhd gS Mk0- lkgc A
Rakesh : That‟s fine, Doctor.

Conversation – 2 ¼okrkZyki&2½
lhek % oks okyk VSMh fn[kkukA fdrus dk gS \
Seema : Show me that teddy bear please! How much is that for?

338
nqdkunkj % ;s yhft,] ;s okyk 500 dk gSA ;s vkphZt+ dEiuh dk gSA
Shopkeeper: Here it is. This one is for Rs. 500. It is of Archies.
lhek % vkSj VSMh gSa D;k \
Seema : Have you got a few more?
nqdkunkj % ,d lsdUMA fn[kkrk gw¡A
Shopkeeper: Give me a moment. I will show you.
lhek % HkS;k] fcYdqy vkdZ"kd VSMh fn[kkb,A vyx&vyx jaxksa esa HkhA
Seema : Bhaiya, show me attractive ones. And in different colors too.
nqdkunkj % m/kj nsf[k,A ftrus Hkh VSMh gS lc ,d lkFk j[ks gSaA vxj muesa ls dksbZ ilUn u vk;s rks ‚kke rd
dk bUrt+kj dfj,A esjs ikl djhc 15&20 vkSj vk tk;saxsA
Shopkeeper: Look at there. All the teddies are kept together. If you don‟t like any of those,
kindly wait till the evening. I will get about 15-20 more by then.
lhek % HkS;k] ;s okyk I;kjk yx jgk gSA t+jk fudky ds fn[kkb,A

OM
Seema : Bhaiya, this one is looking cute. Just take it out.
nqdkunkj % eSMe ;s FkksMk+ e¡gxk gSA
Shopkeeper: This one is a bit costly madam.
lhek % fdrus dk gS \
Seema : For how much?

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nqdkunkj % ;s okyk 900 dk iM+sxkA
Shopkeeper: It will cost you 900. / It is for 900 bucks.
lhek % FkksMk+ Bhd&Bhd yxkb,A
Seema
nqdkunkj % 800 ls de ugha gks ik;sxkA
Shopkeeper: Not less than 800.
NT
: Bhaiya, be reasonable. / Discount me a bit.

lhek % HkS;k] pyks Bhd gSA iSd dj nhft,A eq>s fdlh dks fx¶V djuk gSA
Seema : It‟s okey. Pack/Wrap it. I have to gift it to someone.
OI
nqdkunkj % ;s yhft,A
Shopkeeper: Here it is.
lhek % ;s yhft, iSls] FkSaD;w] HkS;kA
P

Seema : Here is the money, thanks bhaiya.

ER

Conversation – 3 ¼okrkZyki & 3½

fiz;k % xqM ekWfuZax lj A
Priya : Good morning, sir.
fe0- ‚kekZ % xqM ekWfuZax cPps A dSls gks vki \
PP

Mr. Sharma: Good morning dear. How are you doing?

fiz;k % eSa Bhd gw¡ ljA
Priya : I am doing well, sir.
fe0- ‚kekZ % dy dk gkseodZ gks x;k gS \
TO

Mr. Sharma: Have you done yesterday‟s homework?/ Are you done with the homework?
fiz;k % dy lj ?kj ij dqN fj‛rsnkj vk x;s Fks blfy, [kkuk cukus esa bruh O;Lr gks xbZ fd fcydqy le;
ugha fudky ik;hA eSaus lkspk jkr esa d#¡xh ij oks jkr esa ?kj ij gh :ds blfy, eqf‛dy gks x;kA
Priya : Actually sir, yesterday some relatives had dropped in so I got so busy into
cooking food that I couldn‟t spare time. I thought, I would do at night but they
stayed even at night so it got difficult to manage.
fe0- ‚kekZ % pyks dksbZ ckr ugha] esgeku pys x;s \
Mr. Sharma: It‟s ok. Have they left? / Are they gone?
fiz;k % vkt nksigj esa tk;saxsA tc rd eSa ?kj igq¡pw¡xh] oks tk pqds gksaxsA
Priya : They will go in the afternoon. By the time I reach home, they‟ll have left.
fe0- ‚kekZ % Bhd gS fQj dy pSd djk ysuk] vkt eSa Dykl esa gkseodZ ugha nw¡xkA
Mr. Sharma: That‟s alright. Get it checked tomorrow. I won‟t give homework today.
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fiz;k % oSls ,d ckr dgw¡ ljA gkseodZ FkksM+k eqf‛dy gSA igys nks iz‛u rks fcYdqy gh ugha gks ik jgs FksA
Priya : sir, can I say something? Actually, Homework is a bit tough. I wasn‟t able to
solve the first two questions at all.
fe0- ‚kekZ % bldk eryc rqeus pSIVj u0- 3 <ax ls ugha i<+k gSA oks nksuksa iz‛u rhljs pSIVj ls gSaA
Mr. Sharma: That means, you haven‟t read the third chapter properly/thoroughly. They
both are from the third chapter.
fiz;k % lj ,d dke djrh gw¡A rhljk pSIVj ,d ckj vkSj i<+rh gw¡ rc ns[krh gw¡ fd eSa dj ikrh gw¡ nksuksa iz‛u
;k ughaA
Priya : Sir, I will do one thing. I will revise the third chapter. Let me see if I will be
able to solve both of them.
fe0- ‚kekZ % eq>s ;dhu gS rqe le> tkvksxhA fQj Hkh vxj dksbZ fnDdr vk;s rks eSa Dykl esa nksckjk i<+k nw¡xk]
Bhd gS \
Mr. Sharma: I believe, you will understand. But if you still face any problem, I will revise

OM
in class. Okay?
fiz;k % FkSaD;w ljA
Priya : Thank you sir.
fe0- ‚kekZ % eksLV oSYde
Mr. Sharma: Most welcome.

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Conversation – 4 ¼okrkZyki & 4½
dey
NT
% lkxj] D;k ckr gS \ dqN mnkl lk yx jgk gSA dqN fnuksa ls cM+k [kks;k [kks;k jgrk gSA fdlh ls ckr ugha
djrkA dqN rks gS] tks rw ge lc ls fNik jgk gSA fny dh ckr dgus ls cks> gYdk gksrk gSA fny esa j[ksxk rks
gesa irk dSls pysxk fd gekjs nksLr dh ijs‛kkuh D;k gS\
Kamal: Sagar, what‟s the matter? Looking sad! I have been noticing for a few days, you look
OI
lost. Something is there, which you are hiding from us. It will relax you if you tell us
the matter. If you keep in yourself, how would we know the problem of our friend?
Lkkxj % dHkh&dHkh yxrk gS fd ft+Unxh esjs lkFk et+kd dj jgh gSA yxrk gS] Hkxoku dgha lks jgk gSA
Sagar: Sometimes I feel as if life is making fun of me. Looks as God is sleeping.
P

dey % ,slk D;k gks x;k \

Kamal: What happened? / What happened as such?
ER

Lkkxj % eEeh dh rfc;r bruh [kjkc gks xbZ Fkh fd gkWfLiVy esa HkrhZ djuk iM+kA vc rks [kSj ?kj ij gh gSaA gekjh
dkj ij vkx yx x;hA bU‛;ksjasl nks fnu igys gh [kRe gqvk Fkk] ge vxys fnu djokus gh okys Fks fd ,slk
gks x;kA xkM+h ds tyus ij gesa dqN ugha fey ik;kA esjh tkWc Hkh NwV x;hA dEiuh fnokfy;k gks xbZA 2
efgus dh lSyjh Hkh ugha ikbZA
PP

Sagar: Mom got so ill that we had to admit her in hospital. Though, she is at home now. Our
car caught fire. Insurance had ended just 2 days ago and we were about to renew it but
this incident occurred. We got nothing at all. I lost my job. Company got bankrupt. I
didn‟t even get 2 months‟ salary.
TO

dey % eEeh vc dSlh gSa\

Kamal: How is mom now?
lkxj % vc Bhd gSaA
Sagar: She is better now.
dey % vcs] lc Bhd gks tk;sxkA Hkxoku tks djrk gS] mlds ihNs dqN vPNk Hkh fNik gksrk gSA eq>s ;dhu gS fd vxys
eghus esjs tUefnu ij ge tcjnLr ikVhZ dj jgs gksxsaA vxj iSls dh dksbZ fnDdr gS rks csf>>d ek¡x ysukA
Kamal: Everything will be alright. Whatever God does, there is something good hidden there
as well. I am sure that in the next month, we will be having a grand celebration. If
there is a problem of money, don‟t hesitate at all.
lkxj % iSls ls T;knk eq>s lkFk dh t+#jr gSA rw vk;k] fny dks vPNk yxkA FkSaDl nksLrA
Sagar: I rather need support. You came, I felt better. Thanks mate.

340
dey % nksLrh esa FkSaDl ugha dgrsA ;s esjk QtZ gS fd vxj esjs nksLr dks fnDdr gS] rks eSa lkFk nw¡A vxj eSa rsjh txg
gksrk] rks D;k rw lkFk ugha nsrkA
Kamal: No thanks in friendship. It was my responsibility that if my friend is in trouble, I
help him. Had I been at your place, would you not have stood by.
Lkkxj % gk¡] ;s rks gSA
Sagar: I know. / You are right. / Of course / obviously.
dey % py lqu] ,slk gS vkt ge fQYe ns[kus tk jgsa gSaA
Kamal: Listen, now we are going for a movie, ok?
Lkkxj % FkksMk+ iSls dh fnDdr gSA
Sagar: I have a bit problem of money. / My hands are a bit tight.
dey % iSls dh ckr dh eSaus\ ekbUM ÝS‛k djrs gSaA dy eSa rsjh eEeh ls feyus vk jgk gw¡A
Kamal: Did I talk about money? Let‟s freshen up our mind. I am coming to see your mom
tomorrow.

OM
lkxj % FkSaDl ;kjA
Sagar: Thanks mate.
dey % rwus ges‛kk nwljksa ds fy, vPNk fd;kA pkgs tks gks] eSa rsjk ges‛kk lkFk nw¡xkA rw esjk vPNk nksLr gS] ‚kk;n lcls
vPNkA ;kn gS ,d ckj rwus dgk Fkk fd vPNk nksLr oks gS tks t+#jr ij dke vk;sA ‚kk;n vkt oks fnu vk x;k]
vkSj eSa rsjs lkFk gw¡A
Kamal: You always did well for others. No matter what, I‟ll always stand by you. You are a

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good friend of mine, maybe the best. You remember? Once you had told me “The friend
in need is the friend indeed.” I guess the day has come, and I am with you.
lkxj % ;kn gSA
Sagar: I know. / I remember.
dey
NT
% ij rwus vPNk ugha fd;k] igys ;s lc ugha crk;kA py NksM+] lkjh ckrsa ,d rjQ] vc ge fQYe ns[kus tk jgs
gSaA FkksM+k g¡l Hkh ysA g¡luk lsgr ds fy, vPNk gksrk gSA
Kamal: But I am not very happy with you, you didn‟t tell me earlier. Anyways, all aside, now
OI
we are going for a movie. Now smile a little mate. To smile is good for health.

Conversation – 5 ¼okrkZyki & 5½

P

jke % dSlk gS nksLr \

Ram : How are you doing mate? / How are you bro?
ER

‚;ke % cf<+;kA rw crkA

Shyam: Doing Good, you tell me?
jke % cl lc Bhd gSA vkSj D;k py jgk gS \
Ram: All good. What is going on?
PP

‚;ke % cl vkt dy ikik ds fctul esa yxk gqvk gw¡ A viuh rjQ ls rks esgur py jgh gS ckdh lc
Hkxoku ij NksM+ fn;k gSA
Shyam: Nothing special, just into father‟s business. I am working hard from my end, rest
on God.
TO

jke % ikik ds fct+ul

s ds ckjs esa rwus dHkh crk;k ugha A
Ram: you never told me about your Dad‟s business!
‚;ke % dHkh [kkl ekSdk ugha feykA py NksM+ ;s crk rsjh tkWc dSlh py jgh gS \
Shyam: Never got a chance in fact. Anyways, how is your job?
jke % tkWc Bhd py jgh gSA vc rsjk nksLr eSustj cu x;k gS A ;gkW¡ rd fd esjh ‚kknh Hkh r; gks xbZ gSA
Ram: Job is going well. I am a Manager now. Marriage is finalized as well.
‚;ke % D;k ckr dj jgk gS \ ets ys jgk gS D;k \
Shyam: What are you talking about? Are you kidding me?
jke % eSa etkd ugha dj jgk gw¡ A lp esa A
Ram: I am not kidding. I am serious.
‚;ke % dc \
Shyam: When is that?
341
jke % rkjh[k r; ugha gqbZ vHkh ij iwjh mEehn gS fnlEcj rd A
Ram: Date is not decided yet, however most probably by December.
‚;ke % pyks cf<+;k gSA de ls de Mk¡l djus dk rks ekSdk feysxk A
Shyam: Wow! At least I will get a chance to dance.
jke % Mk¡l rks Bhd gS ij ‚kkSfiax oxSjg esa lkFk pyuk iM+sxk rq>sA
Ram: Dance is fine but you will have to go with me for shopping.
‚;ke % py Bhd gS dkWy dj nsukA
Shyam: It‟s ok, do call me, okay?
jke % vPNk pyrs gSa vc va/ksjk gks jgk gSA lqu eSa dy rsjs ?kj dh rjQ vk jgk gw¡ cksy rks ikVhZ djsaA oSls
Hkh dkQh fnu gks x;s gSaA
Ram: Well, let‟s go now. It is getting dark. Listen, tomorrow I am coming nearby
your place. If you say we can have a party, it has anyways been many days.
‚;ke % tc ethZ nksLrA

OM
Shyam: Anytime mate.
jke % py eSa dkWy d#¡xkA xqM ukbV A
Ram: Ok, I‟ll call you up. Good night.
‚;ke % vPNk Vsd ds;j] xqM ukbZV A
Shyam: Good night mate. Take care.

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Conversation – 6 ¼okrkZyki & 6½

jksfgr %
Rohit:
gk; ‚kkfyuhA dSlh gks \
Hi Shalini, How are you doing?
NT
‚kkfyuh % vki crkvks \
Shalini: You tell?
OI
jksfgr % Bhd gw¡ A vPNk oks ml fnu eSa rqEgkjs ?kj vk;k Fkk A
Rohit: I am good. Well, I had come to your home the other day.
‚kkfyuh % gk¡ irk gSA eEeh us crk;k Fkk fd vkius gekjk dEI;wVj Bhd fd;k Fkk A eq>s rks irk gh ugha Fkk fd
vki ,d dEI;wVj bathfu;j gks A
P

Shalini: I know. Mom had told me, You had repaired our computer. I had no idea that
you are a computer engineer.
ER

jksfgr % rqe rks fn[kh ugha ogk¡\

Rohit: I didn‟t see you there? / You were not seen around?
‚kkfyuh % gkW¡ oks eSa vius vady ds ;gk¡ Fkh A
Shalini: Yeah, Actually I was at my uncle‟s place.
PP

jksfgr % oks dgk¡ jgrs gSa \

Rohit: Where does he live?
‚kkfyuh % vxyh gh xyh esa vjs oks tks vaxzst+h fl[kkrs gSaA
Shalini: In the next street. The one, who teaches English.
TO

jksfgr % fcØkUr lj A
Rohit: Ashish Rawat sir!
‚kkfyuh % gk¡ ogh rks A
Shalini: Yeah, he is.
jksfgr % oks rqEgkjs vady gSa \ eq>s ugha irk Fkk A eaSus mUgha ls rks vaxzst+h lh[kh A
Rohit: Is he your uncle? I didn‟t know. He is the one, even I learned English from.
‚kkfyuh % oks cgqr Qsel gks x;s gSa vc A mUgksaus djhc 6 lky igys i<+kuk ‚kq: fd;k Fkk A vc oks djhc 2 yk[k
:0 eghuk dekrs gaSA
Shalini: He is quite famous now. He had started teaching about 6 years ago. Now he
earns around 2 lacs a month.
jksfgr % rqels ,d ckr dgw¡A rqe cqjk rks ugha ekuksxh A
Rohit: Can I say something? Please don‟t mind.
342
‚kkfyuh % cksyksA
Shalini: Sure.
jksfgr % irk gS A eSa dHkh dg ugha ik;k rqels fd eSa rqEgsa cgqr ilUn djrk gw¡A eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjh QSfeyh ds Åaps
:rcs ls Mjrk FkkA eSa ges‛kk lksprk Fkk fd eSa dgw¡ ij fny dh ckr fny esa gh jg xbZA cqjk er ekuukA
eSaus flQZ ogh dgk tks eq>s eglwl gqvkA
Rohit: You know what. I couldn‟t ever say that I like you. I was always scared of your
family‟s high status. I tried a lot but couldn‟t courage. Don‟t mind, okey. I just
said what I felt.
‚kkfyuh % eq>s yxrk gS vc eq>s pyuk pkfg, A eSa vkidks Qksu d:axh vksdsA
Shalini: I think I must leave now. I‟ll call you, okey.
jksfgr % Bhd gSA
Rohit: Alright.
‚kkfyuh % ck; A

OM
Shalini: Bye.
Conversation – 7 ¼okrkZyki & 7½
Vhpj % cPpksa] vkt ge ,d u;k VkWfid i<+us okys gSaA vPNk crkb,] fiNyh Dykl esa eSaus tks i<+k;k FkkA D;k
vki lcdks le> vk x;k \
Teacher : Students, today we are going to learn a new topic. But tell me, whatever I had

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taught in the last class, did you all understand?
fiz;k % lj nwljk iz‛u le> ugha vk jgk FkkA eSus nksckjk i<+k vkSj fQj vius cM+s HkS;k ls iwNk] rc tkdj dgha
le> vk ik;kA NT
Priya : Sir, I had not understood the second question. I revised and asked my brother,
and then finally I could understand.
lksgu % lj] esjs lkFk Hkh ,slk gh gqvkA eqf‛dy rks yxk ij fQj Hkh eSaus dj fy;kA vPNk lj] ,d ckr iwNuh
Fkh] oks tks pkSFkk iz‛u Fkk] mlesa A dh oSY;w 10 j[kuh Fkh u \ eSaus 10 j[kdj fd;k rks gks x;kA
OI
Sohan : Sir, the same thing happened with me. Even, I found difficulty but then finally
solved it. Sir, I had to ask you one thing; in the 4th question, A‟s value was
10, wasn‟t it? because I put 10 and it was solved.
Vhpj % j[kuh rks 10 gh Fkh ij D;ksa \ dkSu crk ldrk gS vki esa ls \
P

Teacher : Yes, You had to put 10 but why? Who among you can answer?
% lj A dh oSY;w 10 blfy, j[kuh Fkh D;ksafd A, B vkSj C ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gSA B gS 3 vkSj C gS 7
ER

jksgu
rks gks x;k 10-
Rohan : Sir, it‟s because A equals to B+C. B is 3 and C is 7 so it makes 10.
Vhpj % fcYdqy lghA pyks Bhd gS] vc ,slk djrs gSa u;k pSIVj i<+us ds ctk; dy okys dks gh nksgjkrs gSaA
T+;knk csgrj le> vk tk,xkA
PP

Teacher : Absolutely correct. All right, now what we do is, rather than going for the new
chapter, let‟s revise the yesterday‟s one. It will develop better understanding.
cPps % Bhd gS ljA
Children : Ok sir.
TO

Conversation – 8 ¼okrkZyki & 8½

jksgu % gSyks lksgu dSls gks \
Rohan : Hello Sohan, how are you?
lksgu % Bhd gw¡ vkSj vki crkvks \ dy fte vk;s Fks D;k \
Sohan : I am good. What about you? Had you come to gym yesterday?
jksgu % ugha] eq>s dgha fdlh dke ls ckgj tkuk iM+kA
Rohan : No in fact, I had to go somewhere for some work.
lksgu % Bhd gS] fQj pyks lkFk esa feydj fte djrs gSA vdsys esa fte Bhd rjg ls ugha gks ikrkA
Sohan : All right then, let‟s exercise together. It is not effective alone.
jksgu % Bhd gSA oSls rqEgkjh ckWMh esa QdZ rks fn[k jgk gSA vkSj D;k [kk jgs gks vktdy \
Rohan : Not bad. By the way, I can see the improvement in your body. What are you
having/eating these days?
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lksgu % 4 dsys ysrk gw¡ lqcg nw/k ds lkFkA v.Ms Hkh py jgs gSaA [kkus dk /;ku j[krk gw¡A
Sohan : 4 bananas with milk in the morning. Eggs too. I am concerned about diet.
jksgu % pyks vc nwljk lsV ekjrs gSaA
Rohan : Let‟s take another set now.
lksgu % de liksVZ nsuk A
Sohan : Support less.
jksgu % vkt ds fy, bruk cgqr gSA dy feyrs gSaA
Rohan : It‟s good enough for today. See you tomorrow.
lksgu % Bhd gS dy le; ij vk tkukA
Sohan : Ok then, come in time tomorrow.

Conversation – 9 ¼okrkZyki & 9½

OM
Lkyhe % D;k dj jgk gS\
Saleem : What‟s up mate?
lyeku % dqN [kkl ugha A [kkuk cuk jgk gw¡A
Salman : Nothing special. Preparing food.

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Lkyhe % ,d ckr crkA tc Hkh dkWy djks rw ;k rks [kkuk cuk jgk gksrk gS ;k fQj crZu ;k diM+s /kks jgk gksrk
gSA ckr D;k gS \
Saleem : Tell me one thing. Whenever I call, you are either preparing food, washing
NT
utensils or washing clothes. What‟s the matter mate?
lyeku % vdsys vkneh ds lkFk ;s ijs‛kkuh rks gksrh gh gSA
Salman : A man alone obviously has such a problem.
Lkyhe % gk¡A ;s ckr rks lgh gSA tc eSa ?kj ls vyx jgrk FkkA rks eSa Hkh le; ugha fudky ikrk FkkA iwjk fnu
OI
?kj ds dkeksa esa fudy tkrk FkkA
Saleem : You are right. When I lived separate, even I wasn‟t able to have a spare time.
The whole day was busy into household work.
lyeku % dksbZ ckr ughaA le;&le; dh ckr gSA vkSj oSls Hkh dqN fnuksa dh ckr gSA mlds ckn rks eSa ?kj gh tk
P

jgk gw¡] fQj ets d:¡xkA

Salman : Not to worry. It‟s just a matter time. And anyways, it is a matter of only a few
ER

days. Then I am going my hometown, I would enjoy.

Lkyhe % esjs fcuk et+s] ikWflcy gh ugha gSA ogk¡ ij dksbZ [kkl nksLr gS esjh rjg tks rq>s g¡lk;sA
Saleem : Enjoy without me is impossible. Is there any such friend as I am, who makes
you enjoy?
PP

lyeku % gS rks ughaA ij ?kjokyksa ds lkFk Vkbe ikl gks tkrk gSA cgu dk NksVk cPpk Hkh rks gSA mlds lkFk
[ksyrk gw¡ rks le; dk irk gh ugha pyrkA
Salman : Not really but time is killed with family members. My sister‟s little baby is
there too. I play with her/him, time just flies.
TO

Lkyhe % rw ?kj pyk tk;sxk rks eSa vdsyk gks tkÅ¡xkA rsjh ;kn cgqr vk;sxh nksLrA rq>ls feyus vk;k d:¡xk
dHkh&dHkh] tc Hkh Vkbe feysxkA
Saleem : You‟ll go home, I‟ll be alone. I will miss you a lot friend. I‟ll come to see you
sometimes, whenever I‟ll get time.
lyeku % eSa Hkh dHkh&dHkh vk tkšxkA
Salman : Even, I‟ll visit sometimes.
Lkyhe % py Bhd gSA [kkuk cu x;k\
Saleem : Leave it. Is the food prepared now?
lyeku % cu gh x;k clA
Salman : Almost done.
Lkyhe % [kkus ds ckn Qksu djukA Bhd gSA ck;A
Saleem : Call me after having food, ok? all right then. Bye.
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 Conversation – 10 ¼okrkZyki & 10½

jktw % ueLrs lkgc thA

Raju : Namaste, Sahab ji.
fe0 xks;y % ueLrs jktwA dkj lkQ dj yh \
Mr. Goyal : Namaste, Raju. Have you cleaned the car?
jktw % lkgc thA dkj rks lkQ dj nhA ij ,d ckr gS tks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgh gSA esjh eEeh dh rch;r cgqr
[kjkc gSA mUgsa isV esa jkst+ nnZ gks tkrk gSA rhu MkWDVjksa dks fn[kk pqds gSA lcus nokb;k¡ Hkh nh ij dksbZ
Qk;nk ugha gqvkA eSa mUgsa gkWfLiVy ys ds x;k FkkA oks dgrs gSa fd vkWijs‛ku gksxkA vkWijs‛ku dk [kPkkZ
djhc 50000 gSA lkgc th] esjh le> esa ugha vk jgk gS fd eSa D;k d#¡ A esjs ikl eqf‛dy ls 30000 gh
gks ik;s gSaA esjs ikik Hkh ft+Unk ugha gSaA ojuk oks dqN enn dj nsrAs
Raju : Sahab ji. I have cleaned the car. But there is something that is bothering me.
Actually, my mom is too ill. She gets stomachache every day. I have consulted

OM
three doctors. All recommended medicines but of no avail/use. I had taken her to
hospital. They say, it needs to be operated. It would cost around Rs. 50000.
Sahab ji, I can‟t understand what to do. I could only manage 30000. My father is
no more either otherwise he would have helped a bit.
fe0 xks;y % jktw] rqe fpUrk er djksA ,slk djks] 20000 eSa ns nsrk gw¡A pyks 25000 ys yksA igys eEeh dk bykt+

.C
djkvksA tc dHkh rqe nsus dh gkyr esa gksxs rks ns nsukA dksbZ tYnh ughaA vxj vkSj t+:jr iM+s rks
csf>>d ek¡x ysukA rqe esjs csVs dh mez ds gksA lc Bhd gks tk,xkA
Mr. Goyal : Raju, you don‟t worry. Do one thing, I give you 20000. Rather take 25000. First,
NT
get your mom cured. Whenever you will be in a position to return, it‟s fine, not
to hurry. If you need more, don‟t hesitation. You are my son‟s age. Everything is
going to be alright.
jktw % eS vkidk vglku dHkh ughs Hkwyw¡xkA
OI
Raju : I‟ll remain indebted to you. / I‟ll never forget your help.
fe0 xks;y % dgus dh t:jr ughaA pyks NksM+k]s pyks esjs lkFkA , Vh ,e ls vHkh fudky ysrk gw¡A
Mr. Goyal : Mention not. Anyways, come with me. I withdraw from ATM right away.
P

Conversation – 11 ¼okrkZyki & 11½

ER

jksgu % ikik] eEeh dgk¡ gS \

Rohan : Dad, where is mom?
ikik % csVs] eEeh ‚kk;n fdpu esa gSA
Dad : I think she is in kitchen.
PP

jksgu % ij] eEeh ogk¡ ugha fn[k jgh gSaA eSaus gj txg ns[kk] eEeh dgha ugha gaSA
Rohan : But I can‟t see mom there. I have seen everywhere, she is nowhere.
Ikkik % vjs eq>s /;ku vk x;k] eEeh us dgk Fkk fd oks ‚kk;n ekdsZV tk;sxhA ‚kk;n oks pyh xbZ gksxhA oSls Qksu
djds ns[kks] jksguA
TO

Dad : Oh, I remember, she had told me that she would go to market. She might have
left. Call her up.
jksgu % ikik vkidk eksckbZy dgk¡ gSA fey ugha jgkA
Rohan : Dad, where is your mobile. I can‟t find it.
ikik % lhek] vki eksckby ij xse [ksy jgs Fks u \ dgk¡ gS \
Dad : Seema, you were playing game on mobile, weren‟t you? Where is it?
lhek % eSaus ;gha ij rks j[kk FkkA
Seema : I had kept it here only.
jksgu % ij ;gk¡ rks gS ughaA
Rohan : But it‟s not here.
lhek % ‚kk;n eaSus fdpu esa j[kk FkkA ns[kus nksA
Seema : Probably I had put it there in the kitchen. Let me check.
345
jksgu % gk¡ ;gha gSA
Rohan : yeah, it‟s here.
ikik % pyks Qksu dj yksA
Dad : Now you call.
jksgu % gSyks eEeh] eEeh vki ekdsZV ds fy, fudy x;s\
Rohan : Hello mommy/mom/mummy, have you left for market?
eEeh % ugha csVk] eSa rks iM+ksl esa cSBh gw¡A vkaVh vius csVs ds tUefnu dh rS;kjh dj jgh gSaA tUefnu vkt ‚kke
dks euk;k tk;sxkA FkksM+k enn dj jgh gw¡A dksbZ [kkl ckr\s
Mummy : No honey, I am at the neighbor‟s home. Aunty is preparing for her son‟s
birthday. It is to be celebrated in the evening today. I am helping her. Any
problem?
jksgu % gk¡ oks eq>s ?kM+h ugha fey jgh FkhA
Rohan : Actually, I could not find the watch.

OM
eEeh % rfd;s ds uhps gSA ;kn ugha dy lhek tc NsM+ jgh Fkh rks eSaus fNik nh FkhA
Mummy : Underneath the pillow. Don‟t you remember, yesterday when Seema was
playing with it, I had hidden.
jksgu % gk¡ ;kn vk x;kA vPNk eEeh] j[k jgk gw¡A
Rohan : Oh yes. I remember now. Ok mom, I hang up.

.C
eEeh % jksgu csVk] ikik dks dgks] ik¡p feuV esa vk jgh gw¡A fQj czsdQkLV djrs gSaA
Mummy : Rohan, tell the Dad, I am coming in 5 minutes. We‟ll have b‟fast then.
jksgu % Bhd gS eEehA ck;A ikik eEeh 5 feuV esa vk jgh gSA cxy esa vkaVh ds lkFk gSA
Rohan
ikik
Dad
% Bhd gSA cgqr cf<+;kA
: Ok. That‟s fine.
NT
: Ok mom. Bye. Dad, Mom is coming in 5 minutes. She is with neighbor aunty.
OI
Conversation – 12 ¼okrkZyki & 12½
cgu % HkS;k esjs] jk[kh ds ca/ku dks fuHkkukA ¼xkrs gq,½
P

Sister : Bhaiya mere, Rakhi ke bandhan ko nibhana. (sings)

HkS;k % et+kd er djA QVkQV jk[kh ck¡/k nsA
ER

Brother : Don‟t make fun. Hurry up and tie the Rakhi.

cgu % HkS;k] esjs fy, vkids ikl dHkh le; jgrk gS \ ges‛kk tYnh esa jgrs gksA
Sister : Bhaiya, do you ever have time for me. You are always in a hurry.
HkS;k % cPps] vkt esa ;gha ?kj ij gw¡A rw jk[kh rks ck¡/k] fQj ns[k esjk ljizkbt+A
PP

Brother : Sweetheart, I am very much here at home today. You tie and see the surprise.
cgu % yxrk gS vkt dqN T+;knk iSls feyus okys gSaA
Sister : Looks as I am going to get good amount of money today.
HkS;k % oDr dk bUrt+kj rks djA
TO

Brother : Well, just wait for the right time honey.

cgu % ;s yhft, esjs I;kjs HkS;kA ck¡/k nh jk[khA vkSj vc vki [kkb, ;s feBkbZ tks eSaus I;kj ls vkids fy,
cukbZ gSA
Sister : Here it is, my dear brother. It‟s done. Now you eat the sweets that I‟ve prepared
for you with love.
HkS;k % ;s rwus [kqn cukbZ gSA fo‛okl ugha gks jgkA
Brother : You made it yourself, hard to believe.
cgu % eryc] vkidks esjh dkfcfy;r is ‚kd gSA
Sister : That means you doubt on my abilities.
HkS;k % et+s ys jgk gw¡A
Brother : I am just kidding honey.
cgu % vki ges‛kk esjk fny rksM+ nsrs gksA
Sister : You always hurt me bro.
346
HkS;k % vPNk esjh cgu] ;s ys rsjk ljizkbt+ fx¶VA
Brother : I am sorry sweet heart, here is your surprise gift.
cgu % ;s D;k gS \
Sister : What‟s this?
HkS;k % [kksy ds rks ns[kA
Brother : Open and see.
cgu % HkS;k] ;s rks ,siy dk eksckby gSA fdrus dk gS HkS;k \ ;s rks cgqr eagxk gksxkA
Sister : Bhaiya, this is Apple‟s mobile. How much for? It must be expensive.
HkS;k % esjh cgu ds lkeus esjs fy, dksbZ pht+ eagxh ughaA ;s eagxh gS ij rw vueksy gSA
Brother : Nothing is expensive for me than you are. It‟s costly but you are precious.
cgu % FkSaD;w HkS;kA vki nqfu;k ds lcls vPNs HkkbZ gksA oSls HkS;k] crkvks u fdrus dk gS \
Sister : Thank you so much bhaiya. You are the greatest brother in the world. By the
way, how much did it cost you?

OM
HkS;k % ;s 48000 :0 dk gSA
Brother : It‟s for Rs. 48000. / It cost me 48k.
cgu % HkS;k] bruk eagxkA ij HkS;k] blls csgrj dqN ugha gks ldrkA
Sister : My god, so costly! But Bhaiya, it‟s amazing.
HkS;k % esjs fy, rq>ls csgrj dqN ughaA

.C
Brother : For me, nothing matters more than you.
cgu % HkS;k] eSa vkils cgqr I;kj djrh gw¡A
Sister : Bhaiya, I love you so much.
HkS;k

Brother
NT
% eSa HkhA ,d ckr vkSj] vkt fMuj ds fy, ckgj tk;saxsA rw viuk euilUn [kkuk [kkus okyh gSA eEeh ge
lc djhc 8 cts fudysaxsA ikik dks Hkh euk ysuk tYnh vkus ds fy,A
: I love you too honey. One more thing, tonight we‟ll have dinner outside. You are
going to have your favourite food today. Mom, we all will leave at about 8.
Convince dad as well to come early.
OI
eEeh % ;s eq> ij NksM+ nksA ikik ogh djsaxs tks vkidh eEeh pkgsaxhA
Mummy : Leave it on me. Dad is going to follow what your mom says.
P

Conversation – 13 ¼okrkZyki & 13½

ER

‚kkfUr % eEeh us ml fnu rqEgsa dqN fn;k Fkk gS u \

Shanti : Mom had given you something that day, hadn‟t she?
:fp % ugha] mUgksaus fn;k ugha Fkk cfYd nsus okyh FkhA oks rks eSaus gh euk dj fn;k FkkA
PP

Ruchi : Not really, she was giving me in fact but I had refused to take.
‚kkfUr % D;k ns jgh Fkha og \
Shanti : What was that?
:fp % gqvk ;s fd mUgksaus esjs HkS;k ls dqN fdrkcsa e¡xok;h FkhaA HkS;k us mUgsa mu fdrkcksa dh dher crkbZ FkhA oks
TO

mlh ds iSls ns jgh FkhA eSaus euk blfy, fd;k D;ksfa d HkS;k dks vpkud cSaxyksj tkuk iM+kA muds ,d
nksLr dh rfc;r cgqr [kjkc gSA ftldh otg ls oks fdrkcsa ugha yk ik;sA vkSj ;s tkurs gq, fd oks rc
rd fdrkcsa ugha yk ldrs] tc rd okil u vk tk;sa vkSj ;s Hkh irk ugha fd oks dc rd vk;saxs] eSua s
iSls ysus ls euk dj fn;kA
Ruchi : In fact, she had asked my brother to bring a few books. Bhaiya had told her
about the total cost. She was giving me money for it but I denied because
Bhaiya had to suddenly leave for Banglore. One of his friends is pretty ill due to
which he couldn‟t bring the books. And knowing that he can‟t buy the books
unless he returns, moreover it is not confirmed when he would return, I just
didn‟t take the money.
‚kkfUr % rqEgkjs HkS;k tkWc ugha djrs D;k \
Shanti : Doesn‟t your brother work?
347
:fp % vjs] mudk viuk xkjesUV~l dk fct+ul s gSA muds uhps djhc 20 yksx dke djrs gSaA ,d eSut
s j Hkh gS
tks muds u gksus ij lkjk dke ns[krk gSA blfy, dksbZ [kkl QdZ ugha iM+rkA tc mudh ‚kknh gqbZ Fkh
rks oks djhc ,d eghus gekjs nsgjknwu okys QkeZ gkÅl esa jgdj vk;s FksA
Ruchi : Well, he has his own business of Garments. There are about 20 people working
under him. There is a manager too who supervises everything in his absence.
So, it doesn‟t matter much. When he had got married, He had gone to our
Dehradun‟s farm house and stayed there for about a month.
‚kkfUr % mudk lgh gSA ets gSA dk‛k fd esjk Hkh ,slk gh dqN dke gksrk] rks tkWc djus dh t+:jr gh u gksrhA
Shanti : His is good. He must be enjoying himself. I wish if I had this sort of business
too, there wouldn‟t have been a need of job.
:fp % ij fctusl esa Hkh dbZ ijs‛kkfu;k¡ gksrh gSA
Ruchi : But there is tension in business too.
‚kkfUr % gk¡ irk gSA pyks NksMk+ s vkWfQl tkuk gSA eSa fudyrh gw¡A ck;A

OM
Shanti : I know. Anyways, I have to go to office. I leave now. Bye.

Conversation – 14 ¼okrkZyki & 14½

izksQslj % jkgqy] eq>s rqels dqN t+#jh ckr djuh gSA ;wfuoflZVh dh bl lky dh IysLesUV ds ckjs esa ge lksp jgs

.C
FksA eq>s nq[k gS fd rqEgkjh rjQ ls vHkh rd dqN Hkh ikWftfVo fjtVZ ugha fey ik;k gSA eqn~nk ;s gS fd
rqEgkjh IysLesUV dgk¡ dh tk, \
Professor : Rahul, I have to talk something important with you. We were thinking about
NT
the university‟s this year‟s placement. I am sorry that there are no as such
positive results coming from your end. The concern is your placement?
jkgqy % lj esjh igyh ilUn gS ,siy budkWjiksjs‛kuA blds vykok eSa fdlh dEiuh ds ckjs esa ugha lksp jgkA
Rahul : Sir, my first choice is Apple Inc. I am not even thinking about any other.
OI
izksQslj % ij jkgqy] IysLesUV ds fy, dEifu;k¡ vxys eghus gh vk jgh gaSA vkidh fjlpZ vHkh rd dksbZ fu"d"kZ ugha
fudky ik;h gSA
Professor : But Rahul, companies are coming next month and your research has not
concluded anything as yet.
P

jkgqy % lj eSa iwjh esgur dj jgk gw¡A eq>s mEehn gS fd esjk fjlpZ tYn gh eq>s dqN u dqN fjtVZ nsxkA
Rahul : Sir, I am trying the best. I am optimistic about having something soon.
ER

izksQslj % ij jkgqy] ;s dkQh ugha gSA

Professor : But Rahul, it‟s not good enough.
jkgqy % gj cM+h miyfC/k oDr ysrh gSA
Rahul : An achievement needs time.
PP

izksQslj % eq>s yxrk gS fd rqEgsa nksckjk lkspuk gksxkA gks ldrk gS] rqEgkjh mEehn bl fjlpZ ls O;ogkfjd u gksA
Professor : I guess you‟ll have to re-think. Maybe, your optimism is not practical.
jkgqy % lj] tc ,fMlu us cYc ds ckjs esa lkspk gksxk rks D;k mlds le; ds yksxks us mldh dkfcfy;r ij
‚kd ugha fd;k gksxkA lQyrk dk eryc ;s rks ugha fd dHkh vlQyrk u feysA
TO

Rahul : Sir, when Adison thought about the bulb, wouldn‟t his contemporaries have
doubted his abilities. Success doesn‟t mean the absence of failure.
izksQslj % jkgqy] eq>s rqe ij fo‛okl gS ij---------
Professor : Rahul, I believe in your abilities but…..
jkgqy % lj] vki fpUrk u djsaA eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksMw¡xkA
Rahul : Sir, don‟t worry. I‟ll leave no stone unturned.

Conversation – 15 ¼okrkZyki & 15½

eqlkfQj 1 % ;s lhV [kkyh gS D;k \
Passenger 1 : Is this seat vacant?
eqlkfQj 2 % gk¡ th] [kkyh gSA
Passenger 2 : Yes, it is.
348
eqlkfQj 1 % [kM+&
s 2 Fkd x;k FkkA pyks] lhV fey x;hA
Passenger 1 : I was tired of standing. Finally, got the seat.
eqlkfQj 2 % lhV feyuk bl #V dh cl esa FkksMk+ eqf‛dy gksrk gSA yEck #V gS vkSj nwljh ckr] bl cl dh
lsok;sa Hkh de gSaA
Passenger 2 : Getting a seat is a bit difficult in this route. The route is long and
another thing is that bus service in this route is not frequent.
eqlkfQj 1 % lgh esAa eSa fiNys 3 eghus ls bl cl esa tk jgk gw¡ vkSj tgk¡ rd eq>s ;kn gS ‚kk;n 10&12 ckj
gh eq>s lhV feyh gksxhA eSa bldh vxyh cl esa blfy, ugha tk ldrk D;ksafd oks ,d ?kaVs ckn
fudyrh gSA eSa vkWfQl ds fy, ysV gks tkšxkA
Passenger 1 : True. I‟ve been travelling by this bus for last 3 months and as far as I
remember, I think only 10-12 times I would have got the seat. I can‟t go
by next bus because that departs after an hour. I‟ll get late for office.
eqlkfQj 2 % ;gh esjs lkFk Hkh gSA eSa rks ;s lksp jgk gw¡ fd vkWfQl ds vkl ikl gh dgha ?kj ys yw¡A le; dh

OM
cpr Hkh gksxh vkSj jkst& + 2 dh bl ijs‛kkuh ls NqVdkjk Hkh fey tk,xkA
Passenger 2 : Same with me. I am rather thinking to purchase a house somewhere
near my office. It would not only save time but also get me rid of this
troublesome of commutation.
eqlkfQj 1 % ;gh ckr esjh choh Hkh dg jgh Fkh ij esjs lkFk fnDdr ;s gS fd vkWfQl ds vklikl ?kj ysuk

.C
dksbZ vklku ugha gSA iSls dh FkksMk+ fnDdr gSA [kSj] 2 lky ds vUnj ys gh yw¡xkA
Passenger 1 : The same thing even my wife was telling me but it is not that easy.
There is a bit trouble of money. I must purchase in 2 years.
eqlkfQj 2
Passenger 2
eqlkfQj 1
NT
% mEehn is nqfu;k dk;e gSA esjk LVSUM rks vk x;kA fQj feysaxsA
: Hope for the best. Here comes my stand. See you again.
% vPNk thA
Passenger 1 : Alright then.
OI
Conversation – 16 ¼okrkZyki – 16½
Qksu ctrk gSA jkgqy Qksu mBkrk gSA (Phone rings. Rahul picks up the phone.)
P

jkgqy % gSyksA
Rahul : Hello?
ER

jkds‛k % D;k eSa jkgqy ls ckr dj ldrk gw¡ \

Rakesh : Could I speak with Rahul?
jkgqy % cksy jgk gw¡A dkSu cksy jgk gS \
Rahul : speaking. Who is this? / Who is calling?
PP

jkds‛k % vUnkt+k yxkA vkokt+ igpku \

Rakesh : Guess. Recognize the voice.
jkgqy % HkkbZ] crkvks dkSu gS \ eS dqN dke dj jgk gw¡A FkksMk+ O;Lr gw¡A
Rahul : Bro, Tell me who this is? I am working and a bit busy.
TO

jkds‛k % gn gks xbZA igpku Hkh ugha ik jgkA

Rakesh : Not fair. Can‟t you recognize?
Jkgqy % dkSu] fodkl \
Rahul : Is it Vikas?
jkds‛k % fodkl ughaA ;kn gS xys feyuk vkSj jksukA
Rakesh : Not Vikas. You remember, hug and cry.
jkgqy % vcs jkds‛kA
Rahul : Oh my god, Rakesh?
jkds‛k % gk¡ th ljdkjA
Rakesh : Yes sir.
jkgqy % dgk¡ gS rw \ ;s rsjk uEcj gS \
Rahul : Where are you mate? Is it your number?
349
jkds‛k % gk¡ esjk gh gSA
Rakesh : Yep, it‟s mine.
jkgqy % rw dgk¡ pyk x;k Fkk \ eSaus rq>s gj txg <¡w<k] rsjk Qksu Hkh cUn FkkA eSaus eSlst Hkh fd;s ij rwus ,d Hkh
fjIyk; ugha fd;kA
Rahul : Where were you gone? I searched you everywhere, even your phone was
switched off. I even messaged but you didn‟t even bother to reply once.
jkds‛k % ckr gh dqN ijs‛kkuh dh gks x;h FkhA
Rakesh : I was in trouble.
jkgqy % ,d ckr crkA rsjh gj ijs‛kkuh dks eaSus viuk le>kA rw eq>s dgrkA vxj eSa dqN u Hkh dj ikrk rks Hkh
de ls de rsjk lkFk rks nsrkA
Rahul : Tell me one thing. I always stood by you in difficult times. You must have told
me. I could‟ve atleast helped you.
jkds‛k % tkurk gw¡ nksLr] rw cgqr ukjkt gSA ij eSa viuh ijs‛kkuh esa rq>s Hkh ?klhVuk ugha pkgrk FkkA

OM
Rakesh : I know mate, you are not happy with it. But I didn‟t want to drag you in it.

Conversation – 17 ¼okrkZyki – 17½

Customer : Good morning.

.C
xzkgd % ueLrsA
Banker : Very good morning sir. How can I help you?
cSad dehZ % ueLrs ljA eSa vkidh D;k enn dj ldrk g¡w\NT
Customer : Sir, I have to deposit some money into my loan account but first of all, I want to
know the outstanding balance in my account.
xzkgd % lj] eq÷ks vius yksu [kkrs esa dqN iSls Mkyus gSa ysfdu igys vius [kkrs dh cdk;k jkf‛k ds ckjs esa tkuuk
pkgrk gw¡A
Banker : It‟s only Rs. 82563/-
OI
cSad dehZ % dsoy 82563/- #A
Customer : How come? Sir I had deposited 500/- last month.
xzkgd % dSls! lj eSaus fiNys eghus blesa 500 # tek fd;s FksA
P

Banker : Sir, let me check your account? May I have your account number please?
cSad dehZ % lj] eq÷ks vkidk [kkrk pSd dj ysus nhft,\ d`i;k viuk [kkrk la[;k crkb,\
ER

Customer : Sure, it‟s 50124562136.

xzkgd % fcYdqy] 50124562136.
Banker : Thank you. Let me check.
cSad dehZ % /kU;oknA ns[k jgk gw¡A
PP

Customer : Sir, can you provide me account statement too?

xzkgd % lj] D;k vki eq÷ks [kkrs dk LVsVesVa ns ldrs gSa\
Banker : Sure. Well I can see that you deposited Rs. 500/- last month, then your
outstanding remained 81961/- but on 31st of last month, interest of Rs. 602/-
TO

debited from your account, hence your present outstanding is Rs. 82563/-.
cSad dehZ % D;ksa ughaA lj eSa ns[k jgk gw¡ fd vkius fiNys eghus blesa 500 # tek fd;s Fks] mlds ckn vkidk
cdk;k 81961 # gks x;k Fkk ysfdu fiNys eghus dh 31 rkjh[k dks 602 # C;kt yxk blhfy, vkidk
cdk;k bl oDr 82563 # gSA
Customer : Oh yes, I didn‟t think about the interest.
xzkgd % vjs gk¡A eSaus C;kt ds ckjs esa ugha lkspkA
Banker : It‟s ok sir. We are sitting here to clarify your doubts.
cSad dehZ % dksbZ ugha ljA ge ;gk¡ vkids MkmV~l dks nwj djus ds fy, gh cSBs gSaA
Customer : Thanks a lot. Kindly provide me the statement too.
xzkgd % cgqr&2 /kU;oknA d`i;k eq÷ks LVsVesaV Hkh ns nhft,A
Banker : Here it is.
cSad dehZ % ;s yhft, ljA
350
Customer : Thank you.
xzkgd % /kU;oknA
Banker : By the way, sir I saw you in Haldwani on Sunday.
cSad dehZ % oSls lj eSaus vkidks laMs ds fnu gY}kuh esa ns[kk FkkA
Customer : I went there for some work. Where did you see?
xzkgd % eSa dqN dke ls ogk¡ x;k FkkA vkius dgk¡ ns[kk \
Banker : Near JK showroom.
cSad dehZ % ts ds ‚kks#e ds iklA
Customer : Yeah, I was there.
xzkgd % gk¡] eSa ogk¡ FkkA
Banker : Anything else can I help you with?
cSad dehZ % dqN vkSj gSYi dh t+#jr gks rks crkb, lj\
Customer : That‟s all. Thank you.

OM
xzkgd % ugha clA FkSaD;wA
Banker : Thank you sir.
cSad dehZ % FkSaD;w ljA

Conversation – 18 ¼okrkZyki – 18½

.C
cl dUMDVj % fnYyh tkus okys ;k=h d`Ik;k ;gk¡ vkbZ,A¼fpYykrs gq,½
Bus Conductor : Passengers going to Delhi come here. (Shouting)
NT
veu % HkkbZ lkgc ;s cl fnYyh tk jgh gS D;k \
Aman : Bhai sahib, is this bus going to Delhi?
cl dUMDVj % gk¡ ;s cl fnYyh tk jgh gSA
Bus Conductor : Yes it is.
OI
veu % ;gk¡ ls fdrus cts pysxh\
Aman : When will it depart?
cl dUMDVj % cl FkksMh+ gh nsj esa pyus okyh gSA
Bus Conductor : it‟s leaving in a moment.
P

veu % vPNkA eq>s xkft+;kckn tkuk gSA

Aman : I see. I‟ve to go Ghaziabad.
ER

cl dUMDV % gk¡ ;s cl xkft+;kckn gksrs gq, fnYyh tk,xhA

Bus Conductor : It‟ll go to Delhi via Ghaziabad.
veu % fdruk fdjk;k gS \
Aman : How much is the fare?
PP

cl dUMDVj % ,d vkneh dk 250 fdjk;k gS] vki fdrus yksx gks \

Bus Conductor : Rs. 250 per head, how many are you?
veu % eSa vdsyk gh gw¡A
Aman : I am only one.
TO

cl dUMDVj % vPNk Bhd gSA vki fVdV ys yhft,A

Bus Conductor : Ok. Buy the ticket.
veu % HkkbZ lkgc ;gk¡ ls fnYyh rd dk 250 fdjk;k gS vkSj eq>s xkft+;kckn gh tkuk gSA
Aman : Bhai sahab, fare to Delhi is Rs. 250 but I‟ve to only go up to Ghaziabad.
cl dUMDVj % fnYyh tkvks ;k xkft+;kckn tkvks] fdjk;k bruk gh yxsxkA
Bus Conductor : Whether you go Delhi or Ghaziabad, fare is the same.
veu % dqN le÷k ugha vkbZ ckr!
Aman : I didn‟t understand the logic!
cl dUMDVj % cgl er dfj,A
Bus Conductor : Don‟t argue.
veu % Bhd gS fQj ;s yks iSls] fVdV ns nksA
Aman : Fine, Here is the money, give me a ticket.
351
cl dUMDVj % ;s yhft,A
Bus Conductor : Here it is.
veu % HkkbZ lkgc lhV rks gS u \
Aman : Seat is available?
cl dUMDVj % gk¡ lhV [kkyh gSA vki 34 u0 lhV ij cSB tkb,A
Bus Conductor : Yes it is. Go to seat no. 34.
veu % Bhd gSA
Aman : Alright.

Conversation – 19 ¼okrkZyki – 19½

Manager is talking to Pooja, his employee. ¼eSut

s j viuh deZpkjh iwtk ls ckr dj jgsa gSaA½

OM
Manager : Pooja, I have been noticing for last few days, you are not taking job seriously.
eSustj % iwtk] fiNys dqN fnuksa ls ns[k jgk gw¡ fd rqe viuh tkWc dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha ys jgh gksA
Pooja : No sir, it‟s nothing like that. In fact sir, I am pretty disturbed these days. I‟ve
certain family issues.
iwtk % ugha lj] ,slk ugha gSA okLro esa] bu fnuksa eSa dkQh ijs‛kku gw¡A dqN ikfjokfjd leL;k,a gSaA

.C
Manager : Pooja, you have always been a star performer. I want you to perform your best
irrespective of the personal issues.
eSustj % iwtk] rqe ges‛kk ls ,d LVkj ijQkeZj jgh gksA Hkys gh futh leL;k,a gksa ij eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe viuh
NT
csgrjhu ijQkesZal nksA
Pooja : Sir, I promise to continue my good work. But sir, I have a request…
iwtk % lj] eSa vPNk dke djrs jgus dk oknk djrh gw¡ ij vkils ,d xqt+kfj‛k gS----
Manager : Tell me.
OI
eSustj % crkvksA
Pooja : sir, I was thinking if I could get few days leave.
iwtk % lj] eSa lksp jgh Fkh vxj dqN fnuksa dh NqV~Vh fey tkrhA
Manager : How many days you need?
P

eSustj % fdrus fnuksa dh pkfg,\

Pooja : Sir, at least a week.
ER

iwtk % lj] de ls de ,d g¶rs dhA

Manager : Though it is going to be difficult without you because Binita and Anjali are
already on leave, but I think you have a genuine reason. I will manage.
eSustj % gkyk¡fd rqEgkjs fcuk FkksMk+ eqf‛dy gksxk D;ksafd fcfurk vkSj vatfy igys ls gh NqV~Vh is gSa ij eq÷ks yxrk
PP

gS fd otg tk;t+ gSA eSa l¡Hkky yw¡xkA

Pooja : Sir, I‟ll be very thankful to you.
iwtk % lj] eSa vkidh cgqr vkHkkjh jgw¡xhA
Manager : Pooja, Let me suggest you something. See, there are so many problems that we
TO

face in life but we are always having certain responsibilities too. Responsibility
may be of any kind; personal or professional. We need to manage them together
without reflecting stress in one another.
eSustj % iwtk] eSa rqEgsa ,d jk; nsrk g¡wA ns[kks] ge ft+Unxh esa dbZ leL;kvksa ls tw÷krs gSa ysfdu gekjh dqN
ft+Eesnkfj;k¡ Hkh gSaA ftEesnkjh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh gks ldrh gS] ilZuy gks ;k izksQs‛kuyA gesa nksuksa rjg
dh leL;kvksa ls ,d lkFk fuiVuk gksrk gS fcuk ,d nwljs esa trk, gq,A
Pooja : I know.
iwtk % th ljA
Manager : I understand that our family issues do disturb our professional life. But
managing both simultaneously is an art.
eSustj % eSa le÷krk gw¡ fd gekjh QSfeyh izkWcyEl gekjh izkQ
s S‛kuy ykbQ dks fMLVcZ t+#j djrh gSaA ysfdu nksuksa
dks ,d lkFk eSuSt djuk ,d dyk gSA
352
Pooja : I agree sir. Your suggestions are always worthy.
iwtk % eSa vkils lger gw¡ ljA vkids lq÷kko ges‛kk lgh gksrs gSaA
Manager : This is nothing but my experience of 50 years.
eSustj % ;s dqN ugha cl esjk 50 lky dk vuqHko gSA
Pooja : Sir, are you 50 years old?
iwtk % lj] vki 50 lky ds gSa D;k\
Manager : I am rather 60.
eSustj % cfYd 60 dkA
Pooja : I can‟t believe it sir. You don‟t look like.
iwtk % ;dhu ugha gksrk ljA vki yxrs ugha gksA
Manager : But I am.
eSustj % ysfdu eSa gw¡A
Pooja : Anyways sir. Thank you so much once again.

OM
iwtk % pfy, Bhd gS ljA ,d ckj fQj vkidk /kU;oknA
Manager : Go, sort out the issues and come back with same energy.
eSustj % tkvks] viuh ijs‛kkfu;ksa dks [kRe djks vkSj mlh ÅtkZ ds lkFk okil vkvksA
Pooja : Sure sir. Thanks
iwtk % iDdk ljA /kU;oknA

.C
Conversation – 20 ¼okrkZyki – 20½

nqdkunkj % vkb, eSMeA

Shopkeeper: Please come in madam.
NT
:ch % HkS;k eq>s lwV ysuk FkkA fn[kkb, vPNk lk lwV] dksbZ u;s fMt+kbu esaA
Ruby : Bhaiya, I want to purchase a suit. Show me a good one, in some new design.
OI
nqdkunkj % Bhd gS eSMeA vki cSfB, eSa vHkh fn[kkrk gw¡A
Shopkeeper: Ok madam. Please have a seat, I just show you.
:ch % Bhd gS HkS;kA
Ruby : Ok bhaiya.
P

nqdkunkj % eSMe crkbZ, fdl VkbZi dk lwV fn[kkš\ vkSj fdrus rd dk\
Shopkeeper: Madam, what type of suit you want? & of what range?
ER

:ch % jsat fd dksbZ ckr ugha fdrus dk Hkh gks] ij vPNk gksuk pkfg,A
Ruby : Range is no bar but it has to be a good one.
nqdkunkj % csfQØ jfg,] dqN u;s o vPNs fMt+kbu esa fn[kkrk gw¡A ikVhZ ds fy, pkfg, D;k \
Shopkeeper: Not to worry then, I show you few new & good designs. You need it for party?
PP

:ch % gk¡ HkS;k] esjs ekek dh yM+dh dh ‚kknh gSA

Ruby : Yes it is, actually my maternal uncle‟s daughter is getting married.
nqdkunkj % ;s nsf[k,A vkSj ;s Hkh gS] blesa vkSj Hkh dyj gSaA
Shopkeeper: See this one & this as well, colors are many in these patterns.
TO

:ch % HkS;k ;s okyk fdrus dk gS \

Ruby : How much is this for?
nqdkunkj % eSMe ;s vkidks iM+sxk 1500 es]a vxj blls FkksM+k de dk pkfg, rks vki oks okyk ys ldrh gSaA
Shopkeeper: Madam, it‟ll cost you 1500, if you need a bit cheaper, you can go for that one.
:ch % ugha eq>s oks ugha pkfg,] ;s okyk vPNk gS] ij vki jsV T+;knk crk jgs gSaA dqN de gks ldrk gS D;k \
Ruby : Not that one, this one is better but rate is a bit higher. Can‟t it be less a bit?
nqdkunkj % ugha eSMe de ugha gks ik,xk] eaSus vkidks igys gh fMLdkmUV ds lkFk jsV crk;k gSA
Shopkeeper: I‟ve already given you discount.
:ch % vPNk] HkS;k oks okyk fn[kkuk] tks gjs okys ds ck;ha rjQ gSA
Ruby : Well, show me the one, to the left of the green one.
nqdkunkj % dkSu lk] ;s okyk \
Shopkeeper: Which one, is this you are talking about?
353
:ch % gk¡ gk¡ ogh] vkSj oks okyk Hkh fn[kkuk] mlh ds uhps tks gSA
Ruby : Yes it is. Also the one, just underneath.
nqdkunkj % ;s yks eSMe] vkSj ,d ;s Hkh ns[kks ;s cgqr vPNk gSA vkt dy ;s cgqr py jgk gSA [kkldj ‚kknh ikVhZ
ds fy,A
Shopkeeper: Here it is madam, & see this one too, it‟s a nice suit. It‟s in fashion these days,
particularly for marriages and parties.
:ch % dkSu lk] ;s okykA ugha ugha HkS;k eq>s ,slk ugha pkfg,A dksbZ vkSj fn[kkvksA
Ruby : This? No bhaiya, I don‟t need such. Show me something else?
nqdkunkj % vPNk rks fQj ;s ns[kks ;s tSlk vki <+w¡< jgh gSa] ;s fcydqy oSlk gh gSA
Shopkeeper: Alright then you see this type of, exactly the one you are searching.
:ch % gk¡ ;s csgrj gSA bls iSd dj nks vkSj jsV FkksM+k lgh yxkukA
Ruby : Yeah, this is better. Pack this one and please negotiate on price.
nqdkunkj % vki fpark er djks jsV fcydqy lgh yxk;k gSA

OM
Shopkeeper: Don‟t worry madam, rate is absolutely fine.
:ch % HkS;k fdruk ijlsaV fMLdkmaV gS \
Ruby : Bhaiya, how much is the discount on this.
nqdkunkj % blis 10 izlsVa fMLdkmaV gSA vkidks ;s dsoy 1100 dk iM+sxkA
Shopkeeper: It‟s for 10%. It‟ll cost you only 1100/-.

.C
:ch % Bhd gS ;s yks HkS;k iSlsA
Ruby : Fine, here is the money.
nqdkunkj % FkSaD;w eSMe vxyh ckj Hkh lsok dk ekSdk nhft,xkA
Shopkeeper: Thank you madam, please visit again.
NT
Conversation – 21 ¼okrkZyki – 21½
OI
ikik % xqM ekWfuZax ik;yA
Father : Good morning payal.
ik;y % xqM ekWfuZax ikikA xqM ekWfuZax eEehA
Payal : Good morning dad. Good morning mom.
P

eEeh % xqM ekWfuZax esjh jktdqekjhA

Mummy : Good morning my princess.
ER

ikik % jkgqy vc rd mBk ugha D;k \

Father : Didn‟t Rahul get up?
eEeh % oks vHkh Hkh lks jgk gSA
Mummy : He is still sleeping.
PP

ik;y % ikik oks jkst+ ysV mBrk gS] mls dqN D;ksa ugha dgrs vki \
Payal : Dad, he gets up late every day, why don‟t you say anything to him?
eEeh % csVk vkt jfookj gS] mls lksus nksA
Mummy : It‟s Sunday, let him sleep.
TO

ik;y % vkt esjh Hkh NqV~Vh gS eSa rks tYnh mB x;h\

Payal : Even I am on off today, but I woke up early?
ikik % ik;y] csVk tkvks jkgqy dks mBk nksA cksyks ikik cqyk jgs gSaA
Father : Payal, you go and wake up Rahul. Tell him, Dad is calling.
ik;y % ugha ikik eSa ugha tkšxh] eq> ij xqLlk djsxk] eEeh dks cksfy, mls mBkus ds fy,A
Payal : No dad, I won‟t go, he‟ll get angry on me, Tell mom to wake him up.
ikik % MkfyZax rqe gh mBk nksA
Father : Darling, you do.
eEeh % jkgqy] csVk mBks lqcg gks x;h gSA
Mummy : Rahul, get up son, it‟s morning now.
jkgqy % eEeh] vkSj lksus nks uk Iyht+A
Rahul : Mom, please let me sleep more.
354
eEeh % dkQh Vkbe gks x;k gSA ikik ds lkFk ikdZ ugha tkuk gS D;k \
Mummy : It‟s pretty late. Haven‟t you to go to park?
Jkgqy % ugha eEeh] vkt ikdZ ugha tkšxk eu ugha dj jgk gS] vki eq>s lksus nks Iyht+A
Rahul : No mom, I won‟t go today, not feeling like, please let me sleep.
eEeh % csVk vkidks ikik th cqyk jgs gSaA mBks ojuk ikik th xqLlk djsaxsA
Mummy : Rahul, Dad is calling you. Get up or else Dad will get angry.
jkgqy % Bhd gS eEeh vHkh mBrk gw¡ A
Rahul : Ok mom, I get up.
eEeh % xqM ckW;] eSa vHkh vkids fy, pk; ykrh gw¡A
Mummy : Good boy, I bring a cup of tea for you.
jkgqy % vksds eEehA
Rahul : Ok mom.

OM
Conversation – 22 ¼okrkZyki – 22½
Aditya (An English Teacher) calls his one of the best students, Pavitra:
vkfnR; ¼,d baxfy‛k Vhpj½ ifo=k dks dkWy djrs gSa tks muds lcls vPNs fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa ls ,d gS%
Pavitra : Hello.
ifo=k % gyksA

.C
Aditya : Hello, Is this Pavitra?
vkfnR; % gyks] dkSu ifo=k\
Pavitra : Yeah. Who is this? NT
ifo=k % gk¡ th] vki dkSu\
Aditya : Pavitra, This is Aditya.
vkfnR; % ifo=k] eSa vkfnR;A
Pavitra : Who Aditya?
OI
ifo=k % dkSu vkfnR;\
Aditya : Can‟t you recognize my voice?
vkfnR; % esjh vkokt+ ugha igpku jgs vki\
Pavitra : Oh I am sorry sir. It‟s you.
P

ifo=k % vksg! lkWjh lj] vkiA

Aditya : Yeah, pavitra I am calling to inform you about special classroom training on
ER

Sunday. I‟ve informed almost all the students about the same. Kindly ensure
your presence on the day.
vkfnR; % gk¡a] ifo=k eSa vkidks ;s crkus ds fy, dkWy dj jgk gw¡ fd laMs dks ,d fo‛ks’k Dykl#e Vªsfusax gSA eSaus
yxHkx lHkh dks blds ckjs esa crk fn;k gSA vkidks Hkh t+#j vkuk gSA
PP

Pavitra : Of course sir. I‟ll be there. At what time, will the training start?
ifo=k % fcYdqy ljA eSa vk tkÅ¡xhA Vªsfuax fdrus cts ‚kq# gksxh lj\
Aditya : It‟s at 10 am. All are requested to be on time.
vkfnR; % 10 ctsA lHkh dks le; is vkuk gSA
TO

Pavitra : Have you informed Arpana and Vivek also?

ifo=k % vkius viZuk vkSj foosd dks crk fn;k lj\
Aditya : No, I am about to call them up.
vkfnR; % ugha] eSa mUgsa dkWy djus okyk gw¡A
Pavitra : Sir, I am going to Arpana‟s home in the evening. I‟ll inform her about it.
ifo=k % lj] eSa ‚kke dks viZuk ds ?kj tk jgh gw¡A eSa Dykl ds ckjs esa mls crk nw¡xhA
Aditya : Alright. See you on Sunday then.
vkfnR; % Bhd gSA laMs dks feyrs gSaA
Pavitra : Ok sir. Bye.
ifo=k % vPNk ljA ck;A

355
 Conversation – 23 ¼okrkZyki – 23½

Lkkxj dh rfc;r [kjkc gS blfy, oks MkWDVj ds ikl tkrk gS &

Sagar is unwell; hence he goes to see a Doctor –
Lkkxj % D;k eSa vUnj vk ldrk g¡w lj \
Sagar : May I come in sir?
MkWDVj % Iyht+A vkb, cSfB,A
Doctor : Please! Have a seat.
Lkkxj % ueLrs ljA
Sagar : Good morning sir.
MkWDVj % ueLrsA
Doctor : Very good morning.

OM
Lkkxj % MkWDVj lkgc fiNys nks fnu ls esjh rfc;r Bhd ugha gSA
Sagar : Doctor, I‟ve been unwell for last 2 days.
MkWDVj % ijs‛kkuh crkb, \
Doctor : Tell me the problem?
lkxj % FkksMk+ cq[kkj gS vkSj vthc lh cspSuh gksrh gSA

.C
Sagar : I‟ve little fever and awkward anxiety sort of.
MkWDVj % dksbZ ckr ugha eSa vHkh pSd dj ysrk gw¡A
Doctor : Not to worry, let me check. NT
lkxj % Bhd gSA ¼?kcjk;s gq,½
Sagar : Ok Doctor. (Scared)
MkWDVj % ?kcjkus dh ckr ugha gS] vkidks FkksM+k det+kjs h gSA det+kjs h esa vDlj ,slk gksrk gSA cq[kkj Hkh gSA
Doctor : No need to worry, its little weakness. It‟s quite obvious in weakness. You‟ve
OI
fever too.
lkxj % ij MkWDVj lkgc esjk [kkuk ihuk rks fcYdqy Bhd py jgk gSA
Sagar : But Doctor, I am eating well, that too in time.
MkWDVj % dHkh dHkh gks tkrk gSA dqN ekSle Hkh rks cny jgk gS u \ eSa dqN nokbZ;k¡ fy[k jgk gw¡] bUgsa jkr dks
P

xje ikuh ds lkFk [kkuk [kkus ds ckn ysuk gSA

Doctor : It happens sometimes. Climate is also changing, isn‟t it? I am writing a few
ER

medicines, Take these after dinner with warm water.

Lkkxj % Bhd gS MkWDVj lkgcA
Sagar : Ok Doctor.
MkWDVj % fQygky rhu fnu dh nokbZ fy[kh gSA eSfMdy LVksj ls ys ysukA mlds ckn Hkh dksbZ fnDdr gks rks
PP

vkb,sxkA
Doctor : For the time being, I wrote 3 days‟ medicine. If problem persists, come back for
checkup.
Lkkxj % Bhd gSA
TO

Sagar : Ok Doctor.
Lkkxj % MkWDVj lkgc esjs isV esa Hkh FkksM+k nnZ lk gSA
Sagar : Doctor, I‟ve got a bit stomachache as well.
MkWDVj % dc ls gks jgk gS \
Doctor : How long has it been?
lkxj % tc ls cq[kkj tSlk yx jgk gSA djhc 3 fnu gks x;s gSaA
Sagar : Since I‟ve been feeling feverish. It‟s been about 3 days.
MkWDVj % xeZ ikuh ihft, vkSj elkysnkj [kkus ls ijgst+ dhft,A
Doctor : Drink warm water and avoid spicy food.
lkxj % Bhd gS MkWDVj lkgc] /kU;oknA
Sagar : Ok Doctor. Thank you very much.

356
 Conversation – 24 ¼okrkZyki – 24½

lyhe % gk; jfo dSlk gS \

Saleem : Hi Ravi, How are you mate?
jfo % gk; lyhe eSa Bhd gw¡ rw crk rsjs D;k gky gSa \
Ravi : Hey Saleem, I am fine, what about you?
lyhe % eSa Hkh Bhd gw¡A vkSj D;k gks jgk gS vkt dy \
Saleem : Fine. What‟s going on these days?
jfo % dqN [kkl ughaA cl i<+kbZ rks iwjh gks xbZ gSA tkWc dh ryk‛k esa gw¡A vkSj rw crk\
Ravi :Nothing new. Study is over now. I am looking for a job. You tell?
lyhe % eSa rks vHkh tkWc dj jgk gw¡A ,d dEiuh gS ts ds ,y ih xzqiA eSa lsYl izfrfuf/k gw¡A

OM
Saleem : I am working now. There is a company by the name JKLP Group. I am
working as a Sales Executive.
jfo % vPNk&2A rsjh dEiuh esa dksbZ tkWc oxSjg ugha gS D;k\ esjh Hkh yxk ns HkkbZA
Ravi : I see. Is there a vacancy in your company? Make me join too.

.C
lyhe % gk¡] gS rks lghA ,d dke dj] eq÷ks viuk jsT+;wes ns ns] eSa vius ckWl ls ckr djrk g¡Aw vHkh eq÷ks flQZ rhu
eghus gq, gSa ij ckWl ls vPNh ckrphr gSA
Saleem

jfo
NT
: Yes, why not. Do one thing, give me your resume, I‟ll talk to my boss. It‟s been
only 3 months there, but I‟ve got good speaking terms with my boss.
% Bhd gSA dy rq÷ks jsT+;wes esy dj nsrk g¡Aw iwjh dksf‛k‛k djukA cgqr t+#jr gS tkWc dhA
Ravi : Fine. I‟ll mail you resume tomorrow. Try your best. I am in a dire need.
OI
lyhe % eq÷k ij NksM+ nsA ;s crk ?kj esa lc dSls gSa \ vady vkUVh \
Saleem : Leave it on me. Well, how is everyone at home? Uncle Aunty?
jfo % lc Bhd gSaA dHkh VkbZe fudky dj ?kj vkA vkt dy rks rw vkrk Hkh ugha gSA
P

Ravi : All are fine. Drop in sometime. You don‟t turn up these days.
lyhe % gk¡A lp dg¡w rks vktdy fcydqy Hkh VkbZe ugha feyrkA ubZ tkWc] dke gh dke] ;gh py jgk gSA
ER

Saleem :Yeah I know. Honestly speaking, I really don‟t get time these days. Actually,
new job & work load, that‟s it.
jfo % py Bhd gS eSa pyrk gw¡A dgha tkuk gSA fQj feyrs gSa A
Ravi : Well, I leave now. I got to go somewhere. See you again.
PP

lyhe % py Bhd gSA feyrs gSa A

Saleem : Sure mate. See you soon.
TO

Conversation – 25 ¼okrkZyki – 25½

foosd % ueLrs ljA

Vivek : Good morning sir.
vkfnR; lj % ueLrs foosd dSls gks \
Aditya sir : Good morning vivek, how are you?
foosd % Bhd gw¡ ljA lj ,d dke gSA
Vivek : I am fine sir. Sir, I‟ve something to ask.
vkfnR; lj % gk¡ crkvks] D;k dke gS \
Aditya sir : Sure, tell me?
foosd % lj eSa dy ,d baVjO;w nsus tk jgk gw¡A FkksM+k ?kcjk jgk gw¡wA vkidh enn pkfg, ljA
Vivek : Sir, I am going for an interview tomorrow. I am little nervous. I need your help.
357
vkfnR; lj % vPNkA dkSu lh dEiuh esa baVjO;w nsus tk jgs gks vkSj fdl iksLV ds fy, \
Aditya sir : I see. Which company & for which post?
foosd % ,d dkWy lSUVj gS ,se ds dE;wfuds‛kuA esjk dke Qksu dkWYl ysuk gS vkSj dLVej ls vkMZj ysukA
Vivek : It‟s a call center by the name „MK Communication‟. My job is to attend phone
calls and take customer‟s orders.
vkfnR; lj % Bhd gS cSBks eSa crkrk gw¡ A lcls igyh ckr dqN iz‛u ns jgk g¡]w bUgsa eq¡g tqckuh jV ysuk D;ksafd ;s
vDlj baVjO;w esa iwNs tkrs gSaA
Aditya sir : okay have a seat, I let you know. Firstly, I am giving you few questions, which
are commonly asked in interviews. You need to just cram them.
foosd % Bhd gS ljA vPNk] ,d ckr crkb, lj] vxj eq÷kls iwNsa fd fdruh lSysjh pkfg, rks D;k dg¡wA
Vivek : Fine. Sir, kindly suggest me; if they ask me about salary expectations, what
should I answer?
vkfnR; lj % ;¡w rks nl gt+kj ls de osru esa rks xqt+kjk py ugha ldrk] ij vxj vkB gtkj rd Hkh ns nsa rks

OM
‚kq#vkr esa cqjk ugha gSA
Aditya sir : Below Rs. 10000/- is not good enough though, but even if they give you 8, not
bad at the initial stage.
foosd % eSa mUgsa dg nw¡xk vkB gtkjA
Vivek : I‟ll tell them 8.

.C
vkfnR; lj % fcYdqy ughaA rqEgsa igys ugha dgukA D;k irk oks lksp jgs gksa T+;knk nsus dh vkSj rqe vkB dg nksA
igys mUgsa dgus nsukA
Aditya sir : Not at all. You‟ve not to say first. They might be thinking to offer & you say 8.

foosd
Let them offer first.
% vkidh ckr lgh gS ljA eSa /;ku n¡wxkA
NT
Vivek : You are right sir. I‟ll be careful.
vkfnR; lj % oSls foosd] eSaus dbZ dkWy lSUVjksa esa dke fd;k gSA esgur dh tkWc gSA
Aditya sir : Actually vivek, I‟ve worked with many call centers. It‟s a hardworking job.
OI
foosd % th ljA eSa viuh rjQ ls tku yxk n¡x
w kA ckdh Hkxoku ds Åij gSA vPNk vc pyw¡ ljA
Vivek : Yes sir. I‟ll try my level best, rest on God. Ok sir, I leave now.
vkfnR; lj % vksds foosdA baVjO;w dh ‚kqHkdkeuk,¡A
P

Aditya sir : Ok vivek. Good luck for the interview.

foosd % FkSaD;w ljA
ER

Vivek : Thank you sir.

Conversation – 26 ¼okrkZyki – 26½

PP

lks‛ky lkbV ij vfHk’ksd vkSj vk;q’kh ds chp ckrphrA

vfHk’ksd % gk;
Abhishek : Hi
vk;q’kh % gk; dSls gks \
TO

Ayushi :Hi how are you?

vfHk’ksd % eSa Bhd gw¡ vkSj vki \
Abhishek : I am fine and you?
vk;q’kh % eSa Hkh Bhd gw¡A
Ayushi : I am fine too. Thank you.
vfHk’ksd % FkSaD;w esjk ÝSUM fjDosLV ,sDlSIV djus ds fy,A
Abhishek : Thanks for accepting my friend request.
vk;q’kh % ;w vkj oSyde ij blesa FkSaD;w cksyus fd D;k ckr gS Qslcqd ij rks ÝSUM~l gh curs gSaA
Ayushi : You are welcome but no needs to say thanks, facebook is meant for making
friends, isn‟t it?
vfHk’ksd % gk¡ oks rks gSA vki dgk¡ ls gks \
Abhishek : Yeah you are right. Where are you from?
358
vk;q’kh % mÙkjk[k.M ls vkSj vki \
Ayushi : I am from Uttarakhand and you?
vfHk’ksd % eSa fnYyh ls gw¡ A vki mÙkjk[k.M fdl txg ls gks \
Abhishek : I am from Delhi. Where in Uttarakhand?
vk;q’kh % dksV}kj lsA
Ayushi : From Kotdwara.
vfHk’ksd % eSa rks dksV}kj dbZ ckj tk pqdk gw¡A esjh eEeh dksV}kj dh gh rks gSaA
Abhishek : I‟ve been in Kotdwara many a time. My mom is from there.
vk;q’kh % vki dHkh nsgjknwu x;s gSaA
Ayushi : Have you even been in Dehradun?
vfHk’ksd % dbZ ckjA esjs ,d rkÅth ogha jgrs gSaA eksgCcsokyk esAa
Abhishek : Many times. One of my uncles live there in Mohobewala.
vk;q’kh % ,d feuV ;s uke rks dqN tkuk igpkuk yx jgk gSA vjs gk¡ esjh lgsyh Lusgk Hkh rks ogha jgrh gSA

OM
Ayushi : Just a second, this name seems to be heard before. Oh yes, my friend Sneha
also lives in there.
vfHk’ksd % dgha Lusgk dh cgu dk uke lafprk rks ughaA
Abhishek : What is the name of Sneha‟s sister. Is it Sanchita?
vk;q’kh % gk¡] lafprk gh gSA ij rqEgsa dSls irk \

.C
Ayushi : Yeah, it is Sanchita.
vfHk’ksd % eSa vius rkÅth ds ?kj vDlj tkrk jgrk gw¡A muds iM+ksl esa gh jgrh gS LusgkA D;k latksx gSA
Abhishek : I often visit my tauji‟s home. Sneha lives in neighborhood. What a coincidence!
vk;q’kh
Ayushi
NT
% gks ugha ldrkA mlds iM+ksl esa rks fcfurk o vatfy nhnh jgrh gSaA muds ikik vkehZ ls fjVk;MZ gSaA
: Not possible. There are two sisters, live in her neighborhood; Binita di & Anjali
di. Their father is retired from Indian Army.
vfHk’ksd % oks esjs rkÅth gSaA
Abhishek : He is my Tauji.
OI
vk;q’kh % eq÷ks csodwQ cukus dh t+#jr ugha gSA
Ayushi : Don‟t befool me.
vfHk’ksd % eSa csodwQ ugha cuk jgkA oks esjs rkÅth gh gSaA vkSj oks nksuksa esjh lxh nhnh;k¡ gSaA
P

Abhishek : I am not kidding. He is really my Tauji and both of them are my real sisters.
vk;q’kh % eSa dSls eku y¡w \ vPNk ;s crkvks] nksuksa fdruh cM+h gSa vkSj D;k djrh gSa \
ER

Ayushi : How do I believe? Ok tell me their age & what they do?
vfHk’ksd % nksuksa ‚kknh‛kqnk gSaA fcfurk nh dh yM+dh dk uke ;‛kh gS vkSj vatfy nhnh ds csVk vfojr gSA
Abhishek : Both are married.Binita di has a daughter, Yashi & Anjali di‟s son is Avirat.
vk;q’kh % iDdk th iDdkA vc eku fy;k eSauAs vPNk ;s crkvks ;‛kh vkSj vfojr dSls gSa \
PP

Ayushi : Absolutely. Now I‟ve no doubt. How are they; Yashi & Avirat?
vfHk’ksd % nksuksa eLrh djrs gSaA eq÷ks ;kn gS] tc ;‛kh NksVh lh Fkh] eqf‛dy ls 3 lky dh] rks ckr ckr is dgrh Fkh
ÞeSa ukuh ds ikl tk jkÞA cgqr I;kjh yxrh FkhA vkSj vfojr D;k djrk gS] irk gS ! mlds lkeus vxj
fdlh us ÞxksyekyÞ dg fn;k rks jksuk ‚kq#A
TO

Abhishek : They both have fun. I remember when Yashi was quite a little, hardly 3 yrs old,
she would often say “main naani ke paas ja ra”. She looked very cute then. &
you know what Avirat does! If one says „Golmaal‟ in front of him, he starts
weeping.
vk;q’kh % tc vkf[kjh ckj eksgCcsokyk x;h Fkh rks vatfy nh Hkh ogha Fkh dqN fnuksa ds fy,A rc ns[kk Fkk vfojr
dksA ‚kk;n ik¡p eghus dk FkkA
Ayushi : Last time when I went there, I met Anjali di. She was there itself for a few
days. Then I saw Avirat. I think he was 5 months old then.
vfHk’ksd % pyks Bhd gS vc eSa pyrk gw¡] ‚kke dks ckr djrs gaSA
Abhishek : Ok then, I need to go now. Let‟s chat in the evening.
vk;q’kh % Bhd gS A ck;A
Ayushi : Alright, bye.

359
vfHk’ksd % ck;] fQj feysaxsA
Abhishek : Bye, see you again.

Conversation – 27 ¼okrkZyki – 27½

ckWch % vjs fuf[ky HkkbZ dgk¡ gks A dkQh le; gks x;k] fn[ks ughaA
Boby : Nikhil bhai, where are you? Long time no see.
fuf[ky % eSa Bhd gw¡A vki dSls gSa\
Nikhil : I am fine mate. What about you?
ckWch % Bhd gw¡A vkSj dgk¡ Fks brus fnuksa ls ge lc vkidks cgqr fel dj jgs FksA
Boby :I am good but where were you, we all had been missing you like anything.
fuf[ky % dgha x;k Fkk dke ds flyflys esAa dy gh okil vk;k] lkspk vki yksxksa ls fey yw¡A
Nikhil :I had gone somewhere for work. I just returned yesterday, thought to see you
guys.

OM
ckWch % pyks vPNk fd;kA vkSj crkvks D;k py jgk gS vkt dyA dgk¡ dke py jgk gS \
Boby : Well that‟s fine. What‟s going on these days? Where are you working?
fuf[ky % dHkh yqf/k;kuk dHkh ve`rlj dHkh dkuiqj cl ,slk gh py jgk gSA dbZ txg lkbZV is tkuk iM+rk gS
dEiuh dh rjQ lsA
Nikhil : I am roaming places like Ludhiana, Amritsar, and Kanpur for company‟s

.C
assignment. I got to go different company sites.
ckWch % vjs vkidks irk gS eksftc HkkbZ vkpdy pk¡nuh pkSd esa fdlh vkWfQl esa gSa vkSj lkFk gh lkFk mUgksua s vkSj
jk.kk HkkbZ us ,d fct+ul
s ‚kq# fd;k gSA pyks vxj VkbZe gks rks t+jk lkxj ls feydj vkrs gSaA esjs
NT
eksckby dk pktZj [kjkc gks x;k gSA lksp jgk gw¡ lkxj ls Bhd djk yw¡A oks vkidks ns[kdj cgqr [kq‛k gks
tk,xkA
Boby : Well, do you know! Mojib bhai is working in an office in Chandni chowk & he
has also started a business in partnership with Rana bhai. Anyways, if you‟ve
OI
some time, accompany me to Sagar‟s place. Actually, my mobile charger is not
working, I wonder if I get it repaired by Sagar. He‟ll be happy to see you.
fuf[ky % gk¡ Bhd gSA pyrs gSaA vkSj vki crkvks vkidk D;k py jgk gS\ vki rks ‚kk;n MBA dj jgs gks u\
Nikhil : Why not! Let‟s go. Well, you tell me? You are pursuing MBA, aren‟t you?
P

ckWch % esjh MBA rks iwjh gks xbZA vktdy ,d dEiuh esa g¡wA
ER

Boby : MBA is done. I work in a company now.

fuf[ky % cgqr cf<+;kA geus rks i<+kbZ dks dHkh lhfj;lyh fy;k gh ugha ojuk ckr dqN vkSj gksrhA dksbZ ughaA
fdLer gS viuh viuhA
Nikhil : That‟s great. Well, I never took study that seriously or else things could have
been different. Anyways, one has his own destiny.
PP

ckWch % D;k QdZ iM+rk gSA iSls ls eryc gSA cgqr i<+s fy[ks yksx Hkh ?kwe jgs gSaA vPNh tkWc fey tk;s] bruk
gh pkfg,A
Boby : What different it makes, nothing! It‟s all about money. There are people highly
educated though, just wandering. You get a good job, that‟s it.
TO

fuf[ky % lgh cksy jgs gks nksLrA

Nikhil : Of course it is.

ckWch dk nksLr fgek‛kq¡ vkSj mlds ikik jkLrs esa fn[k tkrs gaSA
Boby‟s friend Himanshu & his dad are seen on the way.

ckWch % vcs fgek‛kq¡A ;gk¡ D;k dj jgk gS HkkbZ\

Boby : Hey Himanshu, what are you doing here mate?
fgek‛kq¡ % vkSj ckWch] D;k gky gS\ vjs eSa rks cl ikik ds lkFk ‚kkWfiax ds fy, vk;k FkkA
Himanshu : What‟s up bro! I just came here to shop with dad.
ckWch % ueLrs vadyA
Boby : Good morning uncle.
360
fgek‛kq¡ ds ikik % ueLrs csVsA
Himanshu‟s dad: Very good morning bete.
ckWch % fgek‛kq¡] buls fefy,] fuf[ky HkkbZ gSa dEI;wVj bathfu;jA
Boby : Himanshu, meet Nikhil bhai, a computer engineer.
fgek‛kq¡ % vjs gk¡] eaSus vkids ckjs esa cgqr lquk gSA vki gh rks gks u ftlus lyhe dk dEI;wVj Bhd fd;k FkkA
Himanshu : Oh I see, I‟ve heard a lot about you. I think you are the one, who repaired
Saleem‟s computer, right?
fuf[ky % gk¡ fcYdqyA
Nikhil : Yes I am.
fgek‛kq¡ % vkils feydj [kq‛kh gqbZA vPNk ge pyrs gSaA ckWch ‚kke dks feyw¡xk rq÷klsA
Himanshu : Nice to see you. Well, we got to go. Boby, I see you in the evening.
ckWch % py Bhd gS fQj] ck;A
Boby : Sure, see you mate.

OM
fuf[ky % cf<+;k cUnk gS] D;ksa\
Nikhil : He is a nice guy, isn‟t he?
ckWch % ge Ldwy ds fnuksa ls vPNs nksLr gSaA Ldwy esa cgqr eLrh djrs FksA lkFk ?kweuk] fQYe ns[kuk] ikVhZ djuk
oxSjg oxSjgA fnu rks oks FksA vc rks cl dke gh dkeA O;Lr ft+Unxh] VkbZe gh ugha feyrkA
Boby : We are good friends since school days. We used to have fun; being together,

.C
watching movies, enjoying parties etc. Those were the real days. What now!;
only work, busy life, don‟t get spare time to be honest.
fuf[ky % ckr lgh gSA vc jk.kk HkkbZ dks gh ns[k yksA cSad dh tkWc esa tcls yxs] muds n‛kZu gh ugha gks jgsA
Nikhil

ckWch
can‟t see him anymore.
NT
: Things really change. Now, you see, ever since Rana bhai joined the bank,

% [kSj HkS;k ls rks Qksu ij ckr gksrh jgrh gSA ;s yks vk xbZ lkxj dh nqdkuA
Boby : Well, I talk to bhaiya over the phone quite frequently. Here it is, Sagar‟s
shop.
OI
lkxj % vjs fuf[ky dgk¡ gS HkkbZ \ u Qksu djrk gS] u feyus vkrk gS] lc Bhd rks gS uk \
Sagar : Nikhil, where are you mate? No call, nothing! Is everything okay?
fuf[ky % lc crkrk g¡wA FkksMk+ lk¡l rks ysus nsA
P

Nikhil : Well, well, well. I‟ll tell you everything, let me breathe.
ER

fuf[ky lkxj dks iwjh dgkuh crkuk ‚kq# dj nsrk gS fd D;k D;k gqvk bu fnuksa----------
Nikhil starts telling the whole story what all happened these days…….
PP

Conversation – 28 ¼okrkZyki – 28½

iRuh % mBks ifrnso] vHkh rd lks jgs gks \

Wife : Still sleeping dear hubby, get up now?
TO

ifr % :dks FkksM+k vkSj lksus nks A

Husband : Let me sleep a bit more.
iRuh % D;ksa vkt vkWfQl ugha tkuk D;k \
Wife : Haven‟t you to go office today?
ifr % ugha vkt esjh rfc;r dqN Bhd ugha yx jgh gSA
Husband : No sweetheart, I am feeling unwell.
iRuh % D;k gqvk \
Wife : What happened?
ifr % FkksMk+ cq[kkj lk yx jgk gS A vkSj lj esa Hkh nnZ gks jgk gSA
Husband : I am feeling a bit feverish. I also have a headache.
iRuh % BUM yx x;h gS ‚kk;nA vki MkWDVj ds ikl tkb,A
Wife : You‟ve got cold I think. See a Doctor.
361
ifr % gk¡ tkÅ¡xk ckn esAa FkksM+k vkjke dj yw¡A
Husband : Yeah I‟ll but after some rest.
iRuh % Bhd gS FkksM+k vkjke dj yhft,A vkt jkgqy dh Hkh rfc;r dqN Bhd ugha FkhA
Wife : Ok. Take rest. Even Rahul wasn‟t feeling well today.
ifr % jkgqy dgk¡ gS\ D;k gqvk\
Husband : Where is he? What happened to him?
iRuh % oks Ldwy x;k gSA
Wife : He has gone to school.
ifr % vxj mldh rfc;r Bhd ugha Fkh rks fQj D;ksa tkus fn;k \
Husband : If he wasn‟t well, then why did you let him go?
iRuh % eSaus mls dgk ij ekuk ugha] pyk x;k A
Wife : I told to him but he left.
ifr % vPNk dksbZ ckr ughaA oks vius ckjs esa csgrj le>rk gSA

OM
Husband : It‟s ok. He knows himself better.
iRuh % gk¡ cksy jgk Fkk fd eSa Bhd gw¡] vkt egRoiw.kZ DykWl gS] NksM+ ugha ldrk A
Wife : Yeah, he was saying he was fine. It was an important class so couldn‟t miss.
ifr % ns[kk] gekjk jkgqy fdruk le>nkj gSA
Husband : Look, how mature our Rahul behaves now.

.C
iRuh % gk¡ ;s rks gSA vPNk lqfu,] ‚kekZ th dh fel dkWy vk;h gS vkids Qksu ijA
Wife : You are right. Well, there is a miss call from Mr. Sharma on your phone.
ifr % dc vkbZ\
Husband
iRuh
Wife
: When?
% tc vki lks;s gq, Fks rcA
: When you were asleep.
NT
ifr % pyks Bhd gSA FkksMh+ nsj esa dkWy djrk gw¡A eSa ÝS‛k gksrk gw¡] rqe uk‛rk ijkslksA
Husband : It‟s ok. I‟ll call him after a while. I freshen up, you serve breakfast.
OI
iRuh % Bhd gSA
Wife : Alright.
ifr % jkgqy us uk‛rk fd;k\
P

Husband : Did Rahul have breakfast?

iRuh % gk¡ oks uk‛rk djds x;k gSA
ER

Wife : Yes he had.

ifr % Bhd gS eSa vkrk gw¡A
Husband : Ok then, I come.
iRuh % vPNkA
PP

Wife : Ok honey.

Conversation – 29 ¼okrkZyki – 29½

TO

Bikrant calls his Uncle (Mr. Pushkar Singh Rana). Mr. Rana picks up the phone….
fcØkUr vius vady fe0 iq’dj flag jk.kk dks Qksu djrk gSA fe0 jk.kk Qksu mBkrs gSa &

Mr. Rana : Hello, who is this?

fe0 jk.kk % gSyks] dkSu\
Bikrant : Good morning, uncle. How are you?
fcØkUr % ueLrs vady] dSls gSa vki\
Mr. Rana : I didn‟t recognize you.
fe0 jk.kk % eSa igpkuk ughaA
Bikrant : Uncle, This is I, Bikrant
fcØkUr % vady] eSa gw¡] fcØkUrA %
362
Mr. Rana : Oh, now I recognize. You are sounding quite differently. Actually there is a
problem with my phone.
fe0 jk.kk % vjs vc igpkukA rsjh vkokt+ cgqr vyx lh vk jgh gSA ,slk gS esjs Qksu esa fnDdr gSA
Bikrant : Get it repaired uncle.
fcØkUr % rks vady fjis;j djk yks uA
Mr. Rana : Yeah I‟ll. Anyways, how is your job?
fe0 jk.kk % gk¡ djkÅ¡xkA [kSj rsjh tkWc dSlh py jgh gS\
Bikrant : Uncle, job is fine but I called you to let you know about a vacancy in our
company. I was thinking if Aman would like to apply.
fcØkUr % vady] tkWc rks Bhd py jgh gSA eSaus vkidks ;s crkus ds fy, Qksu fd;k Fkk fd esjh dEiuh esa ,d
txg [kkyh gSA eSa lksp jgk Fkk vxj veu vIyk; djuk pkgsA
Mr. Rana : For which post?
fe0 jk.kk % iksLV D;k gSA

OM
Bikrant : It‟s actually for a sales manager.
fcØkUr % lsYl eSut
s j dh iksLV gSA
Mr. Rana : What is the qualification needed?
fe0 jk.kk % DokfyfQds‛ku D;k ek¡xh gS\
Bikrant : Just Graduation in science.

.C
fcØkUr % dsoy lkbUl esa xzStq,‛kuA
Mr. Rana : What does he need to do?
fe0 jk.kk % mls D;k djuk gksxk\
Bikrant
fcØkUr
Mr. Rana
: Let me talk to Aman. Is he there?
NT
% eq÷ks veu ls ckr djus nhft,A oks gS ogk¡ D;k\
: Yeah, he is sitting next to me. Give me a second. I hand over the phone.
fe0 jk.kk % gk¡] cxy esa gh cSBk gSA ,d lsd.MA Qksu nsrk gw¡A
Bikrant : Please.
OI
fcØkUr % gk¡ thA
Aman : Hi Bhaiya, How are you doing?
veu % gk; HkS;kA dSls gks vki\
P

Bikrant : I am doing great Aman. See, there is a golden opportunity for you in our
company. You will join as a sale manager. I have got solid terms with my boss.
ER

You don‟t need to have an experience either.

fcØkUr % eSa Bhd gw¡ veuA lqu ,slk gS fd rsjs fy, gekjh dEiuh esa ,d cgqr gh tcjnLr ekSdk gSA rw lsYl
eSuts j dh iksLV ij tkWbu djsxkA esjs vius ckWl ls cgqr vPNs laca/k gSA fdlh ,Dlihfj;Ul dh Hkh
t+#jr ugha gSA
PP

Aman : Thanks Bhaiya. What do I do, tell me?

veu % /kU;okn HkS;kA Ekq÷ks D;k djuk gS] crkb,\
Bikrant : Just mail me your resume. You have my email Id, don‟t you?
fcØkUr % eq÷ks viuk jST+;wes esy dj nsA rsjs ikl esjh bZesy vkbZMh gS u \
TO

Aman : Yeah, I do bhaiya.

veu % gk¡] gS HkS;kA
Bikrant : Mail me within an hour. Most probably, you‟ll have to join from coming
Monday.
fcØkUr % ,d ?kUVs esa esy dj nsA iwjh mEehn gS] rq÷ks vkus okys lkseokj ls tkWbu djuk iM+sxkA
Aman : ok bhaiya. Please call me once you get the confirmation of joining.
veu % Bhd gS HkS;kA tkWbfuax iDdh gksrs gh dkWy dj nsukA
Bikrant : But remember, my prestige will be on stake.
fcØkUr % ysfdu ;kn j[kuk] esjh bT+t+r rsjs gkFk is jgsxhA
Aman : Don‟t worry bhaiya, I‟ll leave no stone unturned.
veu % fpUrk er djks HkS;kA eSa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM¡+wxkA

363
Bikrant : That‟s what I wanted to hear. Ok then, I got to hang up now.
fcØkUr % ;gh rks eSa lquuk pkgrk FkkA py vc Qksu j[krk gw¡A
Aman : Ok bhaiya, see you.
veu % vPNk HkS;k] fQj feyrs gSaA
Bikrant : Take care. Bye.
fcØkUr % viuk [;ky j[kukA ck;A

Conversation – 30 ¼okrkZyki – 30½

Mr. Rana : Hello Mr.Kumar. How are you doing?

fe0 jk.kk % gSyks fe0 dqekjA dSls gSa vki\
Mr. Kumar : I am fine Mr. Rana. You tell me?
fe0 dqekj % eSa Bhd gw¡ fe0 jk.kk] vki lqukb,A

OM
Mr. Rana : I am good, thank you. Meet my wife and children.
fe0 jk.kk % eSa Bhd gw¡] /kU;oknA ;s gSa esjh iRuh vkSj esjs cPpsA
Mr. Kumar : Hello Mrs. Rana. Hello children.
fe0 dqekj % gyks feflt+ jk.kkA gyks cPpksaA
Mrs. Rana : Hello, Mr. Kumar.

.C
feflt+ jk.kk % gSyks] fe0 dqekjA
Mr. Kumar : Even I am with my children. They are on the dance floor right now.
fe0 dqekj % eSa Hkh vius cPpksa ds lkFk vk;k gw¡A os vHkh Mk¡l ¶yksj ij gSaA
NT
Mr. Rana : That‟s great. Where is bhabhiji?
fe0 jk.kk % cgqr cf<+;kA HkkHkh th dgk¡ gS\
Mr. Kumar : She couldn‟t come as she was feeling a bit feverish.
fe0 dqekj % oks ugha vk ik;ha] mUgsa FkksMk+ cq[kkj lk yx jgk FkkA
OI
Mr. Rana : Oh I see. So she must have seen the doctor, mustn‟t she?
fe0 jk.kk % vjs ! rks mUgksaus MkWDVj dks rks fn[kk fn;k gksxk u\
Mr. Kumar : Yeah, she has. He said nothing much to worry, just take rest.
fe0 dqekj % gk¡] fn[kk fn;kA MkWDVj us dgk ?kcjkus dh t+#jr ugha gS] dsoy vkjke dhft,A
P

Mr. Rana : She will be alright.

fe0 jk.kk % oks Bhd gks tk;saxhA
ER

Mr. Rawat : Hey guys (shouts). Mr. Rana & Mr. Kumar; both great people together here.
fe0 jkor % gs nksLrksa ¼fpYykrs gq,½-----fe0 jk.kk vkSj fe0 dqekj] nksuksa egku gfLr;k¡ ;gk¡ ,d lkFkA
Mr. Rana : Mr. Rawat. How are you mate?
fe0 jk.kk % fe0 jkor] dSls gSa vki ljA
PP

Mr. Rawat : Not very good. You had told me that you were not coming in the party.
fe0 jkor % vPNk ugha gw¡A vkius rks dgk Fkk fd ikVhZ esa ugha vk jgs gksA
Mr. Rana : I am sorry sir but I had an appointment that time. It just got cancelled an hour
ago so I thought why not to join you guys.
TO

fe0 jk.kk % ekQ djuk lj] ij ml oDr esjh fdlh ls eqykdkr r; FkhA ,d ?kaVs igys gh dSfUly gqbZ blfy, eSaus
lkspk D;ksa u vki yksxksa dks tkWbu dj gh fy;k tk;sA
Mr. Rawat :I was just kidding mate. Let‟s enjoy.
fe0 jkor % eSa rks cl et+s ys jgk Fkk nksLrA pyks ikVhZ ds ets ysAa
Mrs. Rana : Ok honey, you enjoy yourself with your friends. I meet Mrs. Rawat.
feflt+ jk.kk % vPNk guh] vki vius nksLrksa ds lkFk ets+ dfj,A eSa feflt+ jkor ls feyrh gw¡A
Mr. Rana : Ok sweetheart. Take care of children.
fe0 jk.kk % Bhd gS LohVgkVZA cPpksa dk [;ky j[kukA

364
Lesson – 42
Few English Passages
EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

Aditya Sir
1. Nuclear Family vs. Joint Family

OM
Nuclear family is the one where family members are from two generations i.e. parents and their
children while the joint family has got members from more than two generations. The Nuclear family
consists of a man, his wife and their children. And in joint family, one might find a man, his wife, sons,
daughters, daughters in law, grandchildren etc. The oldest member of the family is considered to be the
head of the family; mostly grandfather or grandmother has got this privilege.

.C
Joint family was quite apparent in ancient times, however, things changed with time. Both of the
family systems have got some or the other advantages as well as disadvantages.
NT
Mostly, the joint family system used to be found in villages and small cities. Now, here comes the
interesting question why joint family system disintegrated. One of the major reasons is nothing but the
better job opportunities available in cities. It led to migration of people from small cities with only a few
opportunities to larger cities with better opportunities. There are not only job opportunities there but also
the facilities of every kind. People look for better living standard, medical facilities, higher wages and
OI
better education facilities for their children. Here comes the role of migration. Now it‟s not easy for
elderly people to adjust in other places than the places where they lived since birth or for a longer period
of their lives. They have certain attachment with people there.
P

Needless to say that India developed rapidly and so did the thinking of newer members, which
emerged differences between generations.
A nuclear family has many advantages. In such families, the mother is given much importance and
ER

that‟s why she can take care of her children in much better way because children spends good amount of
time with their mother. Mother has got decision making powers and obviously as she wants her children
to perform the best, she plans everything cautiously and this makes a great impact in her children‟s life.
A Nuclear family has some disadvantages too, particularly when both the parents are working.
PP

Children don‟t get proper attention and they sometimes miss love and care, which leads to be their
attempts for love and care from outsiders, who can betray them. Guidance is quite inevitable for children
since childhood.
It is not possible to conclude which family system is better as both have certain advantages but
TO

disadvantages too.

2. John Love – “A Piece of Iron” (5 times heavyweight boxing champion of the world)
John Love is one the biggest names in boxing history. Boxing was his passion. This instinct was self
developed. He was not from a very good family so it was difficult for him to manage huge amount of money
to take admission in Boxing Academy. But still, he was never discouraged. He took every second of time as
a challenge. Once, there was a competition in his city. He didn‟t have enough money to take part in this
event so he borrowed some money from his best friend. He knocked out the opponent in just one round. He
hit him hard on his nose, which started bleeding and the opponent surrendered within a minute. This was the
start of his boxing career. People appreciated him for his powerful punches. There was a boxing coach,
seeing this match. He came to John and offered him free training in his training camp. John accepted as it
was a golden opportunity for him. After a year, John was extremely famous due to his right hand punches,
which could break anyone.
365
 Nelson Ryan was 2 times undisputed and undefeated heavyweight boxing champion of the world of
that time. He was called a man of miracles. John Love challenged him for a title match. He accepted. When
Nelson was about to start the fight, his wife asked him “what do you think how long will this fight take to
get over?” He replied “Not more than 10 minutes. Fight started. Nelson dominated for first 5 rounds and
John wasn‟t able to even stand against him. But things changed. Nelson had underestimated the strength and
endurance of John Love. In the 6th round, John hit Nelson a solid punch on his face, which hurt Nelson
badly and he fell down. People stood up the seats and they couldn‟t believe it. The moment Nelson stood up,
John started punching him and it didn‟t take more than 30 seconds that Nelson got knocked out. John Love
became the new heavyweight boxing champion of the world. He became famous by the name “John Love –
A piece of iron” because when he would fight, it seemed as if the opponents were fighting with a piece of
iron.
3. Call Centers
What is a call center? Common definition is “call center is a place where either we receive a call
from customers or make a call to them”. Call centers where we receive calls from the customers are known

OM
as inbound call centers and similarly where we make a call to customers are called outbound call centers. If
a call center has both; inbound as well as outbound setup, then we call these setups „Processes‟. You might
have heard someone saying „I am in an inbound process‟ or someone saying „I am in an outbound process‟.
Basically, one is talking about the setup. In Inbound process/call center, Customers call us for several
purposes; may be to enquire about a product, enquire about some sort of services that our company offers or

.C
anything of this sort. Similarly In outbound, executives call customers for several purposes; to sell a
product, to offer a service, to survey about something etc.
You must have heard that call centers belong to BPO Industry. That‟s true. BPO stands for Business
NT
Process Outsourcing. When a company gives some part of its business to some other company, it‟s called
Outsourcing of business.
4. Colors of Life
Life is called colorful with so many colors in it. Colors are nothing but the reference of several phases of
OI
life. Life is given names i.e. Struggling, Beautiful or any other adjective as such. It differs person to person
and it all depends on how we take it. We are all born with some innate instincts, positive or negative which
differs us in how we celebrate win and how we surpass a loss. Losing a race, by two people might be seen in
P

two different ways. One might consider himself a weaker contender and promise to improvise further
whereas the other one might blame his fortune. This exhibits two different behavior patterns of two
ER

individuals. However, the way we expect life, is not necessarily what it turns out to be. Hence, our
perception about it changes with our experience. The more we experience, the more colors of life we
discover.
5. Criminals
Criminals are the ones who commit the crime for any reason at all. This is the actual definition that
PP

we expect from all of us and also we expect such people to be given the title „criminals‟. However, needless
to say that this title is not in fact given to all, who commit crimes and neither, all the people, who are given
this title are necessarily criminals. What we often hear is about hidden crimes, which are never unearthed;
reasons are many. Sometimes it‟s because the victim is scared of future repercussions to himself or to the
TO

loved ones and sometimes it‟s because victim is completely unaware of the laws, which might give him
justice. These crimes are huge in numbers. I think Education plays a vital role in minimizing crime rate.
Our country will grow if we grow our hereabouts. A revolution doesn‟t demand many but one.

6. Boy & Guitar

This is the story of a boy who had to put down his first love „Guitar‟ and get into his father‟s
business. He compromised because his knew that father‟s business was better than his passion for guitar.
Everything was going good in his life but all of a sudden, something as such happened which changed his
life and made him pick the gun. His parents were brutally killed. Left were only his two sisters and one
brother. He picked the gun in revenge but he had to also ensure that nobody knew about him otherwise his
siblings could have been in trouble. Hence, whatever he did, he would be cautious. He himself punished all
the culprits. Nobody could ever know who killed them. There was a doubt but without a proof.

366
 7. Poverty

Poverty is a malediction for our society. If you really want to realize what poverty is, then you must
interact with people who live in slums. Talk to them, ask them about their lives, their past and then see how
difficult their lives have been. I lived a middle class life and always got almost everything that I wanted,
even though I had to ask my dad for many a time. I firmly believe that pain ideally is realized by the one
who goes through, not by everybody. Indian Government has put in several efforts to improvise their lives,
Huge is the number of NGOs, which claim to help the needy but implementation is not up to the mark and
the major reasons of Government‟s failure is nothing but the corruption.
In fact, poverty and corruption go hand by hand. Both are mutually related to a great extent. If you
are poor, you tend to do anything and everything that can get you some money and that‟s where corruption
comes from. However, there are numerous examples, where even the rich are corrupt due to the greediness
for having more money.
8. Ambition

OM
What is an Ambition? Ambition is a firm goal that we set for ourselves. It also changes with our
experience. As time passes by and we experience lot many new things, which changes the way we take
things, either something adds on to our goal or something eliminates. For example, a person wants to
become a social worker and he is firm in his idea. Sudden in life, he encounters a terrible phase and he

.C
realizes the importance of money, now he sets a target of having good money as well. Now, there are two
types of people. Ones are those who change their viewpoint and entirely change their target and otherwise
NT
are those who just add money earning to their original idea of social welfare but not at the cost of their
original goal. Hence, a goal is not a static part, rather dynamic.

9. When I was a kid

OI
How cruel I feel I was when I was a kid. I used to kill small creatures like ants, fishes, birds etc
without any regret. Every day was a new day of my sin. I would separate the nests off the tree, thinking that
the bird would have to face trouble finding her children. Even if kids would die, I wouldn‟t feel pain. I
P

would make two ants fight and imagine how I would have experienced if I was of their size. I would kill
birds with a special weapon called “Gulail”. I remember an incidence when I rather ate toffees of the school
ER

fee than pay to Class Teacher and next day hid behind the tree. Having been seen, I jumped into a canal and
put myself under water thinking they couldn‟t see me, just like a pigeon, closes eyes seeing cat believing
that she is not being seen. It‟s something that makes me laugh now. Whatever it was, cute it was.
It is true that childhood is like a dream that is to be broken some or the other day.
PP

10. The best day of my life

It was Sunday and I had to go for an interview. I got up at 8 in the morning, took a bath and got
ready. I was a bit scared thinking about the interview. Actually, it was the first time. My friends had told me
TO

a lot about how to face but it was obvious that I was scared. I left for the interview venue. When I reached
there, I read a quote by Thomas Alva Edison on the board, written as “I will not say that I failed thousand
times, rather I would say, I know thousand ways which can cause failure”. This encouraged me and I
realized that it didn‟t matter if I failed, rather I must be optimist for future. Thinking this, I reached at a
specious hall; where already about 50 candidates were sitting. I looked here and there. I saw a receptionist
sitting there. I went to her. She asked me for my resume. I provided the same. She had a glance on it and she
advised me to have a seat. My name was called after a long wait. The moment I stepped in the interview
room, I was straight away asked what I liked the first thing about the venue. I told the interviewers about
Edison‟s quote. They got impressed. They asked me just a few more questions and asked me to wait outside.
After a little while, a lady called my name and informed me that I got selected. It proved to be one of the
best days of my life.

367
Lesson – 43
Idioms & Proverbs
Just a few Idioms, Proverbs & Quotations are given here. Just cram them to enhance your
English speaking skills.

Idioms ¼ eqgkojs] cksfy;k¡½

1 Abide by
Adhere to, To follow I always abide by the rules.
¼ikyu djuk½

2 Above board
Honest & transparent He is above board in the employee
¼lPpk o bZekunkj½ selection.

OM
3 An axe to grind Selfish ¼LokFkhZ½ Ram has his own axe to grind.

In perfect order Everything in this room is in apple

4 Apple pie order pie order.
¼lyhds ls] vPNh rjhds ls½

.C
To be confused, I am at a loss due to having so many
5 At a loss things mixed up.
¼vleatl esa gksuk ½

6 At finger tips
To be an expert
NT
¼,DliVZ gksuk½
English grammar rules are at my
finger tips.

7 Black sheep
A disgraceful person He is a black sheep for his family.
¼dyad½
OI
8 Blue blood
Noble blood I have a blue blood.
¼‛kkgh [kwu½
Enter with aim of
P

9 Break in stealing He broke in the house.

¼pksjh ds mn~ns‛; ls ?kqluk½
ER

10 Burning Question
Important question It is a burning question of the day.
¼egRoiw.kZ iz‛u½
By leaps and Rapidly I am preparing this book by leaps
11 and bounds.
PP

bounds ¼cgqr rsth ls½

Because of By virtue of his power, Security

12 By virtue of
¼ds dkj.k½ guard didn‟t stop him.
TO

13 To bank upon To depend ¼fuHkZj gksuk½ I bank upon my Dad for everything.

14 To face the risk His name is brought to book now.

To bring to book ¼[krjk eksy ysuk½
He had lots of money but he burnt
Burn the candle in To waste everything the candle in both ends and now, he
15
both ends ¼lc dqN u"V dj nsuk½ has nothing.

16 Bury the hatchet

To forget a quarrel I have buried the hatchet.
¼fookn dks [kRe dj nsuk½
Punishment of Death That terrorist has got capital
17 Capital punishment punishment now.
¼eqR;qZnM
a ½
368
 A narrow escape It was a close shave; otherwise I
18 Close shave would have died.
¼cky&2 cp fudyuk½
To find the better Don‟t think yourself over smart. You
19 To catch tarter will also catch a tarter some or the
competitor
¼‛ksj dks lok‛ksj feyuk½ other day.

Everything was quiet. Suddenly, I

20 Break the ice
To remove the silence asked a question to Ram and broke
¼pqIih rksM+uk½ the ice.

No effect Your flattery can‟t cut any ice as he is

21 Cut no ice a professional guy.

OM
¼dksbZ izHkko u iM+uk½

22 A dead letter
No longer in use Radio is a dead letter now.
¼iz;ksx gksuk cUn gks tkuk½
A strange competitor He might turn out to be a dark horse
23 Dark horse so be cautious.

.C
To deceit He washed my eyes and just escape
24 Eye wash NT in the guise of an old man.
¼/kks[kk nsuk½

Irregularly I am unhappy as the project is being

25 By fits & starts prepared by fits and starts.
¼vfu;fer rjhds ls½
Share market has suddenly fallen
OI
26 Fall flat
Collapse
¼VwVuk] fxjuk½ flat.

27 For good For keeps ¼ges‛kk ds fy,½ You can take this book for good.
P

I greased the palm of that waiter.

There is no need to grease
ER

28 To grease the palm

To bribe
¼?kwl nsuk½ policemen‟s palm if you strictly abide
by the law.

Healthy and strong All the members of my family are

PP

29 Hale & hearty hale and hearty.

¼LoLFk½

Financial difficulty I am hard up at this time but hoping

30 Hard up to receive good money in near future.
¼iSls dh fdYyr½
TO

In a nut shell, I would say that the

31 In a nut shell
As a summery corruption is the root cause of
¼vUr esa½ economic slowdown in India.

In the dress He escaped in the guise of a

32 In the guise of politician.
¼Hks"k esa½

33 In vogue
In fashion This kind of shirt is in vogue.
¼QS‛ku es½a
Look nervous Don‟t look blue. Be confident. All is
34 Look blue well.
¼uoZl fn[kuk ;k yxuk½
369
35 Lead a cat & dog Quarrelling life I don‟t want to lead a cat & dog life.
life ¼>xM+kyw ft+Unxh½
Let bygones be To ignore past Forget the pass. Let bygones be
36 bygones.
bygones ¼tks chr x;k lks chr x;k ½

Ordinary man We are men of street so we shouldn‟t

37 Man of street forget our limitations
¼vke vkneh½
38 Man of letters A scholar ¼fo}ku½ Pt. Nehru was a man of letters.

Make a mountain To exaggerate Whatever you appreciate, you actually

39 make a mountain of mole hill.
of mole hill ¼ckr dks c<+k p<+kdj crkuk½

OM
Each corner Betel sellers are at every nook and
40 Nook and corner corner these days.
¼dksuk dksuk ;k pIik pIik½
Once for all, I conclude “Love is
41 Once for all
Finally, At the end something without which we are

.C
¼vUr esa½ incomplete”.

42 Point blank
Frankly NT He replied to me point blank.
¼fcuk fgpfdpkgV ds½
He is a rough diamond that‟s why even
43 A rough diamond
An illiterate but noble if he is illiterate; he has reached to this
¼vui<+ ysfdu xq.khs½ amplitude in business.
OI
Too many official The problem with government
44 Red tapism formalities departments is too much red tapism.
¼cgqr lkjh vkSipkfjdrk,¡½
P

Weak in health He is run down in health these days

45 To run down that‟s why he is not coming to school.
ER

¼rfc;r [kjkc gksuk½

A bitter tongue He speaks only truth that‟s the reason

46 A sharp tongue he is said to be having a sharp tongue.
¼dM+ok cksyus okyk½
Financial hard up is a stumbling block
PP

48 A stumbling block
An obstacle
¼jksM+k] jkLrs dk dk¡Vk½ for us.

49 Sink differences
To forget differences I have sunk differences a long back.
¼eueqVko [kRe dj nsuk½
TO

To go into minute Don‟t split hairs of this matter.

50 To split hairs
details ¼ckjhdh rd ?kqluk½
To support, To help I will always stand by you; be it a
51 To standby happy time or a grief.
¼lkFk nsuk½

A harmless lie Sometimes in life, you have to tell a

52 A white lie white lie.
¼>wB tks uqdlku u igq¡pk;s½

To win fame Rahul has won laurels due to this social

53 To win laurels welfare organization.
¼Qsel gks tkuk½

370
 To bring to an end I am going to wind up the discussion
54 To wind up now.
¼lekIr djuk½

A close friend He has been a bosom friend of mine

55 A bosom friend since childhood.
¼[kkl nksLr½

On the way Dehradun is en route when you go to

56 En route Shimla from Delhi.
¼jkLrs es½a
Hither and Here and there Why are you clothes lying hither and
57 thither?
thither ¼;gk¡ ogk¡½

58 Useless Our endeavor will not go in vain.

In vain ¼fujFkZd] csdkj½

OM
Common people Luxury is mostly not for rank and file
60 Rank and file people.
¼vke vkneh½
To hate
61 Look down upon ¼uQjr djuk ;k uhpk le÷kuk½ I never look down upon the poor.

.C
Proverbs ¼dgkorsa ½
uhps dqN dgkorsa nh x;h gSa] bUgsa ;kn dj yhft, & NT
1. A bad man is better than a bad name. cn vPNk cnuke cqjkA
2. A burnt child dreads the fire. nw/k dk tyk Nk¡N Hkh Qw¡d&2 dj ihrk gSA
3. A diamond cuts a diamond. yksgk yksgs dks dkVrk gSA
4. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
OI
t+#jr esa tks dke vk;s] ogh vlyh nksLr gSA
5. A honey tongue, a heart of gale. e/kqj ok.kh] nxkckt dh fu‛kkuhA
6. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. v/kwjk Kku [krjukd gksrk gSA
7. A man is known by the company he keeps.
P

euq"; viuh laxfr ls igpkuk tkrk gSA

8. A nine day‟s wonder. pkj fnu dh pk¡nuhA
ER

9. A rotten apple injures its companions. ,d xUnh eNyh lkjs rkykc dks xUnk dj nsrh gSA
10. All is well that ends well. vUr Hkyk rks lc HkykA
11. All that glitters is not gold. gj pedus okyh pht+ lksuk ugha gksrhA
12. Barking dogs seldom bite. HkkSadus okys dqRrs dkVrs ughaA
PP

13. Beauty needs no ornaments. lkSan;Z dks vkHkw’k.kksa dh t+#jr ughaA

14. Beggars are not choosers. nku dh cfN;k ds nk¡r ugha fxus tkrsA
15. Beauty is in the eyes of beholder. [kwclwjrh ns[kus okys dh vk¡[kksa esa gksrh gSA
16. Between two stools, we come to the ground. /kksch dk dqRrk ?kj dk u ?kkV dkA
TO

17. Fool to others, to himself a sage. vius eq¡g fe;k¡ feB~Bw gksukA
18. Let bygones be bygones. tks chr x;k lks chr x;kA
19. Many a little makes a mickle. cw¡n cw¡n ls ?kM+k Hkjrk gSA
20. Tit for tat /word for word/measure for measure. tSls dks rSlkA
21. To make a mountain of a mole hill. jkbZ dk igkM+ cukukA
22. Too much courtesy, too much craft. e/kqj ok.kh] nxkckt dh fu‛kkuhA
23. Prosperity gains friends and Adversity tries them. vehjh nksLr cukrh gS vkSj xjhch mUgsa ij[krh gSA
24. Poverty breeds contempt. / Poverty breeds strife. xjhch ÷kxM+s dh tM+ gksrh gSA
25. Limit your spendings to your earnings. ft+ruh yEch pknj gks mrus gh iSj QSykus pkfg,A

371
Lesson – 44
Englishwale Certification -
Written/Telephonic/Recording Assessment
Englishwale Certification assessment is a national level recognition,
awarded to deserving students/readers.

“CERT Lisl <vkidk uke>” and send to [email protected]

After 90 days & before 1 year:

OM
“CONDUCT Lisl <vkidk uke>” and send to [email protected]

ist u0 2 esa vkidks crk;k x;k gS fd iqLrd dks [kjhnus ds ckn vkidks ,d Email djuk gSA Type dfj,
“CERT Lisl <vkidk uke>” vkSj Hkst nhft, [email protected] ij bZesy ds t+fj, rkfd Bhd 90

.C
fnuksa ds ckn vki bafXy‛kokys MkWV dkWe ds jk’Vªh; Lrj ds lVhZfQds‛ku ds fy, ;ksX;¼ eligible½ gks ik;saA vkidk
uke o Qksu uEcj@bZey s vkbZ Mh gekjs lVhZfQds‛ku foHkkx esa iathd`r dj fy;k tk;sxkA
NT
90 fnuksa ds ckn dHkh Hkh vki bl lVhZfQds‛ku ds fy, fuosnu dj ldrs gSaA vkidks fQj ,d Email djuk gS &
Type dfj, “CONDUCT Lisl <vkidk uke>” vkSj Hkst nhft, [email protected] ij bZesy ds
t+fj,A 5&7 fnu ds vUnj bafXy‛kokys MkWV dkWe dh lVhZfQds‛ku izksQs‛kuYl dh Vhe lEidZ djsxhA vkidks bl
fyf[kr] VSyhQksfud o fjdkfMZax vlSlesUV ds ckjs esa crk;k tk;sxk o dksbZ ,d fnu fu/kkfjZr fd;k tk;sxkA
OI
lHkh vlSlesUV vkWuykbu ,oa eksckby ij dUMDV fd;s tk;saxsA ;fn vki bl lVhZfQds‛ku esa ikl gksrs gSa rks
vkidks bafXy‛kokys MkWV dkWe bafXy‛k Lihfdax dkslZ lVhZfQdsV vkids ?kj ds irs ij Hkstk tk;sxkA
P

;¡w rks lgh ek;us esa lVhZfQdsV ls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ gS vkidh bafXy‛k Hkk’kk esa idM+ ysfdu ;g lVhZfQdsV gkfly
ER

djuk vkids fy, fdlh cM+s pSyt sa ls de ugha gksxk rkfd gekjs jk’Vªh; Lrj ds bl lVhZfQdsV dk egRo cuk jgsA
PP
TO

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1- Hkfo"; gksrk ugha gS] bldk fuekZ.k gesa [kqn djuk gksrk gSA

2- rkyhesa ugha nh tkrh ifjanksa dks mM+kuksa dh] os [kqn gh r; djrs gSa] Å¡pkbZ vklekuksa dh]
j[krs gSa tks gkSlyk vkleku dks Nwus dk] oks ugha djrs ijokg t+ehu is fxj tkus dhA

372
Lesson – 45
Written Interviews
While facing an interview, you need to be confident & natural. You don‟t need to hurry. If you are asked
something that you have no idea about, you shouldn‟t hesitate in accepting your ignorance on that
particular. There is nothing wrong in saying „no‟ for something that you don‟t know. Whenever your weak
area gets highlighted while an interview, always state your efforts to overcome that weakness alongwith as
it gives interviewer an impression that you already know your weaker part & you are putting efforts to
come out of it.
Here are a few samples of call center interviews given below, kindly go through each one of these & try to
play mock interviews with your friends, you will gain confidence. Remember, Practice makes a man
perfect.

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Interview – I
Rahul : May I come in sir?
Interviewer : Yes please…….Have a seat………How are you doing?
Rahul : I am doing well. Thank You.

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Interviewer : You are………
Rahul : Rahul
Interviewer : I see. Rahul, tell me something about yourself?
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Rahul : Sir, I am Rahul. I am 23 years old. I belong to Dehradun. I have done B.Tech from
MITTE University in 2011. We are four members in family, including my Dad, Mom and My elder
brother. My Dad works in a bank, Mom is a housewife and my brother is pursuing MBA from IIM
Ahmadabad. And my hobby is listening to music.
Interviewer : You have done B.Tech so what‟s the point of coming in BPO industry?
OI
Rahul : Sir, BPO industry is a booming industry. As far as I know, 75% of the IT revenue
comes from this industry. There are good opportunities. Facilities are good as well.
Interviewer : Rahul, do you know what BPO stands for?
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Rahul : Yes sir, it‟s Business Process Outsourcing.

Interviewer : That‟s correct. Okay, you said your brother is pursuing MBA from IIM, Can you tell me
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something about IIM?

Rahul : Well, I‟ve just heard that IIMs are reputed institutes in India and the students of IIMs
have a bright future.
Interviewer : Alright, your hobby is listening to music, right?
Rahul : Yes sir.
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Interviewer : What kind of music?

Rahul : Sir, I like soft music like soft instruments being used and soft voice.
Interviewer : What do you mean by soft?
Rahul : Sir, I mean slow romantic songs with slow music, a bit of guitaring slowly used……
TO

Interviewer : I see. Rahul, do you celebrate your birthday?

Rahul : Yes sir. I do.
Interviewer : How?
Rahul : I just cut the cake and enjoy with friends and family members.
Interviewer : How did you celebrate your last birthday?
Rahul : Sir, I had invited my friends at home. My brother had brought a Cake, burgers,
sandwiches, chowmein etc. We had it. That‟s it.
Interviewer : I see. So it was simple?
Rahul : Yes sir.
Interviewer : What do you know about call centers?
Rahul : Sir, Call center is a place where calls are either received or made. There are two types
of processes; inbound and outbound. In inbound, we receive a call from customers and in outbound, we
make a call to them.
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Interviewer : Not a bad answer. So you have decided to join call center, right?
Rahul : Yes sir.
Interviewer : Ok Rahul, it was pleasure talking to you. You can wait outside for the feedback.
Rahul : Thank you, sir.
Interview – II
Aditya: May I come in ma‟am?
Interviewer: Come in. You are…..
Aditya: Aditya Rana.
Interviewer: Aditya, please have a seat.
Aditya: Thank you.
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself?
Aditya: Ma‟am, My name is Aditya Rana. I belong to Dehradun. I have done B.Tech in
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering through correspondence. I‟ve got 6 years experience
working with international BPOs; 4 years in UK inbound process and 2 years in US outbound. As far

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as my family is concerned, my father is an Ex Army personnel, my mother is a housewife. I‟ve two
sisters. Both are married. My hobby is reading biographies.
Interviewer: Which is your all time favorite biography?
Aditya: A beautiful mind. It‟s based on a genius mathematician John Nash.
Interviewer: Can you give me an idea about John Nash?

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Aditya: Ma‟am, he was genius in solving mathematical problems. His life is extremely
struggling but highly inspiring. In his 30s, he suffered from a disease related to his mind. He had a
problem of delusions. He experienced something that didn‟t exist at all. He would hear voices which
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didn‟t actually exist. But eventually with the help of extraordinary love by his wife, he could overcome
his delusions to a great extent and finally received Nobel for his phenomenal contribution in
Economics.
Interviewer: Aditya, Your resume says you worked with your last organization as a Team
Leader. What qualities must a team leader have?
OI
Aditya: Ma‟am, Team Leader must have good product knowledge. He should welcome the
ideas and suggestions given by the members of his team because you never know, an insightful idea
may come from anyone, which can benefit the process. He must have a good professional relationship
with his team. He must audit his team members‟ calls and deliver feedback to improve their
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performance. He shouldn‟t be partial to anyone. He must listen to his team members‟ problems and
suggest accordingly. He must be able to get the best output possible from his team keeping in mind
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their satisfaction and happiness as well.

Interviewer: That‟s true. Alright Aditya, you got to wait outside for the feedback. Thank you.
Aditya: Thank you ma‟am, Pleasure talking to you.
Interviewer: Same here.
PP

Interview – III
Pooja: May I come in sir?
Interviewer: Yes, Come in please. Have a seat. You are……..Pooja, right?
Pooja: Yes sir.
TO

Interviewer: Ok Pooja, Tell me about yourself?

Pooja: Sir, My name is Pooja. I live in Dilshad Garden with parents. I am 21 years old. I have done BA from
DAV College Dehradun. I have an elder sister and a younger brother. Both are studying. My hobby is listening to
music.
Interviewer: When did you complete Graduation?
Pooja: Last year.
Interviewer: Your parents are here in Delhi. Why did you study in Dehradun?
Pooja: Sir, My Uncle‟s family is there so I lived with them. Actually, Dehradun is known for Education so
my father wanted me to pursue graduation from there.
Interviewer: I see. Tell me something about Dehradun?
Pooja: Sir, Dehradun is a beautiful city. It is the capital of Uttarakhand. Dehradun‟s climate is very good. It‟s
a green & clean city. All the facilities are available there. It is known for quality education.
Interviewer: How did you like Delhi?

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Pooja: Sir, Delhi is a big city. I don‟t like this city much because pollution is too much. Crime rate is very
high as well.
Interviewer: But you live here!
Pooja: Sir, It‟s just because my parents are here.
Interviewer: Okay…..tell me something about your mother?
Pooja: Sir, My mother is a housewife. She is very intelligent lady. She is a post graduate in Physics. She
cooks delicious food. She takes care of the family pretty well. She is a bit short tempered. She is just like my friend. I
can share anything with her. She always suggests me for my good. I love her a lot.
Interviewer: And what about your father?
Pooja: Sir, My father is nice person. He is very kind hearted. He loves my mom a lot. He works in a Private
Bank as a Manager. He is PhD in Physics. He runs a Trust as well, which is devoted to the poor and needy children. I
love my father a lot.
Interviewer: Your father and mother both are Physics‟ graduate, were they College mates?
Pooja: Yes sir, they were in the same college. My father liked my mom so they had love cum arrange
marriage.

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Interviewer: Didn‟t you like Physics?
Pooja: No sir.
Interviewer: What about your plans for further studies?
Pooja: Sir, I am pursuing MBA in HR through correspondence.
Interviewer: Do you think it can benefit you?

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Pooja: Sir, if I am working somewhere, I can internally apply for HR position.
Interviewer: Yes that‟s true. Alright Pooja, it was pleasure talking to you. Please wait outside for the feedback.

Renu: Good Morning Sir. May I come in?

Interviewer: Good Morning. Please come in. Have a seat.
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Interview – IV

Renu: Thank you sir.

Interviewer: You are Renu?
OI
Renu: Yes sir.
Interviewer: Can I have your Resume?
Renu: Here it is.
Interviewer: Thank you……………Renu, You have done MBA.
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Renu: Yes sir.

Interviewer: How can it benefit our organization?
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Renu: Sir, MBA is a field where communication skills and convincing skills are taught. Such
skills can certainly benefit the customer service department of your organization.
Interviewer: Yes it is. Renu, what do you know about BPOs?
Renu: Well sir, BPO stands for Business Process Outsourcing. When a company gives some
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part of its business to some other company, it is called outsourcing of business. For example, a
company XYZ doesn‟t want to handle their customer care department by their own due to not efficient
infrastructure for the same, they can outsource it to some other company, which is dealing
particularly in customer service. It saves their infrastructure cost and expertise requirement.
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Interviewer: Do you know the meaning of your name?

Renu: Sir, when my parents got married, it rained heavily. So they decided to name me
something similar to the word „rain‟.
Interviewer: It was extraordinary. (Laughs a bit)
Renu: (Smiles a bit)
Interviewer: Great. Okay Renu, if I hire you for outbound process where you have to call customers
and sell the product, will you be comfortable.
Renu: I‟ve no issues sir but one thing I would like to certainly highlight that my core interest
lies in inbound process where I need to speak with customers in polite and convincing manner. But it
all depends on your process requirement so I‟ve no problems working in either of the processes
because I‟ve to work and perform.
Interviewer: Fine Renu. By the way, what about your salary expectations with us?
Renu: Sir, I am a fresher so whatever is there as per the company norms.

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Interviewer: Great. Kindly wait outside for the feedback.
Renu: Alright sir. Thank you so much. It was pleasure talking to you.
Interviewer: Same here. Thank you.
Interview – V
Priya: May I come in sir?
Interviewer: Yes, Come in please. Have a seat. What‟s your good name?
Priya: Sir, My name is Priya.
Interviewer: Hello Priya. My name is Mojib Khan and I am working here as an HR executive. May I
have your introduction please?
Priya: Sir, I am Priya. I live in Dilshad Garden. I am a post graduate. My Father is in Army.
My mother is a teacher. I have two elder brothers. Both of them are working. My hobbies are watching
movies and listening to music.
Interviewer: How old are you?
Priya: Sir, I am 24.

OM
Interviewer: Great. Your mother is a teacher so didn‟t you apply for any teaching job?
Priya: I applied but I couldn‟t get through.
Interviewer: So what about BPO jobs? If you get an opportunity somewhere in teaching, then you
may leave us, right?
Priya: Not at all sir, if I get good working environment and growth opportunities on the basis

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of my performance, then obviously there is no point to switch the job.
Interviewer: But opportunities may take time.
Priya: Sir, I think if I perform extremely well, I can get promotion earlier than usual.

abuse you sometimes, will you be able to handle?

Priya:
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Interviewer: Your attitude is positive, no doubt. I like it. But in customer service, customers might

Sir, I know that. My friends are working in call centers. They have told me. I have no
issues with that.
Interviewer: Good. Okay, Say something about Delhi?
OI
Priya: Sir, Delhi is the capital of India. I like Delhi a lot as I have been living here since birth.
Delhi is a beautiful city. There are many monuments here such as the Qutub Minar, the Lal Qila etc.
There are so many places to see. But pollution has been one of the major issues here due to very high
population and vehicles being used. Still I love this city.
P

Interviewer: Priya, if I ask you to sign a 2-year bond with us, what would be your answer?
Priya: I‟ve no issues sir.
ER

Interviewer: Alright then, You sit outside and wait for the result, okay?
Priya: Alright sir. Thank you so much.
Interview – VI
Pankaj: May I come in ma‟am?
PP

Interviewer: Come in please. Have a seat. Your good name?

Pankaj: Ma‟am. My name is Pankaj Koli.
Interviewer: How are you doing Pankaj?
Pankaj: Ma‟am I am doing nothing.
TO

Interviewer: “How are you doing” means “How are you”

Pankaj: I am sorry ma‟am. I didn‟t know. I am fine ma‟am.
Interviewer: Are you a fresher?
Pankaj: Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer: Why do you want to join call center?
Pankaj: Ma‟am, I want to improve my English Speaking skills and also earn money so
that I can give some money to my parents.
Interviewer: Are you a graduate?
Pankaj: Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer: Can I have your resume?
Pankaj: take this.
Interviewer: Pankaj, never say “take this”, always say “here it is”. Okay. Both have the same
meaning but latter one is more polite and professional.
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Pankaj: okay ma‟am.
Interviewer: Where do you put up?
Pankaj: Ma‟am, Seemadwar.
Interviewer: How is the place?
Pankaj: Good.
Interviewer: Tell me something about Seemadwar?
Pankaj: Ma‟am, Seemadwar is a nice place. It is very clean area. There are many parks
there, where people in the morning and evening, sit and relax. Transport facility is available 24 hrs.
Interviewer: Pankaj, your grammar is good but the pronunciation is a major issue. You need
to improve your pronunciation and then try again. Okay. If you work harder on your pronunciation, it
can certainly be improved.
Pankaj: Ok ma‟am. I‟ll surely work on my pronunciation and then try again.
Interviewer: Good luck Pankaj. See you soon.

OM
Interview – VII
Puneet: May I come in Sir?
Interviewer: Please.
Puneet: May I Sit?
Interviewer: Sure. Have a seat. What is your good name?

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Puneet: Sir Puneet.
Interviewer: Do you know, what‟s the meaning of your name?
Puneet: I am sorry sir. I don‟t know.
Interviewer:
Puneet:
Interviewer:
No sir, I never asked.
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Didn‟t you ever ask your parents?

Don‟t be nervous. It‟s okay…….Anyways, Tell me something about yourself?

Puneet: Sir, My name is Puneet Sharma. I am 24 years old. I have done B.Tech from
MCCITE Engineering College in 2009. I am pursuing MBA through correspondence. I have got 3
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years experience working with international BPOs. I started off my career with Spectrastics. I worked
there as an executive for about 2 years, then I joined HHP and worked there for about 1 year. I love
playing cricket.
Interviewer: Which process were you in there in Spectrastics?
P

Puneet: Sir, I was in Altbank inbound process.

Interviewer: Why did you switch?
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Puneet: Sir, My family relocated from South Delhi to Noida. So it was quite time
consuming going from Noida to Gurgaon and moreover, the company wasn‟t providing cabs to Noida.
Hence, I had no choice but to leave.
Interviewer: What do you understand by customer service?
PP

Puneet: Sir, Customer service is all about assisting customers in the best way possible.
Interviewer: What is the role of communication in Customer Service?
Puneet: Well sir, Communication plays a vital role. For Example, Customer is irate and
annoyed by any service company offers. There comes the role of communication. We need to politely
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but confidently deal with the customer.

Interviewer: Now what is the reason of switching again from HHP to us?
Puneet: Sir, Company is in huge loss and hence, they have asked us to leave. I have no
other option but to switch.
Interviewer: I see. What do you know about our company HMTC BPO?
Puneet: Sir, HMTC BPO is a very good company as I‟ve heard it by many of my friends.
There are 3 friends of mine working out here and they are quite satisfied with the facilities provided.
One of my friends has been here for last 3 years, which proves that he is happy and satisfied.
Interviewer: That‟s great. What is your strength?
Puneet: Sir, my strength is my comfortability with rotational shifts and my convincing
skills, which can benefit the company.
Interviewer: That‟s great. Alright Puneet, now you wait outside for the feedback.
Puneet: Thank you sir.

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 Interview – VIII
Arun: May I come in sir?
Interviewer: Yes, Come in.
Arun: May I sit?
Interviewer: Yeah sure. How are you?
Arun: sir, I am fine and you?
Interviewer: I am good. Do we start?
Arun: Yes sir.
Interviewer: what is your name?
Arun: sir, Arun.
Interviewer: I see. tell me something about yourself including your family background?
Arun: Sir, My name is Arun. I belong to Delhi. I graduated from Delhi University in 2010.
We are five members in family. My father is in private job. My mother is a house wife. I‟ve a brother
and a sister. Both are younger to me and pursuing graduation from DU itself. My hobbies are playing

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guitar and reading books. That‟s it.
Interviewer: You have done BA or BSc?
Arun: Sir, I have done BA.
Interviewer: Which was your favorite subject?
Arun: History.

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Interviewer: Can you tell me the name of Ashoka‟s father?
Arun: Sir, I can‟t remember now. Actually it‟s been three years having done graduation so
don‟t remember much. I think it was Bindusar.
Interviewer: Are you confident?
Arun: Not so sure.
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Interviewer: It‟s ok. Anyways, do you have any idea what a call center is?
Arun: Sir, Call center is a place where calls are either received or made. There are two types of
processes; inbound and outbound. In inbound, we receive a call from customers and in outbound, we
OI
make a call to them.
Interviewer: Why do we call customers in outbound processes?
Arun: Sir, It may be for selling our products or for a survey purpose.
Interviewer: And in inbound?
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Arun: Sir, we have to handle customer queries in inbound. We have to provide good customer
service to the customer.
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Interviewer: Do you have any work experience?

Arun: No sir, I am a fresher.
Interviewer: Did you ever try for government jobs?
Arun: Yes sir, I did. I had written the test for Railways and Indian Navy but I couldn‟t get
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through.
Interviewer: Do you think call center is a good career option?
Arun: Yes sir. Call center industry is a booming industry. Call centers are providing good
salary package, facilities like meals, transport and all. So I think I can grow here.
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Interviewer: Can you tell me a disadvantage of working in call centers?

Arun: Shifts are rotational.
Interviewer: But you got to manage!
Arun: yes sir, I know. It‟s not a problem sir. When I thought to apply in call centers, I
convinced myself. I truly believe that one has to sacrifice some or the other thing to achieve something
better. And moreover, every job has some pros and cons. I am quite comfortable with shifts.
Interviewer: I like your attitude. See, 5 years ago even I had joined here as an executive like you. So
growth opportunities are certainly there, but you got to perform.
Arun: Yes sir.
Interviewer: Well, I think you can do a good job. By the way, where do you stay?
Arun: Sir, I live in Dilshad Colony.
Interviewer: Oh, that‟s the problem. We don‟t provide cabs in East Delhi.
Arun: Sir, Do you provide in South Delhi?

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Interviewer: Yes we do.
Arun: Sir, I can relocate as my friend is living there. I can share his room.
Interviewer: That‟s great. Ok Arun, so now you wait outside for the feedback.
Arun: Thank you so much sir. Nice talking to you.
Interviewer: Same here.
Arun: Thank You sir.
Interview – IX
Arpit: May I come in Sir?
Interviewer: Come in.
Arpit: Good Afternoon sir.
Interviewer: Very good afternoon. Have a seat. What is your good name?
Arpit: Sir Arpit.
Interviewer: It‟s a good name.
Arpit: Thank you sir.

OM
Interviewer: Arpit, how old are you?
Arpit: sir, I am 19.
Interviewer: pretty young…….Anyways, tell me something about yourself young guy?
Arpit: Sir, My name is Arpit Chauhan. I am a graduate.I have got 6 months of work
experience working with a private company. My hobby is playing cricket.

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Interviewer: How long is the cricket pitch?
Arpit: Sir, it is 22 yards.
Interviewer: That‟s great. Can you tell me about the position of Gully, cover, extra cover etc?
Arpit: Sir, not much idea of it.
NT
Interviewer: Let me tell you one thing, if you are not sure about something; don‟t ever raise that
topic in an interview. You are a young guy and probably quite new to interviews. Correct?
Arpit: Yes sir.
Interviewer: So be cautious from the next time, okay. Anyways, let‟s discuss about something
OI
else……..What do you understand by customer service?
Arpit: Sir, Customer service is, where you have to handle the customer with care, provide
correct information and if the customer turns irate on the call, you have to deal patiently.
Interviewer: If the customer keeps abusing you, then?
P

Arpit: Well sir, Customer is just like God for business. So if he abuses, we have to politely deal.
Interviewer: Ok, We are going to play extempore now. I‟ll give you words on which you‟ll have to
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speak. You can‟t stop speaking unless I provide you another word. Keep speaking anything that comes
in your mind but not to stop, okay?
Arpit: Ok sir. I‟ll try my best.
Interviewer: Here we start. Black….
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Arpit : Sir, Black is my favorite color. I love to wear black clothes, particularly formal dresses
in black color. I like black color mobile, black cars and almost everything I want to have is of black
color. Black is a royal color. Black color is….
Interviewer: Mobile….
TO

Arpit: Sir, Mobile is the necessity of today‟s fast life. Mobile is not only used for calling but also
for entertainment. People are opting android & windows mobiles now as they are getting cheaper day
by day due to competition among companies. These mobiles are having facilities like music, video,
games and lot many other things. Mobile technology is…….
Interviewer: Games….
Arpit: Games are so many but my favorite is cricket. I love playing cricket with my friends. I
bat well. I have received plenty of awards in batting such as 50 runs in just 12 balls, fastest hundred
in my college, 50s in 3 consecutive matches etc . I am the captain of my team. I have been playing
since I was in 6th standard…..
Interviewer: Water…..
Arpit: Water is the most important part of our life. We can‟t live without water as there is no
life if there is no water….
Interviewer: alright, that‟s it now. It was good Arpit.

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Arpit: Thank you sir.
Interviewer: Arpit, I have not much to ask you now. You can go and wait outside for the result.
Arpit: Ok sir. Thank you sir.

Interview – X
Saleem: May I come in ma‟am?
Interviewer: Come in. You are Mr Saleem, right?
Saleem: Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer: Saleem, please have a seat.
Saleem: Thank you.
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself?
Saleem: Ma‟am, My name is Saleem. I belong to UP. I have passed B.Com. I am a fresher.
My father is an Army officer, my mother is a housewife. I‟ve two sisters. Both are studying. My hobby
is reading and playing chess.

OM
Interviewer: What kind of books do you read?
Saleem: I prefer reading novels.
Interviewer: Don‟t you feel, novels are boring?
Saleem: Ma‟am, most of the people find it boring but when you picturize the story in your
mind and imagine yourself being the part of it, it starts being interesting. Initially when I started

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reading novels, the same happened with me. Now I really feel reading a novel in spare time.
Interviewer: Explanation is elegant. I‟ll try someday. Saleem, Tell me one strength and one
weakness of yours?
Saleem: NT
Ma‟am, My strength is my dedication towards my responsibilities. And my
weakness is that I don‟t have good computer skills but I am working on my weakness. I have joined
computer coaching in an institute.
Interviewer: How dedicated are you?
Saleem: Ma‟am, Whatever the responsibility I am given by my parents, I try to finish as
OI
soon as possible so that there is no delay in my part. Even in school days, whatever the task I received
from my teachers, I always finished before the dead line. I rarely delayed.
Interviewer: Okay……Saleem, give me reasons to hire you?
Saleem: Ma‟am, My dedication towards work and positive attitude against adverse
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circumstances make me productive for a company. I am keen to become a key player of my company
in terms of performance and I am confident that I‟ll live up to your expectations.
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Interviewer: Saleem, I love to hear that but saying is not enough, you must apply or else it‟s
just like castles in the air, you see.
Saleem: I agree to you.
Interviewer: Anyways, it was pleasure meeting you. Wait outside for the feedback.
PP

Saleem: Same here Ma‟am. Thank you.

Interview – XI
Phone Rings……..Priya picks up the phone….
TO

Interviewer: Hello, Is this Priya?

Priya: Yes this is. Who is this?
Interviewer: Hi Priya, My name is Sadhvi. I am from the HR department of Intellicon BPO. It‟s a
telephonic interview round. Is it convenient time to talk to you?
Priya: Yes ma‟am.
Interviewer: Priya, Introduce yourself?
Priya: Ma‟am, My name is Priya Khanna. I live in Noida Sec-11. I am a graduate. I graduated
in 2010. I am a fresher. In my family, My father is a govt. employee, my mother is a housewife and my
elder brother is a businessman. My hobby is cooking.
Interviewer: Priya, tell me something about your brother?
Priya: Ma‟am, My brother‟s name is Rahul. He is 28 years old. He did B.Tech in Mechanical
Engineering and then started his own business of making punching machine for batteries. He loves

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me a lot. We have very good bonding. He is a good son, a good brother as well as a good husband. He
has two children.
Interviewer: What do you understand by “Success”?
Priya: Ma‟am I think Success means the attainment of ultimate objectives. When you target
something and you accomplish that, you feel satisfied. That satisfaction is called “Success”.
Interviewer: Priya, Do you know about our company?
Priya: Ma‟am, to be honest with you I don‟t have much idea. I‟ve just heard that your company
deals in UK outbound sales process.
Interviewer: Where do you stay?
Priya: Ma‟am, I live in Laxmi Nagar.
Interviewer: Priya, we are based in Gurgaon. We have 3 sales processes; two are UK and one is US
process. We have an inbound process as well but right now, the hiring is only for outbound. Are you
comfortable in outbound sales?
Priya: Yes ma‟am, I‟ve no problems at all. I can work in any campaign at all.

OM
Interviewer: Ok then Priya…..Now you may receive a call for second round anytime within an hour.
Good Luck.
Priya: Thank you so much ma‟am.

Interview – XII

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Sarita: May I come in ma‟am?
Interviewer: Come in please.
Sarita: Thank you ma‟am.
Interviewer: Please have a seat.
Sarita: Thank you.
NT
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself?
Sarita: Ma‟am, My name is Sarita. I live in Dilshad Colony. I am a Graduation in Social work.
My father is a bank manager, my mother is a teacher. I‟ve two brothers. Both are working. My hobby
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is watching movies.
Interviewer: Sarita, which is your favorite movie?
Sarita: Titanic.
Interviewer: Can you narrate the story?
P

Sarita: Yes ma‟am. Titanic is an Oscar winning movie. “Titanic” is the name of a ship, which
was sunk in Atlantic Ocean in 1912, which ended the love story of Jack and Rose. They met on the
ER

ship and fell in love with each other. Jack was an ordinary guy and Rose was very rich. Story roams
around their love. At the end, Jack sacrifices his life to save his love and Rose was among those few
who were saved. Story might sound simple but the way they devoted their emotions to each other was
extraordinary. Leonardo di caprio played the role of “Jack” and Kate winslet the role of “Rose”. I
PP

lovedthe movie.
Interviewer: I have not watched the movie but the story sounds interesting. I must watch it.
Sarita: Yes ma‟am. It is a nice movie. I think you will love it.
Interviewer: Sarita, what do you know about call centers?
TO

Sarita: Ma‟am Call center is a centralized station where the customer calls are received to
resolve their queries or the calls are made for selling purpose or some sort of survey.
Interviewer: Do you think you will be comfortable working with a call center?
Sarita: Yes ma‟am I think so.
Interviewer: Are you comfortable with rotational shifts?
Sarita: No problem.
Interviewer: If I say, you will have to work without salary for first 3 months, will that be okay?
Sarita: Well ma‟am, considering my need of money, it would be difficult for me to survive;
however, if this is as per the company policy, then I‟ll have to manage somehow.
Interviewer: Your response is elegant. Nice talking to you. Please wait outside for the feedback.
Sarita: Thank you so much ma‟am.

381
 English – Hindi Dictionary (vaxzst+h & fgUnh “kCndks”k)
This dictionary contains most of the common words used in daily conversations. Meaning as well as the Pronunciation
of each word is written alongwith an abbreviation inside the bracket; indicating the “parts of speech” it belongs to.

(n.) – Noun, (pron.) – Pronoun, (vt.) – Transitive Verb, (vi.) – Intransitive Verb, (vti.) – Transitive as well as
Intransitive Verb, (adj.) – Adjective, (adv.) – Adverb, (det.) – Determiner, (conj.) – Conjunction, (prep.) –
Preposition etc.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs????
Transitive Verbs: Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action.
Examples: 1) He moved the chair. 2) He hit Rahul.
In the 1st sentence, the object „chair‟ received the action of the verb „move‟. Similarly, in the 2nd sentence, the object
„Rahul‟ received the action of the verb „hit‟

Intransitive Verbs: Intransitive verbs are action verbs that do not have an object to receive that action.

OM
Examples: 1) Dad smiled. 2) Ayansh was weeping.
In above sentences, there are no objects receiving the action of the verb „smile‟ & „weep‟.

Have you any queries regarding the meaning or pronunciation or „parts of speech‟ identification?
Feel free to mail us at [email protected], we are happy to help you.

.C
A Access-(n.) & ¼,sDlsl½ & igq¡p Admission-(n.) & ¼,sMfe‛ku½ & izo‛s k
Abandon-(vt.) & ¼vcSUMu½ & R;kx nsuk] Accident-(n.) & ¼,sfDlMsVa ½ & nq?kZVuk Adult- (adj.) & ¼,sMYV½ & ckfyx
NksM+ nsuk Accord-(n.) & ¼vdkWMZ½ & feyki
NT Adulterate-(vt.) & ¼,sMYVjsV½ & feykoV
Abate-(vt.) & ¼vcsV½ & de djuk] ?kVuk Acclaim-(vi.) & ¼vDyse½ & t; t;dkj djuk
Abate-(vi.) & ¼vcsV½ & de gksuk] ?kVkuk djuk Advantage- (n.) & ¼,MokUVst½ & Qk;nk
Abbreviate-(vt.) & ¼,czhfo,V½ & la{ksi Accomplice-(n.) & ¼vdfEIyl½ & vijk/k Adventure-(n.) & ¼,MoSUpj½ & lkgfld
djuk] NksVk djuk esa lkFkh dke
Abbreviation-(n.) & ¼,czhfo,‛ku½ & Accomplish-(vt.) & ¼vdfEIy‛k½ & iwjk Adventure-(vt.) & ¼,MoSUpj½ & lkgl
OI
y?kq#i djuk djuk
Abdomen-(n.) & ¼,scMksesu½ & isV] mnj According-(adj.) & ¼vdkWfMZax½ & ds Adversary-(n.) & ¼,sMolZjh½ & ‚k«kq
Abduct-(vi.) & ¼,scMDV½ & Hkxk ys tkuk vuqlkj Adverse-(adj.) & ¼,sMolZ½ & izfrdwy
Accurate-(n.) & ¼,sD;wjsV½ & fcYdqy lgh
P

Abhor-(vt.) & ¼vHkksj½ & uQjr djuk Adversity-(n.) & ¼,sMoflZVh½ & foifÙk
Abide-(vi.) & ¼vckbM½ & ikyu djuk Accuracy-(n.) & ¼,sD;wjslh½ & ‚kq)rk Advertise-(vt.) & ¼,sMoVkZbt+½ & foKkiu
Ability-(n.) & ¼,chfyVh½ & {kerk Accuse-(vt.) & ¼vD;wt+½ & nks’kkjksi.k djuk nsuk
ER

Able-(adj.) & ¼,cy½ & ;ksX; Achieve-(vt.) & ¼vpho½ & ikuk Advertisement-(n.) & ¼,MoVhZt+eVsa ½ &
Abnormal-(n.) & ¼,CukWeZy½ & vlkekU;] Achievement-(n.) &¼vphoesVa ½ & miyfC/k foKkiu
vlk/kkj.k Acquire-(vt.) & ¼,sDok;j½ & vf/kdkj esa Advice-(n.) & ¼,Mokbl½ & lykg
Abode-(n.) & ¼vcksM½ & ?kj] edku] Msjk dj ysuk Advise-(vt.) & ¼,Mokbt+½ & lykg nsuk
PP

Abolish-(vt.) & ¼vckWfy‛k½ & uk‛k djuk Acquisition- (n.) & ¼,sDohft+‛ku½ & izkfIr Afar-(adv.) & ¼vQkj½ & nwj
Abortion-(n.) & ¼,ckW‛kZu½ & xHkZikr Activity-(n.) & ¼,sfDVfoVh½ & fØ;k‛khyrk Affection-(n.) & ¼vQsD‛ku½ & izes
Abrupt-(n.) & ¼,scIz V½ & vpkud Actor-(n.) & ¼,sDVj½ & vfHkusrk Afford-(vt.) & ¼vQksMZ½ & [kpZ dj lduk
Absence-(n.) & ¼,sclsUl½ & vuqifLFkfr Actress-(n.) & ¼,sDVªSl½ & vfHkus=h Afraid- (adj.) & ¼vÝsM½ & Mjk gqvk
Absent-(n.) & ¼,sclsUV½ & vuqifLFkr Acute-(adj.) & ¼vD;wV½ & prqj Aged-(n.) & ¼,tsM½ & o`)
TO

Absolute-(adj.) & ¼,scLY;wV½ & Lora=] Adamant-(adj.) & ¼,sMkesUV½ & vVy Agitate- (vt.) & ¼,sftVsV½ & vkanksyu djuk
ije Adapt-(vt.) & ¼vMSIV½ & Bhd djuk] Agitation-(n.) & ¼,sftVs‛ku½ & vkanksyu
Absolutely-(adv.) & ¼,scLY;wVyh½ & mi;qDr cukuk Ago-(adv.) & ¼vxks½ & iwoZ
fcYdqy] iwjh rjg Add-(vti.) & ¼,sM½ & tksM+uk] tqVkuk Agree-(vi.) & ¼vxzh½ & lger gksuk
Absorb-(vt.) & ¼,Ct+kWcZ½ & lks[kuk Addict-(vt.) & ¼,sfMDV½ & vknr Mkyuk Agreement-(n.) & ¼vxzhesaV½ & le>kSrk
Abstract-(n.) & ¼,ClVªSDV½ & lkjka‛k Address-(n.) & ¼,sMªl½ & irk Agriculture-(n.) & ¼,sxzhdYpj½ & d`f’k]
Absurd-(n.) & ¼,ct+MZ½ & csgqnk Address-(vt.) & ¼vMªSl½ & fuosnu djuk] [ksrh
Abuse-(vt.) & ¼vC;wt+½ & xkyh nsuk] ikyu O;k[;ku nsuk Ahead-(adv.) & ¼vgSM½ & vkxs
u djuk Adept-(adj.) & ¼vMSIV½ & fuiq.k Aid-(n.) & ¼,M½ & lgk;rk
Accelerate-(vt.) & ¼,fDlyjsV½ & xfr Adequate-(adj.) & ¼,sfMDosV½ & i;kZIr] Aid-(vt.) & ¼,M½ & lgk;rk djuk
c<+kuk dkQh Ail-(n.) & ¼,y½ & chekjh] nq[k
Accept-(vt.) & ¼,DlSIV½ & Lohdkj djuk Adhere-(vi.) & ¼vM~fg;j½ & fpiduk Ail-(vt.) & ¼,y½ & nq[k nsuk
Acceptance-(n.) & ¼,DlSIVsUl½ & Lohd`fr Admire- (vt.) & ¼,sMek;j½ & iz‛kalk djuk Ail-(vi.) & ¼,y½ & nq[k gksuk
382
Ailment-(n.) & ¼,yesUV½ & chekjh Annoy-(vt.) & ¼vukW;½ & lrkuk] nq[k Astonish-(vt.) & ¼,sLVksfu‛k½ & apfdr djuk
Aim-(n.) & ¼,e½ & y{; igq¡pkuk Athlete- (n.) & ¼,sFkyhV½ & af[kykM+h
Air-(n.) & ¼,vj½ & gok Anonymous-(adj.) & ¼,ukWfuel½ & csuke Attachment- (n.) & ¼vVSpesaV½ & acU/ku
Airport-(n.) & ¼,vjiksVZ½ & gokbZ vM~Mk Anticipate-(vt.) & ¼,fUVflisV½ & igys ls Attack-(vt.) & ¼vVSd½ & avkdze.k djuk
Airy-(adj.) & ¼,vjh½ & goknkj gh lksp ysuk Attain-(vt.) & ¼vVsu½ & aikz Ir djuk
Ajar-(adv.) & ¼vtkj½ & v/k[kqyk Antique-(n.) & ¼,sUVhd½ & aikz phu] vuks[kk Attention- (n.) & ¼vVSU‛ku½ & a/;ku
Alcohol-(n.) & ¼,sydksgy½ & efnjk Antonym-(n.) & ¼,sUVksfue½ & foykse vFkZ Attest-(vt.) & ¼vVSLV½ & aiez kf.kr djuk
Alien-(n.) & ¼,fy;u½ & fons‛kh] xSj Anxiety-(n.) & ¼,sXa t+kbVh½ & afpUrk] lksp Attire-(n.) & ¼vVk;j½ & igukok
Alike-(n.) & ¼vykbd½ &,d tSlk Anxious-(adj.) & ¼,sXa ‛kl½ & afpfUrr] cSpsu Attire-(vt.) & ¼vVk;j½ & oL«k igukuk
Alive-(n.) & ¼vykbo½ & thfor Apology-(n.) & ¼vikWyksth½ & a{kek Attitude-(n.) & ¼,sVhV~;wM½ & joS;k
Allegation-(n.) & ¼,sfyxs‛ku½ & vkjksi Apostrophe-(n.) & ¼vikWLVªkQh½ & alEcU/k Attract-(vt.) & ¼vVªDS V½ & vkdf’kZr djuk
Alliance-(n.) & ¼vyk;Ul½ & laf/k dk fpUg Auction-(n.) & ¼vkWD‛ku½ & auhykeh
Allocate-(vt.) & ¼,sydsV½ & ck¡Vuk Appeal-(vi.) & ¼vihy½ & vihy djuk Audience-(n.) & ¼vkWfM;Ul½ & Jksrkx.k
Allow-(vt.) & ¼vyko½ & vkKk nsuk Appear-(vi.) & ¼vih;j½ & fn[kkbZ iM+uk Authentic- (n.) & ¼vkWFksfUVd½ & vlyh
Appetite-(n.) & ¼,siVs kbV½ & aHkw[k

OM
Allure-(vt.) & ¼,sY;ksj½ & yypkuk] eksfgr Authority-(n.) & ¼vFkkWfjVh½ & vf/kdkj
djuk Appetizer-(n.) & ¼,siVs kbt+j½ & aHkw[k c<+kus Authorize- (vt.) & ¼vkWFkjkbt+½ & vf/kdkj
Almighty-(n.) & ¼vYekbVh½ & loZZ‛kfDreku okyk nsuk
Almond-(n.) & ¼vkeUM½ & cknke Applaud-(vt.) & ¼vIykWM½ & arkyh ctkdj Autobiography-(n.) & ¼vkWVksck;ksxzQh½ &
iz‛kalk djuk vkRedFkk
Almost-(adv.) & ¼vkWYeksLV½ & yxHkx
Apposite-(n.) & ¼viksft+V½ & vuqdwy Autumn-(n.) & ¼vkWVe½ & ir÷kM+
Alone-(adv.) & ¼vyksu½ & vdsyk

.C
Appreciate-(vt.) & ¼vizhf‛k,V½ & ljkguk Avoid-(vt.) & ¼vokWbM½ & cpuk
Aloof-(adv.) & ¼vywQ½ & i`Fkd] vyx
djuk
Alphabet-(n.) & ¼,sYQkcsV½ & o.kZekyk Awake-(vt.) & ¼vosd½ & txkuk
Approach- (vt.) & ¼vizksp½ & afudV tkuk]
Already-(adv.) & ¼vkYjsMh½ & igys ls gh Awake-(vi.) & ¼vosd½ & tkxuk
Alter-(n.) & ¼vkWYVj½ & osnh
Alter-(vt.) & ¼vkWYVj½ & cny nsuk
Alter-(vi.) & ¼vkWYVj½ & cny tkuk
ikl tkuk

ikl vkuk
NT
Approach- (vi.) & ¼vizksp½ & afudV vkuk]
Aware-(n.) & ¼vos;j½ & lko/kku] lpsr
Awe-(n.) & ¼vkW½ & /kkd
Awe-(vt.) & ¼vkW½ & Mjkuk
Appropriate-(adj.) & ¼vizksfiz,V½ & mfpr
Alternative-(n.) & ¼vkYVusZfVo½ & fodYi Apt-(n.) & ¼,sIV½ & mi;qDr Awful-(adj.) & ¼vkWQy½ & Mjkouk
Although-(conj.) & ¼vkWYnks½ & ;|fi] Awkward-(adj.) & ¼vkWdoMZ½ & vViVk]
OI
Argue-(n.) & ¼vkX;w½Z & ardZ djuk
gkyk¡fd vthc
Around-(n.) & ¼vjkm.M½ & apkjksa vksj
Altitude-(n.) & ¼,sfYVV~;wM½ & Å¡pkbZ B
Arrange-(n.) & ¼vjsUt½ & rS;kjh djuk
Altogether-(adv.) & ¼vkWYVqxns j½ & iwjh Baby-(n.) & ¼csch½ & cPpk
Arrest-(n.) & ¼vjSLV½ & fxj¶rkjh
rjg Bachelor-(n.) & ¼cSpyj½ & vfookfgr
P

Arrest-(vt.) & ¼vjSLV½ & fxj¶rkj djuk

Always-(n.) & ¼vkWYost+½ & ges‛kk Back-(n.) & ¼cSd½ & ihNs] ihB
Arrive-(vt.) & ¼vjkbo½ & aigq¡puk
Amateur-(n.) & ¼,sepj ;k vespj½ & Back-(adv.) & ¼cSd½ & okfil] mYVk] cnys
ER

Arrogant-(n.) & ¼,sjxsUV½ & a?ke.Mh

‚kkSfd;k esa
Arrow-(n.) & ¼,sjks½ & ck.k Backbite-(vi.) & ¼cSdckbV½ & ihB ihNs
Amaze-(vt.) & ¼vest+½ & pfdr djuk
Art-(n.) & ¼vkVZ½ & adyk pqxyh djuk
Amazing-(adj.) & ¼vesftax+½ & tcjnLr
Articulate-(vt.) & ¼vkfVZdqysV½ & lkQ Backbone-(n.) & ¼cSdcksu½ & jh<+ dh
Ambiguous-(adj.) & ¼,sEchX;wvl½ &
cksyuk gM~Mh
vLi’V
PP

Artisan-(n.) & ¼vkfVZt+u½ & af‛kYidkj Badge-(n.) & ¼cSt½ & fof‛k’V fpUg
Ambition-(n.) & ¼,sfEc‛ku½ & egRokdka{kk
Ascend – (vt.) & ¼vls.M½ & ap<+uk] c<+uk Bake-(vt.) & ¼csd½ & lsaduk] idkuk
Ambitious-(adj.) & ¼,sfEc‛kl½ &
egRokdka{kh Ascertain- (vt.) & ¼vlVsuZ ½ & afuf‛pr Balcony-(n.) & ¼cSyduh½ & NTtk
djuk Bale-(n.) & ¼csy½ & xBjh] iksVyh
Amiable-(adj.) & ¼,fe,cy½ & fiz;
TO

Ashes- (n.) & ¼,s‛kt+½ & jk[k

Amicable-(adj.) & ¼,fedscy½ & fe«krkiw.kZ Bald-(adj.) & ¼ckWYM½ & xatk
Aside-(adv.) & ¼vlkbM½ & ,d rjQ]
Ample- (n.) & ¼,sEiy½ & izpqj] fo‛kky Balm-(n.) & ¼cke½ & ejge
,dkUr esa
Amuse-(vt.) & ¼,sE;wt+½ & vkufUnr djuk] Ban-(n.) & ¼cSu½ & fu’ks/k
Asleep-(adj.) & ¼vLyhi½ & lks;k gqvk
eu cgykuk Bandage-(n.) & ¼cS.Mst½ & ?kko cka/kus dh
Assassin-(n.) & ¼vlSflu½ & agR;kjk
Ancient-(n.) & ¼,fU‛k,UV½ & izkphu iV~Vh
Assassination-(n.) & ¼vlSflus‛ku½ & agR;k
Angel-(n.) & ¼,aty½ & Qfj‛rk Bandit-(n.) & ¼cSfUMV½ & Mkdw
Assemble-(vt.) & ¼vlSEcy½ & ,d«k djuk Bankrupt-(n.) & ¼cSaØIV½ & fnokfy;k
Angle-(n.) & ¼,sx
a y½ & dks.k
Assemble-(vi.) & ¼vlSEcy½ & ,d«k gksuk
Angry-(adj.) & ¼,sxa hz ½ & Øks/kh Barbarous-(adj.) & ¼ckj~cjl½ & taxyh]
Assign-(vt.) & ¼vlkbu½ & fu;qDr djuk vlH;
Anguish-(n.) & ¼,sfa Xo‛k½ & nq[k] ihM+k] ‚kksd
Assist-(vti.) & ¼vflLV½ & algk;rk djuk] Barber-(n.) & ¼ ckjcj½ &ukbZ
Anniversary-(n.) & ¼,sfuolZjh½ &
lgk;rk ikuk Bare-(adj.) & ¼csvj½ & uaxk
aokf’kZdksRlo
Assume-(n.) & ¼vT+;we½ & adYiuk djuk]
Announce-(vt.) & ¼vukmUl½ & a?kks’k.kk Barefoot-(adj.) & ¼csvjQqV½ & uaxk
ekuk
djuk Bargain-(vti.) & ¼ckjxsu½ & eksyHkko djuk
Assumption-(n.) & ¼,st+EI‛ku½ & adYiuk
383
Basic-(adj.) & ¼csfld½ & vk/kkjHkwr] ewy Boycott- (vt.) & ¼ck;dkWV½ & cfg’dkj Categorical-(adj.) & ¼dSVsxkWfjdy½ &
Bath-(n.) & ¼ckFk½ & Luku djuk Li’V] lh/kk
Bathe -(vti.) & ¼csn½ & ugkuk] ugykuk Brain-(n.) & ¼czsu½ &efLr’d Categorically-(adv.) & ¼dSVsxkWfjdyh½ &
Battle-(n.) & ¼cSVy½ & yM+kbZ Brake-(n.) & ¼csd z ½ & xfr jks/kd Li’V #i ls
Beach-(n.) & ¼chp½ & >hy ;k leqanz dk Brave-(adj.) & ¼czso½ & ohj Category-(n.) & ¼dSVsxjh½ & oxZ] Js.kh
fdukjk Bravery-(n.) & ¼czsojh½ & ohjrk Cater-(vt.) & ¼dsVj½ & f[kykuk] Hkkstu dk
Beak-(n.) & ¼chd½ & pksp a Breathe-(vti.) & ¼czhn½ & lk¡l ysuk izcU/k djuk
Bear- (n.) & ¼csvj½ & Hkkyw Bribe-(n.) & ¼czkbc½ & fj‛or Cause-(n.) & ¼dkWt+½ & dkj.k
Bear- (vti.) & ¼cs;j½ & lguk Brick-(n.) & ¼fczd½ &bZaV Caution-(n.) & ¼dkW‛ku½ & lko/kkuh
Beard-(n.) & ¼fc;MZ½ & nk<+h Bride- (n.) & ¼czkbM½ & nqYgu Cautious-(adj.) & ¼dkW‛kl½ & lko/kku
Beast-(n.) & ¼chLV½ & pkSik;k] i‛kq Brilliant-(adj.) & ¼fczfy;aV½ & cqf)eku Cave-(n.) & ¼dso½ & xqQk
Bee-(n.) & ¼ch½ & e/kqeD[kh Bring- (vt.) & ¼fcax z ½ & ykuk] ys tkuk Celebrate-(vt.) & ¼lsfyCkzsV½ & mRlo
Beef-(n.) & ¼chQ½ & xk; dk ekal Brother- (n.) & ¼cznj½ & ÒkbZ eukuk
Beer-(n.) & ¼fc;j ;k ch;j½ & tkS dh efnjk Brutal-(adj.) & ¼czwVy½ & funZ;h Celebration-(n.) & ¼lsfyCkzs‛ku½ & mRlo
Censor-(n.) & ¼lSUlj½ & nks’k fujh{kd

OM
Before-(adv.) & ¼fcQksj½ & igys Build-(vt.) & ¼fcYM½ & fuekZ.k djuk
Beforehand-(n.) & ¼fcQksjgSUM½ &le; ls Burn-(vti.) & ¼cuZ½ &tykuk] tyuk Censure-(n.) & ¼lSUlj½ & nks’k] dyad
igys Busy- (adj.) & ¼fcth½ & O;Lr Censure-(vt.) & ¼lSUlj½ & nks’k yxkuk]
Beg-(vti.) & ¼csx½ & Hkh[k ek¡xuk] izkFkZuk dyad yxkuk
Buzz- (vi.) & ¼ct+½ & fHkufHkukuk
djuk Century-(n.) & ¼lsUpqjh½ & lkS o’kZ] ‚krkCnh
C
Beggar-(n.) & ¼cSxj½ &fHk[kkjh Cab-(n.) & ¼dSc½ & xkM+h] VSDlh Cereal-(n.) & ¼flfj;y½ & vUu] vukt

.C
Begin-(vt.) & ¼fcfxu½ & izkjEHk djuk Cabbage-(n.) & ¼dScst½ & cUnxksHkh Ceremony-(n.) & ¼lsjseuh½ & /kkfeZd
Behave-(vt.) & ¼fcgso½ & O;ogkj djuk mRlo
Cage-(n.) & ¼dst½ &fiatM+k
Behavior-(n.) & ¼fcgsfo;j½ & O;ogkj Certain-(adj.) & ¼lVsuZ ½ & fuf‛pr
Cage-(vt.) & ¼dst½ &fiatM+s esa cUn djuk
NT
Behead-(vt.) & ¼fcgSM½ & flj dkVuk Certain-(det.) & ¼lVsuZ ½ & dksbZ ,d
Calamity-(n.) & ¼dySfeVh½ & foink
Behind-(prep.) & ¼fcgkbUM½ &ihNs Certainly-(adv.) & ¼lVsUZ yh½ & cs‛kd]
Calibre-(n.) & ¼dSfycj½ & ekufld ‚kfDr fuf‛pr gh
Behold-(vt.) & ¼fcgksYM½ & /;ku ls ns[kuk Callous-(adj.) & ¼dSykWl½ & dBksj] funZ;h Certainty-(n.) & ¼lVsUZ Vh½ & fuf‛prrk
Belief-(n.) & ¼fcyhQ½ &fo‛okl Calm-(adj.) & ¼dke½ & ‚kkUr Certify-(vt.) & ¼lVhZZQkbZ½ & izekf.kr djuk
Believe-(vt.) & ¼fcyho½ &fo‛okl djuk Calmly-(adv.) & ¼dkeyh½ & ‚kkfUriwod Z
OI
Challenge-(vt.) & ¼pSysUt½ & yydkjuk
Believe-(vi.) & ¼fcyho½ &fo‛okl j[kuk Calmness-(n.) & ¼dkeusl½ & ‚kkfUriw.kZrk Chance-(n.) & ¼pkUl½ & ekSdk
Beneficial-(adj.) & ¼cSfufQf‛k;y½ & Camel-(n.) & ¼dSey½ & Å¡V
ykHknk;d Change-(n.) & ¼psUt½ & cnyko] [kqys iSls
Canal-(n.) & ¼dSuy½ & ugj Change-(vi.) & ¼psUt½ & cny tkuk
Benefit-(n.) & ¼cSusfQV½ & ykÒ
P

Cancel-(vt.) & ¼dSUly½ & dkVuk] jn~n Change-(vt.) & ¼psUt½ & cny nsuk
Benign-(adj.) & ¼fcukbu½ & n;kyq djuk
Betray-(vt.) & ¼fcVªs½ & fo‛okl?kkr djuk Chaos-(n.) & ¼dsvksl½ & xM+cM+h] vLr
Candid-(adj.) & ¼dSfUMM½ & lPpk] [kjk
ER

O;Lr
Beware-(vi.) & ¼fcos;j½ & lko/kku gksuk Cannon-(n.) & ¼dSuu½ &rksi Character-(n.) & ¼dSjsDVj½ & pfj=
Biography-(n.) & ¼ck;ksxzQh½ & thouh Canon-(n.) & ¼dSuu½ & fu;e Characteristic-(n.) & ¼dSjsDVfjfLVd½ &
Birth-(n.) & ¼cFkZ½ & tUe Capability-(n.) & ¼dsisfCkfyVh½ & ;ksX;rk fo‛ks’krk] xq.k
Birthright-(n.) & ¼cFkZjkbV½ & tUefl) Capable-(adj.) & ¼dsisCky½ & ;ksX; Cheat-(vt.) & ¼phV½ & /kks[kk nsuk
vf/kdkj
PP

Capacity-(n.) & ¼diSflVh½ & ‚kfDr] Cheer-(n.) & ¼fp;j½ & izlUu
Bit-(n.) & ¼fcV½ & VqdMk] FkksM+k lk foLrkj] lkeF;Z Cheer-(vt.) & ¼fp;j½ & izlUu djuk
Bite-(vt.) & ¼ckbV½ & nk¡r ls dkVuk Capital-(n.) & ¼dSfiVy½ & iw¡wth] jkt/kkuh Cheerful-(n.) & ¼fp;jQqy½ & izlUufpÙk
Bitter-(adj.) & ¼fcVj½ & dM+ok Capital-(adj.) & ¼dSfiVy½ & iz/kku] eq[; Cheese-(n.) & ¼pht+½ & iuhj] pht+
Blame-(vt.) & ¼Cyse½ &nks’k yxkuk] nks’k] Capitalist-(n.) & ¼dSfiVfyLV½ & iw¡wthifr]
TO

vijk/k Chew-(vt.) & ¼P;w½ & pckuk

lkgwdkj
Blanket-(n.) & ¼CySadsV½ &dEcy Chick-(n.) & ¼fPkd½ & eqxhZ dk cPpk
Captive-(n.) & ¼dSfIVo½ & canh] dSnh
Bleed-(vti.) & ¼CyhM½ & [kwu fudyuk] [kwu Child-(n.) & ¼pkbYM½ & cPpk
Capture-(vt.) & ¼dSIpj½ & idM+uk
fudkyuk Childhood-(n.) & ¼pkbYMgqM½ & cpiu
Care-(vt.) & ¼ds;j½ & ijokg djuk
Bless- (vt.) & ¼CySl½ & vk‛khokZn nsuk Childish-(adj.) & ¼pkbfYM‛k½ & cpiuk lk]
Careless-(adj.) & ¼ds;jySl½ & csijokg ew[kZ
Blood-(n.) & ¼CyM½ & [kwu Carnival-(n.) & ¼dkfuZoy½ & mRlo
Blunder-(n.) & ¼CyUMj½ & cMh xyrh Chill-(adj.) & ¼fpy½ & BaMk
Carpet-(n.) & ¼dkisVZ ½ & njh] dkyhu Chill-(vi.) & ¼fpy½ & BaMk gks tkuk
Bold-(adj.) & ¼cksYM½ & fuMj] fnysj Carrot-(n.) & ¼dSjV½ & xktj
Bone-(n.) & ¼cksu½ & gM~Mh Chill-(vt.) & ¼fpy½ & BaMk djuk
Cash-(n.) & ¼dS‛k½ &udn Chirp-(vi.) & ¼piZZ½ & p¡w p¡w djuk
Borrow-(vt.) & ¼ckWjks½ & m/kkj ysuk Cast-(n.) & ¼dkLV½ & lk¡pk] fQYe ;k ukVd
Bottom- (n.) & ¼ckWVe½ & isna k] ryk Chop-(vt.) & ¼pkWi½ & dkVuk
esa ik«kksa dh lwph
Bow-(n.) & ¼cks½ & /kuq’k Chorus-(n.) & ¼dksjl½ &xk;dksa dk lewg
Caste-(n.) & ¼dkLV½ &tkfr
Bow-(vti.) & ¼cks½ & >qduk Chronic-(adj.) & ¼ØkWfud½ & iqjkuk] yEck
Catch-(vt.) & ¼dSp½ &idM+uk
Circumstance-(n.) & ¼ldZeLVsUl½ &?kVuk
384
Circumstances-(n.) & ¼ldZeLVsUlst+½ & Competent-(n.) & ¼dkWfEiVsUV½ & ;ksX;] Conscious-(adj.) & ¼dkWU‛kl½ & lpsr
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fuiq.k] leFkZ Consciousness-(n.) & ¼dkWU‛klusl½ &
Citizen-(n.) & ¼flfVt+u½ & ukxfjd Competition-(n.) & ¼dkWfEifV‛ku½ & psruk
Civilization-(n.) & ¼flfoykbZt‛+s ku½ & izfr;ksfxrk Consecutive-(adj.) & ¼dUt+Ds ;fVo½ &
lH;rk Complaint-(n.) & ¼dEIysUV½ & f‛kdk;r yxkrkj
Clap-(vt.) & ¼DySi½ & rkyh ctkuk Complete- (n.) & ¼dEIyhV½ & iwjk Consequence-(n.) & ¼dkWfUlDosUl½ &
Clarify-(vt.) & ¼DySfjQkbZ½ & Li’V djuk Complete- (vi.) & ¼dEIyhV½ & iwjk djuk ifj.kke
Classification-(n.) & ¼DykflfQds‛ku½ & Completion-(n.) & ¼dEIyh‛ku½ & lekfIr Conserve-(vt.) & ¼dUt+o½Z & lqjf{kr j[kuk
oxhZdj.k Complication-(n.) & ¼dkWEIyhds‛ku½ & Consider-(vt.) & ¼dfUlMj½ & lkspuk]
Clean-(n.) & ¼Dyhu½ & lkQ my>u fopkj djuk
Clean-(vt.) & ¼Dyhu½ & lkQ djuk Compliment-(n.) & ¼dkWfEIyesUV½ & iz‛kalk Consist-(vt.) & ¼dfUlLV½ & esa gksuk] jguk
Cleanliness-(n.) &¼DyhfUyusl½& LoPNrk Compliment-(vt.) & ¼dkWfEIyesUV½ & Conspire-(vt.) & ¼dULik;j½ & ‘kM;a=
Climb-(vt.) & ¼DykbEc½ &p<+uk iz‛kalk djuk jpuk
Cloth-(n.) & ¼DykWFk½ & diM+k Comprise-(vt.) & ¼dEizkbt+½ & lfEefyr Conspiracy- (n.) & ¼dkWfULijslh½ & ‘kM;a=
Clothe-(vt.) & ¼Dyksn½ & diM+s iguuk djuk Constant-(adj.) & ¼dkWULkVsUV½ & fLFkj

OM
Coal-(n.) & ¼dksy½ & dks;yk Compromise- (vt.) & ¼dkWEizksekbt+½ & Constipation-(n.) & ¼dkWfULVis‛ku½ & dCt
Coalition-(n.) & ¼dkW;fy‛ku½ & esy le÷kkSrk djuk Constitution-(n.) & ¼dkWfULVV~;w‛ku½ &
Coarse- (adj.) & ¼dkslZ½ & vlH;] Hkn~nk Compulsory-(adj.) & ¼dEiYljh½ & lafo/kku
vfuok;Z Consult-(vt.) & ¼dUlYV½ & jk; ysuk
Cobbler-(n.) & ¼dkWCyj½ & eksph
Compute-(vt.) & ¼dEI;wV½ & x.kuk djuk Consultation-(n.) & ¼dUlYVs‛ku½ &
Cock-(n.) & ¼dkWd½ & eqxkZ
Conceal- (vt.) & ¼dUlhy½ & fNikuk foe‛kZ] ea«k.kk

.C
Coin-(n.) & ¼dkWbu½ & flDdk
Concentration-(n.) & ¼dkWUlUVªs‛ku½ & Consume-(vt.) & ¼dUT+;we½ & [kir djuk
Coin-(vt.) & ¼dkWbu½ & flDdk cukuk] jpuk
,dkxzrk Consume-(vi.) & ¼dUT+;we½ & [kir gksuk
Coincidence-(n.) & ¼dksbfUlMsUl½ & la;ksx
Concern-(n.) & ¼dUluZZ½ & fpUrk] lEcU/k
NT Consumption-(n.) & ¼dUtaI‛ku½ & [kir
Collaborate-(vi.) & ¼dksyscjsV½ & ,d
Concern-(vt.) & ¼dUluZZ½ & lEcU/k j[kuk Contain-(vt.) & ¼dUVsu½ &lfEefyr djuk
lkFk dk;Z djuk
Conclude-(vt.) & ¼dUDY;wM½ &lekIr djuk Continue-(vt.) & ¼dfUVU;w½ & tkjh j[kuk
Collapse-(vi.) & ¼dksySIl½ & fxj tkuk]
fipd tkuk Conclude-(vi.) & ¼dUDY;wM½ &lekIr gksuk Continuous-(adj.) & ¼dfUVU;qvl½ &
Collide- (vi.) & ¼dksykbM½ & Vdjkuk Condemn-(vt.) & ¼dUMsEk½ & nks’k yxkuk yxkrkj
OI
Collision- (n.) & ¼dkWfyt+u½ & VDdj Condition-(n.) & ¼dUMh‛ku½ &n‛kk] fLFkfr Contradict-(vt.) & ¼dkWUVªfMDV½ & fojks/k
Conducive-(adj.) & ¼dUM~;wflo½ & djuk
Colour- (n.) & ¼dyj½ & jax
lgk;d Contrary-(adj.) & ¼dkWUVªjh½ & foifjr
Comb- (n.) & ¼dkse½ & da?kh
Conduct-(vt.) & ¼dUMDV½ & izcU/k djuk] Contribute-(vt.) & ¼dkWfUVªC;wV½ &;ksxnku
Comb- (vt.) & ¼dkse½ & da?kh djuk
P

O;ogkj djuk nsuk

Combine- (vi.) & ¼dEckbu½ & feyuk] ,d
Confection-(n.) & ¼dUQsD‛ku½ & feBkbZ] Contribution-(n.) & ¼dkWfUVªC;w‛ku½ &
gksuk
[kkus dh ehBh lkezxh ;ksxnku
ER

Combine- (vt.) & ¼dEckbu½ & feykuk] ,d

Confectioner-(n.) & ¼dUQsD‛kuj½ & Controversy-(n.) & ¼dkWUVªksolhZ½ & fookn]
djuk
gyokbZ cgl
Commence- (vt.) & ¼desUl½ & vkjEHk
Confess-(vt.) & ¼dUQsl½ & Lohdkj djuk Convenient-(adj.) & ¼dUohfu;UV½ &
djuk
Confession-(n.) & ¼dUQs‛ku½ & Lohdkj lqfo/kktud
Commencement- (n.) & ¼desUlesUV½ &
PP

Confidant-(n.) & ¼dkWfUQMsUV½ & Conversation-(n.) & ¼dkWUolsZ‛ku½ &

vkjEHk
fo‛oklik«k] [kkl nksLr ckrphr] okrkZyki
Commend-(vt.) & ¼desUM½ & iz‛kalk djuk
Confide-(vi.) & ¼dUQkbM½ &fo‛okl djuk Convey-(vt.) & ¼dUos½ & ys tkuk] igq¡pkuk
Comment-(vi.) & ¼dkWesUV½ & fVIi.kh
Confidence-(n.) & ¼dkWfUQMsUl½ & Conveyance-(n.) & ¼dUos;Ul½ & lokjh]
djuk
vkRefo‛okl] fo‛okl okgu
TO

Commit-(vt.) & ¼dfeV½ & oknk djuk]

Confident-(adj.) & ¼dkWfUQMsUV½ & Cooperate-(vi.) & ¼dqvkWijsV½ & lg;ksx
xyr dke djuk
vkRefo‛oklh nsuk
Commitment-(n.) & ¼dfeVesUV½ & oknk
Confirm-(vt.) & ¼dUQeZ½ & iqf’V djuk] Coordinate-(vt.) & ¼dkWfMZuVs ½ & mfpr
Communicate- (vt.) & ¼dE;wfudsV½ & lEcU/k cukuk
fuf‛pr djuk
dguk] igq¡pkuk
Confirmation-(n.) & ¼dUQes‛Z ku½ & Cordial-(adj.) & ¼dkWfMZ;y½ & gkfnZd
Communication-(n.) & ¼dE;wfuds‛ku½ &
izek.khdj.k] LFkk;hdj.k Cordially-(adv.) & ¼dkWfMZ;yh½ & fny ls
lapkj
Conflict-(n.) & ¼dkWfU¶yDV½ & ÷kxM+k Corrupt-(adj.) & ¼djIV½ & Hkz’V
Compare-(vt.) & ¼dEis;j½ & rqyuk djuk
Congratulate- (vt.) & ¼dkWUxzzspqysV½ & Corruption-(n.) & ¼djI‛ku½ & Hkz’Vkpkj
Comparison-(n.) & ¼dEiSfjt+u½ & rqyuk
c/kkbZ nsuk Cosmetic- (adj.) & ¼dkWLesfVd½ & lqUnjrk
Compassion-(n.) & ¼dEiS‛ku½ & n;k
Congratulation- (n.) & ¼dkWUxzzspy q s‛ku½ & c<+kus okyh
Compensation-(n.) & ¼dkWEiUls‛ku½ & c/kkbZ Count-(vt.) & ¼dkmUV½ & fxuuk
{kfriwfrZ
Connect- (vt.) & ¼dusDV½ & tksM+uk Courage-(n.) & ¼djst½ & lkgl
Compete-(vt.) & ¼dEihV½ & Li/kkZ djuk
Conquer-(vt.) & ¼dUDoSj½ & thruk Courageous-(adj.) & ¼djsft;l½ &
Conscience-(n.) & ¼dUlkbUl½ & foosd lkglh
385
Courtesy-(n.) & ¼dVsl Z h½ & uezrk Declare-(vt.) – (fMDysvj) –?kks’k.kk djuk Deserve-(vt.) – (fMt+o)Z – dkfcy gksuk
Cousin-(n.) & ¼dt+u½ & ppsjk] eesjk] Decorate-(vt.) – (MSdjsV) – ltkuk Deserving-(adj.) – (fMt+foZax) - dkfcy
ekSljs k ;k QqQsjk HkkbZ@cgu Decoration-(n.) – (MSdjs‛ku) – ltkoV Desire-(vt.) – (fMt+k;j) – bPNk djuk
Coward-(adj.) & ¼dkWoMZ½ & dk;j Dedicate- (vt.) – (MSfMdsV) –lefiZr djuk Desirous-(adj.) – (fMt+jl) - bPNqd
Crave-(vt.) & ¼Øso½ & pkguk] ykylk djuk Dedication- (n.) – (MSfMds‛ku) –leiZ.k Desperation- (n.) – (MSLijs‛ku) – fujk‛kk
Credible-(adj.) & ¼ØSfMcy½ &fo‛oluh; Defame-(vt.) – (MhQse) – fuUnk djuk Destination-(n.) – (MSfLVus‛ku) – eafty
Creditable-(adj.) & ¼ØSfMVscy½ & Defeat-(vt.) – (fMQhV) - gjkuk Destroy- (vt.) – (fMLVkª;) - /oLr djuk
ljkguh; Defect-(n.) – (fMQSDV) – deh Detective-(n.) – (fMVSfDVo) – tklwl
Credulous-(adj.) & ¼ØSMqyl½ & Hkksyk Defense- (n.) – (fMQSUl) – j{kk] cpko Deteriorate-( vt.) – (fMVSfjvksjsV) –
Crisis-(n.) & ¼Økbfll½ & ladV Defend- (vt.) – (fMQSUM) – j{kk djuk] fxjuk] derj gksuk
Critic-(n.) & ¼fØfVd½ & vkykspd cpko djuk Determination-(n.) – (fMVjfeus‛ku) –
Criticize-(vt.) & ¼fØfVlkbt+½ & vkykspuk Defer-( vt.) – (MSQj) – Vky nsuk fu‛p;
djuk Deference-(n.) – (MSQjSUl) – lnkpj.k Determine-( vt.) – (fMVjfeu) – fu‛p;
Criticism-(n.) & ¼fØfVflTk+e½ & vkykspuk Deficiency-(n.) – (MSfQ‛kSUlh) – deh djuk
Crucial-(adj.) & ¼Øw‛ky½ & fu.kkZ;d Detest-(vt.) – (fMVsLV) - ?k`.kk djuk

OM
Deficiency-(n.) – (MSfQ‛kSUlh) – deh
Cruel-(adj.) & ¼Øwvy½ & funZ;h Deficit-(n.) – (MSfQflV) – deh] ?kkVk Develop-( vt.) – (fMosyi] Msoyi) – izxfr
Crust-(n.) & ¼ØLV½ & fNydk] ijr Definition-(n.) – (MSfQus‛ku) – ifjHkk’kk ;k mUufr djuk
Culprit-(n.) & ¼dfYizV½ & vijk/kh] nks’kh Deformity-(n.) – (fMQkWfeZVh) – deh] Development-(n.) – (fMosyiesVa ]
Curiosity-(n.) & ¼D;wfj;kWflVh½ & ftKklk dq:irk MsoyiesVa ) – mUufr
Curious-(adj.) & ¼D;wfj;l½ & ftKklw Degree-(n.) – (fMxzh) – in] va‛k] mikf/k Devil- (n.) – (MSfoy) – ‚kSrku

.C
Curriculum-(n.) & ¼djhD;ye½ & Dejected-(adj.) – (fMtSDVsM) - mnkl Dew-(n.) – (M~;)w - vksl
ikB~;dze Delay- (n.)( vt.) – (Mhys) – nsj] nsj djuk Diagnosis-(n.) – (MkbxukSfll) – jksx dks
Curse-(n.) & ¼dlZ½ & ‛kki] Jki Delegate-(n.) – (MSfyxsV) – izfrfuf/k igpkuuk
Curse-(vt.) & ¼dlZ½ & ‛kki nsuk
Curtain-(n.) & ¼dVsuZ ½ & inkZ
Cynic - (adj.) & ¼flfud½ & fpM+fpM+k o
eaMy
NT
Delegation- (n.) – (MSfyxs‛ku) – izfrfuf/k

Deliberate-(vt.) – (MSfyczsV) – lksp fopkj

Dictate-( vt.) – (fMDVsV) – nwljksa dks
fy[kkuk
Dictator-(n.) – (fMDVsVj) – dBksj ‚kkld
dqfVy O;fDr djuk Diet-(n.) – (MkbV) – vkgkj
D Delicacy-(n.) – (MSfydlh) - dkseyrk] Differ-(vi.) – (fMQj) – fHkUu gksuk
OI
Dab - (vt.) – ¼MSc½ & Fkidh nsuk uktqdrk Difference-(n.) – (fMQjSUl) – QdZ
Dacoit - (n.) – (MSdkWbV) - Mkdw Delicate-(n.) – (MSfydsV) - dksey] uktqd Difficult-(adj.) – (fMfQdYV) – dfBu
Dacoity - (n.) – (MSdkW;Vh) - MdSrh Deliver-( vt.) – (fMfyoj) - R;kx nsuk] Diffuse-(vt.) – (fM¶;wt+) – QSykuk] mM+ys uk
Daily - (adv.) – ¼Msyh½ & izfrfnu igq¡pk nsuk] O;k[;ku nsuk Dig-( vt.) – (fMx) – [kksnuk
P

Dainty- (adj)- (MsUVh) – lqgkouk] Lokfn’V Delusion-(n.) – (fMY;wt+u) – Hkze Digest-( vt.) – (MkbtSLV) – ipkuk
Dais -(n.) – (Mk;l) – eap Demarcation-(n.) – (fMekds‛Z ku) – lhek] Dignity- (n.) – (fMfXuVh) – eku lEeku]
ER

Damage- (n.)(vt.) - (MSest) –gkfu] {kfr gn] e;kZnk izfr’Bk

igq¡pkuk Demean-(vt.) – (fMehu) - uhpk fn[kkuk Dilemma-(n.) – (Mk;yek) – nqfo/kk]
Danger - (n.) – ¼MsUtj½ & Mjkouk Demise-(n.) – (fMekbl) - e`R;q confusion
Dangerous -(adj.) – (MsUtjl) – Hk;adj Democracy-(n.) – (MSeksØslh) – turk }kjk Diligence-(n.) – (fMfytSUl) – ifjJe]
Dare - (vti.) – ¼Msvj½ & fgEer djuk pquh tkus okyh lRrk lko/kkuh
PP

Daring-(n.) – (Msvfjax) - fuMj Demonstration-(n.) – (MSeUlVª‛s ku) – Diligent-(adj) – (fMfytSUV) – ifjJeh]

Darken - (vt.) – ¼MkdZu½ & va/ksjk djuk izek.k] lkfcr djds fn[kkus okyk lko/kku
Darken - (vi.) – ¼MkdZu½ & va/ksjk gksuk Denial-(n.) – (fMuk;y) – Lohd`fr u gksuk Dilute-( vt.) – (MkbY;wV) – iryk djuk]
Dentist-(n.) – (MSfUVLV) – nkarksa dk MkWDVj Qhdk djuk
Daughter-(n.) – (MkWVj) – iq=h] csVh
Dine-( vt.) – (Mkbu) – Hkkstu djuk
TO

Daunt - (vt.) – ¼MkWUV½ & Mjkuk Deny-( vt.) – (fMuk;) – euk djuk
Depart- (vt.) – (fMikVZ) – pys tkuk Dinner-(n.) – (fMuj) – jkr dk Hkkstu
Dauntless-(n.)(adj.) - (MkWUVySl) – fuHkZ;
Departure-(n.) – (fMikpZj) - izLFkku Diplomat-(n.) – (fMIykseSV) – prqj]
Dawn - (n.) – ¼MkWu½ & losjk
Dependant-(n.) – (fMiSUMSUV) – fuHkZj dwVuhfr djus okyk
Dazzle-(vt.) – (MSt+y) – pfdr dj nsuk
Depict-(vt.) – (fMfiDV) - o.kZu djuk Disable- (vt.) – (fMlscy) – vleFkZ djuk
Dear-(n.) – (fM;j) - I;kjk
Deplete-(vt.) – (fMIyhV) - [kkyh djuk Disappear-( vt.) – (fMlvfi;j) – vn`‛;
Dear-(adv.) – (fM;j) - e¡gxk gks tkuk
Dearth-(n.) – (MFkZ) – deh] vdky] vHkko Deposit-( vt.) – (fMikSft+V) – tek djuk
Depression-(n.) – (fMizS‛ku) – mnklh Disappointment-(n.) – (fMlvikWbaVeSaV) –
Debase- (vt.) – (fMcsl) – de djuk fujk‛kk
Debate- (vt.) – (fMcsV) – cgl djuk Deprive-( vt.) – (fMizkbo) – Nhu ysuk
Discharge-( vt.) – (fMLpktZ) – NksM+uk]
Debt-(n.) – (MSV) - _.k] m/kkj Depth-(n.) – (MSIFk) - xgjkbZ eqDr djuk] [kRe djuk
Decay-(vt.) – (Mhds) - ?kVuk] uk‛k gksuk Descend-( vt.) – (fMlSUM) – mrjuk] Disclose-( vt.) – (fMlDykst+) – izdV djuk]
Decent-(n.) – (MhlsUV) –lH;] f‛k’V vkdze.k djuk Li’V djuk
Deception-(n.) – (fMlsI‛ku) – /kks[kk] Ny Describe-(vt.) – (fMLØkbc) - o.kZu djuk
Description-(n.) – (fMfLØI‛ku) – o.kZu
386
Discourage -( vt.) – (fMldjSt) – grk‛k Domination-(n.) – (MkWfeus‛ku) – opZLo] Eclipse-(n.) – (,sfDyIl) – xzg.k
djuk ‚kklu Ecstasy-(n.) – (,DlVSlh) – csgn [kq‛k
Discovery- (n.) – (fMLdojh) – [kkst Donation-(n.) – (Mksus‛ku) – nku Edge-(n.) – (,st) - fdukjk
Disease-(n.) – (fMt+ht+) – chekjh] jksx Donee -(n.) – (Mksuh) – ftls nku feys Edible-(adj.) – (,sfMcy) – [kkus ;ksX;
Disgrace-( vt.) – (fMLxzsl) – vieku djuk Donor-(n.) – (Mksuj) – nku nsus okyk Edit-(vt.) – (,sfMM) – lEiknu djuk
Disguise-( vt.) – (fMLxkbt+) – Hks’k cnyuk Dormant-(adj.) – (MkWeasVZ ) – lqLr Edition-(n.) – (,sfM‛ku) – laLdj.k
Disgusting- (n.) – (fMLxfLVax) – cgqr gh Doubt-(vt.) – (MkmV) – ‚kd djuk Editor-(n.) – (,sfMVj) – lEiknd
csdkj] ?kfV;k Drain-(vt.) – (Mªus ) - ikuh dks ckgj Educate-(vt.) – (,stqdsV) – f‛k{kk nsuk
Dishonor-( vt.) – (fMlvkWuj) – vieku fudkyuk Effect- (n.) – (bQSDV) - izHkko
djuk Drainage-(n.) – (Mªus t s ) - ikuh dk fudkl Effective-(adj.) – (bQSfDVo) – dkjxj]
Disinterested – (adj) – (fMlbUVjLVsM) – Drastic-(adj.) – (MªSlfVd) – l[r] izpaM izHkko‛kkyh
fu’i{k Draw-(v.i) – (MªkW) – [khapuk] vkdf’kZr djuk Efficiency-(n.) – (,sfQ‛ksUlh) – fuiq.krk
Dislike-( vt.) – (fMLykbd) – ukilUn djuk Drawback-(n.) – (MªkWcSd) - deh Efficient- (adj.) – (,sfQf‛k,UV) – fuiq.k]
Dislocate-( vt.) – (fMLyksdsV) – tksM+ Dread-(n.)(vt.) - (MªSM) – Hk;] Mjuk dq‛ky
vyx djuk] txg ls gVkuk Dream-(n.) – (Mªheh) – LoIu] liuk Effort-(n.) – (,sQVZ) – iz;kl

OM
Dismal- (adj.) – (fMLey) – ?kksj] mnkl] Drench-(vt.) – (MªSUp) – fHkxksuk Ego-(n.) – (bZxks) – ?ke.M
‚kksde;
Drive-(vti.) – (Mªkbo) – okgu pykuk Egoism-(n.) – (bZxksbt+e) – dsoy vius ckjs
Dismay- (vt.) – (fMLes) – Mjkuk] fujk‛k esa lkspuk] LokFkZ] ?ke.M
Drizzle-( vt.) – (fMªt+y) – cwna k ckanh] gYdh
djuk
o’kkZ Egotism-(n.) – (bZxksfVt+e) – dsoy vius
Dismiss- (vt.) – (fMfLel) – in ls gVkuk ckjs esa ckr djuk] LokFkZ
Drowsy-(adj) – (MªkÅt+h) – uhn ls Hkjk
Disorder-(n.) – (fMlvkMZj) – vyx Fkyx]

.C
gqvk Eject-(vt.) – (btSDV) – ckgj fudkyuk
vO;oLFkk
Dual-(adj.) – (Mqvy) – nksuksa] nksgjh Elastic-(adj.) – (bySfLVd) - yphyk
Dispatch-( vt.) – (fMLiSp) – jokuk djuk
Due-(adj.) – () – ns;] dtZ Elder-(adj.) – (,YMj) – mez esa cM+k] T;s’B
Displace-( vt.) – (fMLkIysl) – txg ls NT
Duel-(n.) – (M~;wvy) - ;q) Elderly-(adj.) – (,YMjyh) - v/ksM+] cw<+s
gVkuk
Duly-(adv.) – (M~;wyh) – ;Fkk;ksX;] mfpr O;fDr
Display- (vt.) – (fMLkIys) – izn‛kZu djuk
Dumb-(n.) – (Me) – xwx a k Elect-(vt.) – (bySDV) - pquuk
Dispute- (n.)(vt.) – (fMLI;wV) – fookn]
Durable-(adj.) – (M~;wjScy) - fVdkÅ Element-(n.) – (,sfyeSUV) – rRo
fookn djuk
Duration-(n.) – (M~;wjs‛ku) – vof/k Elementary-(adj.) – (,sfyeSUVjh) – ekSfyd
Distance-(n.) – (fMlVSUl) - nwjh
OI
During-(prep.) – (M~;wfjax) – ds nkSjku – Basic, Rudimentary
Distant-(adj.) – (fMLVSUV) - nwj
Dusk-(n.) – (MLd) – la/;kdky Elevation- (n.) – (,syhos‛ku) – Å¡pkbZ –
Distemper-(n.) – (fMLVSEij) – nhokj dk
jax Dust-(n.) – (MLV) - /kwy Raising, upwards
Distort-( vt.) – (fMLVkWV)Z – #i fcxkM+uk Dusty-(adj.) – (MLVh) - /kwy ls Hkjk gqvk Eligible-(adj.) – (,fyftcy) - ;ksX;
P

Distribution-(n.) – (fMLVªhC;w‛ku) – ckaVuk Duty-(n.) – (M~;wVh) – dÙkZO;] dj¼tax½ Elucidate-(vt.) – (bY;wflMsV) – explain
Dwarf-(n.) – (M~okQZ) - ckSuk djuk] le÷kkuk
Disturb-(vt.) – (fMLVcZ)Z – ijs‛kku djuk]
ER

xM+cM+ djuk Dwell-(vt.) – (M~oSy) –cluk] jguk Elusion-(n.) – (bY;wt+u) – Hkze] /kks[kk
Ditto-(adj.) – (fMV~Vks) – fCkYdqy ogh tks Dwelling-(n.) – (M~oSfyax) – edku] ?kj] Embark- (vti.) – (bEckdZ) – ‚kq# djuk
Åij fy[kk gS clsjk Embrace- (vt.) – (bEczsl) – xys yxkuk
Dive-(n.) – (Mkbo) – Mqcdh ekjuk Dynamite-(n.) – (Mk;ukekbV) – ck:n Embroidery- (n.) – (bEczkbMjh) – diM+s
Dynasty-(n.) – (Mk;uSLVh) – jktoa‛k ij lqbZ ls fMt+kbu dk ckjhd dke
PP

Diversity-(n.) – (Mk;oflZVh) – fofHkUurk

Diversion-(n.) – (Mk;ojtZ+u) - /;ku gVkuk] E Embryo- (n.) – (bEcz;ks) – Hkzw.k
eksM+ Each-(adj.) – (bZp) – izR;sd] gj dksbZ Emergency-(n.) – (bejtSUlh) –
Divert- (vt.) – (Mk;oVZ)Z – jkg cny nsuk] Eager-(adj.) – (bZxj) - mRlqd vkikrdky
iFk Qsj nsuk Eagle-(n.) – (bZxy) - fx) Emigrant-(n.) – (bfexzSUV) - izoklh] nwljs
TO

Divine-(adj.) – (fMokb+u) – ifo«k ns‛k ls vk;s gq,

Ear-(n.) – (bZvj) - dku
Division-(n.) – (fMfot+u) – ck¡Vuk] foHkktu Employ-(vt.) – (bEIyk;) – dke ij j[kuk
Earn-(vt.) – (vuZ) - dekuk
djuk] lSfudksa dh Vksyh Employee-(n.) – (bEIykWbZ) - deZpkjh
Earnest-(adj.) – (vuZsLV) – mRlqd] xEHkhj
Divorce- ( vt.) – (Mk;okslZ ;k fMoksl)Z – Employer-(n.) – (bEIyk;j) - ekfyd
Earning-(n.) – (vfuZax) – vk;] vkenuh
rykd nsuk] vyx djuk Empower- (vt.) – (,Eikoj) – vf/kdkj
Earth-(n.) – (vFkZ) - /kjrh] i`Foh iznku djuk
Divulge- ( vt.) – (Mk;oYt) – [kksy nsuk Earthly- (adj.) – (vFkZyh) – lkalkfjd
Doctrine-(n.) – (MkWDVªkbu) - fl)kUr Emptiness-(n.) – (,EIVhuSl) – [kkyhiu
Earthquake-(n.) – (vFkZDosd) - HkwdEi Empty-(adj.) – (,EIVh) – [kkyh
Dogma-(n.) – (MkWxek) - fl)kUr Ease-(n.) – (bZt+) - vkjke
Dogmatic- (adj.) – (MkWXeSfVd) - lS)kfUrd] Encounter-(vt.) – (,UdkmUVj) – fEkyuk]
East-(n.) – (bZLV) - iwjc fHkM+uk
gBh
Eat-(vti.) – (bZV) – [kkuk Encourage-(vt.) – (,Udjst) – izksRlkfgr
Domestic-(adj.) – (MkWesfLVd) – ?kjsyw
Eatable-(adj.) – (bZVcs y) – [kkus ;ksX; djuk
Dominate-(vt.) – (MkWfeusV) – opZLo j[kuk]
Echo-(n.) – (,sdks) – vkokt dh x¡t w Encyclopedia-(n.) – (,UlkbDyksihfM;k) –
‚kklu djuk
Echo-(vt) – (,sdks) - x¡tw uk lkEkkU; Kku dk ‚kCndks‛k
387
Endure-(vt.) – (bUM~;ksj) – lgu djuk Exclamation-(n.) – (,sDlDyses‛ku) – Facilities-(n.) – ¼QSflfyVht+½ & lqfo/kk,¡
Energetic-(adj.) – (,ujtSfVd) - QqrhZyk foLek;kfn cks/kd] vpkud mRiUu Hkkouk,¡ Fade-(vi.) – ¼QsM½ & eqj÷kkuk] csjax gksuk
Enforce-(vt.) – (,UQksl)Z – ykxw djuk Exclude- (n.) – (,DlD;wM) – vyx djuk Faint-(n.) – ¼QsUV½ & csgks‛k
Enmity-(n.) – (,fUeVh) – ‚k«kqrk Exclusive-(n.) – (,DlD;wflo) – tks dgha Faint-(vi.) – ¼QsUV½ & csgks‛k gksuk
Enormous-(adj.) – (bUkkWeZl) – fo‛kky vkSj u gks Fair-(n.) – ¼Qsvj½ & esyk
Enquire-(vt.) – (bUDok;j) – iwNrkN djuk Excuse-(n.) – (,DlD;wt+) – cgkuk Fair-(adj.) – ¼Qsvj½ & lqUnj
Enter-(vti.) – (,.Vj) – izos‛k djuk Exempt-(n.) – (bXt+SEIV) – NwV nsuk] eqDr Faith-(n.) – ¼QsFk½ & fo‛okl] lPpkbZ
Entry-(n.) – (,.Vªh) – izos‛k djuk Faithful-(n.) – ¼QsFkQqy½ & oQknkj
Envelop-(n.) – (,Uoyi) - fyQkQk Exhaust-(vt) – (,XT+gkWLV) – Fkdk nsuk Familiar-(adj.) – ¼Qsfefyvj½ & ifjfpr]
Envy-(vt.) – (,Uoh) – tyu djuk] bZ’;kZ Exhibit-(n.) – (,sXT+ghfcV) – iznf‛kZr djuk] tkuk igpkuk
djuk fn[kkuk Famous-(adj.) – ¼Qsel½ & izfl)
Epic-(n.) – (,fid) – egkdkO; Exist-(n.) – (,fXt+LV) – vfLrRo esa gksuk Farewell-(n.) – ¼Qs;josy½ & vyfonk]
Epidemic-(n.) – (,fiMSfed) – laØked jksx Existence-(n.) – (,fXt+LVSUl) – vfLrRo] fonkbZ
igpku Fascinate-(vt.) – ¼QSlhusV½ & fny thr
Equal -(adj.) – (bZDoy) – cjkcj
Expect-(n.) – (,DliSDV) – mEehn djuk ysuk] [kq‛k dj nsuk

OM
Equation-(n.) – (bDos‛ku) – lehdj.k
Expectation-(n.) – (,DliSDVs‛ku) - mEehn Fatal-(n.) – ¼QsVy½ & ?kkrd
Equilibrium-(n.) – (bDohfyfcfjve) -
laryq u Expel-(n.) – (,sDliSy) – ckgj fudkyuk Fate-(n.) – ¼QsV½ & HkkX;
Equivalent-(adj.) – (bZDohoySUV) – cjkcj Expensive-(n.) – (,sDliSfUlo) - e¡gxk] Fault- (n.) – ¼QkWYV½ & xyrh] Hkwy
ewY; ;k cjkcj Lrj dk ewY;oku Faulty- (adj.) – ¼QkWYVh½ & nks’kiw.kZ
Era-(n.) – (bjk) – dky] ;qx Experiment-(n.) – (,sDliSfjeSUV) – iz;ksx Favor- (vt.) – ¼Qsoj½ & d`ik djuk] lgkjk
djuk

.C
Eradicate- (vt.) – (bjSfMdsV) – tM+ ls nsuk
[kRe dj nsuk Expire- (n.) – (,sDlik;j) – ejuk] vof/k Favorable- (adj.) – ¼Qsojscy½ & fgrdkjh]
[kRe gks tkuk ykHknk;d
Erase-(vt.) – (bjst+) – feVkuk
Explain-(n.) – (,sDlIysu) – O;k[;k djuk]
NT Fear-(n.) – ¼fQvj½ & Mj
Erect-(vt.) – (bjSDV) – [kM+k djuk
o.kZu djuk
Erection-(n.) – (bjSD‛ku) – [kM+k Feasible-(adj.) – ¼Qhft+cy½ & gksus ds
Explanation-(n.) – (,sDlIysus‛ku) – ;ksX;] lkFkZd
Error-(n.) – (,sjj) – xyrh] «kqfV O;k[;k] o.kZu
Escape- (vt.) – (bLdsi) – cp fudyuk] Feature-(n.) – ¼Qhpj½ & #i] y{k.k] xq.k
Explode-(vti.) – (,sDlIyksM) – QVuk]
Hkkx fudyuk Feeble-(adj.) – ¼Qhcy½ & detksj
/kekdk djuk
OI
Essential-(adj.) – (blSfU‛k;y) – cgqr Festival-(n.) – ¼QSfLVoy½ & R;ksgkj
Explore-(vt.) – (,sDlIyksj) – u;k dqN
t+#jh djuk] [kkstuk Festive-(adj.) – ¼QSfLVo½ & R;ksgkj lEcU/kh
Establish-(vt.) – (bLVSfCy‛k) – LFkkfir Export- (vt.) – (,sDliksV)Z – fu;kZr djuk Fiction-(n.) – ¼fQD‛ku½ & dYiuk
djuk Fictitious-(adj.) – ¼fQfDV‛kl½ & dkYifud
Expose-(vt.) – (,sDlikst+) – izdk‛k esa ykuk
P

Esteem- (vt.) – (,LVhe) – vknj djuk Fierce-(adj.) – ¼fQ;lZ½ & Hk;kud] Øks/k
Express-(vt.) – (,sDlizS‛k) – vfHkO;fDr
Eternal-(adj.) – (bVuZy) - vuUr djuk Finance-(vt.) – ¼QkbusUl½ & iSls ls
ER

Ethics-(n.) – (,sfFkDl) - uhfr Expression-(n.) – (,sDlizS‛ku) – vfHkO;fDr lEcfU/kr] iSlk nsuk

Evacuate-(vt.) – (boSdq,V) – [kkyh djuk Extempore-(n.) – (,sDlVSEiks) – fcuk Financial-(adj.) – ¼QkbusfU‛k;y½ & vkfFkZd
Evade-(vt.) – (bosM) – gVkuk] cp fudYkuk rS;kjh dh vfHkO;fDr Finish-(vt.) – ¼fQfu‛k½ & vUr
Even- (adj.) – (bZou) – lery] le Extend-(vti.) – (,sDlVSUM) – c<+kuk] QSykuk Fire-(n.) – ¼Qk;j½ & vkx
Evening-(n.) – (bZofuax) – lka;dky Extent-(n.) – (,sDlVSUV) – QSyko Fireproof-(adj.) – ¼Qk;j izwQ½ &
PP

Event-(n.) – (bZoSUV) - ?kVuk Extension- (n.) – (,sDlVSU‛ku) - QSyko vfXujks/kd

Ever-(adv.) – (,soj) - dHkh Extensive- (adj.) – (,sDlVSfUlo) – fo‛kky Fish-(n.) – ¼fQ‛k½ & eNyh
Evidence- (n.) – (,sfoMSUl) – lcwr] izek.k Extra-(adj.) – (,sDlVªk) – vfrfjDr] vf/kd Fishery-(n.) – ¼fQ‛kjh½ & eNyh idM+us dk
Evident- (adj.) – (,foMSUV) – tkfgj lh O;olk;
Extract-(vt.) – (,sDlVSªDV) – ckr dk
TO

ckr] LIk’V fupksM+ fudkyuk] NkaVuk Fist-(n.) – ¼fQLV½ & eqVB~ h

Evil- (adj.) – (bfoy) – ikih] nq’V Extraction-(n.) – (,sDlVSªD‛ku) – fy;k Fit-(n.) – ¼fQV½ & Bhd
Evolution-(n.) – (bokWY;w‛ku) – fodkl gqvk dksbZ Hkkx] fupksM+ Fit-(vt.) – ¼fQV½ & Bhd djuk
Exaggerate-(vt.) – (bXt+StjsV) – Extraordinary-(adj.) – (,sDlVkWªMufj) – Fit-(vi.) – ¼fQV½ & Bhd gksuk
vfr‛;ksfDr djuk] c<+k p<k+ dj cksyuk vnHkqr] xtc] tcjnLr Fitness- (n.) – ¼fQVusl½ & fQV gksuk
Exam-(n.) – (bXt+SEk) - ijh{kk Extravagant-(adj.) – (,sDlVkªosxaVs ) – Flagrant-(adj.) – ¼¶ySxjsUV½ & dq[;kr
Examinee-(n.) – (bXt+SEkuh) - ijh{kkFkhZ csQtwy [kphZyk Flame-(n.) – ¼¶yse½ & Tokyk
Examiner-(n.) – (bXt+SfEkuj) - ijh{kd Extreme-(n.) – (,sDlVªhe) – cgqr] Flame-(vt.) – ¼¶yse½ & Tkykuk
Exceed- (n.) – (,sDlhM) – vf/kd gksuk] vkf[kjh Flame-(vi.) – ¼¶yse½ & tyuk
T+;knk gksuk Eye – (n) – (vkbZ) - vk¡[k Flatter-(vt.) – ¼¶ySVj½ & pkiywlh djuk
Exception-(n.) – (,sDlSI‛ku) – viokn] dqN F Flavour-(n.) – ¼¶ysoj½ & Lokn
gVdj Face-(n.) – ¼Qsl½ & psgjk] lkeus Flaw- (n.) – ¼¶ykW½ & nks’k
Exchange-(n.) – (,sDlpst a ) - cnyuk Facilitate-(vt.) – ¼QSflfyVsV½ & lgk;rk Flexible-(adj.) – ¼¶ySfDlcy½ & yphyk
djuk] lgt djuk
388
Flight-(n.) – ¼QkbV½ & mM+ku] if{k;ksa dk Fury-(n.) – ¼¶;wjh½ & Øks/k] ikxyiu Grievance-(n.) – ¼xhfo,Ul½ & vUuk;] nq[k
÷kq.M Fusion-(n.) – ¼¶;wt+u½ & esy] feJ.k Grip-(n.) – ¼fxzi½ & idM+uk
Flock-(n.) – ¼¶ykWd½ & if{k;ksa dk ÷kq.M] Futile-(n.) – ¼¶;wVkby½ & rqPN] fujFkZd Groundnut-(n.) – ¼xzkmUMuV½ & ewaxQyh
tkuojksa dk ÷kq.M Future-(adj.) – ¼¶;wpj½ & Hkfo’; Growth-(n.) – ¼xzksFk½ & rjDdh] izxfr
Flock-(vi.) – ¼¶ykWd½ & ,d«k gksuk G Guarantee-(vt.) – ¼xSjUVh½ & fo‛okl
Fluctuation-(n.) – ¼¶yDpq,‛ku½ & Gab-(n.) – ¼xSc½ & xi‛ki fnykuk] vk‛oLr djuk
vfLFkjrk] mrkj p<+ko Gab-(vt.) – ¼xSc½ & xi‛ki djuk Guarantee-(n.) – ¼xSjUVh½ & ca/kd ¼tSls
Fluent-(adj.) – ¼¶yw,UV½ & cgrk gqvk] Gale-(n.) – ¼xsy½ & vka/kh cSad esa yksu ysus ds fy, lEifRr dks ca/kd
/kM+kds ds lkFk cksyus okyk O;fDr Gallant-(adj.) – ¼xSysUV½ & lkglh j[kuk½]
Fog-(n.) – ¼QkWx½ & dksgjk Gamble-(vi.) – ¼xSEcy½ & tqvk [ksyuk Guard-(n.) – ¼xkMZ½ & pkSdhnkj
Follower-(n.) – ¼QkWyksvj½ & vuqlj.k djus Garland-(n.) – ¼xkjyS.M½ & ekyk Guardian-(n.) – ¼xkfMZ;u½ & laj{kd
okyk Guidance-(n.) – ¼xkbMSUl½ & iFk izn‛kZu
Garlic-(n.) – ¼xkfyZd½ & yglqu
Foolish-(adj.) – ¼Qwfy‛k½ & csodwQ Guide-(vt.) – ¼xkbM½ & iFk iznf‛kZr djuk]
Garment-(n.) – ¼xkjeSUV½ & diM+k] iks‛kkd
Forbid-(vt.) – ¼QkWjfcM½ & euk djuk] jkg fn[kkuk
jksduk] fu’ks/k djuk Garnish-(vt.) – ¼xkfuZ‛k½ & ltkuk
Guilt-(n.) – ¼fxYV½ & vijk/k] nks’k

OM
Forcible-(adj.) – ¼QksflZcy½ & cy ds lkFk Gaze-(vi.) – ¼xst+½ & ?kwjuk
Gem-(n.) – ¼tse½ & ef.k Guilty-(adj.) – ¼fxYVh½ & vijk/kh] nks’kh
Forecast-(vt.) – ¼QkWjdkLV½ & Hkfo’;ok.kh Gulp- (vt.) – ¼xYi½ & fuxyuk
djuk Generally-(adv.) – ¼tSujyh ;k tujyh½ &
lkekU;r% Gust- (n.) – ¼xLV½ & gok dk ÷kksd a k] izp.M
Forefather-(n.) – ¼QksjQknj½ & iwot Z gok
Foreigner-(n.) – ¼QkWjuj½ & fons‛kh Generate-(vt.) – ¼tujsV½ & iSnk djuk
Generation-(n.) – ¼tujs‛ku½ & ih<+h] oa‛k Gymnasium-(n.) – ¼ftEusft+;e½ & fte]
Forever-(adv.) – ¼Qjsoj½ & ges‛kk

.C
O;k;keky;
Foreword-(n.) – ¼QksjoMZ½ & izLrkouk] Generic-(adj.) – ¼tSufjd½ & dqy dk
H
Hkwfedk Generous-(adj.) – ¼tSujl½ & nkuh
Habit-(n.) – ¼gSfcV½ & vknr
Forfeit-(vt.) – ¼QksjQhV½ & vf/kdkj [kks Gentle-(adj.) – ¼tSUVy½ & fouez] n;kyw
NT Habitual-(n.) – ¼gSchpqvy½ &vH;Lr] vknr
cSBuk Genuine-(adj.) – ¼tSU;qvu½ & vlyh gksuk
Forgive-(vt.) – ¼QkWjfxo½ & ekQ djuk Gesture-(n.) – ¼tSLpj½ & gko Hkko Hail-(n.) – ¼gsy½ & vksys
Forge-(n.) – ¼QkstZ½ & HkV~Vh Giant-(n.) – ¼tk;UV½ & nSR; Hail-(vt.) – ¼gsy½ & vksys iM+uk
Forge-(vt.) – ¼QkstZ½ & tkylkth djuk Giant-(adj.) – ¼tk;UV½ & fo‛kky Hair-(n.) – ¼gsvj½ & cky
Forget-(vt.) – ¼QxSV½ & Hkwy tkuk Gift-(n.) – ¼fx¶V½ & migkj
OI
Hale-(n.) – ¼gsy½ & LoLFk
Formal-(adj.) – ¼QkWeZy½ & vkSipkfjd Gift-(vt.) – ¼fx¶V½ & migkj nsuk Halt-(vt.) – ¼gkWYV½ &:duk] Bgjuk
Formality-(n.) – ¼QkWefsZ yVh½ & Girlish-(adj.) – ¼xfyZ‛k½ & ydM+h dh rjg Hammer-(n.) – ¼gSej½ & gFkksM+k
vkSipkfjdrk Glad-(n.) – ¼XySM½ & [kq‛k Hammer-(vt.) – ¼gSej½ & ihVuk] ekjuk]
P

Forsake-(vt.) – ¼QkWjlsd½ & R;kxuk Glare-(vi.) – ¼Xysvj½ & peduk dwVuk

Fort- (n.) – ¼QksVZ½ & fdyk Glide-(vi.) – ¼XykbM½ & fQlyuk Handful-(n.) – ¼gS.MQqy½ & eqVB~ h Hkj
Foundation-(n.) – ¼QkmUMs‛ku½ & uhao] Glimpse-(n.) – ¼fXyEIl½ & ÷kyd
ER

Handicap-(n.) – ¼gS.MhdSi½ &det+ksjh

laLFkkiuk Glorious-(n.) – ¼Xyksfj;l½ & csgrjhu Handicraft-(n.) – ¼gS.MhØk¶V½ & gLr
Founder-(n.) – ¼QkmUMj½ & laLFkkid Glossary-(n.) – ¼XykWljh½ &‛kCndks‛k f‛kYi
Frank-(adj.) – ¼ÝSUd½ & Li’Voknh Goldsmith-(n.) – ¼xksYMfLeFk½ & lqukj Handiwork-(n.) – ¼gS.MhodZ½ & gkFk dk
Fraud-(n.) – ¼ÝkWM½ & /kks[ksckt] /kks[kk Goodness-(n.) – ¼xqMuSl½ & cM+Iiu] dke
PP

Freeze-(vt.) – ¼Ýht+½ & tek nsuk vPNkbZ Handkerchief- (n.) – ¼gSadjphQ½ &:eky
Freight-(n.) – ¼ÝsV½ & eky] HkkM+k Goodwill-(n.) – ¼xqMfoy½ & yksdfiz;rk Hang-(vti.) – ¼gSUx½ & yVdkuk
Freight-(vt.) – ¼ÝsV½ & tgkt ij eky Gossip-(n.) – ¼xkWfli½ & xi‛ki Happiness-(n.) – ¼gSfiuSl½ & [kq‛kh] vkuUn
yknuk Grace- (n.) – ¼xzsl½ & n;k Happy-(adj.) – ¼gSih½ & [kq‛k
Frequent- (adj.) – ¼ÝhDosUV½ & ckj&ckj Gradual-(adj.) – ¼xzStqvy½ & fu;fer Harm- (vt.) – ¼gkeZ½ &gkfu igq¡pkuk
TO

dk Gradually-(n.) – ¼xzStqvyh½ & /khjs /khjs Harmful- (n.) – ¼gkeZQqy½ &gkfudkjd

Frequently- (adv.) – ¼ÝhDosUVyh½ & Grain-(n.) – ¼xzsu½ & vukt] cht Haste-(n.) – ¼gsLV½ & tYnh
vDlj] ckj&ckj Grand-(n.) – ¼xzS.M½ & ‚kkunkj] fo‛kky Hatred-(n.) – ¼gsVªM s ½ & uQjr] ?k`.kk
Friendly-(adj.) – ¼ÝSUMyh½ & fe«krkiw.kZ Grape-(n.) – ¼xzsi½ & vaxwj Haughty-(n.) – ¼gkWVh½ &?ke.Mh
Front-(n.) – ¼ÝUV½ & lkeus] vxyk Hkkx Grasp-(n.) – ¼xzSLi½ & idM+uk] fdlh ckr Havoc-(n.) – ¼gSod½ &fouk‛k] rckgh
Fruit-(n.) – ¼ÝwV½ & Qy dks le÷k ysuk Headache-(n.) – ¼gSMsd½ &ljnnZ
Fulfill-(vt.) – ¼QqyfQy½ & iwjk djuk Gratitude-(n.) – ¼xzSfVV~;wM½ & /kU;okn Heading-(n.) – ¼gSfMax½ & ‛kh’kZd
Fun-(n.) – ¼Qu½ & [ksy Great-(n.) – ¼xzsV½ & egku Headstrong-(adj.) – ¼gSMLVªk¡x½ & gBh
Fundamental-(n.) – ¼QUMkesUVy½ & Greatness-(n.) – ¼xzsVusl½ & egkurk Health-(n.) – ¼gSYFk½ &LokLF;
ewyHkwr] ekSfyd Greed-(n.) – ¼xzhM½ &ykyp Healthy-(adj.) – ¼gSYnh½ &LoLFk
Furnish-(vt.) – ¼QfuZ‛k½ & lqlfTtr djuk Greeting-(n.) – ¼xzhfVax½ & dq‛ky eaxy Heap- (n.) – ¼ghi½ & <sj
Furious-(adj.) – ¼¶;wfjvl½ & cgqr Øks/kh iwNuk Heap- (vt.) – ¼ghi½ & <sj yxkuk
Further-(adv.) – ¼Qjnj½ & vkxs Grief-(n.) – ¼xzhQ½ & nq[k Hear- (vti.) – ¼fg;j½ & lquuk
389
Hearsay- (n.) – ¼fg;jls½ &ppkZ] vQokg Humane-(adj.) – ¼g~;wesu½ &n;kyq Impose-(vt.) – ¼bEikst½ & Fkksiuk] /kks[kk
Heart-(n.) – ¼gkVZ½ & fny Humanity-(n.) – ¼g~;weSfuVh½ &euq’; tkfr nsuk
Hearty-(n.) – ¼gkVhZ½ & fny ls] gkfnZd Humble-(adj.) – ¼gECky½ &uez Impression-(n.) – ¼bEizS‛ku½ & izHkko
Heir-(n.) – ¼,vj½ & okfjl Humdrum-(adj.) – ¼gEMªe½ & ew[kZ Improvement-(n.) – ¼bEizwoesUV½ & mUufr]
Help-(vt.) – ¼gSYi½ & enn djuk Humid-(adj.) – ¼g~;wfeM½ &ue] xhyk rjDdh
Helpless-(n.) – ¼gSYiySl½ & etcwj Humidity-(n.) – ¼g~;wfefMVh½ &ueh] Impure-(n.) – ¼bEI;ksj½ & vifo=
Hence-(adv.) – ¼gSUl½ & vr%] blfy, xhykiu Inability-(n.) – ¼bu,fcfyVh½ & v;ksX;rk]
Herb-(n.) – ¼gcZ½ & tM+h cwVh Humour-(n.) – ¼g~;wej½ &gkL; vl{kerk
Herd-(n.) – ¼gMZ½ & tkuojksa dk >q.M Hungry-(adj.) – ¼gaxzh½ &Hkw[kk Inaccurate-(adj.) – ¼bu,D;wjsV½ & v‛kq)]
Hunt-(vt.) – ¼gUV½ &f‛kdkj djuk xyr
Hereabout-(adv.) – ¼fg;jvckmV½ & vkl
ikl Hunter-(n.) – ¼gUVj½ &f‛kdkjh Inactive-(adj.) – ¼bu,sfDVo½ & vkylh]
csdkj
Hereafter-(adv.) – ¼fg;jvk¶Vj½ &Hkfo’; Hurriedly-(adv.) – ¼gfjMyh½ &tYnh esa
es]a bl ds ckn Inattentive- (adj.) – ¼buvVSfUVo½ &
Hurry-(n.) – ¼gfj½ &tYnh
csijokg] cs[kcj
Heredity-(n.) – ¼gSfjfMVh½ & oa‛k] ijaijkxr Hurry-(vt.) – ¼gfj½ &tYnh djuk
xq.k Inaudible-(adj.) – ¼buvkWfMcy½ & tks

OM
Hygienic-(adj.) – ¼gkbftfud½ &LoPN] lqukbZ u iM+s
Hereunder-(adv.) – ¼fg;jvUMj½ & bldss dhVk.kq jfgr
uhps Inaugurate-(vt.) – ¼buvkWXjsV½ & mn~?kkVu
Hymn-(n.) – ¼fge½ & xhr] izkFkZuk djuk
Herewith-(adv.) – ¼fg;jfon½ &blds lkFk Hypnotise-(v.t.) – ¼fgIuksVkbt+½ & lEeksfgr Inauguration-(n.) – ¼buvkWXjs‛ku½ &
Hero-(n.) – ¼ghjks½ &cgknqj] uk;d djuk] o‛k esa djuk mn~?kkVu
Heroine-(n.) – ¼fgjksbu½ & ukf;dk Hypocrite-(v.t.) – ¼fgIkksØkbV½ & <ksxa h] Inauspicious-(adj.) – ¼buvkWfLi‛kl½ &

.C
Hesitation-(n.) – ¼gSt+hVs‛ku½ & ik[k.Mh v‛kqHk
fgpfdpkgV I Incapable-(adj.) – ¼budsics y½ & v;ksX;
Highway-(n.) – ¼gkbZos½ & cM+h lM+d Icon-(n.) – ¼vkbdkWu½ & ewfrZ
NT Incapacity-(n.) – ¼budiSflVh½ & v;ksX;rk
Hinder- (vt.) – ¼fgUMj½ & jksduk] vM+pu Ideal-(n.) – ¼vkbfMvy½ & vkn‛kZ Incarnation-(n.) – ¼budkuZs‛ku½ & vorkj
Mkyuk Identity-(n.) – ¼vkbMSfUVVh½ & igpku Incident-(n.) – ¼bfUlMSUV½ & ?kVuk
Hindrance-(n.) – ¼fgUMªSUl½ & :dkoV Idiom-(n.) – ¼bfM;e½ & eqgkojk Include-(vt.) – ¼bUDY;wM½ & lfEefyr
Historian-(n.) – ¼fgLVksfj;u½ & Idiot-(n.) – ¼bZfM;V½ & ew[kZ djuk
bfrgkldkj Idle-(adj.) – ¼vkbMy½ & csdkj] [kkyh] lqLr] Income-(n.) – ¼bUde½ & vkenuh
OI
Historical-(adj.) – ¼fgLVksfjdy½ fudEek
&,sfrgkfld Incomparable-(adj.) – ¼budEisvjscy½ &
Idol-(n.) – ¼vkbMy½ & ewfrZ] izfrek vrqyuh;
Hoarse-(adj.) – ¼gkslZ½ &dBksj Ignite-(vt.) – ¼bXukbV½ & vkx yxkuk Incompatible-(adj.) – ¼budEisfVcy½ &
Hobby-(n.) – ¼gkWch½ &‛kkSd Ignite-(vi.) – ¼bXukbV½ & vkx yxuk v;ksX;] csesy
P

Hold-(vt.) – ¼gksYM½ & idM+uk Ignorance-(n.) – ¼bXuksjsUl½ & vKkurk Incomplete-(adj.) – ¼budEIyhV½ & v/kwjk
Holiday-(n.) – ¼gkWfyMs½ &NqVV~ h Ignorant-(adj.) – ¼bXuksjUs V½ & vKku Inconvenient-(adj.) – ¼buduohfu;UV½ &
ER

Hollow-(n.) – ¼gkWyks½ & [kkyh] ‛kwU; Ignore-(vt.) – ¼bXuksj½ & /;ku u nsuk vlqfo/kktud
Honest- (n.) – ¼vkWuLs V½ &bZekunkj Ill-(n.) – ¼by½ & chekj Incorrect-(adj.) – ¼bUdjsDV½ & xyr
Honesty- (n.) – ¼vkWuLs Vh½ &bZekunkjh Illegal-(adj.) – ¼byhxy½ & voS/k Incorrigible-(adj.) – ¼bUdfjftcy½ &
Honorary-(adj.) – ¼gkWujjh½ &lEekunk;d Illegible-(adj.) – ¼bYySftcy½ & vLi’V] ftls lgh@Bhd u fd;k tk lds] vlk/;
Honourable- (adj.) – ¼vkWujscy½ &ekuuh; tks i<+k u tk lds Incredible-(adj.) – ¼buØSf³cy½ &
PP

Horrible-(adj.) – ¼gkWfjcy½ &Hk;kud] Illiteracy-(n.) – ¼bfyVªslh½ & fuj{kjrk vfo‛oluh;

Mjkouk Illiterate-(adj.) – ¼bfyVªslh½ & vui<+ Increment-(n.) – ¼bfUØesUV½ & ykHk]
Horror-(n.)(adj.) – ¼gkWjj½ & Mj] Mjkouk Illness-(n.) – ¼byusl½ & jksx c<+ksrjh
Horse-(n.) – ¼gkWlZ½ & ?kksM+k Illogical- (adj.) – ¼bykWftdy½ & rdZjfgr] Incurable-(adj.) – ¼bUD;ksjscy½ & ftls
TO

Horticulture-(n.) – ¼gkWVhdYpj½ & U;k; foijhr lgh@Bhd u fd;k tk lds] vlk/;

ckxokuh Illusion-(n.) – ¼bY;wt+u½ & Hkze Indeed-(adv.) – ¼bUMhM½ &okLro esa
Hospitality-(n.) – ¼gkWfLiVSfyVh½ & Immature-(adj.) – ¼bEeSP;ksj½ &v/kwjk] Index-(n.) – ¼b.MSDl½ & fu‛kku] fpUg
esgekunkjh] vfrfFk lRdkj dPpk Index-(vt.) – ¼b.MSDl½ & lwph esa fy[kuk
Host-(n.) – ¼gksLV½ & esgekunkjh djus okyk Impatient-(adj.) – ¼bEis‛ksUV½ & v/khj] Indicate-(vt.) – ¼bfUMdsV½ & b‛kkjk djuk
Hostel - (n.) – ¼gkWLVy½ & Nk=kokl ftls /kS;Z u gks Indication-(n.) – ¼bf.Mds‛ku½ & b‛kkjk
Hostile-(n.) – ¼gkWLVkby½ & ‛k«kq Impeach-(vt.) – ¼bEihp½ & nks’kh Bgjkuk Indicator-(n.) – ¼bf.MdsVj½ & funs‛Z k nsus
House- (n.) – ¼gkml½ & ?kj Imperfect-(adj.) – ¼bEijQSDV½ & tks okyk
Household- (adj.) – ¼gkmlgksYM½ & ijQSDV u gks Indifference-(n.) – ¼bf.MQjsUl½ &
x`gLFkh dk] ?kjsyw Imperil-(vt.) – ¼beisfjy½ & tksf[ke esa fu’i{krk
Housewife-(n.) – ¼gkmlokbZQ½ Mkyuk Indifferent-(adj.) – ¼bf.MQjsUV½ & fu’i{k
&x`gLokfeuh] ?kjokyh Import-(vt.) – ¼bEiksV½Z & fons‛k ls eky dk Indigestion-(n.) – ¼b.Mkbts‛pu½ &
Hover- (vi.) – ¼goj½ & eaMjkuk vk;kr djuk cngt+eh
Human-(adj.) – ¼g~;weu½ &ekuo Indigo-(n.) – ¼bfUMxks½ & uhy
390
Indirect- (adj.) – ¼buMk;jSDV½ & vizR;{k Insane-(adj.) – ¼bulsu½ & ikxy Investigate-(vt.) – ¼bUoSLVhxsV½ &Nkuchu
Indirectly- (adv.) – ¼buMk;jSDVyh½ & Insanity-(n.) – ¼bulSfuVh½ & ikxyiu djuk
vizR;{k :i ls Inscription-(n.) – ¼bUlfØI‛ku½ & [kqnk Invincible-(adj.) – ¼bfUofUlcy½ &vts;]
Individual-(n.) – ¼bf.Mfotqvy½ & gqvk] f‛kykys[k ftls gjk;k u tk lds
O;fDrxr Insert-(vt.) – ¼bUlVZ½ & ?kqlkuk] Mky nsuk Invisible-(adj.) – ¼bfUoft+cy½ &ftls ns[kk
Indoor-(adj.) – ¼bUMksj½ & vUnj] ?kjsyw Insoluble-(adj.) &¼bUlkWY;qcy½ & tks ?kqy u tk lds
Induct-(vt.) – ¼b.MDV½ & izkjEHk djuk u lds Invitation- (n.) – ¼bfUoVs‛ku½ &cqykok
Induce-(vt.) – ¼b.M~;wl½ & iszfjr djuk] Insolvent-(n.) – ¼bulkWyoSUV½ & fnokfy;k Invite-(vt.) – ¼bUokbV½ & vkeaf«kr djuk
mdlkuk Insomnia-(n.) – ¼bulkWfEu;k½ & uhan u Invocation-(n.) – ¼bUoksds‛ku½ & j{kk ds
Industrious-(adj.) – ¼b.MfLVª;l½ & vkus okyk jksx fy, vkg~okgu
ifjJeh Inspiration-(n.) – ¼bUlfijs‛ku½ & Invoice-(n.) – ¼bUokWbl½ & pkyku] fcy
Inequity-(n.) – ¼bubfDoVh½ &vlekurk izksRlkgu] izsj.kk Invoke-(vt.) – ¼bUoksd½ & j{kk ds fy,
Inert-(adj.) – ¼buVZ½ & vkylh] tM+] lqLr Instance-(n.) – ¼bUlVSUl½ & iy] {k.k vkg~okgu djuk
Inertia-(n.) – ¼buf‛kZ;k½ & vkyL;] tM+rk Instant-(adj.) – ¼bUlVSUV½ & rqjUr Involve-(vt.) – ¼bUokWYo½ & lfEefyr djuk
Inevitable-(adj.) – ¼bu,sfoVscy½ & Institute-(n.) – ¼bfULVV~;wV½ & laLFkk Iron-(n.) – ¼vk;ju½ &yksgk

OM
vfuok;Z Institute-(vt.) – ¼bfULVV~;wV½ & uhao Mkyuk] Iron-(vt.) – ¼vk;ju½ &bL«kh¼izSl½ djuk
Infant-(n.) – ¼bUQSUV½ & cPpk ]uotkr f‛k‛kq LFkkfir djuk Irony-(n.) – ¼vk;juh½ &O;ax
Inferior-(adj.) – ¼buQhfjvj½ & ?kfV;k] Instruct-(vt.) – ¼bUlVªDV½ & vkns‛k nsuk Irregular-(adj.) – ¼bj~jSxqyj½ & vfu;fer]
csdkj Instructor-(n.) – ¼bUlVªDVj½ & f‛k{kd] Vs<k+ &es<+k] csMkSy
Inferiority-(n.) – ¼buQhfjvkWfjVh½ & v/;kid Irregularity-(n.) – ¼bj~jSxqySfjVh½
ghurk] uhprk Instrument-(n.) – ¼bUlVªeq Vsa ½ & vkStkj &vfu;ferrk

.C
Infinite-(n.) – ¼bufQfuV½ & vuUr Insufficient-(adj.) – ¼bulQhf‛k;UV½ & Irrelevant-(adj.) – ¼bj~jSyos sUV½ &vlaxr]
Infinity-(n.) – ¼bufQfufV½ & vuUrrk vi;kZIr cstksM+
Inflammation- (n.) – ¼bu¶yses‛ku½ & Insult-(vt.) – ¼bulYV½ & vieku djuk
NT Irreparable-(adj.) – ¼bj~fjis;jscy½ & tks
lwtu] tyu Insurance-(n.) – ¼bU‛;ksjl sa ½ & chek lq/kkj ds ;ksX; u gks
Inflammatory-(adj.) – ¼bu¶ysesVjh½ & Integrity-(n.) – ¼bUVhfxzVh½ &lPpkbZ] Irrigation-(n.) – ¼bfjxs‛ku½ & flapkbZ
HkM+dkus okyk] tykus okyk bZekunkjh Irrigate-(vt.) – ¼bfjxsV½ & lhapuk
Inflate-(vt.) – ¼bu¶ysV½ & Qqykuk] gok Intend-(vt.) – ¼bUVS.M½ & bPNk djuk Irritate-(vt.) – ¼bfjVsV½ & ijs‛kku djuk
Hkjuk Intense-(adj.) – ¼bUVSUl½ & rst] cgqr Island-(n.) – ¼vk;yS.M½ &}hi] Vkiw
OI
Infringe-(vi.) – ¼bfUÝUt½ & mYya?ku Interference-(n.) – ¼baVjfQvjSUl½ J
djuk] u ekuuk &:dkoV] ck/kk Jail -(n.) – ¼tsy½ & dkjkxkj
Influence-(n.) – ¼bU¶yq,Ul½ & izHkko Interim-(adj.) – ¼baVfje½ & chp ds le; Jam -(n.) – ¼tSe½ & eqjCck
Influence-(vt.) – ¼bU¶yq,Ul½ & izHkko
P

dk] vYidkyhu Jam -(vt.) – ¼tSe½ & nckuk] ehpuk

Mkyuk Interlink-(n.) – ¼baVjfyad½ &dfM+;ksa dks Jaundice-(n.) – ¼tkWfUMl½ & ihfy;k jksx
Influential-(adj.) – ¼bU¶yq,fU‛k;y½ & tksM+ nsuk Jaunty -(adj.) – ¼tkWUVh½ & jaxhyk
ER

izHkko‛kkyh Internal-(adj.) – ¼baVuZy½ &vanj dk Jaw -(n.) – ¼tkW½ & tcM+k

Informal-(adj.) – ¼buQkWeZy½ & Interpret-(vti.) – ¼baVjizsV½ &O;k[;k djuk] Jealousy-(n.) – ¼tSylh½ & tyu] bZ’;kZ
vukSipkfjd vFkZ fudkyuk Jerk -(n.) – ¼tdZ½ & ÷kVdk
Information-(n.) – ¼buQkWe‛sZ ku½ & lwpuk Interrupt-(vt.) – ¼baVªIV½ & n[ky nsuk Jewel-(n.) – ¼T;wy½ & jRu
Inhabitant-(n.) – ¼bUgSfcVSUV½ & fuoklh
PP

Interval-(n.) – ¼baVjoy½ &fojke Jewellery- (n.) – ¼T;wyjh½ & tokgjkr

Inhale-(vt.) – ¼bUgsy½ & Lkk¡l ysuk Intervene-(vi.) – ¼baVjohu½ & chp esa vkuk Jingle -(n.) – ¼ftUxy½ & VuVukgV]
Inherit-(vt.) – ¼bUgSfjVSUl½ & iSrd
` lEifRr Intervention-(n.) – ¼baVjoSU‛ku½ &gLr{ksi ÷kudkj
;k /ku ikuk] mÙkjkf/kdkj esa ikuk Intestine-(n.) – ¼baVsLVkbu½ & vkar Jingle -(vti.) – ¼ftUxy½ & VuVukgV
Inheritance-(n.) – ¼bUgSfjVSUl½ & iSr`d Intimacy-(n.) – ¼baVheslh½ & fudVrk djuk] ÷ku÷kukuk
TO

lEifRr ;k /ku
Intimate-(adj.) – ¼bafVesV½ & ?kfu’V Journalist-(n.) – ¼tuZfyLV½ & i«kdkj
Inhuman-(adj.) – ¼bUg~;weu½ & funZ;h
Intimate-(vt.) – ¼bafVesV½ & lwpuk nsuk Journey-(n.) – ¼tuhZ½ & ;k«kk
Initial-(n.) – ¼buhf‛k;y½ & igyk] izkjEHk dk
Intimation-(n.) – ¼bafVes‛ku½ & lwpuk Joy-(n.) – ¼tkW;½ & et+k] vkuUn
Initially-(adv.) – ¼buhf‛k;yh½ & igys]
Intimidate-(vt.) – ¼bfUVfeMsV½ & Mjkuk] Judicial-(adj.) – ¼T;qfMf‛k;y½ & U;k;
izkjEHk esa
/kedkuk lEcU/kh
Initiate-(vt.) – ¼buhf‛k,V½ & izkjEHk djuk
Intrigue-(n.) – ¼b.Vªhx½ & lkft‛k] ‘kM+;a«k Juggle-(vt.) – ¼txy½ & tknwxjh djuk]
Initiative-(n.) – ¼buhf‛k,fVo½ & ‚kq# djus
Intrude-(vt.) – ¼baVª;wM½ &fcuk btktr ds ckthxjh djuk
dh ftEesnkjh ysuk
?kqluk Juggler-(n.) – ¼txyj½ & tknwxj] ckthxj
Injury-(n.) – ¼bUtjh½ & uqdlku] pksV
Invade-(vt.) – ¼bUosM½ &vkØe.k djuk Juice-(n.) – ¼twl½ & fdlh Qy ;k lCth
Inn-(n.) – ¼bu½ & ljk;] /keZ‛kkyk
Invalid-(n.) – ¼bUoSfyM½ &voS/k] xyr dk jl
Innate-(n.) – ¼bUusV½ & LokHkkfod
Invasion-(n.) – ¼bUost+u½ &p<+kbZ] vkØe.k Juncture-(n.) – ¼taDpj½ & feyus dk
Innocence-(n.) – ¼bukslSUl½ & Hkksykiu LFkku] tksM+] mfpr le;
Invention-(n.) – ¼bUoSU‛ku½ & vkfo’dkj
Innocent-(adj.) – ¼bukslSUV½ & HkksykHkkyk Junior -(n.)– ¼twfu;j½& mez ;k in esa NksVk
Inquire-(vti.) – ¼bUDok;j½ & iwNrkN djuk
391
Just-(adj.) – ¼tLV½ & U;kf;d] mfpr Landscape-(n.) – ¼yS.MLdsi½ & ftruh Liquidity- (n.) – ¼fyfDofMVh½ & rjyrk]
Just-(adv.) – ¼tLV½ & vHkh i`Foh ,d ckj esa fn[kkbZ ns ¼,d n`‛; es½a nzoRo
Justice-(n.) – ¼tfLVl½ & U;k; Landslide-(n.) – ¼yS.MLdsi½ & HkwL[kyu Liquor-(n.) – ¼fydj½ & ‚kjkc
Justify-(vt.) – ¼tfLVQk;½ & lgh lkfcr Lane-(n.) – ¼ysu½ & xyh Literacy-(n.) – ¼fyVjslh½ & lk{kjrk
djuk Language-(n.) – ¼ySUXost½ & Hkk’kk Livelihood-(n.) – ¼ykbofygqM½ & thfodk
Juvenile-(adj.) – ¼T;wfoukby½ & cpdkuk] Lantern-(n.) – ¼yS.VuZ½ & ykyVsu Live-(vi.) – ¼fyo½ & jguk] thfor jguk
yM+diu Lap-(n.) – ¼ySi½ & xksn Liver-(n.) – ¼fyoj½ & dystk
K Large-(adj.) – ¼yktZ½ & fo‛kky Livestock-(n.) – ¼ykboLVkWd½ & eos‛kh]
Keen-(adj.) – ¼dhu½ & mRlqd Lash-(vt.) – ¼yS‛k½ & dksM+s ekjuk tkuoj
Keep-(vt.) – ¼dhi½ & j[kuk Last-(adj.) – ¼ykLV½ & vkf[kjh] vfUre Lockup-(n.) – ¼ykWdi½ & cUnhx`g
Kernel-(n.) – ¼djusy½ & nkuk] cht] eq[; Laud-(adj.) – ¼ykmM½ & iz‛kalk] rst vkokt Lofty-(adj.) – ¼yks¶Vh½ & Å¡pk] cM+k] ?ke.Mh
Hkkx Laud-(vt.) – ¼ykmM½ & iz‛kalk djuk Logic-(n.) – ¼ykWftd½ & rdZ
Kerosene-(n.) – ¼dSjksflu½ & feV~Vh dk Lavish-(adj.) – ¼ySfo‛k½ & foykflrk iw.kZ Lonely-(adj.) – ¼yksUyh½ & vdsyk
rsy Lavish-(vt.) – ¼ySfo‛k½ & [kpZ djuk] iSlk Longevity-(n.) – ¼ykWfUxfoVh½ & yEch mez
Kettle-(n.) – ¼dSVy½ & dsryh Longing-(n.) – ¼ykWfUxax½ & vfHkyk’kk

OM
yqVkuk
Key-(n.) – ¼dh½ & pkch] eq[; Hkkx Law- (n.) – ¼ykW½ & dkuwu Longitude-(n.) – ¼ykWfUxV~;wM½ & ns‛kkUrj
Kill-(vt.) – ¼fdy½ & ekjuk Lawful- (adj.) – ¼ykWQqy½ & U;k;ksfpr Lotus-(n.) – ¼yksVl½ & dey dk Qwy
Kill-(adj.) – ¼fdfyax½ & o‛k esa dj ysuk Lawless-(adj.) – ¼ykWySl½ & U;k; fo#) Love-(n.) – ¼yo½ & I;kj
okyk] tcjnLr Lawyer-(n.) – ¼ykW;j½ & odhy Love-(vt.) – ¼yo½ & I;kj djuk
Kin-(n.) – ¼fdu½ & fj‛rsnkj] laca/kh Lazy-(adj.) – ¼yst+h½ & lqLr Loving-(adj.) – ¼yfoax½ & I;kjk

.C
Kind-(adj.) – ¼dkbUM½ & n;kyw] fouez Leap-(vt.) – ¼yhi½ & dwnuk] mNyuk Low-(adj.) (adv.)– ¼yks½ & de] uhpk
Kindergarten-(n.) – ¼fdUMjxkVZu½ & NksVs Lecture-(n.) – ¼ySDpj½ & mins‛k] Hkk’k.k Low-(vti.) – ¼yksvj½ & de djuk
cPpksa dk Ldwy
Lecture-(vt.) – ¼ySDpj½ & mins‛k nsuk] Loyalty-(n.) – ¼ykW;yVh½ & lPpkbZ]
Kindle-(vt.) – ¼fdUMy½ & tykuk
Kindly-(adv.) – ¼fdUMyh½ & fouezrk ls
Kinship- (n.) – ¼fduf‛ki½ & fj‛rk
Hkk’k.k nsuk
NT
Legal-(adj.) – ¼yhxy½ & dkuwuh] oS|
Legible-(adj.) – ¼ySftcy½ & lkQ lqFkjk]
bZekunkjh
Lucid-(adj.) – ¼Y;wflM½ & pedhyk] lkQ
Lucrative-(adj.) – ¼Y;wØsfVo½ & Qk;nsean
Kiss- (vt.) – ¼fdl½ & pweuk tks vklkuh ls i<+k tk lds Lukewarm-(adj.) – ¼Y;wdokWeZ½ & xquxquk
Kite-(n.) – ¼dkbV½ & phy] irax Leisure-(adj.) – ¼yS‛k+j½ & [kkyh] QqlrZ Lunacy-(n.) – ¼Y;wusfl½ & ikxyiu
OI
Kitchen-(n.) – ¼fdpu½ & jlksbZ Lengthy-(adj.) – ¼ySUFkh ;k ySUnh½ & yEck Lunatic-(adj.) – ¼Y;wusfVd½& ikxy] lUkdh
Knead-(vt.) – ¼uhM½ & xwFa kuk] eaMuk Leniency-(n.) – ¼yhfuvUlh½ & uehZ Lust-(n.) – ¼yLV½ & yksHk] ykyp
Knit-(vt.) – ¼fuV½ & cquuk Lenient-(adj.) – ¼yhfuvUV½ & ueZ Lust-(vi.) – ¼yLV½ & yksHk djuk] ykyp
Knock-(vt.) – ¼ukWd½ & [kV[kVkuk Lessen-(vt.) – ¼ySlu½ & de djuk] ?kVkuk djuk] dke Hkksx dh bPNk djuk
P

Knot-(n.) – ¼ukWV½ & ca/ku] xkaB Lesson-(n.) – ¼ySlu½ & ikB Luxurious-(adj.) – ¼yXt+hfj;l ;k
Knot-(vt.) – ¼ukWV½ & xkaB ck¡/kuk Let-(vt.) – ¼ySV½ & djus nsuk] djus dh yXt+fq j;l½ & foyklh] vkuUnh
ER

Knowingly- (adv.) – ¼uksbx a yh½ & vkKk nsuk Luxury- (n.) – ¼yXt+jh½ & Hkksx foykl]
tkucw÷kdj Lexicon-(n.) – ¼ySfDldu½ & ‚kCndks’k lq[k Hkksx
Knowledge- (n.) – ¼ukWyst½ & Kku Liability-(n.) – ¼yk;fcfYkVh½ & mÙkjnkf;Ro] M
L ft+Eesnkjh Machine- (n.) – ¼e‛khu½ & ;a«k
Label-(n.) – ¼yscy½ & lwpd i«k Liable-(adj.) – ¼yk;cy½ & mÙkjnk;h] Mad-(n.) – ¼eSM½ & ikxy
PP

Laboratory-(n.) – ¼yscksjsVjh½ & iz;ksx‛kkyk ft+Eesnkj Madden-(vt.) – ¼eSMu½ & ikxy cukuk
Laborious-(adj.) – ¼yscksfj;l½ & esgurh Liberal-(adj.) – ¼fycjy½ & uez] vktkn Magic- (n.) – ¼eSftd½ & tknw
Labour-(vt.) – ¼yscj½ & etnwjh djuk] Liberate-(vt.) – ¼fycjsV½ & vktkn djuk Magical- (adj.) – ¼eSftdy½ & tknqbZ
ifjJe djuk Liberty-(n.) – ¼fycVhZ½ & vktknh Magician- (n.) – ¼eSftf‛k;u½ & tknwxj
TO

Labourer-(n.) – ¼yscj~j½ & etnwj Librarian-(n.) – ¼ykbczsfjvu½ & Magnificent-(adj.) – ¼eSfXufQlsaV½ &
Lace-(n.) – ¼ysl½ & Mksjh iqLrdk/;{k tcjnLr] fo‛kky
Lace-(vt.) – ¼ysl½ & Mksjh ls ck¡/kuk Licence-(n.) – ¼ykblsUl½ & vf/kdkj i«k Mail-(n.) – ¼esy½ & Mkd
Lack-(n.) – ¼ySd½ & deh License-(vt.) – ¼ykblsUl½ & vf/kdkj nsuk Mail-(vt.) – ¼esy½ & Mkd esa Mkyuk
Lad-(n.) – ¼ySM½ & yM+dk Lid-(n.) – ¼fyM½ & <Ddu Maintain-(vt.) – ¼esUVsu½ & j[kuk] laHkkyuk
Lamb- (n.) – ¼ySEc½ & HksM+ dk cPpk] eseuk Lie-(n.) – ¼yk;½ & ÷kwB Maintenance-(n.) – ¼esUVsUksUl½ & j[kj[kko
Lame-(n.) – ¼yse½ & y¡xM+k Lie-(vt.) – ¼yk;½ & ÷kwB cksyuk Maize-(n.) – ¼est+½ & eDdk
Lament-(n.) – ¼ysesUV½ & ‚kksd Lifelong- (adj.) – ¼ykbQyk¡x½ & ftUnxh Major-(adj.) – ¼estj½ & cM+k] ckfyx
Lament-(vt.) – ¼ysesUV½ & ‚kksd djuk] Hkj Majority-(n.) – ¼estksfjVh½ & cgqer]
foyki djuk Limit-(vt.) – ¼fyfeV½ & gn] nk;jk vf/kdrk
Landlord-(n.) – ¼yS.MykWMZ½ & edku Limited-(adj.) – ¼fyfefVM½ & lhfer Mammoth-(adj.) – ¼eSeFk½ & fo‛kky] egku
ekfyd] tehankj Liquid-(n.) – ¼fyfDoM½ & nzo Manage- (vti.) – ¼eSut s ½ & laHkkyuk]
Landmark-(n.) – ¼yS.MekdZ½ & dksbZ fpUg] Liquidate-(vt.) – ¼fyfDoMsV½ & fglkc iwjk cankscLr djuk] izcU/k djuk
,sfrgkfld ?kVuk djuk] dtZ pqdkuk
392
Manageable-(adj.) – ¼eSusft,cy½ & Measure-(n.) – ¼eS‛k+jscy ;k eSt+jscy½ & Monotony-(n.) – ¼eukWVuh½ & ,d Loj]
izcU/kuh; ekius ;ksX;] ukius ;ksX; ,d vkokt
Management-(n.) – ¼eSustesaV½ & izcU/k Measure-(vt.) – ¼eS‛k+j ;k eSt+j½ & ekiuk] Monsoon-(n.) – ¼ekWulwu½ & ekulwu
Manager-(n.) – ¼eSut s j½ & izcU/kd ukiuk Mood-(n.) – ¼ewM½ & LoHkko
Mandatory-(adj.) – ¼eSUMsVjh½ & vfuok;Z Mechanic-(n.) – ¼esdsfud½ & dkjhxj Moody-(adj.) – ¼ewMh½ & fpM+fpM+k
Manifesto-(n.) – ¼eSuhQSLVks½ & ?kks’k.kk i«k Medal-(n.) – ¼eSMy½ & ind Moon-(n.) – ¼ewu½ & pUnzek
Manifold-(adj.) – ¼eSuhQksYM½ & fofo/k] Meddle-(vt.) – ¼eSMy½ & n[ky nsuk Moral-(adj.) – ¼ekWjy½ & uSfrd
dbZ] ukuk izdkj ds Mediate-(vt.) – ¼ehfM;sV½ & chp esa iM+uk Morality-(n.) – ¼ekWjSfyVh½ & vPNk vkpj.k]
Manipulate-(vt.) – ¼eSuhI;qysV½ & pkykdh Memorable-(adj.) – ¼eSejscy½ & ;knxkj lnkpkj
ls dke djuk Memory-(n.) – ¼eSejh½ & ;kn Moreover-(adv.) – ¼eksjksoj½ & flok;
Mankind-(n.) – ¼eSudkbUM½ & ekuo tkfr Mental-(adj.) – ¼eSUVy½ & ekufld blds] vkSj Hkh
Manner-(n.) – ¼eSuj½ & vkpj.k Mentality-(n.) – ¼eSUVSfyVh½ & lksp Mount-(n.) – ¼ekmUV½ & Å¡pk] f‛k[kj] igkM+
Manoeuvre-(n.) – ¼eSuqoj½ & dq‛kyrk] Mention-(n.) – ¼eSU‛ku½ & ppkZ] o.kZu Mount-(vti.) – ¼ekmUV½ & p<+uk
pkykdh Mention-(vt.) – ¼eSU‛ku½ & ppkZ djuk] Move-(vt.) – ¼ewo½ & fgykuk
Manual-(adj.) – ¼eSuqvy½ & gkFk ls fd;k o.kZu djuk Mum- (n.) – ¼ee½ & pqi

OM
x;k] NksVh fdrkc Mercy-(n.) – ¼elhZ½ & n;k Murmur-(vt.) – ¼eeZj½ & cM+cM+kuk
Manufacture-(vt.) – ¼eSuQ q SDpj½ & cukuk] Meritorious-(adj.) – ¼eSfjVksfj;l½ & xq.kh] Mushroom-(n.) – ¼e‛k#e½ & dqdqjeqÙkk
fuekZ.k djuk xq.koku Music-(n.) – ¼E;wft+d½ & laxhr
Maraud- (vti.) – ¼ejkWM½ & ywVuk Mesmerize-(vt.) – ¼eSLejkbt+½ & lEeksfgr Musical-(adj.) – ¼E;wft+dy½ & lqjhyk
Marble- (n.) – ¼ekcZy½ & laxejej djuk Musician-(n.) – ¼E;wt+hf‛k;u½ & laxhrdkj
Marine-(adj.) – ¼ejhu½ & leqnhz

.C
Message-(n.) – ¼eSlst½ & lans‛k Myriad-(adj.) – ¼fefj;kM½ & dbZ
Marital-(adj.) – ¼eSfjVy½ & fookg lEcU/kh Mid- (adj.) – ¼feM½ & chp dk N
Mark-(n.) – ¼ekdZ½ & fpUg] fu‛kku Midst- (n.) – ¼feM~LV½ & chp esa Nab- (vt.) – ¼uSc½ & nckspuk] idM+uk
Mark-(vti.) – ¼ekdZ½ & fpUg yxkuk] fu‛kku
yxkuk
Marriage-(n.) – ¼eSfjt½ & fookg] ‚kknh
NT
Might-(n.) – ¼ekbV½ & ‚kfDr] rkdr
Mighty-(adj.) – ¼ekbVh½ & ‚kfDr‛kkyh
Million-(n.) – ¼fefy;u½ & 10 yk[k #i;s
Nail-(n.) – ¼usy½ & uk[kqu
Naked -(adj.) – ¼usdsM½ & uaxk
Nameless-(adj.) – ¼useySl½ & xqeuke
Married-(adj.) – ¼eSfjM½ & fookfgr Millionaire-(adj.) – ¼fefyusvj½ & y[kifr Namesake-(adj.) – ¼uselsd½ & geuke
Marvelous-(adj.) – ¼ekoZyl½ & cgqr Mimic-(vt.) – ¼fefed½ & udy djuk Nap-(n.) – ¼uSi½ & ÷kidh] Å¡?k
OI
tcjnLr Minimize-(vt.) – ¼fefuekbt+½ & de djuk Nap-(vt.) – ¼uSi½ & ÷kidh ysuk] Å¡?kuk
Masculine-(adj.) – ¼eSLdqfyu½ & enkZuk] Minimum-(adj.) – ¼fefuee½ & de ls de
fnysj Napkin-(n.) – ¼uSfIdu½ &#eky
Minor-(adj.) – ¼ekbuj½ & NksVk] ukckfyx Narrate-(vti.) – ¼ujsV½ & c;ku djuk
Mash-(vt.) – ¼eS‛k½ & dqpyuk] elyuk
Minority-(n.) – ¼ekbukWfjVh½ & vYier Narration-(n.) – ¼uSjs‛ku½ & o.kZu
P

Masque-(n.) – ¼ekLd½ & ?kw?a kV] cukoVh

Mint-(n.) – ¼feUV½ & iqnhuk Narrow-(adj.) – ¼uSjks½ & ladjk
psgjk
Miracle-(n.) – ¼fejsdy½ & peRdkj Nationality-(n.) – ¼uS‛kuSfyVh½ & jk’Vªh;rk
Massacre-(n.) – ¼eSld s j½ & ujgR;k
ER

Miraculous-(adj.) – ¼fejsD;qyl½ & Native-(n.) – ¼usfVo½ & ewy fuoklh

Massacre-(vt.) – ¼eSlsdj½ & ujgR;k
peRdkfjd Natural-(adj.) – ¼uSpqjy½ & LokHkkfod]
djuk] lagkj djuk
Mire-(n.) – ¼ek;j½ & nyny] dhpM+ izkd`frd
Massage-(n.) – ¼elkt½ & ekfy‛k
Mirror-(n.) – ¼fejj½ & ‚kh‛kk Nature-(n.) – ¼uspj½ & LoHkko] izd`fr
Massive-(adj.) – ¼eSflo½ & fo‛kky] ‚kkunkj
Mischief-(n.) – ¼feLphQ½ & uqdlku] Naughty-(adj.) – ¼ukWVh½ & ‚kjkjrh
PP

Masterpiece-(n.) – ¼ekLVjihl½ & Js’B

‚kjkjr Navigation-(n.) – ¼uSfoxs‛ku½ & ty Ik;ZVu
dke
Misguide-(vt.) – ¼feLxkbM½ & cgdkuk] Necessary-(adj.) – ¼uSlsljh½ & t+#jh
Mat-(n.) – ¼eSV½ & pVkbZ
HkVdkuk Necessity-(n.) – ¼uSlsflVh½ & vko‛;drk
Match-(n.) – ¼eSp½ & ekfpl] ;q)
Mislead-(vt.) – ¼feLyhM½ & cgdkuk]
Match-(vt.) – ¼eSp½ & cjkcj djuk] cjkcjh Needle-(n.) – ¼uhMy½ & lqbZ
TO

HkVdkuk
djuk Nefarious-(adj.) – ¼fuQsfj;l½ & egkikih
Misplace- (vt.) – ¼felIysl½ & xyr txg
Mathematics-(n.) – ¼eSFksesfVDl½ & xf.kr ij j[kuk Negation-(n.) – ¼fuxs‛ku½ & udkjkRedrk]
Matrimony-(n.) – ¼eSfVªeuh½ & fookg eukgh
Mockery-(n.) – ¼ekWdjh½ & g¡lh] migkl
Matter-(n.) – ¼eSVj½ & ekeyk Neglect-(vt.) – ¼uSXySDV½ & /;ku u nsuk
Moist-(adj.) – ¼ekWbLV½ & xhyk] ue] Hkhxk
Mature-(adj.) – ¼eSP;ksj½ & le÷knkj] Negligence-(n.) – ¼uSfXytsUl½ & ykijokgh
Moment-(n.) – ¼ekWesUV½ & {k.k] iy
iDdk] rS;kj Negligent-(adj.) – ¼uSfXytsUV½ & ykijokg
Momentary-(adj.) – ¼ekWesUVjh½ & {kf.kd
Maturity-(n.) – ¼eSP;ksfjVh½ & le÷knkjh] ;kfu ,d iy dk Negotiate-(vti.) – ¼uSxksf‛k,V½ & eksy Hkko
iDdkiu djuk
Momentous-(adj.) – ¼ekWesUVl½ & egRoiw.kZ
Maximum-(adj.) – ¼eSfDlee½ & vf/kdre Negotiation-(n.) – ¼uSxksf‛k,‛ku½ & eksy
Monologue-(n.) – ¼eksuksykWx½ & ,d O;fDr Hkko
Meantime-(adv.) – ¼ehuVkbe½ & rc rd] ds }kjk cksyh x;h ckr
bl chp Neighbour-(n.) – ¼uscj½ & iM+kslh
Monopoly-(n.) – ¼eukWiyh½ & ,dkf/kdkj]
Meanwhile-(adv.) – ¼ehuokby½ & rc fdlh pht dks cspus dk leLr vf/kdkj New-(adj.) – ¼U;w½ & u;k
rd] bl chp Newly-(adv.) – ¼U;wyh½ & u;k u;k

393
News-(n.) – ¼U;wt+½ & lekpkj Opportunity-(n) – ¼vkWijP;wfuVh½ & volj Parallel-(adj.) – ¼iSjSyy½ &lekukUrj
Newspaper-(n.) – ¼U;wt+iis j½ & v[kckj Oppose-(n) – ¼vikst+½ & fojks/k djuk Paralysis-(n.) – ¼iSjkykbfll½ &ydok jksx
Nickname-(n.) – ¼fuduse½ & miuke Optimistic-(n) – ¼vkWfIVfefLVd½ & Paramount-(n.) – ¼iSjkekm.V½ & izeq[k]
Niece-(n.) – ¼uhl½ & HkkUth] Hkrhth vk‛kkoknh cM+k] iz/kku
Nightmare-(n.) – ¼ukbVes;j½ & nq%LoIu] Oral-(n) – ¼vksjy½ & ekSf[kd Parasite-(n.) – ¼iSjklkbV½ & ijthoh]
Mjkouk Orator-(n) – ¼vksjsVj½ & oDrk eq¶r[kksj
Nominal-(adj.) – ¼ukWfeuy½ & ukeek«k dk Ordinary-(n) – ¼vkWfMZujh½ & lk/kkj.k Parity-(n.) –¼iSfjVh½&lekurk
Nominate-(vt.) – ¼ukfeusV½ & uketn Ornament-(n) – ¼vkWukZeVsa ½ & vkHkw’k.k Parliament- (n.) – ¼ikfyZ;kesUV½ &laln
djuk Orphan-(n) – ¼vkWQZu½ & vukFk Part-(n.) – ¼ikVZ½ & Hkkx
Nominee-(n.) –¼ukfeuh½&uketn fd;k gqvk Ostrich – (n) – ¼vkWfLVªp½ & ‚kqrqjeqxZ Partial-(adj.) – ¼ikf‛kZ;y½ & i{kikrh]
Noon- (n.) – ¼uwu½ & nksigj Otherwise-(n) – ¼vnjokbt+½ & vU;Fkk] vkaf‛kd
Notable-(adj.) – ¼uksVscy½ & izfl) iq#’k] ojuk Partiality-(n.) – ¼ikf‛kZ;SfyVh½ & i{kikr
izfl) OkLrq Outcome-(n) – ¼vkmVde½ & ifj.kke Participate-(vt.) – ¼ikfVZflisV½ &Hkkx ysuk]
Notation-(n.) – ¼uksVs‛ku½ & fpUg Outline- (n) – ¼vkmVykbu½ & #ijs[kk ck¡Vuk
Numerous-(adj.) – ¼U;wej~l½ & dbZ Outrage -(vti.) – ¼vkmVjst½ & vR;kpkj Participation-(n.) – ¼ikfVZflis‛ku½ &

OM
Novelty-(n.) – ¼ukWoYVh½ & u;kiu] uohurk djuk c¡Vokjk
Nurse-(vt.) – ¼ulZ½ & ikyuk Outsider-(n) – ¼vkmVlkbMj½ & ckgjh Particle-(n.) – ¼ikfVZdy½ & ,d Hkkx
Nurture-(vt.) – ¼upZj½ & ikyuk O;fDr Particular-(Adj.) – ¼ifVZD;qyj½ & fo‛ks’k]
O Outskirts-(n) – ¼vkmVLDVZl½~ & ljgn] ,d ckr
Oat - (n) – ¼vksV½ & tkS fdukjk] nwjnjkt Particularly-(Adv.) – ¼ifVZD;qyjyh½ &
fo‛ks’kr%

.C
Oath-(n) – ¼vksFk½ & ‚kiFk Outstanding-(n) – ¼vkmVLVSafMax½ &
Obedience-(n) – ¼vksfcfM;Ul½ & vkKk cdk;k] cpk gqvk Partner-(n.) – ¼ikVZuj½ & Hkkxhnkj] lkFkh
ikyu Overhear-(vt.) – ¼vksojfg;j½ & la;ksx ls Partnership-(n.) – ¼ikVZujf‛ki½ &
Obesity - (n) – ¼vkscfs lVh½ & eksVkbZ NT
lquuk] pqids ls lquuk lgHkkfxrk
Obey-(n) – ¼vkscs½ & vkKk dk ikyu djuk Overheat-(vt.) – ¼vksojghV½ & T+;knk xeZ Passenger-(n.) – ¼iSlUs tj½ &;k=h
Object-(n) – ¼vkWCtsDV½ & y{; djuk Passion-(n.) – ¼iS‛ku½ & tks‛k] tT+ck
Objection-(n) – ¼vkWCtsD‛ku½ & vkifÙk Overlook-(vt.) – ¼vksojyqd½ & tkapuk] Passionate-(adj.) – ¼is‛kusV½ & Øks/kh]
{kek djuk xqLlsckt
Obligation - (n) – ¼vkWfCyxs‛ku½ & drZO;
Overnight-(vt.) – ¼vksojukbV½ & jkr Hkj Patent-(n.) – ¼isVsUV½ & iw.kZ vf/kdkj
OI
Oblige - (n) – ¼vkWCykbt½ & d`ik djuk ds Paternal-(adj.) – ¼iSVuZy½ &iSrd `
Obscene-(n) – ¼vkWClhu½ & v‛yhy Overrate-(vt.) – ¼vksojjsV½ & vf/kd ewY; Paternity-(n.) – ¼iSVfuZVh½ &fir`Ro
Observe-(n) – ¼vkWCt+o½Z & voyksdu djuk yxkuk Path-(n.) – ¼ikFk½ &jkg
Obsession - (n) – ¼vkWCls‛ku½ & /kqu Overtake-(vt.) – ¼vksojVsd½ & ikj djuk
P

Patience-(n.) – ¼is‛ksUl½ &/kS;Z] lcz

Obstacle-(n) – ¼vkWCLVsdy½ & vojks/k Overtime-(vt.) – ¼vksojVkbe½ & vfrfjDr Patient- (n.) – ¼is‛ksUV½ &jksxh
Obtain- (n) – ¼vkWCVsu½ & izkIr djuk] le; Patriot-(n.) – ¼iSfVªvkWV½ & ns‛kHkDr
ER

Obvious- (n) – ¼vkWfc;l½ & tkfgj Overwhelm-(vt.) – ¼vksojOgSYe½ & [kq‛k Patriotic-(adj.) – ¼iSfVªvkWfVd½ &
Occasional-(n) – ¼vkWdst+uy½ & dHkh dHkh djuk] thr ysuk ns‛kHkfDriw.kZ
dk Owe-(vt.) – ¼vks½ & _.kh gksuk Patron-(n.) – ¼isVªu½ & ikyd] laj{kd]
Occult-(n)(Adj.) – ¼vkWdYV½ & tknw] xqIr Owner-(n) – ¼vksuj½ & ekfyd lgk;d
Occupation-(n) – ¼vkWD;qis‛ku½ & is‛kk
PP

Ox-(n) – ¼vkWDl½ & cSy Patronage-(n.) – ¼isVªksust½ & ikyu]

Occur-(n) – ¼vdj½ & gksuk] ?kfVr gksuk P laj{k.k
Ocean-(n) – ¼vksf‛ku½ & egklkxj Pace-(n.) – ¼isl½ & ix] dne Pattern-(n.) – ¼iSVuZ½ & lkapk] uewuk
Odour-(n) – ¼vkWMkWj½ & lqxU/k] [kq‛kcw Pace-(vti.) – ¼isl½ & pyuk Paucity-(n.) – ¼ikWflVh½ & deh] vHkko
Offence-(n) – ¼vkWQsUl½ & vijk/k Pacific-(adj.) – ¼iSflfQd½ & ‚kkUr] iz‛kkUr Pauper-(n.) – ¼ikWij½ & fHk[kkjh
TO

Offer-(n) – ¼vkWQj½ & izLrko Pacify-(vt.) – ¼iSflQk;½ & ‚kkUr djuk] Payable-(adj.) – ¼is,cy½ &ns;
Offering-(n) – ¼vkWf¶jax½ & izlkn] p<+kok eukuk Payment-(n.) – ¼isesUV½ &Hkqxrku
Offen-(adv.) – ¼vkWQu ;k vkW¶Vu½ & vDlj Package-(n.) – ¼iSdst½ & xB~Bk] iqfyUnk Peacock-(n.) – ¼ihdkWd½ &eksj
Ointment-(n) – ¼vkWbUVesUV½ & ejge Pact-(n.) – ¼iSDV½ & laf/k] fu;e] ‚krZ Peak- (n.) – ¼ihd½ &pksVh
Omit-(vt.) – ¼vkWfeV½ & NksM+ nsuk] pwd Paddy-(n.) – ¼iSMh½ & /kku Pearl- (n.) – ¼iyZ½ &eksrh
tkuk Paint-(vti.) – ¼iaVs ½ & fp= cukuk Peasant- (n.) – ¼ihtsU+ V½ &fdlku
Omnipotent-(n) – ¼vksEuhiksVsUV½ & Painting-(n.) – ¼isfVax½ & fp= Peculiar-(adj.) – ¼fiD;wfy;j½ &vuks[kk]
loZ‛kfDreku Palace-(n.) – ¼iSysl½ & egy vuwBk
Omniscient- (n) – ¼vksEuhfl;UV½ & Palate-(n.) – ¼iSysV½ & rkyq] Lokn Penal-(adj.) – ¼ihuy½ &n.M lEcU/kh
loZKkrk Palm-(n.) – ¼ike½ &gFksyh Penalize-(vt.) – ¼ihuykbt+½ & n.M nsuk
Omnipresent- (n) – ¼vksEuhizStU+s V½ & Palmist-(n.) – ¼ikfeLV½ &gLrjs[kk foKkuh
loZO;kih Penetrate-(vt.) – ¼iSfuVsªV½ &izos‛k djuk]
Pamper-(vt.) – ¼iSEij½ & ykM I;kj djuk ?kqluk
Opaque-(n) – ¼vksisd½ & /kq/a kyk
Paragon-(n.) – ¼iSjkxkWu½ &vkn‛kZ] uewuk Penetration-(n.) – ¼iSfuVsª‛ku½ &izos‛k
Opinion-(n) – ¼vksihfu;u½ & jk;] lykg
394
Percentage-(n.) – ¼ijlsaVst½ &izfr‛kr Plot-(n.) – ¼IykWV½ & t+ehu dk VqdM+k] Principal-(n.) (adj.)– ¼fizfa liy½ &
Perfect-(adj.) – ¼ijQSDV½ & funks’Z k] iwjk] ‘kM+;a«k izk/;kid] eq[;
fl) Policy-(n.) – ¼ikWfylh½ &uhfr Principle- (n.) – ¼fizafliy½ & fl)kUr
Perfection-(n.) – ¼ijQSD‛ku½ & funks’Z krk] Poison-(n.) – ¼ikW;t+u½ & t+gj Priority-(n.) – ¼izk;kWfjVh½ & izFkerk
iwjkiu Poisonous-(adj.) – ¼ikW;t+usl½ & t+gj Prisoner-(n.) – ¼fizt+uj½ & dSnh] cUnh
Perhaps-(adv.) – ¼ijgSIl½ &dnkfpr] ;qDr Privilege- (n.)(vt.) – ¼fizfoyst½ & fo‛ks’k
‚kk;n Polite-(adj.) – ¼iksykbV½ & fouez] lH;] ykHk] fo‛ks’k ykHk nsuk
Perish-(vi.) – ¼iSfj‛k½ & ej tkuk] u’V gks fou; Probability-(n.) – ¼izkscsfcfyVh ½ &
tkuk Politics-(n.) – ¼ikWfyfVDl½ &jktuhfr lEHkkouk
Perishable-(adj.) – ¼iSfj‛kscy½ &u’V gks Politician-(n.) – ¼ikWfyfVf‛k;u½ & Probe-(vt.) – ¼izksc½ & iwNuk] ijh{kk ysuk
tkus ;ksX; jktuhfrK Proceeding-(n.) – ¼izkslhfMax½ &dk;Zokgh
Permanent-(adj.) – ¼iekZuSUV½ & LFkkbZ Pollute- (vt.) – ¼ikWY;wV½ & xUnk djuk Procession-(n.) – ¼izksl‛s ku½ & ckjkr]
Permission-(n.) – ¼ifeZ‛ku½ &vkKk Popular-(adj.) – ¼ikiqyj½ & yksdfiz; tqywl
Permit-(n.) – ¼ijfeV½ & vkKk i= Popularity-(n.) – ¼ikiqySfjVh½ & ‛kksgjr] Proclamation-(n.) – ¼izksDyses‛ku½ &
Perpetuate-(vt.) – ¼ijiSpq,V½ &fLFkj j[kuk yksdfiz;rk f<a<ksjk] ?kks’k.kk

OM
Perplex-(vt.) – ¼ijIysDl½ & gSjku djuk] Population-(n.) – ¼ikiqys‛ku½ &tula[;k Produce-(vt.) – ¼izksM~;wl½ & iSnk djuk
dfBu cukuk Portrait-(n.) – ¼iksVªVs ½ &fp=] rLohj] Nfo Profession-(n.) – ¼izksQs‛ku½ & is‛kk
Personal- (adj.) – ¼ilZuy½ & O;fDrxr Possession-(n.) – ¼it+‛s ku½ &vf/kdkj] Professional-(n.) – ¼izksQs‛kuy½ & is‛ksoj
Personnel- (n.) – ¼ilZuy s ½ & deZpkjh yksx dCt+k Profound- (n.) – ¼izksQkm.M½ & xgjk]
Perturb-(vt.) – ¼ij~VCkZ½ & O;kdqqy djuk Possible-(adj.) – ¼ikWflcy½ & lEHko xEHkhj
Perusal-(n.) – ¼is#t+y½ & /;ku nsdj i<+us Possibly-(adv.) – ¼ikWflcyh½ & dnkfpr] Progress-(n.) – ¼izksxszl½ & mUufr

.C
dh voLFkk ‚kk;n Progressive-(adj.) – ¼izksxzsflo½ &
Pessimism-(n.) – ¼iSflfeTk+e½ & fujk‛kkokn Post-(n.) – ¼iksLV½ & ukSdjh] LFkku izxfr‛khy
Pessimistic-(adj.) – ¼iSflfefLVd½ & Postal-(adj.) – ¼iksLVy½ &Mkd lEcU/kh
NT Prohibition-(n.) – ¼izksfgfc‛ku½ & jksd]
fujk‛kkoknh Poster-(n.) – ¼iksLVj½ & foKkiu fp«k eukgh] fu’ks/k
Phenomenal-(adj.) – ¼fQukWfeuy½ & Post-mortem-(n.) – ¼iksLV&ekWVeZ ½ & e`R;q Prominent-(adj.) – ¼izkWfeusUV½ & iz[;kr]
vn~Hkqr] vlk/kkj.k ds ckn fd;s tkus okyh tkap Å¡pk
Philosopher-(n.) – ¼fQykWLkQj½ &nk‛kZfud Postpone-(vt.) – ¼iksLkiksu½ &Vky nsuk] nsj Pronounce- (vt.) – ¼izksukmUl½ & mPpkj.k
Physical-(adj.) – ¼fQft+dy½ & ‚kkjhfjd djuk djuk
OI
Physician-(n.) – ¼fQt+hf‛k;u½ & oS| Poverty-(n.) – ¼ikWoVhZ½ &xjhch Prophet-(n.) – ¼izksQsV½ &Hkfo’;oDrk
Physicist-(n.) – ¼fQt+hflLV½ & HkkSfrd Practicable-(n.) – ¼izSDVhdscy½ & lEHko] Proposal-(n.) – ¼izikst+y½ & izLrko
foKkuh eqefdu Propose-(vt.) – ¼izikst+½ & izLrko j[kuk]
P

Pick-(vt.) – ¼fid½ &pksap ekjuk] pquuk] Practical- (adj.) – ¼izSfDVdy½ & O;kogkfjd fuosnu djuk
mBkuk Practice-(n.) – ¼izSfDVl½ & pyu] nLrwj Proprietor-(n.) – ¼izksijkbVj½ & Lokeh
Pickle-(n.) – ¼fidy½ &vpkj Practice-(vt.) – ¼izSfDVl½ & vH;kl djuk Prosperity-(n.) – ¼izkWliSfjVh½ & le`f)
ER

Pickpocket-(n.) – ¼fidikWdsV½ &tscdrjk Pray-(vt.) – ¼izs½ &izkFkZuZ k djuk Provoke-(vt.) – ¼izksoksds ½ & mdlkuk
Pictorial-(adj.) – ¼fidVksfj;y½ & fp= Preach-(vt.) – ¼izhp½ &mins‛k nsuk Prudence-(n.) – ¼izwMsUl½ &cqf)eÙkk]
laca/kh Precious-(adj.) – ¼izS‛kl½ & cgqewY;] dherh nwjnf‛kZrk
Picture-(n.) – ¼fiDpj½ &fp= Precise-(adj.) – ¼fizlkbt+½ & Bhd] ,dne Prudent-(adj.) – ¼izwMsUM½ & cqf)eku]
PP

Piece-(n.) – ¼ihl½ & VqdM+k lgh nwjn‛khZ

Pierce-(vt.) – ¼fi;lZ½ & Nsnuk Predict-(vt.) – ¼fizfMDV ½ & Hkfo’;ok.kh Punctual- (adj.) – ¼iUDpqvy½ &le; dk
Pile-(vt.) – ¼ikby½ & tek djuk djuk ikcUn
Pilgrim-(n.) – ¼fiyfxze½ & rhFkZ&;k=h Preface-(n.) – ¼izhQsl½ & izLrkouk] Hkwfedk Purify-(vt.) – ¼I;wjhQk;½ &‛kq) djuk
Pilgrimage-(n.) – ¼fiyfxzest½ &rhFkZ ;k=k Pregnancy- (n.) – ¼izsxusUlh½ & xHkkZoLFkk Purpose- (n.) – ¼ijit½ & mn~n‛s ;
TO

Pillow-(n.) – ¼fiyks½ &rfd;k Prejudice-(n.) – ¼fiztqfMl½ &i{kikr Purposely-(adv.) – ¼ijit+yh½ & lksp
Pinch-(n.) – ¼fiUp½ & pqVdh Premature-(adj.) – ¼izheSP;qj½ & le; lss le÷k dj
Pinch-(vt.) – ¼fiUp½ & rax djuk iwoZ gksus okyk] vlkef;d Pursuance-(n.) – ¼ijlq,Ul½ & ihNk]
Prematurity-(n.) – ¼izheSP;ksjVh ½ & vuqlj.k
Piracy-(n.) – ¼ik;jslh½ & lkfgfR;d pksjh]
leqnhz MdSrh vlkef;drk Pursue-(vt.) – ¼ijL;w½ & ihNk djuk]
Prescription-(n.) – ¼fizfLØI‛ku½ & uqL[kk] vuqlj.k djuk
Pirate-(n.) – ¼ik;jsV½ & leqnhz Mkdw
fpfdRlk] fof/k Puzzle-(n.) – ¼it+y½ & xqRFkh] igsyh
Pity-(vt.) – ¼fifV½ &n;k djuk
Prestige - (n.) – (izsLVht½ & izfr’Bk Python-(n.) – ¼ik;Fku½ & vtxj
Placid-(adj.) – ¼IysflM½ & uje] dksey
Prevention-(n.) – ¼fizosU‛ku½ & cpko Q
Plan-(n.) – ¼Iyku ;k IySu½ &;kstuk
Prey-(n.) – ¼izs½ &f‛kdkj Quack-(vi.) – ¼Dosd½ & Mhaxs gk¡duk] ‚ks[kh
Pleasant-(adj.) – ¼IyS‛k+sUV½ &euksgj c?kkjuk] cr[k dh rjg cksyuk
Pleasure-(n.) – ¼IyS‛k+j½ &vkuan Pride-(vt.) – ¼izkbM½ & ?keaM djuk
Primitive-(adj.) – ¼fizfefVo½ & izkjfEHkd] Quail-(vti.) – ¼Dosy½ & fgEer gkjuk
Pledge- (vt.) – ¼Iyst½ &fxjoh j[kuk Quake-(vt.) – ¼Dosd½ & dk¡iuk] FkjFkjkuk
Plenty-(adj.) – ¼IysUVh½ &vf/kdrk] dkQh izkphu

395
Qualification-(n.) – ¼DokfyfQds‛ku½ Rather- (adv.) – ¼jknj½ & cfYd Remembrance-(n.) – ¼fjesEcjsl½ &;knxkj
&;ksX;rk Rational-(adj.) – ¼jSS‛kuy½ & mfpr Remove-(vt.) – ¼fjewo½ & LFkku cnyuk
Qualified-(adj.) – ¼DokfyQkbZM½&;ksX; Razor-(n.) – ¼jst+j½ & mLrjk Render-(vt.) – ¼jsUMj½ & nsuk] ykSVkuk
Qualify-(vt.) – ¼DokfyQkbZ½ & ikj djuk Reach-(vti.) – ¼jhp½ & ig¡qpuk Renew-(vt.) – ¼fjU;w½ & u;k djuk]
Quantity- (n.) – ¼DokfUVfV½ & ek«kk React-(vt.) – ¼fj,sDV½ & izfrfdz;k djuk uohuhdj.k djuk
Quarrel-(n.) – ¼Dokjy½ & fookn] ÷kxM+k Reaction-(n.) – ¼fj,sD‛ku½ &izfrfdz;k Renewal-(n.) – ¼fjU;wvy½ & uohuhdj.k
Quarrelsome-(adj.) – ¼Dokjyle½ & Read-(vt.) – ¼jhM½ &i<+uk Renowned-(adj.) – ¼fjukmUM½ &e‛kgwj
>xM+kyw Readable-(adj.) – ¼jhMscy½ &i<+us ;ksX; Repair-(vt.) – ¼fjis;j½ & ejEer djuk
Quarter-(n.) – ¼DokVZj½ & pkSFkkbZ Realistic-(n.) – ¼fj;fyfLVd½ & O;kogkfjd Repeat-(vt.) – ¼fjihV½ & nksgjkuk
Quarterly-(Adv.) – ¼DokVZjyh½ &«kSekfld Reality-(n.) – ¼fj,fyVh½ &lpeqp Repent-(vt.) – ¼fjisUV½ &iNrkuk
Quash-(vt.) – ¼DoS‛k½ & [kaMu djuk Realize-(vti.) – ¼fj;ykbt+½ & eglwl djuk Require-(vt.) – ¼fjDok;j½ & vko‛;drk
Queen-(n.) – ¼Dohu½ & jkuh Reap- (vti.) – ¼jhi½ & Qly dkVuk gksuk
Quell-(vt.) – ¼Dosy½ & ijkftr djuk] Rear- (n.) – ¼fj;j½ & fiNyk Hkkx Requirement-(n.) – ¼fjDok;jesUV½ &
nckuk] ‚kkar djuk Reason-(n.) – ¼jht+u½ & dkj.k vko‛;drk
Query-(n.) – ¼Dosjh½ &iz‛u Rescue-(vt.) – ¼jSLD;w½ &cpkuk

OM
Rebel-(vt.) – ¼jscy½ &jktnzksg djuk
Query-(vti.) – ¼Dosjh½ &iz‛u djuk Rebellion-(n.) – ¼jscfs y;u½ &jktnzksgh Resemble-(vt.) – ¼fjtsEcy½ & ,d tSlk
Quest-(n.) – ¼DosLV½ & ryk‛k] [kkst gksuk
Reception-(n.) – ¼fjlSI‛ku½ & Lokxr
Question-(n.) – ¼Dos‛pu½ & iz‛u Reservation-(n.) – ¼fjt+oZ‛s ku½ &vkj{k.k
Recital-(n.) – ¼fjlkbVy½ & c;ku
Questionable-(adj.) – ¼Dos‛puscy½ Residence-(n.) – ¼jsft+MsUl½ & fuokl
Recite-(vti.) – ¼fjlkbV½ & c;ku djuk]
&lUnsg djus ;ksX; O;k[;ku djuk] ppkZ djuk Respect-(vt.) – ¼fjLiSDV½ & lEeku djuk

.C
Questioner-(n.) – ¼Dos‛puj½ & iz‛u iwNus Recognize-(vt.) – ¼jSdXukbt+½ & igpkuuk Response-(n.) – ¼fjLikWUl½ & tokc
okyk Restrain-(vt.) – ¼fjLVªsu½ & lhfer djuk
Recommend- (vt.) – ¼jSdeUM½ &flQkfj‛k
Questionnaire-(n.) – ¼Dos‛pusvj½ & djuk Restraint-(n.) – ¼fjLVªUs V½ & :dkoV
iz‛ukoyh
Queue-(n.) – ¼D;w½ & iafDr
Quiet-(adj.) – ¼Dok;V½ & ‚kkUr] pqi
&flQkfj‛k
NT
Recommendation- (n.) – ¼jSdeUMs‛ku½

Recreation-(n.) – ¼fjØh‛ku½ &euksjt a u

Restriction-(n.) –¼fjfLVªD‛ku½ &lhek] ca/ku
Retain-(vt.) – ¼fjVsu½ & u tkus nsuk] dk;e
j[kuk
Quilt-(n.) – ¼fDoYV½ & jt+kbZ Recruit- (vt.) – ¼fjØwV½ & HkrhZ djuk Retaliate-(vt.) – ¼fjVsfy,V½ & tSls dks
Quit-(vt.) – ¼fDoV½ & R;kx nsuk Rectify- (vt.) – ¼jSfDVQk;½ & Bhd ;k lgh rSlk tokc nsuk
OI
Quite-(adj.) – ¼DokbV½ & iwjh rjg ls djuk Retrieve-(vt.) – ¼fjVªho½ & nksckjk ikuk
Quiver-(vt.) – ¼fDooj½ &dk¡iuk Reduce-(vt.) – ¼fjM~;wl½ & ?kVkuk Return-(vt.) – ¼fjVuZ½ &ykSV nsuk
Quiz - (n.)(vt.) – ¼fDot+½ & iz‛kuksRrj] Reduction-(n.) – ¼fjMD‛ku½ &deh Reveal-(vt.) – ¼fjohy½ & izdV djuk
etkd cukuk] g¡lh djuk Reform-(vti.) – ¼fjQkWeZ½ & lq/kkj djuk Revenge-(vt.) – ¼fjosUt½ & cnyk ysuk
P

Quota-(n.) – ¼dksVk½ & Òkx] va‛k Refrain-(vti.) – ¼fjÝsu½ &jksduk Revive-(vt.) – ¼fjokbo½ & thfor djuk
Quote-(n.) – ¼dksV½ & fdlh ds }kjk dgh Refresh-(vt.) – ¼fjÝS‛k½ & rktk djuk Revoke-(vt.) – ¼fjoksd½ & [k.Mu djuk
ER

x;h ckr Revolt-(n.) – ¼fjoksYV½ & fonzksg

Refuse-(vt.) – ¼fjQ~;wt+½ & euk djuk
Quote-(vt.) – ¼dksV½ & ewY; crkuk Revolution-(n.) – ¼fjoksY;w‛ku½ & pDdj
Regard-(vt.) – ¼fjxkMZ½ &vknj djuk
Quotient-(n.) – ¼dks‛ksUV½ & HkkxQy Revolve-(vti.) – ¼fjoksYo½ &pDdj yxkuk
Regime-(n.) – ¼fjthe½ & ‛kklu dky
R Rift-(n.) – ¼fj¶V½ & njkj
Regret-(vt.) – ¼fjxzsV½& [ksn djuk] iNrkuk
Rabbit- (n.) – ¼jSfcV½ & [kjxks‛k Rigid-(adj.) – ¼fjftM½ & dM+k
PP

Regulate-(vt.) – ¼jsxqysV½ & fu;af«kr djuk

Race- (n.) – ¼jsl½ & oa‛k] dqy] nkSM+ Rigidity-(n.) – ¼fjftfMfV½ &dBksjrk
Rehearsal- (n.) – ¼fjglZy½ & nksgjko
Race- (vt.) – ¼jsl½ & nkSM+uk Ring-(n.) – ¼fjax½ & vaxwBh
Rehearse- (vt.) – ¼fjglZ½ & nksgjkuk
Racial- (adj.) – ¼jsf‛k;y½ &dqy dk] oa‛k dk Rinse-(vt.) – ¼fjal½ & ikuh ls lkQ djuk
Reign-(vi.) – ¼jsu½ &‛kklu djuk
Radiant-(adj.) – ¼jsfM;UV½ & pedrk gqvk Rival-(n.) – ¼jkboy½ & izfrjks/kh] ftlls
Reiterate-(vt.) – ¼jhbVjsV½ & ckj&ckj
TO

Radical-(adj.) – ¼jSfMdy½ & ekSfyd] nksgjkuk eqdkcyk gks

LokHkkfod River-(n.) – ¼fjoj½ & unh
Reject-(vt.) – ¼fjtsDs V½ & vLohdkj djuk
Radium-(n.) – ¼jsfM;e½ & ,d pedus Roam-(vt.) – ¼jkse½ & ?kweuk
okyh /kkrq Rejection-(n.) – ¼fjtsDs ‛ku½ &vLohd`fr
Relax-(vt.) – ¼fjysDl½ &vkjke djuk Rock-(n.) – ¼jkWd½ & pV~Vku
Rage-(n.) – ¼jst½ & Øks/k Room-(n.) – ¼:e½ &dejk
Rain-(n.) – ¼jsu½ & o’kkZ Relevance-(n.) – ¼jsfyosUl½ & mi;qDrrk
Relevant-(adj.) – ¼jsysoUs V½ & mi;qDr Rot- (vti.) – ¼jkWV½ & lM+uk] lM+kuk] xyuk
Rain-(vti.) – ¼jsu½ & o’kkZ gksuk] o’kkZ djuk Rotate-(vi.) – ¼jksVsV½ & ?kweuk
Rainbow-(n.) – ¼jsucks½ & bUnz/kuq’k Reliable-(adj.) – ¼fjyk;cy½ & fo‛okl
;ksX; Rotate-(vt.) – ¼jksVsV½ & ?kqekuk
Rainfall- (n.) – ¼jsuQkWy½ & ikuh cjluk Rotation-(n.) – ¼jksVs‛ku½ & pDdj
Reliance-(n.) – ¼fjyk;al½ &Hkjkslk
Rainy-(adj.) – ¼jsu½ & cjlkr tSlk Rotten- (adj.) – ¼jkWVu½ & lM+k gqvk] xyk
Rely-(vt.) – ¼fjyk;½ & fo‛okl djuk
Rape-(n.) – ¼jsi½ & cykRdkj gqvk
Remain-(n.) – ¼fjesu½ & cpk gqvk] cjdjkj
Rapid-(adj.) – ¼jSfiM½ & rst Rough-(n.) – ¼jQ½ & [kqjnjk
Remain-(vi.) – ¼fjesu½ & cjdjkj jguk
Rapture-(n.) – ¼jSIpj½ & csgn [kq‛kh Roughen-(vt.) – ¼jQu½ & [kqjnjk djuk
Remember-(vt.) – ¼fjesEcj½ &;kn djuk
Rare- (adj.) – ¼js;j½ & nqyZHk] vuwBk
396
Route-(n.) – ¼:V½ &ekxZ] lM+d Selfish-(adj.) – ¼lSfYQ‛k½ & LokFkhZ Solitude-(n.) – ¼lkWfyV~;wM½ & vdsykiu
Routine-(n.) – ¼:Vhu½ & jkst dk fu;e Sensible-(adj.) – ¼lSfUlcy½ & le>nkj Soluble-(adj.) – ¼lkWY;wcy½ & ?kqyu‛khy]
Royal-(n.) – ¼jkW;y½ & ‚kkgh Sensitive-(adj.) – ¼lSfUlfVo½ & Òkoqd xyu‛khy
Rubbish-(n.) (adj.) – ¼jfCk‛k½ &dwM+k Separate-(vt.) – ¼lsijsV½ & vyx djuk Sorrow-(n.) – ¼lkWjks½ & ‛kksd] nq[k
djdV Separation-(n.) – ¼lsijs‛ku½ & vyxko Sound- (n.) – ¼lkm.M½ & vkokt+
Rude-(n.)(adj.) – ¼#M½ & vlH;] dBksj Severe-(adj.) – ¼lhfo;j½ & dBksj] Sound- (adj.) – ¼lkm.M½ & xgjk
O;ogkj nq[knk;d Spare-(vi.) – ¼Lisvj½ & NksM+uk] cpkuk]
Rumour-(n.) – ¼j~;wej½ & vQokg Shade-(n.) – ¼‛ksM½ &Nk;k jksduk] {kek djuk] fdQk;r djuk
Rupture-(n.) – ¼jIpj½ & rksM+uk Shady-(adj.) – ¼‛ksMh½ & Nk;knkj Sparkle-(n.) – ¼LikdZy½ & ped] fpaxkjh
Rush-(vi.) – ¼j‛k½ & nkSM+uk] VwV iM+uk Shake-(vt.) – ¼‛ksd½ & fgykuk] dk¡iuk Sparkling-(adj.) – ¼LikdZfyax½ & pednkj
S Share-(n.) – ¼‛ks;j½ & fgLlk Specific-(adj.) – ¼LisflfQd½ & fo‛ks’k
Sabotage-(n.) – ¼lScksVst½ & rksM+&QksM+ Sheep-(n.) – ¼‛khi½ &ÒsM+ Specification-(n.) – ¼LisflfQds‛ku½&
Sacrifice-(vt.) – ¼LkSfØQkbl½ & cfynku Sheepish-(adj.) – ¼‛khfi‛k ½ & dk;j fo‛ks’krk,¡
nsuk Shield-(n.) – ¼‛khYM½ & <ky] dop Spectacles-(n.) – ¼LiSDVsds Yl½ & p‛ek
Sad-(n.) – ¼lSM½ &nq%[kh] mnkl Speech-(n.) – ¼Lihp½ & Hkk’kk] cksyh] Hkk’k.k

OM
Shine-(vi.) – ¼‛kkbu½ & peduk
Sadden-(vi.) – ¼lSMu½ &nq%[kh gksuk Shock-(n.) – ¼‛kkWd½ & /kDdk] lnek Spendthrift-(adj.) – ¼LisUMfFkz¶V½ &
Sadden-(vt.) – ¼lSMu½ &nq%[kh djuk Shocking-(adj.) – ¼‛kkWfdax ½ & LrC/k dj fQtwy[kpZ djus okyk
Saint-(n.) – ¼LksUV½ & lUr nsus okyk Spin-(vti.) – ¼fLiu½ & ?kqekuk] ?kweuk
Sale-(n.) – ¼Lksy½ &fcdzh Shortcoming-(n.) – ¼‛kkWVZdfeax½ & deh Spine-(n.) – ¼Likbu½ & jh<+
Salt-(n.) – ¼LkkWYV½ & ued Shortage-(n.) – ¼‛kWkVZst½ & deh] vHkko Spirit-(n.) – ¼fLizV½ & vkRek] mRlkg

.C
Salvation-(n.) – ¼LkSYos‛ku½ & eks{k izkfIr] Shorten-(vt.) – ¼‛kkWVZu½ & de djuk Spiritual-(adj.) – ¼Lizhpqvy½ & vkfRed]
eqfDr Shout-(vt.) – ¼‛kkmV½ &fpYykuk ekufld] vk/;kfRed
Sample-(n.) – ¼lSEiy½ &uewuk Shrewd-(adj.) – ¼‛kzM w ½ & pkykd Sprout-(vt.) – ¼LizkmV½ & vadqfjr gksuk]
Sand-(n.) – ¼lS.M½ & jsr
Satire-(n.) – ¼LkVk;j½ & g¡lh] rkuk] O;aX;
Saturn-(n.) – ¼LSkVuZ½ &‛kfuxzg
NT
Shrink-(vti.) – ¼f‛kzad½ &fldqMuk
Shun-(vti.) – ¼‛ku½ & vyx jguk] nwj jguk
Sigh-(n.) – ¼lk;½ & xgjh lk¡l
mxuk
Spy-(n.) – ¼Lik;½ & tklwl
Squash-(vt.) – ¼LDoS‛k½ & fipdkuk]
Sauce-(n.) – ¼lkWl½ &pVuh elyuk] fupksM+uk
Silly-(adj.) – ¼flyh½ & ew[kZ
Save-(vt.) – ¼lso½ & j{kk djuk Squeeze-(vt.) – ¼LDoht+½ & fupksM+uk
Simplicity-(n.) – ¼flfEIyflVh½ & ljyrk
OI
Saying-(n.) – ¼lsbx a ½ &dgkor Stable-(adj.) – ¼LVscy½ & fLFkj
Sin-(n.) – ¼flu½ &iki
Scandal-(n.) – ¼LdS.MYk½ & cnukeh Stage-(n.) – ¼LVst½ & jaxeap] voLFkk
Sincere-(adj.) – ¼flUl;j½ & lPpk]
Scant-(n.) – ¼LdSUV½ & deh Stagnant-(adj.) – ¼LVSxUkS.V½ & fLFkj
bZekunkj
Scar- (n.) – ¼Ldkj½ & nkx] fu‛kku Stamina-(n.) – ¼LVSfeuk½ & fdlh dk;Z
Sincerity-(n.) – ¼flfUl;sfjVh½&lPpkbZ
P

Scarce- (n.) – ¼LdklZ½ & de] vi;kZIr djrs jgus dh lgu‛kfDr

Situation-(n.) – ¼flpq,‛ku½ & fLFkfr
Scarcity- (n.) – ¼LdkflZVh½ & deh] vHkko Stammer-(vi.) – ¼LVSej½ & gdykuk
Sketch- (vt.) – ¼LdSp½ & uD‛kk cukuk
ER

Scarf-(n.) – ¼LdkQZ½ & :eky] nqIkV~Vk Stare-(vt.) – ¼LVsvj½ & ?kwjuk

Skin-(n.) – ¼fLdu½ & [kky
Schedule-(n.) – ¼‛ksM~;wy ;k LdSM~;wy½ & Starvation-(n.) – ¼LVkoZs‛ku½ & miokl]
Skip-(vt.) – ¼fLdi½ &dwnuk] NksM+ tkuk Hkq[kejh
lwph Slaughter-(n.) – ¼LykWVj½ &gR;k
Scholar-(n.) – ¼LdkWyj½ & fo}ku Starve-(vi.) – ¼LVkoZ½ & Hkw[kk jguk
Slaughter-(vt.) – ¼LykWVj½ &gR;k djuk Starve-(vt.) – ¼LVkoZ½ & Hkw[kk ejuk
Scholarship-(n.) – ¼LdkWyjf‛ki½ &
PP

Slave-(n.) – ¼Lyso½ &xqyke Stationary-(adj.) – ¼LVs‛kUkjh½ & Bgjk gqvk

Nk=o`fr Sleep-(n.) – ¼Lyhi½ & uhan
Scissors- (n.) – ¼lht+lZ½ & dSaph Stationery-(adj.) – ¼LVs‛kUkjh½ & i<+us
Sleep-(vi.) – ¼Lyhi½ & lksuk fy[kus dk lkeku
Scope-(n.) – ¼Ldksi½ & volj Slip-(vti.) – ¼fLyi½ & fQlyuk] Òwy djuk
Search-(n.) – ¼lpZ½ & [kkst Statue-(n.) – ¼LVSpw½ & ewfrZ
Slum-(n.) – ¼LYke½ & xank eSyk eksgYyk Stature-(n.) – ¼LVspj½ & vkdkj
TO

Search-(vt.) – ¼lpZ½ & [kkst djuk Smoke-(n.) – ¼Leksd½ &/kqeziku

Sculpture-(n.) – ¼LdYipj½ & ewfrZ] izfrek Status-(n.) – ¼LVsVl½ & #rck
Smoke-(vti.) – ¼Leksd½ &/kq¡vk fudkyuk] Stay-(vti.) – ¼LVs½ & Bgjuk
Sculpture-(vt.) – ¼LdYipj½ & ewfrZ cukuk rEckdw flxjsV vkfn ihuk
Secret-(n.) – ¼lhØsV½ & xqIr Stimulate-(vi.) – ¼fLVE;wysV½ & HkM+dkuk]
Smuggle-(vt.) – ¼Lexy½ & Nqik ds ykuk mdlkuk
Secretariat-(n.) – ¼lsfØVsfj;V½ &lfpoky; ;k Hkstuk Stitch- (vt.) – ¼fLVp½ & flyuk
Secretary-(n.) – ¼lsØsVjh½ & lfpo Sneeze-(vi.) – ¼Luht+½ &Nhaduk Stomach-(n.) – ¼LVed½ & isV
Secular- (adj.) – ¼lSD;wyj½ & /keZfujis{k Snow- (n.) – ¼Luks½ & cQZ Stone-(n.) – ¼LVksu½ & iRFkj
Security-(n.) – ¼flD;ksfjVh½ & lqj{kk Snow- (vi.) – ¼Luks½ & cQZ iMuk Stop-(vt.) – ¼LVkWi½ & jksduk
Seesaw-(n.) – ¼lhlkW½ & >wyk Social-(adj.) – ¼lks‛ky½ & lkekftd] Stop-(vi.) – ¼LVkWi½ & #duk
Seize-(vt.) – ¼lhTk+½ & dCt+k djuk feyulkj
Stoppage-(n.) – ¼LVkWist ½ & #dus dk
Seizure-(n.) – ¼lht+j½ & dCt+k dh xbZ Solemn-(adj.) – ¼lkWyse½ & xaÒhj] ifo«k LFkku
pht Solicit-(vt.) – ¼lkWfyflV½ & izkFkZuk djuk Storey- (n.) – ¼LVksjh½ & eafty ¼edku dh½
Seldom- (adv.) – ¼lSYMe½ & dÒh&dÒh Solid-(adj.) – ¼lkWfyM½ & Bksl Story-(n.) – ¼LVksjh½ & dgkuh
397
Stout-(adj.) – ¼LVkmV½ & cyoku Suit-(vti.) – ¼LkwV½ & vuqdwy gksuk Temper-(vt.) – ¼VSEij½ & dksey djuk
Straight-(adv.) – ¼LVªVs ½ & lh/kk Suitability-(n.) – ¼LkwVsfCyVh½ & vuqdwyrk Tempest-(n.) – ¼VSEisLV½ & vka/kh] gypy
Straighten-(vt.) – ¼LVªVs u½ & lh/kk djuk Sum-(n.) – ¼le½ & ;ksx] tksM+ Temple-(n.) – ¼VSEiy½ & eafnj
Strain-(n.) – ¼LVªUs k½ & eksp a Sum-(vt.) – ¼le½ & ;ksx djuk] tksM+uk Temporary-(adj.) – ¼VSEijjh½ & {kf.kd]
Strain-(vt.) – ¼LVªUs k½ & rkuuk] [khapuk Summarize-(vt.) – ¼lejkbt½ & lkj vLFkkbZ
Stranger-(n.) – ¼LVªUs tj½ & vtuch fudkyuk Tempt-(vt.) – ¼VSEIV½ & yypkuk
Strap-(n.) – ¼LVªis ½ & Qhrk Summary-(n.) – ¼lejh½ & lkjka‛k Temptation-(n.) – ¼VSEIVs‛ku½ & ykyp]
Strategy-(n.) – ¼LVªSVth½ & j.kuhfr Superior-(adj.) – ¼lqihfj;j½ & cM+k] T;s’B] izyksHku
Stream-(n.) – ¼LVªhe½ & /kkjk] unh Js’B Tenant-(n.) – ¼VSusUV½ & fdjk;snkj
Strength-(n.) – ¼LVªSUFk½ & ‚kfDr] lkeF;Z Superlative-(adj.) – ¼lqijysfVo½ & Tendency-(n.) – ¼VSUMsUlh½ & izo`fÙk
Stress-(n.) – ¼LVªls ½ & ncko] cy] egRo loksrZ e Tenor-(n.) – ¼VSUkj½ & vfHkizk;
Stretch-(vti.) – ¼LVªp s ½ & [khapuk Superstition-(n.) – ¼lqijfLV‛ku½ & va/k Tension-(n.) – ¼VsU‛ku½ & ruko
fo‛okl Tenure-(n.) – ¼VSU;ksj½ & vof/k
Stretcher-(n.) – ¼LVªp s j½ & gkWfLiVy esa
ejhtksa dks ,d txg ls nwljh txg ys tkus Superstitious-(adj.) – ¼lqijfLV‛kl½ & Terminate-(vt.) – ¼VfeZuVs ½ &lekIr djuk
va/k fo‛oklh Terminate-(vi.) – ¼VfeZuVs ½ & lekIr gksuk

OM
okyk midj.k
Strike-(n.) – ¼LVªkbd½ & gM+rky Supervise-(vt.) – ¼lqijokbt+½ & ns[kHkky Terrace-(n.) – ¼VSjsl½ & Nr
djuk
Strike-(vti.) – ¼LVªkbd½ & Bksduk] ihVuk] Terrible-(adj.) – ¼VSfjcy½ & Hk;kud
ctkuk Surround- (vt.) – ¼ljkmUM½ & ?ksjuk
Terrify-(vt.) – ¼VSfjQk;½ & Mjkuk
String-(n.) – ¼fLVaªx½ & jLlh Survive-(vt.) – ¼lokZbo½ & thfor jguk
Thank-(n.) – ¼FkSUd½ & /kU;okn
Strive-(vt.) – ¼LVªkbo½ & iz;kl djuk Suspicious-(adj.) – ¼lfLi‛kl½ & ‚kDdh
Thank-(vt.) – ¼FkSUd½ & /kU;okn nsuk
Sustain-(vt.) – ¼lLVsu½ & dk;e j[kuk

.C
Structure-(n.) – ¼LVªDpj½ & cukoV Theft-(n.) – ¼FkS¶V½ & pksjh
Stubborn-(n.) – ¼LVcuZ½ & ftn~nh Sweat-(n.) – ¼LosV½ & ilhuk
Theist-(n.) – ¼FkhLV½ & vkfLrd
Studious-(adj.) – ¼LVwfM;l½ & esgurh Sweat-(vi.) – ¼LosV½ & ilhuk fudyuk
Theory-(n.) – ¼fFk;jh½ & fl)kar
Study-(n.) – ¼LVMh½ & i<+kbZ
Study-(vti.) – ¼LVMh½ & i<+kbZ djuk
Stupid- (adj.) – ¼LVqfiM½ & ew[kZ
NT
Sweep-(vti.) – ¼Lohi½ & lQkbZ djuk
Sword-(n.) – ¼LkksMZ½ & ryokj
Symbol-(n.) – ¼flEcy½ & fpUg] ladsr
Thief-(n.) – ¼FkhQ½ &pksj
Thieve-(vti.) – ¼Fkho½ & pksjh djuk
Thigh-(n.) – ¼Fkkb½ & tka?k
Stupidity-(n.) – ¼LVqfifMfV½ & ew[kZrk Sympathy-(n.) – ¼flEisFkh½ & lgkuqHkwfr
Thirst-(n.) – ¼FkLVZ½ & I;kl
Subdue-(vt.) – ¼LkcM~;w½ & thruk] v/khu Symptom-(n.) – ¼flEIVe½ & jksx dk y{k.k
Thirsty-(adj.) – ¼FkLVhZ½ &I;klk
OI
djuk Synonym-(n.) – ¼flukWfue½ & Ik;kZ;okph
Thread-(n.) – ¼FkzsM½ & /kkxk
Subjugate-(vi.) – ¼LkcT;wxsV½ & thruk] System-(n.) – ¼flLVe½ & iz.kkyh
Thread-(vt.) – ¼FkzMs ½ & fijksuk
v/khu djuk T
Thunder-(n.) – ¼FkUMj½ & fctyh dh
Submission-(n.) – ¼Lkcfe‛ku½ & v/khurk Table-(n.) – ¼Vscy½ & est dM+d] xjt
P

Submit-(vti.) – ¼LkcfeV½ & v/khu gksuk] Tact-(n.) – ¼VSDV½ & fuiq.krk Thunderstorm-(n.) – ¼FkUMjLVkeZ½ &
tek djuk] vkxs j[kuk Tactic-(n.) – ¼VSdfVd½ & dkS‛kyrk fctyh dh dM+d ds lkFk vka/kh
ER

Subscribe-(n.) – ¼LkCLØkbc½ & xzkgd Tail-(n.) – ¼Vsy½ & iw¡N Timid-(adj.) – ¼fVfeM½ & dk;j
cuuk Taint-(vti.) – ¼Vsy½ & eSyk djuk Tire-(vt.) – ¼Vk;j½ & Fkdkuk
Subsequent-(adj.) – ¼LkfCLkDoSUV½ & ckn esa Tale-(n.) – ¼Vsy½ & dgkuh Tire-(vi.) – ¼Vk;j½ & Fkduk
vkus okyk Talent-(n.) – ¼VSysUV½ & xq.k Tolerate -(vt.) – ¼VkWyjsV½ & lgu djuk
Subsidy-(n.) – ¼LkfClMh½ & enn Talented-(n.) – ¼VSysfUVM½ & xq.kh
PP

Torture-(n.) – ¼VkWpZj½ & d’V

Substantial-(n.) – ¼LkCLVSuf‛k;y½ & Talk-(vt.) – ¼VkWd½ & ckrphr djuk Torture-(vt.) – ¼VkWpZj½ & d’V nsuk
egRoiw.kZ Talkative-(adj.) – ¼VkWdsfVo½ & ckrwuh Touch-(vti.) – ¼Vp½ & Nwuk
Substitute-(vt.) – ¼LkfCLVV~;wV½ & cnyuk Tame-(adj.) – ¼VsEk½ & ikyrw] ?kjsyw Tough-(adj.) – ¼VQ½& dBksj] l[r
Succeed-(vti.) – ¼lDlhM½ & lQy gksuk] Tangle-(n.) – ¼VSSaXky½ & my>u Towel-(n.) – ¼VkWoy½ & rkSfy;k
TO

mÙkjkf/kdkjh gksuk
Tangle-(vt.) – ¼VSSaXky½ & my>kuk Tradition-(n.) – ¼VªsfM‛ku½ & ijaijk
Success-(n.) – ¼LkDlSl½ & lQyrk
Tangle-(vi.) – ¼VSSaXky½ & my>uk Traditional-(adj.) – ¼Vªfs M‛uy½ &
Succession-(n.) – ¼LkDls‛ku½ & Tap-(n.) – ¼VSIk½ & uy
mÙkjkf/kdkj] ih<+h ijaijkxr
Tape-(n.) – ¼VsIk½ & Qhrk Training-(n.) – ¼Vªfs uax½ & izf‛k{k.k
Successor-(n.) – ¼LkDlslj½ & mÙkjkf/kdkjh]
okfjl Teach-(vt.) – ¼Vhp½ & i<+kuk Transfer-(n.) – ¼VªkaLQj½ & rcknyk
Sudden-(adj.) – ¼LkMu½ & vpkud Tear-(n.) – ¼fV;j½ & vk¡lw Transfer-(vt.) – ¼VªkaLQj½ & rcknyk djuk
Suffer-(vti.) – ¼lQj½ & d’V ÷ksyuk Tease-(vt.) – ¼Vht+½ & ijs‛kku djuk] lrkuk Transform-(vt.) – ¼VªkaLQkWeZ½ & :Ik
Suffering-(n.) – ¼LkQfjax½ & d’V Technique-(n.) – ¼VSdfud½ & dyk cnyuk
Suffice-(vti.) – ¼lQkbl½ & Ik;kZIr gksuk Technology-(n.) – ¼VSdukWyth½ & dyk Transport-(vt.) – ¼VªkaliksVZ½ & ,d txg
foKku ls nwljh txg ys tkuk
Sufficiency-(n.) – ¼lfQf‛k;sUlh½ &
Ik;kZIrrk Tedious-(adj.) – ¼VhfM;l½ & Fkdkus okyk Trap-(vt.) – ¼VªSi½ & Qalkuk
Sufficient-(adj.) – ¼lfQf‛k;sUV½ & I;kZIr Teem-(vti.) – ¼Vhe½ & iSnk djuk Travel-(vti.) – ¼VªSoy½ & ;k=k djuk
Suicide-(n.) – ¼L;wlkbM½ & vkRegR;k Temper-(n.) – ¼VSEij½ & LoHkko Traveller-(n.) – ¼VªSoyj½ & ;k=h

398
Treachery- (n.) – ¼Vªhpjh½ & fo‛okl?kkr Uneven-(adj.) – ¼vubZou½ & vleku] Vain-(adj.) – ¼osu½ & fujFkZd] O;FkZ
Treaty-(n.) – ¼VªhVh½ & laf/k fo’ke] vlery Valid-(adj.) – ¼oSfyM½ &oS|] dkuwuh
Tremble-(vi.) – ¼VªSEcy½ & dk¡iuk Unfair-(adj.) – ¼vuQsvj½ & v;ksX;] Validity-(n.) – ¼oSyhfMVh½ & oS|rk
Tribunal-(n.) – ¼fVªC;wuy½ & U;k;ky; vU;k;iw.kZ Valuable- (adj.) – ¼oSY;w,cy½ & cgqewY;]
Tribute-(n.) – ¼fVªC;wV½ & migkj Uniform-(n.) – ¼;wuhQkWeZ½ & onhZ dherh
Trifle-(n.) – ¼VªkbQy½ & gYdh ckr] rqPN Uniform-(adj.) – ¼;wuhQkWeZ½ & ,d tSlk Valuation-(n.) – ¼oSyq,‛ku½ & dher
Triumph-(n.) – ¼Vªk;EQ½ & thr Uniformity-(n.) – ¼;wuhQkWfeZVh ½ &lekurk fu/kkfjr djuk
Trivial-(adj.) – ¼Vªhfo;y½ & rqPN Unique-(adj.) – ¼;wuhd½ & vuks[kk] vuqie Value-(n.) – ¼oSY;w½ & egRo] ewY;
Trouble-(n.) – ¼Vªcy½ & ijs‛kkuh Union-(n.) – ¼;wfu;u½ & la?k Vanish-(vi.) – ¼oSfu‛k½ & xk;c gks tkuk
Trouble-(vt.) – ¼Vªcy½ & ijs‛kku djuk Unite-(vti.) – ¼;wukbV½ &la;qDr djuk] Vapour- (n.) – ¼osij½ & Hkki
Trust-(vt.) – ¼VªLV½ & fo‛okl djuk feykuk Variable-(n.) – ¼osfj,cy½ & ifjorZu‛khy
Trustworthy-(adj.) – ¼VªLVonhZ½ & fo‛okl United-(adj.) – ¼;wukbV½ & feyk gqvk oLrq
;ksX; Universal-(n.) – ¼;wfuolZy½ & lkoZykSfdd] Various-(adj.) – ¼osfj;l½ & dbZ
Turtle-(n.) – ¼VVZy½ & dNqvk fo‛oO;kid Vary-(vt.) – ¼oSjh½ & cnyuk
University-(n.) – ¼;wfuoflZVh½ Vegetable- (n.) – ¼osthVscy½ & lCt+h

OM
Tweak-(vti.) – ¼V~ohd½ & pqVdh ekjuk
&fo‛ofo|ky; Vegetarian-(adj.) – ¼osthVsfj;u½ &
Twin-(n.) – ¼V~fou½ &tqM+ok
Unjust-(adj.) – ¼vutLV½ & vuqfpr ‚kkdkgkjh
Twinkle-(vi.) – ¼V~foUdy½ & peduk]
f÷kyfeykuk Until-(Conj.) – ¼vfUVy½ &tc rd ugha Valiant- (adj.) – ¼oSfy;UV½ & cgknqj
Typhoid-(n.) – ¼VkbQkbM½ & VkbQkbM Unwell-(adj.) – ¼vuosy½ &vLoLFk Vehicle-(n.) – ¼fOgdy½ & okgu
chekjh Uphold- (vt.) – ¼vigksYM½ & lEHkkyuk] Veil-(n.) – ¼osy½ & ?kw?a kV

.C
Typical-(adj.) – ¼fVfidy½ & vkn‛kZ #i Fkkeuk] mBkuk Veil-(vt.) – ¼osy½ & ?kw?a kV djuk] fNikuk
Tyre - (n.) – ¼Vk;j½ & ifg;k Uplift-(vt.) – ¼vfIy¶V½ & mBkuk] mUufr Vender- (n.) – ¼osUMj½ & cspus okyk] foØsrk
U Upset- (n.) – ¼vIlsV½ & ijs‛kku] myV Vendor- (n.) – ¼osUMj½ & cspus okyk] foØsrk
Ugly-(adj.) – ¼vXyh½ & Hkn~nk] cnlwjr
Ulcer-(n.) – ¼vYlj½ &QksM+k] ?kko] uklwj
Ultimate-(adj.) – ¼vYVhesV½ & vfUre]
NT
Upset- (vt.) – ¼vIlsV½ & myV nsuk
Upshot- (vt.) – ¼vI‛kkWV½ & ifj.kke
Urge-(vti.) – ¼vtZ½ & ihNs iM+uk] gB djuk
Venerate-(vt.) – ¼oujsV½ & vknj djuk
Ventilator-(n.) – ¼osfUVysVj½ & ÷kjks[kk
Ventilate-(vt.) – ¼osfUVysV½ & gok djuk
vkf[kjh Urgent-(adj.) – ¼vjtSUV½ & vR;ko‛;d Venture- (n.) – ¼oSUpj½ & tksf[ke] lkgl
Ultimatum-(n.) – ¼vYVhesVe½ & vkf[kjh Usher-(vt.) – ¼v‛kj½ & izos‛k djuk Venture- (vti.) – ¼oSUpj½ & tksf[ke mBkuk]
OI
ckr Use-(n.) – ¼;wt+½ & mi;ksx lkgl djuk
Ultra-(adj.) – ¼vYVªk½ & vR;Ur Use-(vt.) – ¼;wt+½ & iz;ksx djuk Venue- (n.) – ¼oSU;w½ & ?kVuk LFky
Umbrella-(n.) – ¼vEczSyk½ & Nkrk Usual-(Adj.) – ¼;w‛k+qvy ;k ;wt+qvy½ & Verse-(n.) – ¼olZ½ & in] NUn] dfork
Unanimous-(adj.) – ¼;wuSfuel½ &,der] lkekU;] lk/kkj.k Version- (n.) – ¼otZ+u½ & o.kZu
P

loZlEer Usually-(adv.) – ¼;w‛k+qvyh ;k ;wt+qvyh½ & Vessel- (n.) – ¼oSly½ & crZu] tgkt
Unarmed-(adj.) – ¼vuvkeZM~½ & fugFFkk lk/kkj.kr%] lkekU;r% Veteran-(adj.) – ¼osVju½ & vuqHkoh
ER

Unaware-(adj.) – ¼vuvosvj½ & cs[kcj] Utensil-(n.) – ¼;wVsfUly½ & crZu Vibrate-(vti.) – ¼okbczsV½ & dk¡iuk] fgyuk]
vlko/kku] vufÒK Uterus-(n.) – ¼;wVsjl½ & xHkkZ‛k; FkjFkjkuk
Uncertain- (adj.) – ¼vulVsuZ ½ & vfuf‛pr Utter-(vt.) – ¼vVj½ & cksyuk] mPpkj.k Vibration-(n.) – ¼okbczs‛ku½ & FkjFkjh
Uncertainty- (n.) – ¼vulVsuZ ~fV½ & djuk Vice-(n.) – ¼okbZl½ & iki] v/keZ] nks’k
vfuf‛prrk Utterance- (n.) – ¼vVjsUl½ & mPpkj.k] Vicious-(Adj.) – ¼fo‛kl½ & nks’kh] ikih
PP

Uncle- (n.) – ¼vady½ & pkpk dFku

Victim-(n.) – ¼fofDVe½ & ihfM+r
Unconscious- (adj.) – ¼vudkWU‛kl½ & V
Victor-(n.) – ¼foDVj½ & fot;h
csgks‛k Vacancy-(n.) – ¼osdsUlh½ & [kkyhiu
Victory-(n.) – ¼foDVjh½ & fot;
Under- (prep.) – ¼vUMj½ & uhps] v/khu Vacant-(adj.) – ¼osdsUV½ & [kkyh
Vigilant-(adj.) – ¼foftysUV½ & lko/kku
Vacate-(vt.) – ¼osdsUV½ & [kkyh djuk
TO

Undergo- (vt.) – ¼vUMjxks½ & lguk] Vigorous-(adj.) – ¼foxjl½ & cyoku

Hkksxuk] ÷ksyuk Vacation-(n.) – ¼osds‛ku½ & NqVV~ h
Vigour-(n.) – ¼foxj½ & ikS#’k] cy
Undergraduate- (n.) – ¼vUMjxzStq,V½ & Vaccinate- (vt.) – ¼oSDlhusV½ & Vhdk
iwoZ Lukrd yxkuk Village-(n.) – ¼foyst½ & xk¡o
Understand-(vti.) – ¼v.MjLVS.M½ Vaccination- (n.) – ¼oSDlhus‛ku½ & Vhdk Vindicate-(vt.) – ¼fofUMdsV½ & leFkZu
&le>uk yxokuk djuk] cnyk ysuk
Undertake-(vti.) – ¼v.MjVsd½ & iz;Ru Vacuum- (n.) – ¼oSD;we½ & fcuk gok dk Vine- (n.) – ¼okbu½ & vaxwj dh csy
djuk] gkFk esa ysuk] opu nsuk LFkku Vinegar-(n.) – ¼fousxj½ & fljdk
Undo-(vt.) – ¼vUMw½ & okil djuk] u’V Vagabond-(adj.) – ¼oSxkck¡M½ & vkokjk] Vineyard- (n.) – ¼okbu;kMZ½ & vaxwj dk
djuk ?kqeDdM+ ckx
Undoing-(n.) – ¼vUMwbx a ½ & myV iqyV Vagrant-(adj.) – ¼oSxjsVa ½ & vkokjk] Violate-(vt.) – ¼ok,ysV½ & fgalk djuk]
Uneasy-(adj.) – ¼vubZt+h½ & cSpsu ?kqeDdM+ vifo«k djuk] mYya?ku djuk
Uneducated-(adj.) – ¼vu,stqdsfVM½ & Vague- (adj.) – ¼osx½ & /kq¡/kyk Violation-(n.) – ¼ok;ys‛ku½ & fgalk]
vui<+ Vail-(n.) – ¼osy½ & ?kw?a kV mYya?ku

399
Violence-(n.) – ¼ok;ysUl½ & mRikr] Washer man- (n.) – ¼okW‛kjeSu½ & /kksch Withstand-(vti.) – ¼fonLVSUM½ & lkeuk
izpaMrk Wastage-(n.) – ¼osLVst½ & csdkj] gkfu djuk
Violent-(Adj) – ¼ok;ysUV½ & vR;kpkjh Waste-(n.) – ¼osLV½ & csdkj Witness-(n.) – ¼foVusl½ & izek.k] xokg
Virgin-(adj.) – ¼oftZu½ & dqaokjh] ifo«k Waste-(vt.) – ¼osLV½ & u’V djuk Woe-(n.) – ¼oks½ & nq[k
Virtue-(n.) – ¼oP;Zq½ & cy] izHkko] /keZ] xq.k Wave-(n.) – ¼oso½ & ygj Woeful-(adj.) – ¼oksQqy½ & nq[kh
Virtuous-(adj.) – ¼opZqvl½ & /kkfeZd] xq.kh Weak-(n.) – ¼ohd½ & det+ksj] nqcZy Wolf-(n.) – ¼oqYQ½ & HksfM+;k
Virulent-(adj.) – ¼fo#ysUV½ & dM+ok] Weaken-(vt.) – ¼ohdu½ & det+ksj djuk] Womb-(n.) – ¼owEc½ & xHkkZ‛k;
t+gjhyk nqcZy djuk Wonder-(vt.) – ¼oUMj½ & vk‛p;Z djuk
Vision-(n.) – ¼fo‛k+u ;k fot+u½ & vkHkkl] Weakness-(n.) – ¼ohdusl½ & det+ksjh Wonderful- (n.) – ¼oUMjQqy½ & xtc
n`f’V Wealth-(n.) – ¼osYFk½ & /ku Wool-(n.) – ¼owy½ & Åu
Visit-(vt.) – ¼foft+V½ & HksVa djuk Wealthy-(adj.) – ¼osYnh ;k osYFkh½ & /kuh Work-(n.) – ¼odZ½ & dk;ZZ
Visitor-(n.) – ¼foft+Vj½ & vkxUrqd Weapon-(n.) – ¼oSiu½ & gfFk;kj Work-(vi.) – ¼odZ½ & dk;Z djuk
Vital-(adj.) – ¼okbVy½ & vR;ko‛;d] Weather-(n.) – ¼oSnj½ & ekSle Worry-(n.) – ¼ojh½ &fpUrk
thfor Web-(n.) – ¼osc½ & tkyk Worship- (n.) – ¼of‛kZi½ & iwtk
Vitality- (n.) – ¼okbVSfyVh½ & izk.k] psruk

OM
Wed-(vti.) – ¼osfMax½ & fookg djuk Worshipper-(n.) – ¼of‛kZij½ &iwtk djus
Vitalize-(vt.) – ¼okbVykbt+½ & izk.k cpkuk Wedding-(n.) – ¼osfMax½ & fookg okyk
Vitamin-(n.) – ¼foVfeu½ & Hkkstu rRo Wedlock- (n.) – ¼osMykWd½ & fookg ca/ku Worst-(adj.) – ¼oLVZ½ & lcls cqjk
Vivid-(adj.) – ¼fofoM½ & QqrhZyk] papy Week-(n.) – ¼ohd½ & lIrkg Worth-(n.)(adj.) – ¼oFkZ½ & ewY;
Vocabulary- (n.) – ¼odSC;yjh½ & Weekly-(adj.) – ¼ohdyh½ & lkIrkfgd Worthwhile-(adj.) – ¼oFkZokby½ & ;ksX;
‚kCnlwph] ‚kCndks’k Worthless-(adj..) – ¼oFkZysl½ & ewY;ghu]
Weep-(vi.) – ¼ohi½ & jksuk

.C
Vocal-(n.) – ¼oksdy½ & tqckuh xq.kghu
Weigh-(vti.) – ¼os½ & ekiuk] egRo j[kuk]
Void-(n.) – ¼okWbM½ & [kkyh txg rksyuk Wound-(n.) – ¼owUM½ & ?kko
Void-(vt.) – ¼okWbM½ & [kkyh djuk Weight-(n.) – ¼osV½ & otu Wrap-(vt.) – ¼jSi½ & yisVuk
Void-(vi.) – ¼okWbM½ & [kkyh gksuk
Volume-(n.) – ¼okWY;qe½ & vkokt] fdrkc
Volunteer-(n.) – ¼okWyfUV;j½ & Lo;a lsod
NT
Welcome-(n.) – ¼oSYde½ & Lokxr
Welcome-(vt.) – ¼oSYde½ & Lokxr djuk
Welfare-(n.) – ¼osYQsvj½ & dY;k.k
Wrath-(adj.) – ¼jSFk½ & Øks/k
Wreath-(n.) – ¼jhFk½ & ekyk] xtjk] gkj
Wrestle-(vt.) – ¼jsLky½ & dq‛rh djuk
Vomit-(vt.) – ¼okWfeV½ & mYVh djuk Wheat-(n.) – ¼OghV½ & xsgw¡ Wrestling-(n.) – ¼jslfyax½ & dq‛rh
Voyage-(n.) – ¼okW,t½ & ty ;k=k Wheel- (n.) – ¼Oghy½ & ifg;k Wrinkle-(n.) – ¼fjady½ & >qjhZ
OI
Vulgar-(adj.) – ¼oYxj½ & vf‛k’V Wheez- (vi.) – ¼Oght+½ & d’V ls rst rst X
Vulgarity-(n.) – ¼oYxSfjVh½ & vf‛k’Vrk lk¡l ysuk X-factor-(n.) – ¼,Dl QSDVj½ & fo‛ks’k xq.k
Vulnerable-(adj.) – ¼oYusjcs y½ & detksj] When-(adv.) – ¼OgSu½ & dc X-rays-(n.) – ¼,Dl jst+½ & ,d izdkj dh
vklkuh ls v/khu dj ysus ;ksX; Whenever-(adv.) – ¼OgSuoS j½ & tc dHkh fdj.ksa
P

Vulture-(n.) – ¼oYpj½ & phy Whisper- (vti.) – ¼fOgLij½ & QqlQqlkuk] Y

W dku esa [kqlj Qqlj djuk Yawn-(vt.) – ¼;kWu½ & v¡xM+kbZ ysuk] tEHkkbZ
ER

Wage- (n.) – ¼ost s ½ & osru] etnwjh White-(n.) – ¼OgkbV½ & lQsn ysuk
Wagon-(n.) – ¼osxu½ & pkj ifg;k xkM+h Whitewash-(vt.) – ¼OgkbVokW‛k½ & iqrkbZ Yell-(vi.) – ¼;Sy½ & fpYykuk
Wail-(vt.) – ¼osy½ & foyki djuk djuk Yesterday-(n.) – ¼;lVMs½Z & dy ¼chrk
Waist-(n.) – ¼osLV½ & dej Whole- (adj.) – ¼gksy½ & iwjk gqvk½
Waive-(vt.) – ¼osLV½ & NksM+uk Wholly-(adv.) – ¼gksyh½ & iwjh rjg ls Yield- (vt.) – ¼;hYM½ & iSnk djuk
PP

Wait– (vt.) – ¼osV½ & izfr{kk djuk Wicked-(adj.) – ¼fod~M½ & ikih Yoke-(n.) – ¼;ksd½ & tksM+
Wake- (vti) – ¼osd½ & tkxuk Widow- (n.) – ¼foMks½ & fo/kok Yolk-(n.) – ¼;ksd½ & vaMs dk ihyk Hkkx
Walk-(vi.) – ¼okWd½ & pyuk Width-(n.) – ¼foM~Fk½ & pkSM+kbZ Young-(n.) – ¼;ax½ & toku] ;qok
Wall-(n.) – ¼okWy½ & nhokj Wild-(adj.) – ¼okbYM½ & taxyh Youngster-(n.) – ¼;axLVj½ & toku] ;qok
TO

Wander-(vi.) – ¼okW.Mj½ & HkVduk] ?kweuk Wilful- (adj.) – ¼foyQqy½ & gBh Youth-(n.) – ¼;wFk½ & fd‛kksjkoLFkk
Want-(n.) – ¼okW.V½ & vHkko Will- (n.) – ¼foy½ & pkgr Z
War-(n.) – ¼okj½ & ;q) Wind-(n.) – ¼foUM½ & gok Zeal-(n.) – ¼t+hy½ & tks‛k
Ward- (vt.) – ¼okMZ½ & j{kk djuk Window-(n.) – ¼foUMks½ & f[kM+dh Zealous-(n.) – ¼t+Syl½ & tks‛khyk
Warden- (n.) – ¼okMZu½ & laj{kd Wire-(n.) – ¼ok;j½ & rkj Zenith-(n.) – ¼t+SfuFk½ & lcls Å¡pk f‛k[kj
Wardrobe-(n.) – ¼okWMZjksc½ & vyekjh Wireless-(n.) – ¼ok;jysl½ & fcuk rkj dk Zest-(n.) – ¼t+SLV½ & Lokn] #fp
Warehouse- (n.) – ¼os;jgkml½ & xksnke Wisdom-(n.) – ¼fot+Me½ & le÷k] cqf)ekuh Zigzag- (adv.) – ¼ft+xt+Sx½ & Vs<h+ es<+h
Warm-(n.) – ¼okWeZ½ & xje Wish-(vt.) – ¼fo‛k½ & bPNk] nqvk djuk Zodiac-(n.) – ¼t+ksfM;sd½ & jkf‛k
Warm-(vti.) – ¼okWeZ½ & xje djuk Witch-(vt.) – ¼fop½ & tknw djuk Zone-(n.) – ¼t+ksu½ & e.My
Warning-(n.) – ¼okWfuZax½ & psrkouh Withdraw- (vt.) – ¼fon~Mªk½ & okil ysuk Zoo-(n.) – ¼t+w½ & fpfM+;k?kj
Warrior-(n.) – ¼okWfj;j½ & ;ks)k Withhold-(vt.) – ¼fongksYM½ &jksduk Zoology- (n.) – ¼t+v w kWyth½ & izk.kh ‚kkL«k
Wash-(vti.) – ¼okW‛k½ & /kksuk

400
 रै पडै स इंग लश पी कग कोस
आपका चहेता ‘रै पडै स इंग लश पी कग कोस’ अब नए प म आपके हाथ म है। इस
नए रै पडै स इंग लश पी कग कोस को तैयार करने के लए जहां हमने हजार लोग के बीच
सव ण कया, उनक सम या को पहचाना वह अं ेज़ी भाषा के जानकार, अनुभवी श क
क सलाह लेकर इसे आज और आने वाले कल — नई सद , दोन के लए समान प से
उपयोगी बनाने का यास कया। इसम अब भाषा व पा साम ी क से सभी कुछ नया है
— अपनी पुरानी सभी वशेषता के साथ। और वह नयापन पु तक पढ़ने के बाद आपको
वयं महसूस होगा।
इस नए कोस म य प अं ेज़ी सखाने क ‘रै पडै स’ प त को ही अपनाया गया है
( य क यह प त आज भी पूरी तरह से साथक है), ले कन समयानुसार, अ छ तरह से सुधार
कर।
इस नए कोस के क वसशन से शन म भाषा क से अं ेज़ी भाषा म नए वीकृत व
वीकार कए जा रहे श द को अपनाने का यास कया गया है, ता क आज और आने वाले
कल म आपको कसी भी तरह के पछड़ेपन का अहसास न हो। इस तरीके से आपम, कम
श द म अपनी पूरी बात कह सकने क यो यता भी आ जाएगी।
बातचीत को और अ धक उपयोगी बनाने के लए चुनाव करते समय इस बात का वशेष
यान रखा गया है क वह यादा-से- यादा ऐसे े को छु ए, जो गत और सामा जक तो
ह ही साथ ही क रयर से जुड़े ए ह । इस कार एक सामा य गृ हणी हो या आधु नक म हला,
कूल-कॉलेज का व ाथ हो या क रयर तलाशता युवा, टे नो हो या अफ़सर, माल बेचता आ
कानदार हो या ाहक यह कोस सभी के लए एक समान उपयोगी है।
बीच-बीच म कुछ वा य को बो ड टाइप म दया गया है, ता क उनका अ यास करके
कम-से-कम कामचलाऊ अं ेज़ी तो आप बोल ही सक। वैसे ऐसा करने क सलाह हम नह दगे,
हम तो चाहगे क आप पूरी पु तक को पढ़कर उसका अ यास कर तथा सही और अ छ -खासी
अं ेज़ी बोल — आपको इस यो य बनाना ही इस पु तक का उ े य भी है।
इस नए कोस म कुछ ऐसे तरीके भी बताए गए ह, ज ह अपना कर आप सही व पर
सही श द न चुन पाने क परेशानी से भी बच सकते ह, जैसे क ऐसी थ त म अं ेज़ी श द क
जगह अपनी मातृभाषा के श द का योग कर। इस तरह सफ आप अपनी कमी को ही नह
छपा लेते, आधु नक अं ेज़ी बोलने वाल क ेणी म भी आ जाते ह।
इस नई कोस कट के साथ ‘रै पडै स एजूकेशनल क वसशन कैसेट’ द जा रही है।
इस कैसेट क ‘ए’ साइड म अं ेज़ी श द , स ताह-महीन के नाम व 1 से 100 तक क
गनती के सही उ चारण और अ भवादन, ध यवाद, शुभकामनाएं, खेद, सहम त-
असहम त, वीकृ त-अ वीकृ त जैसे भाव को कट करने वाले ऐसे ज री वा य ह,
जनका योग हम रोज अ सर कया करते ह। और साइड ‘बी’ म प रचय, पाट , रा ता
पूछना, से े टरी-बॉस, कानदार को शकायत, इंटर ू, लड़के-लड़क क शाद संबंधी
बातचीत, कॉलेज म लड़के-लड़क जैसी वशेष अवसर पर होने वाली बातचीत के
वा य ह।
पु तक को पढ़ने के बाद, दए गए नदश के अनुसार य द कैसेट के साथ आप अ यास
करगे, तो हमारा वश् वास है क आपक अं ेज़ी बोलने क हचक ब कुल ख म हो जाएगी।
इस कार यह कैसेट आपको जहां अं ेज़ी का सही उ चारण सखाएगी, वह बोलने म अटक
और हचक को ख म करने म भी सहायक स होगी।
अपनी अनूठ वशेषता के कारण यह नया ‘रै पडै स इंग लश पी कग कोस’ भ व य
म सफल जीवन के लए एक ज री कोस बन जाएगा, य द यह कहा जाए तो अ तशयो न
होगी, य क अब यह कोस सफ आपको अं ेज़ी बोलना- लखना ही नह सखाएगा, ब क
आपके समूचे व का वकास भी करेगा।
आपने जस तरह 28 वष से इस कोस को सराहा है और इसक लंबी वकास-या ा म
समय-समय पर दए गए सुझाव और त या ारा सहयोग दया है, हम आशा है क वैसा
ही नेह इस पूरी तरह से संशो धत व प रव त सं करण को भी मलेगा।
आपके सफल भ व य क शुभकामनाए ह —
— काशक
 अनु म ( Contents )

पहला अ भयान ( Ist Expedition )

1 . बोलचाल म अ भवादन के वा य ( Sentences of Greeting )
2. (i ) अं ेज़ी म श ाचार ( Manners and Etiquettes)
( ii ) श ाचार के कुछ वा य ( Some Polite Phrases)
3 . भावबोधक ( Exclamations)
4. (i ) छोटे -छोटे वा यांश ( Phrases)
( ii ) आ ा या आदे श के वा य ( Sentences of Command/Order)
5 . वतमान काल ( Present Tense)
6 . भूतकाल ( Past Tense)
7 . भ व यत् काल ( Future Tense)
8 . कुछ मह वपूण सहायक याएं ( Some Important Helping Verbs)
9 . आ ा और ाथना के वा य ( Sentences of Order and Request)
10 . अ यास ता लकाएं ( Drill Tables)
सरा अ भयान ( IInd Expedition )
11 . रोमन ल प क वणमाला ( Roman Alphabet)
12 . अं ेज़ी के वर और ंजन ( Vowels & Consonants)
13 . अं ेज़ी उ चारण ( English Pronunciation)
14 . अं ेज़ी ंजन के उ चारण ( Pronunciation of Consonants)
15 . श द म अनु च रत अ र ( Silent letters in Words)
16 . वाचक वा य म what, who, how आ द का योग
17 . वाचक वा य म which, when, where, why का योग
18 . वाचक वा य-रचना ( म त [ Miscellaneous])
19 . नकारा मक वा य ( Negative Sentences)
20 . अ यास ( Exercises)
तीसरा अ भयान ( IIIrd Expedition )
21 . सवनाम तथा अ य का योग ( he, she, it, its, this, that, you, I, each, none,
a, an, the)
22 . थान-सूचक ( Platial ) श द से बने वा य ( Use of prepositions—on, at, into,
in, of, to, by, with, besides, beside, between, among, over)
23. (i ) वा य म एक- सरे के पूरक श द ( Co-relatives)
( ii ) काल-सूचक श द ( Temporals ) से बने वा य ( Uses of—in, within, on,
at, before, after, from, to, till, for, how long, yet, about, by, when,
while, until)
24. (i ) या तथा अ य श द के साथ आव यक Prepositions का योग ( Uses of—
from, by, with, in, of, into, against, on, over, about)
( ii) Phrase Prepositions
25 . कतृवा य और कमवा य ( Active and Passive Voice)
26 . वा य-प रवतन ( Transformation of Sentences)
27. (i ) गणना के श द ( Countable Words)
( ii ) मा ा सूचक श द ( Uncountable Words)
( iii ) अथ म बल ( The Emphasis)
28 . कुछ फुटकर योग ( Miscellaneous Uses)
29. (i ) गणना और मा ा-सूचक वा य ( Sentences of Countables and
Uncountables)
( ii ) मुहावरेदार वा य ( Idiomatic Sentences)
30 . अ यास ता लकाएं ( Drill Tables)
चौथा अ भयान ( IVth Expedition )
31. (i ) नमं ण ( Invitation)
( ii ) भट और वदा ( Meeting and Parting)
( iii ) आभार ( Sentences of Gratitude)
( iv ) बधाई एवं आशीष वा य ( Sentences of Congratulations and good
wishes)
( v ) मले-जुले वा य ( Miscellaneous Sentences)
32. (i ) अ वीकृ त वा य ( Sentences of Refusal)
( ii ) वश् वास ( Sentences of Believing)
( iii ) ाथना सूचक वा य ( Sentences of Request)
33 . आहार संबंधी वा य ( Sentences Relating to Meals)
34. (i ) समय दशाने वाले वा य ( Sentences of Time)
( ii ) अनुम त वा य ( Sentences of Permission)
35 . नदश/आ ा- 1 (Instruction/Order)
36 . नदश/आ ा- 2 (Instruction/Order)
37. (i ) ो साहन के वा य ( Sentences of Encouragement)
( ii ) सा वना के वा य ( Sentences of Consolation)
( iii ) नाराजगी के वा य ( Sentences of Annoyance)
( iv ) नेह शंसा के वा य ( Sentences of Affection)
38. (i ) नषेध के वा य ( Sentences of Negation)
( ii ) सहम त के वा य ( Sentences of Consent)
( iii ) :ख के वा य ( Sentences of Sadness)
39. (i ) झगड़ा संबंधी वा य ( Sentences Relating Quarrel)
( ii ) मा-याचना संबंधी वा य ( Sentences of Apologies)
( iii ) ोध संबंधी वा य ( Sentences of Anger)
40 . अ यास ( Exercises)
पांचवां अ भयान ( Vth Expedition )
41 . घर म ( At Home)
42. (i ) घर से बाहर ( Out of Home)
( ii ) नौकर से ( Servant)
43 . मलने पर ( On Meeting)
44 . खरीदारी ( Shopping)
45 . अ ययन ( Study)
46 . वा य- A (Health-A)
47 . वा य- B (Health-B ) / मौसम ( Weather)
48. (i ) जीव-ज तु ( Animals)
( ii ) खेल- ड़ा ( Games)
49. (i ) और आयु ( Person and Age)
( ii ) च र ( Character)
( iii ) वेशभूषा ( Dress)
50 . अ यास ( Exercises)
छठा ( VIth Expedition )
51. (i ) स यता- श ाचार ( Etiquette)
( ii ) चेतावनी-संकेत ( Signals)
52. (i ) द तर ( Office)
( ii ) व तुए ं ( Things)
53. (i ) कानून ( Law)
( ii ) रे डयो/ट .वी./डाकखाना ( Radio/T.V./Post Office)
54 . या ा ( Travel)
55. (i ) मनोरंजन ( Recreation)
( ii ) ऐसा मत क जए ( Do not ’ s)
( iii ) ऐसा क जए ( Do ’ s)
56. (i ) लेन-दे न ( Dealings)
( ii ) ापार ( Business)
57 . नी त वा य ( Sayings)
58. (i ) ववाह-समारोह म ( Attending a Wedding)
( ii ) सनेमा म ( In the Cinema)
( iii ) खेल के मैदान म ( On the Playground)
( iv ) पयटन कायालय म ( In the Tourist Office)
( v ) होटल म ( In the Hotel)
( vi ) नौकर से ( With the Servant)
( vii ) डॉ टर से ( With the Doctor)
( viii ) सामा य संग ( General Topics)
59. (i ) मुहावरे ( Idioms)
( ii ) लोको यां ( Proverbs)
60 . अ यास ( Exercises)
61 . रै पडै स म उ चारण ( Pronunciation in Rapidex)
ह द -इंग लश बोलचाल ( Conversation )
1 . वातालाप से पहले ( Before Conversation)
2 . प रचय: अपना व सर का ( Introducing Self and Others)
3 . मां और बेटा ( Mother and Son)
4 . व ाथ से बातचीत ( Talking to a Student)
5 . जाने क तैयारी ( Getting Ready to Go)
6 . रा ते क पूछताछ ( Asking the Way)
7 . मरीज़ के बारे म पूछताछ ( Inquiry about a Patient)
8 . डॉ टर से बातचीत ( Talking to a Doctor)
9 . जनरल टोर म ( At the General Store)
10 . उपहार क खरीदारी ( Buying a Present)
11 . मनोरंजन: फ म और ट .वी. ो ाम के बारे म बातचीत ( Entertainment:
Discussing Movies and T.V. Programmes)
12 . अ त थ स कार ( Entertaining a Guest)
13 . ज म दन क पाट ( A Birthday Party)
14 . बस टॉप पर ( At the Bus Stop)
15 . रेलवे टे शन पर ( At the Railway Station)
16 . ट कट खड़क पर ( At the Ticket Window)
17 . लेटफ़ॉम पर ( At the Platform)
18 . पाट म ( In a Party)
19 . टे लीफ़ोन पर बातचीत ( Talking on the Phone)
20 . कै पस म पहला दन ( First Day in the Campus)
21 . एक लड़के और लड़क क बातचीत ( A Boy Talks to a Girl)
22 . होटल म कमरे क बु कग ( Booking a Room in a Hotel)
23 . ब चे के ऐड मशन के लए इंट ू ( An Interview for the Child ’ s Admission)
24 . लास ट चर से बातचीत ( With the Class Teacher)
25 . शकायत ( Complaints)
( i ) बज़ली फ़ेल होने पर ( Electricity Failure)
( ii ) टे लीफ़ोन क गड़बड़ी ( Telephone Disorder)
( iii ) मशीन म नु स क शकायत ( Complaining about a Faulty Gadget)
( iv ) दन- त दन क शकायत ( Complaining about Things in General)
26 . भावी वर के बारे म पूछताछ ( Inquiring about the Prospective Bridegroom)
27 . ववाह संबंधी बातचीत ( Marriage Negotiations)
( i ) लड़के व लड़क के माता- पता के बीच पहली मुलाकात ( First Meeting
between the Boy ’ s and the Girl ’ s Parents)
( ii ) लड़के और लड़क क मुलाकात ( The Boy Meets the Girl)
28 . क रअर संबंधी बातचीत ( Talking about Careers)
( i ) से ज़ और माक टग ( Sales and Marketing)
( ii ) जन ल म ( Journalism)
( iii ) क यूटज़ ( Computers)
29 . कराए के मकान के लए ॉपट डीलर से बातचीत ( Talking to a Property Dealer
for Renting a Flat)
30 . नौकरी के लए इंट ू ( An Interview for a Job)
31 . घर-घर ब ( Door to Door Selling)
32 . ऑ फ़स म ब ( Selling in Offices)
33 . कट पाट ( Kitty Party)
34 . बक म ( At the Bank)
35 . बॉस और से े टरी ( Boss and Secretary)
36 से ज़मैन क बॉस को रपोट ( The Salesman Reporting to His Boss)
प र श - I (APPENDIX-I )
1 . अं ेज़ी म श द नमाण ( Word-Building in English)
2 . वराम च ( Punctuation)
3 . श द के सं त प ( Abbreviations)
4 . सं याएं ( Numerals)
5 . डायरे ट और इनडायरे ट पीच ( Direct and Indirect Speech)
6 . कुछ चुनी ई या के 3 कार ( Three forms of Selected Verbs)
7. 25 आव यक समूहाथक श द ( 25 Important Collective Phrases)
8 . कुछ जानवर के ब च के नाम ( Young Ones of Some Animals)
9. 40 जंतु क आवाज ( 40 Important Words Denoting the Cries of
Animals)
10 . जो श द सुने तो ब त जाते ह पर अ धकतर समझे नह जाते ( Words Mostly Heard
but Not Mostly Known)
11. 75 थानाप एक-श द ( 75 One-Word Substitutes)
12 . जंतु के नाम का मुहावरेदार योग ( Idiomatic use of Names of Animals)
13 . वपरीताथक या वलोम श द ( Antonyms or Words of opposite meaning)
14 . रा ीयता बताने वाले श द ( Words Denoting Nationality)
15 . कुछ मह वपूण वा यांश ( Some Important Phrases)
16 . ऐसे श द जनसे लोग मत हो जाते ह ( Words which Commonly Confuse)
17 . श द के योग म सामा य अशु यां ( Common Errors in the Use of Words)
( i ) सं ा-श द के योग म अशु यां ( Errors in the Use of Nouns)
( ii ) सवनाम-श द के योग म अशु यां( Errors in the Use of Pronouns)
( iii ) वशेषण-श द के योग म अशु यां( Errors in the Use of Adjectives)
( iv ) या-श द के योग म अशु यां ( Errors in the Use of Verbs)
( v ) या- वशेषण श द के योग म अशु यां ( Errors in the Use of
Adverbs)
( vi ) योजक-श द के योग म अशु यां ( Errors in the Use of Conjunctions)
( vii ) संबंध-सूचक श द के योग म अशु यां ( Errors in the Use of
Prepositions)
( viii) A, an, the श द के योग म अशु यां ( Errors in the Use of Articles)
18 . अं ेज़ी म श द नमाण ( Word-Building in English)
19 . मुख इंग लश, च, लै टन तथा ीक उपसग ( Prefixes)
20 . मुख इंग लश, च, लै टन तथा ीक यय ( Suffixes)
श द ान क कुंज़ी ( Key to Word-Power )
1. श दा मक या ( Two-Word Verbs)
2 . मुहावरे तथा वा यांश ( Idioms and Phrases)
वग कृत श दावली अं ेज़ी- हद श दकोश ( Vocabulary and Dictionary )
1 . वग कृत श दावली ( Classified Vocabulary)
2 . अं ेज़ी- हद श दकोश ( English-Hindi Dictionary)
3 . वतनी-सुधार ( Words often Misspelt)

प र श - II (APPENDIX-II )
प -लेखन ( Letter Writing )
1 . शुभकामना-प ( Letters of Greetings)
2 . बधाई-प ( Letters of Congratulations)
3 . सहानुभू त-प ( Letters of Sympathy)
 4 . खेद-प ( Letters of Regret)
5 . अवकाश-प ( Leave Application)
6 . ध यवाद-प ( Letters of Thanks)
7 . संवेदना-प ( Letters of Condolence)
8 . ेम-प ( Love Letters)
9 . आमं ण-प ( Letters of Invitation)
10 . श ा-संबंधी-प ( Letters on Educational Matters)
11 . वैवा हक व ापन के उ र ( Reply to Matrimonial Advertisements)
12 . वैवा हक व ापन ारा ा त प के उ र ( Letters to the Responses
Received from Matrimonial Ads)
13 . पा रवा रक प : बराबर वाल के बीच ( Family Letters: between Equals)
14 . पा रवा रक प : बड़े-छोटे के बीच ( Family Letters: from Elder to Younger)
15 . पा रवा रक प : छोटे -बड़े के बीच ( Family Letters: from Younger to Elder)
16 . नयु /इंट ू आ द से संबं धत प ( Letters Supplementing the Queries
Arising out of Your Receiving of the Interview Letters)
17 . नौकरी हेतु ाथना प ( Job Applications)
18 . शकायत-प ( Letters of Complaints)
19 . होटल म आवास-उपल ध संबंधी प ( Letters of Enquiry Regarding Hotel
Accommodation)
20 . बक से प - वहार ( Letters to Bank)
21 . बीमा कंपनी को भेजे जाने वाले प ( Letters to an Insurance Company)
22 . शकायत प : ापा रक ( Letters of Complaints: Business)
23 . मा-याचना के प ( Letters of Apology)
24 . कायालय संबंधी प ( Letters on Official Matters)
25 . मकान-मा लक का करायेदार को प ( Letters from the Landlord to the
Tenant)
26 . करायेदार का प मा लक को ( Letters from the Tenant to the Landlord)
 आइए, शु कर!
दो तो, इस कोस म आपका हा दक वागत है!
यह कोस आम कोस नह है, य क हज़ार लोग के बीच क गई खोज और अं ेज़ी भाषा
के वशेष श क के बरस के अनुभव का नचोड़ है यह। इसी के साथ, आप पाठक क
त या और सुझाव के अनुसार इसम ब त कुछ नया जोड़ा गया है, जसे आप सफ
पढ़कर व दए गए नदश के अनुसार अ यास करके ही महसूस कर सकगे।
60 दन के इस कोस को तैयार करते समय हमने दो बात को अपने सामने मुख प से
रखा था, एक तो यह क आप धारा वाह अं ेज़ी बोलने लग और सरे अं ेज़ी भाषा क कृ त,
वा य- व यास, पे लग, वराम च आ द लेखन क सम या क आपको मक जानकारी
हो। इस कार यह कोस आपको अं ेज़ी बोलना और लखना दोन ही सखाएगा।
इस कोस ारा आप 60 दन क या ा तय करगे, जसके छह पड़ाव ह गे। हर दन क
एक इकाई (यू नट) है। इस तरह इसक छह इकाइयां या यू नट् स । येक इकाई का आ खरी
दन, अथात् 10वां, 2वां, 30वां आ द, अ यास- दवस है। इ ह दन म आपको नई या
अ त र जानकारी भी मलेगी। इनम exercises, tests और tables क सहायता से आप
अपनी परी ा भी वयं ले सकगे क आपने कतना सीखा है।
वैसे तो इस कोस म शा मल कए गए सभी वा य ब त ज री और उपयोगी ह, पर
कुछ ऐसे वा य को जो दन- त दन के जीवन म बार-बार योग म आते ह और ऐसे ही
कुछ और अ धक च लत वा य को बो ड टाइप म दया गया है। सं या म कम होने के
कारण इन वा य को ज द और आसानी से याद कया जा सकता है। आप इनका आम
बातचीत म इ तेमाल कर लोग पर अपनी धाक जमा सकते ह।
कसी भी भाषा का अ छा जानकार उस भाषा म पूरे आ म वश् वास के साथ बोल पाए
यह ज री नह । जब तक मन म यह भय बना रहेगा ‘ क लोग या कहगे’ तब तक आप
बातचीत म अटकगे। इसी कार य द आपका उ चारण सही नह होगा, तो आप ‘लोग हंसी न
उड़ाएं’ इस डर से बोलने म हचक महसूस करगे या फर सही समय पर सही बात नह कह
पाएंगे। बातचीत म होने वाली इ ह परेशा नय से आपको बचाने के लए पु तक के साथ जो
ऑ डयो कैसेट आपको द गई है, उसका 16 पृ का ट भी पु तक के अंत म दया गया है।
इसके शु म जो नदश दए गए ह, आप उ ह पढ़े और कैसेट के साथ-साथ सही उ चारण का
अ यास कर, नश् चय ही कुछ समय के अ यास के बाद आपको अपने म आ म वश् वास
महसूस होगा और अं ेज़ी बोलना इतना वाभा वक लगेगा, मानो आप अपनी मातृभाषा बोल
रहे ह ।
यहां एक बात वशेष प से यान दे ने यो य है क पु तक को बना पढ़े कैसेट का योग न
कर, इससे लाभ के थान पर हा न हो सकती है, य क यह कैसेट पु तक का ही एक ह सा है,
आपको अं ेज़ी सखाने के लए अपने-आप म यह कैसेट पूण नह है।
 इस कोस को तैयार करते समय य क पूरी तरह से मनोवै ा नक सोच को सामने रखा
गया है, इस लए आपको 60 दन के बाद सुखद आ य होगा यह महसूस करके क अं ेज़ी
बोलना और लखना तो कोई सम या ही नह था। ले कन यह 60 दन के बाद का अनुभव है।
यहां तक प ंचने के लए आपको पहले इन शत को नभाना होगा —
1 . सबसे पहले संक प करना होगा, फर
2 . उस संक प को पूरा करने के लए य न करना होगा, और
3 . उस य न को तब तक जारी रखना होगा, जब तक क आप अपने ल य तक भली-
भां त प ंच नह जाते।
और हम यह पूरा वश् वास है क इन तीन शत को मानने क अव था म से गुज़रने के
लए आप पूरी तरह से तैयार ह। बस समझ ली जए आप अं ेज़ी बोलने क कला म नपुण हो
गए। अं ेज़ी म एक उ है — Well begun is half done — अथात् कोई भी काम ठ क
व ध से शु कया जाए, तो समझना चा हए क आधा काम पूरा हो गया।
तो आइए च लए मेरे साथ पहले अ भयान पर, इसम आपका प रचय होगा अं ेज़ी म
अ भवादन, श ाचार, भावबोधक श दावली, सरल-सं त वा य , या के तीन काल
(tenses) से उनके अं ेजी क कुछ सहायक और व यथक या से, ाकरण क
माथाप ची कए बना। इसी के साथ अब आगे येक दन कुछ बोलने के लए होगा, कुछ
सीखने के लए होगा और कुछ होगा प का करने के लए, जो क आपको साथ-साथ समझाया
जाएगा।
हमारी शुभकामनाएं ह क आपक यह या ा शुभ हो!
— काशक
4 . कसी भी म हला के लए आदरसूचक श द ‘मैडम’ ( Madam ) का योग कया
जाता है।
5 . चचेरे, ममेरे, मौसेर या फुफेरे भाई या ब हन, कसी के लए भी केवल ‘कज़न’ (
Cousin )श द योग म आता है, कज़न दर या कज़न स टर ( Cousin
Brother/Cousin Sister ) नह ।
6 . ववा हत म हला के नाम या उपनाम से पहले मसेज़ ( Mrs ) तथा अ ववा हत
म हला के लए मस ( Miss ) का योग कया जाता है। मस ( Ms ) का योग
अ ववा हत या ववा हत कसी भी ी के नाम या उपनाम से पहले कया जा सकता
है।
2 सरा दन
nd Day

अं ेज़ी म श ाचार ( Good Manners in English )

अं ेज़ी भाषा सीखने के साथ-साथ इसके श ाचार क जानकारी भी ज़ री है।
अं ेज़ बात और वहार म तहज़ीब का ब त यान रखते ह। बार-बार कुछ वशेष
न श द का योग करना उनक बातचीत का ज़ री ह सा है। उनका हर बात को
कहने का एक वशेष तरीका है। कस बात को कैसे कह, कन श द का इ तेमाल
कर, ऐसी ही कुछ ज़ री बात क जानकारी इस पाठ म द गई है।

A
ह द भाषा क तरह, अं ेज़ी म बात-बात म नाम के साथ ‘जी’ लगाने का रवाज नह है,
और न ही इसम ‘आप’ या ‘वे’ जैसे आदरसूचक श द का योग कया जाता है। इसम ‘म’ के
लए ‘हम’ कहने क था भी नह है इसी लए कई ह द भाषी लोग को यह कहते ए सुना
गया है क अं ेज़ी खी भाषा है, य क इसम अपने से बड़ से भी बातचीत करते ए ‘तुम’,
(You) ‘यू’ श द का योग कया जाता है।
ले कन वा तव म ऐसी बात नह है। हालां क अं ेज़ी भाषा म ‘आप’ और ‘वे’ श द नह ह,
पर अं ेज़ी म बात-बात पर श ाचार जताने क था है। स ची एवं वाभा वक अं ेज़ी सीखने
के लए इस बात का हमेशा यान र खए।
अं ेज़ी के इन श द को मन म दोहराइए। इन श द म पूरी अं ेज़ जा त का श ाचार
समाया आ है। ये अं ेज़ी भाषा के बड़े मह वपूण श द ह:
1. Please लीज़
2. Thanks थ स
3. Welcome वे कम
4. Kindly काइ डली
5. Allow me अलाउ मी
6. After you आ टर यू
7. Sorry सॉरी
 8. Excuse me ए स यूज़ मी
9. Pardon पाडन
10. That is alright दै ट इज़ ऑलराइट
11. It’s my pleasure इट् स माइ लेज़र
1 . य द आपको कसी से पेन लेना हो, या एक गलास पानी मांगना हो, अथवा कसी से
समय पूछना हो, या फर कसी को उ र म ‘हां’ कहना हो, तो वा य म Please लीज़ श द
का योग करना होगा। य द आप केवल Please लीज़ कह दगे तो भी चलेगा, पर तु य द
आ प Please या Kindly आ द समान अथ वाले श द का योग नह करते ह, तो आप
‘अभ ’ कहलाएंगे। ह द म आप यूं भी कह दे ते ह:
1 . ज़रा अपना पेन दे ना।
2 . एक गलास पानी।
3 . या बजा है?
4 . हां, पी लूंगा।
ले कन ह द क तरह य द आप अं ेज़ी म भी न न वा य बोलगे, तो कोई भी अं ेज़
पहचान लेगा क या तो आप अस य ह, या कोई वदे शी, जो क उनके श ाचार से प र चत नह
है:
1. Give me your pen . गव मी योर पेन.
2. Give me a glass of water . गव मी अ गलास ऑफ़ वॉटर.
3. What is the time ? वॉट इज़ द टाइम?
4. Yes, I will drink it . येस, आइ वल क इट.
और य द आप कहगे:
1. May I have your pen, please ? मे आइ हैव योर पेन, लीज़?
2. A glass of water, please . अ लास ऑफ़ वॉटर, लीज़.
3. Time please ? टाइम लीज़?
4. Yes, please . येस लीज़.
या, य द आप इन वा य को इस कार भी कहगे, तो भी यह समझा जाएगा क आप
स य ह:
1. May I borrow your pen, please ? मे आइ बॉरो योर पेन, लीज़?
2. Give me a glass of water, please . गव मी अ लास ऑफ़ वॉटर, लीज़.
3. What is the time, please ? वॉट इज़ द टाइम, लीज़?
2 . (a) य द कसी ने आपका मामूली-सा भी कोई काम कया है, उदाहरण के लए
— आपने टाइम पूछा या मकान का पता पूछा और उसने बता दया, आपने त नक-सी बात
पूछ और उसने बता द , तो उसे Thank you थ यू कहना न भू लए। हां, आप Thanks
(थ स) भी कह सकते ह। य द आप अ धक अहसान कट करना चाह, तो कह सकते ह:
Many many thanks to you. मेनी मेनी थ स टु यू.
 या
Thank you very much. थ यू वेरी मच.
(b) कोई आपसे कुछ और लेने के लए कहे और आप न लेना चाहते ह , तो आप ह द
क तरह मत क हए — म और नह लेना चाहता, I don’t want to take more. आइ डो ट
वांट टु टे क मोर, ब क सं ेप म क हए — No, thanks . नो, थ स.
3 . आपने कसी का कोई छोटा-सा-काम कया और बदले म उसने आपको कहा
‘Thank you’ तो अं ेज़ी म बात यह पर ख म नह हो जाती। य द आप Thanks सुनकर
चुप रह जाएंगे, तो आप अभ या घम डी कहलाएंगे। इस पर आपको कहना पड़ेगा:
It’s * all right . इट् स ऑल राइट (सब ठ क है).
या 1. No mention. नो मै शन (कोई बात नह ).
या 2. It’s fine. इट् स फ़ाइन (सब ठ क है).
या 3. My pleasure. माइ लेज़र (इसम मेरी खुशी है).
या 4. Welcome/you’re welcome. वे कम/यू आर वे कम (ऐसी तकलीफ़
फर द).
ऊपर क पांच अ भ य म से आप वयं ही समझ सकते ह क पांचव अ भ
सबसे अ धक न ता-सूचक है। वैसे ऊपर क दोन अ भ यां भी बोलचाल म खूब च लत
ह।
4 . य द कोई आपसे कोई व तु मांगे और वह आप दे ना चाहते ह , तो ह द म आप कहगे
— ले ली जए। पर अं ेज़ी म य द आपने कहा — Take it, तो अं ेज़ी म इसे श ाचार नह
माना जाएगा इस लए आप कहगे — Yes, you are welcome . यस, यू आर वे कम या
With great pleasure . वद ेट लेज़र.
5 . य द आप कसी को कोई छोट -सी सेवा या सहायता करना चाह तो उसे कहने का
अं ेज़ी म एक अपना तरीका है, उदाहरण के लए आप कसी म हला क गोद से ब चा लेने या
कसी वृ का थैला उठाने क पेशकश करने के लए यूं कहगे — Allow me . अलाउ मी…
या May I help you ? मे आइ हे प यू… अथात् मुझे अवसर द… अथात् या म आपक
सहायता कर सकता ं? कसी शो म या दशनी म य द आप से समेन ह या गाइड ह तो
व जटस ाहक को भी May I help you कहकर अपनी ओर आक षत कर सकते ह।
6 . कसी म हला या कसी वृ को रा ता दे ते समय आप कह दे ते ह — ‘पहले आप’,
जब क अं ेज़ी बातचीत म आप ‘ First you ’ फ़ ट यू नह कहगे। अं ेज़ी म कहगे — ‘
After you ’ . आ टर यू.
7 . अं ेज़ी म बात-बात पर खेद कट करने का रवाज है। ह द म भी हम खेद कट
करते ह या मा मांगते ह, पर तब, जब हमसे व तुत: कोई बड़ी भूल हो जाए, जैसे हम कसी से
समय लेकर फर समय पर नह प ंच, तो खेद कट करते ह, और समय लेकर उस दन
ब कुल न प ंच, तो अपने इस अपराध के लए मा मांगते ह। पर अं ेज़ी म छोट -छोट बात
म भी Sorry सॉरी, Excuse me ए स यूज़ मी, Pardon पाडन आ द श द का योग
होता है, जैसे:
(a) आपका कसी से हाथ छू जाए, तो आपको झट कहना होगा, Sorry सॉरी।
 (b) दो आदमी रा ते म खड़े-खड़े बात कर रहे ह और आपको बीच म से गुज़रना हो, तो
आप कहगे — Excuse me ए स यूज़ मी। इसी तरह लोग के बीच से उठकर आपको
कसी काम से थोड़ी दे र के लए जाना है, तो आप बना कुछ कहे नह उठगे, ब क कहगे — ‘
Excuse me ’. कसी का यान अपनी ओर आक षत करने के लए भी Excuse
me कहकर आप अपनी बात कह सकते ह।
(c) आप टे लीफ़ोन सुन रहे ह या आमने-सामने कसी से बातचीत कर रहे ह, आपको बात
सुनाई नह दे ती और आप उसे फर से सुनना चाहते ह, तो आप ऐसे नह कहगे — ‘ऊंचा बोलो
न! मुझे कुछ सुनाई नह दे ता।’ Speak loudly! I cannot hear anything. ब क इसके
थान पर आप अं ेज़ी म केवल यह कहगे — ‘ Pardon ’ पाडन या I beg your pardon
आइ बेग योर पाडन. और सामने वाला इससे समझ जाएगा क आपको बात सुनाई नह
द है।
(d) कोई कमरे म बैठा है। आप उसके मकान पर उससे मलने गए ह, तो बना सूचना दये
या आ ा लये आपको अ दर दा खल नह होना चा हए, ब क अं ेज़ी म आप इस आशय का
वा य कहगे — May I come in, please ? मे आइ कम इन, लीज़ ( या म अ दर आ
सकता ं?) और वह पलट कर कहेगा — Yes please come in येस लीज़ कम इन
(अव य) या With great pleasure वद ेट लेज़र (खुशी से) या Of course ऑफ़ कोस
(अव य)।
ऐसी है औपचा रकता, अथवा श ाचार से पूण अं ेज़ी भाषा! अपने वा य बनाते समय
इस भाषा क री त को सदा याद रखना चा हए।
B
श ाचार के कुछ वा य ( Some Polite Phrases )
3तीसरा दन
rd Day

भावबोधक ( Exclamation )
अं ेज़ी म मन के अलग-अलग भाव को कट करने का अपना ही तरीका है। यह
सरल भी है और सु दर भी। हैरानी, खुशी, ख, नाराज़गी और भी सरे कई भाव
को छोटे -छोटे वा य व दो-तीन श द म ब त अ छे ढं ग से कहा जा सकता है। इन
श द और वा य का हम आम बोलचाल म बार-बार योग कर सकते ह।
 याद रख ( Remember )
1 . सामा य वा य म जहां अ प वराम (,) या पूण वराम (।) लगता है, वहां भावबोधक
वा य म व मया द बोधक च (!) Exclamatory Sign लगता है, जैसे —
Really! Wonderful ! आ द।
2 . ल जा, :ख, आ य, हष, ोध आ द अनेकानेक भाव को कट करने के लए
What, How आ द श द का योग होता है, जैसे — What a shame! How
wonderful ! आ द।
3 . व मया दबोधक वा य ( Exclamatory sentence ) बोलते समय व न म
आ य आ द भाव का वर दे ना चा हए।
4चौथा दन
th Day

छोटे -छोटे वा यांश ( Phrases )

अं ेज़ी म वा य क जगह कई बार वा यांश अथवा केवल दो-एक श द से काम
चलाया जाता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर Yes, Sir ! (येस, सर), No sir ! (नो सर),
Very good, sir ! (वेरी गुड, सर) आ द। ये वा यांश इतने अ धक च लत ह क
अं ेज़ी बोलने और समझने के इ छु क येक को इनसे प र चत होना अ य त
आव यक है। ये वा यांश ब त सरल भी ह, य क ये ाकरण के पेचीदा नयम से
बंधे ए नह ह।

A
 क जांच-पड़ताल कर Kindly look into the matter . इन दोन वा य म
Please श द का योग उ चत नह है, Kindly श द का योग कया जाना चा हए।
3. Don’t — Do not श द का सं त प है तथा can’t — can not का।
4 . आदे श और ाथना के वा य 9 व दन म दे खए।
5पांचवां दन
th Day

वतमान काल ( Present Tense )

अं ेज़ी भाषा म Present Tense क या को चार प म बांटा गया है: 1. Ram
studies . (राम टडीज़.) राम पढ़ता है। 2. Ram is studying . (राम इज़
टड ग) राम पढ़ रहा है। 3. Ram has studied . (राम हैज़ टडीड) राम ने पढ़
लया है। 4. Ram has been studying since morning . (राम हैज़ बीन
टड ग सस मॉ नग.) राम सुबह से पढ़ रहा है। यहां पहले वा य म या वतमान
काल क तो है, पर समय न त नह है। Ram studies . राम पढ़ता है, पर तु यह
पता नह क कब से पढ़ता है? सरे वा य म वतमान काल क या ‘चल रही है’
Ram is studying . या न राम इस समय पढ़ रहा है। तीसरे भेद म — Ram has
studied — राम ने पढ़ लया है, अथात् या पूरी हो चुक है, पर उसे अ धक समय
नह बीता। और चौथे भेद म Ram has been studying since morning . —
अथात् या एक न त समय से चल रही है। इ ह मश: Present Indefinite,
Present Continuous, Present Perfect और Present Perfect
Continuous कहा जाता है।

A
— Does/Do —
6छठा दन
th Day

भूतकाल ( Past Tense )

अं ेज़ी भाषा म भूतकाल क या को भी (वतमान क तरह) मु य चार भेद म
बांटा गया है:
1. Ram studied . (राम टडीड). 2. Ram was studying . (राम वॉज़ टड ग).
3. Ram had studied . (राम हैड टडीड). 4. Ram had been studying
since morning . (राम हैड बीन टड ग सस मॉ नग), अथात् मश: राम पढ़ा,
राम पढ़ रहा था, राम ने पढ़ लया था तथा राम सुबह से पढ़ रहा था। Ram Studied
— राम पढ़ा, इससे पता चलता है क या बीते समय म पूरी हो गई, पर यह पता
नह लगता क कब ई ( Past Indefinite); Ram was studying — राम पढ़
रहा था, इससे ात होता है क या ज़ारी थी, ख म नह ई थी ( Past
Continuous); Ram had studied — राम ने पढ़ लया था अथात् या ब त
पहले पूरी हो गई थी ( Past Perfect); Ram had been studying since
morning — राम सुबह से पढ़ रहा था अथात् या एक न त समय से चल रही
थी ( Past Perfect Continuous )।

E
— Did —
इन वा य पर यान द जए (A) I shall not play. आइ शैल नॉट ले. (B) He will not
play. ही वल नॉट ले. पहले वा य म ‘I’ के साथ shall आया है और सरे वा य म ‘He’
के साथ will आया है। ये साधारण भ व यत् काल क या को सू चत करते ह। नयम यह
है क साधारणतया अ य पु ष He, She, They, It, Ram आ द और म यम पु ष you
के साथ will का योग कया जाता है, और उ म पु ष I, We के साथ Shall का, ले कन
य द I, We के साथ will का तथा He, She, It, They, You आ द के साथ shall का
योग होता है, तो वहां उसका अथ नकलता है क बात को अ धक ज़ोर दे कर कहा जा रहा
है, जैसे: (1) I will not play tomorrow. (2) You shall not return. इन वा य का
अथ इस कार है: 1. मने कल न खेलने का नश् चय कया है अथवा म कल बलकुल नह
खेलूंगा। 2. तुम लौटोगे कतई नह ।
चलता है, पर उ चत नह है।
2. जैसा क पहले भी बताया गया है, could और might श द can और may के
भूतकाल के प ह, इसी तरह ought और should का योग कत भाव (करना
चा हए) को कट करने के लए कया जाता है। इन श द के अथ को, वा य म इनका
योग करके अ छ तरह समझ लेना चा हए।
10दसवां दन
th Day

आप बना के, बना झझके, साफ और सही अं ेज़ी बोलना चाहते ह। रै पडै स कोस
का भी यही ल य है। इसके लए हम कुछ सुझाव नीचे दे रहे ह। उ ह मान कर आप ज़ द और
अ धक आसानी से अं ेज़ी भाषा सीख सकते ह तथा बातचीत म कुशलता और आ म वश् वास
पा सकते ह।
1. बातचीत के लए एक साथी बनाइये। यान से रै पडै स म दये वा य को प ढ़ए।
इ तेमाल करने के नदश का भी यान र खए। अब साथी के साथ इन वा य को बोलने का
अ यास क जए। बातचीत -उतर के प म क जा सकती है। ग़ल तयां ह गी, पर नराश
न ह । एक- सरे क ग़लती बता कर उसे सुधारने क को शश कर। धीरे-धीरे ग़ल तयां कम
होती जायगी और बातचीत क भाषा सुधरती जायेगी।
2. शीशे के सामने बैठ कर वा य को बो लए- सही भाव तथा उ चारण के साथ बार-बार
बो लए। अ यास के साथ आपक भाषा, आपका उ चारण सुधरेगा और आपका वश् वास
बढ़े गा।
दसव दन के इस भाग म कुछ टे ट व कुछ Exercises द गई ह। उ ह करने से आपका
भाषा का ान बढ़े गा और आप खुद ही जांच व परख सकगे क आपने कतना सीखा है और
कहां सुधार क ज़ रत है।
अ यास ता लकाएं ( Drill Tables )
 3 . श ाचार क कुछ बात को दोहरा ली जए।
(a) आप कसी के यहां जाएं और वह आपक बड़ी खा तर करे, तो आप कहगे —
Thanks for your hospitality. (आपक मेहमानवाज़ी का शु या)।
(b) I am very grateful to you. I shall be very grateful to you. You
have been a great help. इन तीन वा य को पढ़कर दे खए क इनम या अ तर
है? कहां कस वा य का योग करना चा हए?
कोई आपके लए आपके कहने पर, आपका कोई काम कर दे , तो आप कहगे —
I am very grateful to you. (म आपक /आपका ब त अहसानमंद ं)। You have
been a great help. (आपने मेरी ब त मदद क )।
इसी कार जब आप कसी से अपना कोई काम करने के लए कह तो ‘आप पहले से
ही’ म ध यवाद दे ने के लए कहगे — I shall be very grateful to you. (म आपका
बड़ा शु गुज़ार होऊंगा)।
(c) कोई आपके ही मुंह पर आपक शंसा करने लगे तो आप उसके उ र म कह सकते
ह — Oh, I don’t deserve this praise. (म इस शंसा के यो य नह ं)।

तीसरा दन
4 . इन श द पर यान द जए — ( a) God, gods; (b) good, goods . ये दो जोड़े ह।
God अथात् परमा मा, खुदा या ई र gods अथात् उनके दे वता। ई र यानी खुदा या
परमा मा एक ही है, जब क दे वता या दे व त अनेक ह, हर धम के। Good ( वशेषण है)
अथात् अ छा, goods (सं ा है) अथात् सामान।
5 . इन श द को श दकोश म दे खए और इनके अथ दोहराइए — Marvellous,
Splendid, Disgraceful, Absurd, Excellent, Nonsense .
6 . इन श द का आशय सम झए क ये कस- कस भाव को कट करते ह — Nasty,
Woe, Hello, Hurrah .

चौथा दन
7 . इन वा य पर यान द जए — ( a) Well begun, half done. (b) To err is
human, to forgive divine. (c) Thank you. (d) Just coming . ये वा य
दे खने म अधूरे लगते ह। a और b , वा य म या गायब है। c व d वा य म कता गाय
बोलचाल म ये वा य ऐसे ही बोले जाते ह, पर तु ये सं त या अधूरे वा य ह, जो पूण
वा य का काम दे ते ह। अं ेज़ी म ऐसे वा य को eliptical sentences कहा जाता है।
ऐसे वा य का अं ेज़ी म बड़ा चलन है।
8. Just coming . का चौथे दन के पहले वा य म अथ दया है — ‘म अभी आ रहा ं,
यहां आप पूछ सकते ह क या इसका अथ ‘वह अभी आ रहा है’ नह हो सकता? उ र
होगा ‘हो सकता है’। ठ क है। मान ली जए कोई आपके घर आए और आपसे आपके
भाई के बारे म पूछे। आप अंदर जाएंगे और उसे उसके म के आने क सूचना दे कर
ज द से वहां लौटगे और कहगे — Just coming . यहां पूण वा य होगा — He is
13. अं ेज़ी म 24 सहायक याएं ह:
(i) do, does, did, is, are, am, was, were, has, have, had, will shall, (ii)
would, should, can, could may, might, must, ought (to) (iii) need, dare,
used (to)
( i ) पहली 13 याएं ाय: Tenses म काम आती ह। इनका योग आप पांचव, छठे व
सातव दन म दे ख सकते ह।
( ii ) would, should, could और might का प रचय आप आठव दन म ा त कर
चुके ह।
आपने दे खा है क ाय: ये सभी याएं धान या क सहायता करती ह, जैसे — I
may go. सूचक (Interrogative) वा य बनाना हो तो ाय: ये सब वा य के आर भ म
आ जाती, जैसे — May I go? नकारा मक (Negative) वा य बनाना हो तो इन सहायक
या के बाद और मु य या से पहले not जुड़ता है, जैसे — I may not go.
14. नीचे दये गये ा मक वा य का ह द म अनुवाद क जए:
(1) Must I tell you again? (2) Must she write first? (3) Can’t you find
your book? (4) Could they repair it for me? (5) Could you show me
the way? (6) Won’t she be able to get the cinema tickets? (7) Won’t
you be able to come to see us? (8) Should he go to bed early? (9)
Should not the rich help the poor? (10) Dare I do it? (11) Need you be
told to be careful? (12) May I have the room? (13) May I accompany
you? (14) Should I ask him first? (15) Would you wait for a few
minutes? (16) Did he give you money often?
15. अब आप जानते ह क must, ought, need, dare, used (to) ये सहायक
याएं (special verbs) अ य या के समान ही योग म आती ह।
नीचे के सकारा मक (Positive) और नकारा मक (Negative) वा य का अनुवाद
क जए और साथ ही इस बात को समझने का य न क जए क ये याएं कस तरह योग म
आती ह।
(1) I need a towel. (2) She needn’t go to the bank. (3) You needed
rest, didn’t you? (4) I might go to Qutab Minar? (5) You needn’t worry. (6)
I ought to sleep now. (7) You needn’t go there. (8) I must save money. (9)
There isn’t any need to discuss this. (10) He won’t attend the meeting,
will he?
16. आगे तथा उनके सं त उ र दये गये ह। इनका अ यास क जए। इससे आप
नए अप र चत के उ र भी दे सकगे।
 लए मंगवा द। 20. या आप एक कृपा करगे? 21. आप सैर करने चलगे? 22. या यह बस
म ास होटल केगी? 23. या उसे बुलाऊं? 24. या उसे मलने जाऊं? 25. या तुम एक दन
नह रह सकते? 26. या तुम अपनी पु तक एक स ताह के लए नह दे सकते? 27. या म
काश से मल सकता ं?
(1) Do you know? (2) Do you know him? (3) Do you know his
address? (4) You haven’t got hurt, have you? (5) Have you anything else
to say? (6) Are you annoyed? (7) Are you going to the market?/ Are you
going out for shopping? (8) Are the tomatoes fresh? (9) Has he seen your
house? (10) Has he written to you? (11) Did he know you? (12) Have you
taken the medicine? (13) Did you get something? (14) May I make a
request? (15) Is everything fine? (16) Is it true? (17) Does she know you?
(18) May I go home now? (19) Shall we get this magazine for you? (20)
Will you do me a favour? (21) Will you go for a walk? (22) Will this bus
stop at Madras Hotel? (23) Should I call him/her? (24) Should I visit
him/her? (25) Can’t you stay for a day? (26) Ca’nt you lend me your book
for a week? (27) Can I see Mr. Prakash?

नदश: इस तरह आप अं ेज़ी के कई वा य अपने आप बनाएं। आप म और प र चत के

साथ इ ह बोलने का अ यास क जए।
11 यारहवां दन
th Day

सरा अ भयान ( 2nd Expedition )

पछले दस दन म आप एक पड़ाव पर प ंचे ह। अब आपको उससे आगे बढ़ना है।
अब तक हम आपको अं ेज़ी बोलचाल क ार भक जानकारी दे रहे थे। अब
यारहव दन हम आपको उन सभी बात से प र चत कराना चाहते ह, ज ह जाने
बना आप अं ेज़ी भाषा के वहार को नह समझ सकते। आने वाले पांच दन म
आपको रोमन ल प क वतनी, अ र क बनावट, अ र-लेखन, रोमन ल प म
ह द लेखन, अं ेज़ी- वर- ंजन के व श उ चारण तथा अनु च रत वण (
Silent Letters ) आ द वषय क आव यक जानकारी द जायेगी। इसके प ात्
16 व से 19 व दन म आप वाचक वा य रचना तथा नकारा मक वा य संबंधी
जानकारी ा त करगे। आइये, शु कर सरा अ भयान।

रोमन ल प क वणमाला
अं ेज़ी क ल प रोमन है, ह द क दे वनागरी।
अं ेज़ी म A से Z तक कुल 26 वण होते ह, जब क ह द म अ से ह तक 46 वण होते ह।
अं ेज़ी वणमाला म वण (Letters) दो कार के होते ह — बड़े (Capital) जैसे — A और
छोटे (Small) जैसे — a आ द। फर ये सभी वण छापे म भ - भ आकार के होते ह, और
लखने म भ - भ आकार के। इस कार वण चार कार के ए:
(1) छापे के बड़े (Capital) वण
(2) छापे के छोटे (Small) वण
(3) लखने के बड़े (Capital) वण
(4) लखने के छोटे (Small) वण
वणमाला ( Alphabet )
रोमन म से
12बारहवां दन
th Day

अं ेज़ी के वर और ंजन
अं ेज़ी म वर ( Vowels ) और ंजन ( Consonants ) दो तरह के वण होते ह
— बड़े ( Capital ) और छोटे ( Small )। इनका यारहव दन म उ लेख हो चुका
है। अब यहां वर और ंजन के भ - भ उ चारण के बारे म बताया जा रहा है।
साथ ही आप नागरी ल प के मा यम से रोमन वणमाला सीखगे।

अं ज़े ी म पांच वर वण (vowels वाव ज़) ह और इ क स ंजन वण (Consonants

कॉ सोने ट् स)। ये वण इस कार ह:
Vowels: A E I O U Consonants: B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X
Y Z
अं ेज़ी म कई Vowels तथा Consonants का अकेले प म भ उ चारण होता है,
पर श द के बीच म यु होने पर उनका भ उ चारण होता है, जैसे — G, H, L, M, N, P
आ द वण अकेले म जी, एच, एल, एम, एन, पी आ द बोले जाते ह, पर तु श द म ाय: इनका
उ चारण मश: ग, ह, ल, म, न, प आ द होता है।
अं ेज़ी वण का उ चारण
अं ेज़ी वणमाला के वण को बोलने म जो-जो उ चारण होते ह, वे उदाहरण के प म इस
कार ह:
 याद रख ( Remember )
(i) ‘क’ के लए अं ेज़ी (रोमन) वणमाला म c, k, q वण आते ह। कह -कह ‘क’ के
लए ck भी (block लॉक) आता है। c का ‘स’ भी उ चारण होता है (Cease
सीज़);
(ii) ग् के लए ब धा g आता है (good) और ‘ज्’ के लए j (jam), पर कई बार ज
के लए g भी आता है (germ जम, generation जेनरेशन);
(iii) ‘व’ के लए अं ेज़ी म v और w यु होते ह, जैसे — very वेरी, wall वॉल;
(iv) फ् के लए f योग म आता है, ph भी अं ेज़ी म फ् के लए यु होता है e. g
fruit, Philosophy पर अं ेज़ी म उ चारण हमेशा ‘फ’ नह (फ़) होता है।

* q के साथ सदा u लगता है, जैसे — quick, Cheque आ द।

13तेरहवां दन
th Day

अं ेज़ी उ चारण ( English Pronunciation )

अं ेज़ी वर ( Vowels ) का उ चारण समझना ब त मह वपूण है। अं ेज़ी वर के
उ चारण म बड़ी व वधता होती है, जैसे — A का उ चारण आ, ए, ऐ, ए होता है; E क
ए, इ तथा ई (ल बा उ चारण); I का उ चारण ई, आई, अ, आइ; O का उ चारण ऑ,
आ, उ, ऊ, अ; और U का उ, ऊ और अ आ द। यहां आपको इन सबक बड़ी ही
मनोरंजक जानकारी ात होगी।

ाय: दे खा गया है क लोग अं ेज़ी के उ चारण म बड़ी भूल करते ह। अं ेज़ी भाषा के
उ चारण के कुछ वशेष नयम ह, ज ह जानना येक अं ेज़ी सीखने वाले के लए आव यक
है। हम पहले वर (Vowels) के उ चारण के वषय म वचार करते ह।
अं ेज़ी वर के उ चारण
A के उ चारण के नयम
A (a) के उ चारण ब धा ये होते ह — ऐ, आ, ए।
A = ऐ (◌ै)
An (ऐन) एक
At (ऐट) पर
Lad (लैड) लड़का
Rat (रैट) चूहा
Man (मैन) मनु य
Stand ( टड) खड़े होना
Mad (मैड) पागल
Ban (बैन) मनाही
A = ऑ (◌ॅ)
All (ऑल) सब
Wall (वॉल) द वार
Fall (फ़ॉल) गरना
War (वॉर) यु
Call (कॉल) बुलाना
Small ( मॅाल) छोटा
A = आ
Far (फ़ार) र,
Are (आर) ह,
Star ( टार) तारा
A = एअ
Ware (वेअर) बतन
Spare ( पेअर) अ त र
Fare (फ़ेअर) कराया
Care (केअर) परवाह
Dare (डेअर) साहस करना
There (दे अर) वहां
Share (शेअर) ह सा बांटना
A = ए
य द A के बाद Y या I का योग होता हो, तो उसका उ चारण ‘ए’ के समान हो जाता है। पर
यह ‘ए’ कुछ ल बा उ चारण दे ता है:
Pay (पे) वेतन
Way (वे) माग
Stay ( टे ) ठहरना
Gay (गे) स
Brain ( ेन) दमाग
Main (मेन) मु य
E के उ चारण के नयम
E (e) के ब धा ये उ चारण होते ह — ए (◌े), इ, ई।
E = ए (◌े)
Net (नेट) जाल
Men (मेन) मनु य (ब वचन)
Sell (सेल) बेचना
Well (वेल) कुआं, अ छा
Leg (लेग) टांग
Then (दे न) तब
Wet (वेट) गीला
When (वेन) कब, जब
E = ई
Be (बी) होना
We (वी) हम
He (ही) वह (पु लग)
She (शी) वह ( ी लग)
EE = ई (द घ उ चारण)
See (सी) दे खना
Weep (वीप) रोना
Bee (बी) मधुम खी
Sleep ( लीप) सोना
EA = ई
Clean ( लीन) साफ या साफ करना
Sea (सी) समु
Heat (हीट) गम या गम करना
Meat (मीट) मांस
E = अपनी कोई व न नह
य द कसी श द के अ त म e आये तो उसका अपना कोई उ चारण नह होता, और उससे पहले
आये एक या एक से अ धक ंजन (Consonants) को छोड़कर जो अ य वर (Vowel)
होता है, उसका उ चारण लंबा हो जाता है। नीचे पूववत वर A, I, O, U के साथ अं तम वर
E के योग के उदाहरण नीचे दये जाते ह:
( a ) य द पूववत वर ‘ A ’ हो, तो ‘ A ’ का उ चारण ‘ए’ होता है और E का अपना
कोई उ चारण नह होता।
Shame (शेम) ल जा
Name (नेम) नाम
Lame (लेम) लंगड़ा
Same (सेम) वही
( b ) य द पूववत वर ‘ I ’ हो, तो ‘ I ’ का उ चारण ‘आई’ होता है और अं तम ‘ E ’
का अपना कोई उ चारण नह होता।
Wife (वाइफ़) प नी
Nine (नाइन) नौ (9)
White (वाइट) सफेद
Line (लाइन) लक र
( c ) य द पूववत वर ‘ O ’ हो, तो ‘ O ’ का उ चारण ‘ओ’ होता है और अं तम E का
अपना कोई उ चारण नह होता।
Nose (नोज़) नाक
 Hope (होप) आशा
Smoke ( मोक) धुआं
Joke (जोक) मज़ाक
( d ) य द पूववत वर ‘ U ’ हो तो ‘ U ’ का उ चारण ‘ऊ’ या यू होता है और अं तम E
का अपना कोई उ चारण नह होता।
Rule ( ल) नयम
Tune ( ून) व न
June (जून) जून
Tube ( ूब) नली
EW = इयू
Few ( यू) कुछ
Mew ( यू) याऊं- याऊं
New ( यू) नया
Dew ( ू) ओस

I के उ चारण के नयम
I (i) के ब धा ये उ चारण होते ह — ई. आइ। कभी-कभी ‘अ’ जैसा भी उ चारण होता है।
I = इ ( व उ चारण)
Ill (इल) बीमार
Kill ( कल) मार डालना
Big ( बग) बड़ा
With ( वद) साथ
Ink (इंक) याही
Ship ( शप) जहाज़
I = आइ
Kind (काइ ड) दयालु
Mild (माइ ड) नम
Behind ( बहाइंड) पीछे
Mike (माइक) माइ ोफोन
Bind (बाइंड) बांधना
Mile (माइल) मील
I = आइ या आई
य द I के बाद GH आए, तो I का उ चारण आइ (या आई) होता है:
Right (राइट) ठ क
Sight (साइट)
Light (लाइट) रोशनी
High (हाई) ऊंचा
I = अ
Firm (फम) सं था
First (फ़ ट) पहला
I = आय
Fire (फ़ायर) आग
Admire (एडमायर) शंसा करना/सराहना
IE = ई, EI = ई (द घ)
Brief ( ीफ़) सं त
Siege (सीज) घेरा
Achieve (अचीव) ा त करना
Receive ( रसीव) लेना
Deceive ( डसीव) धोखा दे ना

O के उ चारण के नयम
O (0) के ब धा उ चारण ये होते ह — ऑ, ओ, उ, ऊ, अ।
O = ऑ ( व उ चारण)
Ox (ऑ स) बैल
On (ऑन) पर
Fox (फ़ॉ स) लोमड़ी
Hot (हॉट) गम
Pot (पॉट) बतन
Spot ( पॉट) दाग़
Top (टॉप) ऊपरी भाग
Drop ( ॉप) गरना, गराना
Dot (डॉट) ब
Soft (सॉ ट) मुलायम
Not (नॉट) नह
God (गॉड) ई र
Got (गॉट) पाया
O = ओ (द घ उ चारण)
Open (ओपन) खोलना
So (सो) ऐसा
Hope (होप) आशा
No (नो) नह
Old (ओ ड) पुराना
Gold (गो ड) सोना
Home (होम) घर
Most (मो ट) सवा धक
Joke (जोक) मज़ाक
Post (पो ट) डाक
OW = ओ (द घ उ चारण)
आगे W के होने पर
Low (लो) नीचा
Show (शो) दशन
Row (रो) पं
Crow ( ो) कौआ
Sow (सो) बीज बोना
OO = उ ( व उ चारण)
Look (लुक) दे खना
Book (बुक) पु तक
Took (टु क) लया
Good (गुड) अ छा
OO = ऊ (द घ उ चारण)
Room ( म) कमरा
Moon (मून) चांद
Boot (बूट) जूता
Noon (नून) दोपहर
Do (डू ) करना
Root ( ट) जड़
O = अ ( व उ चारण)
Son (सन) पु
Come (कम) आना
OW = आऊ
How (हाउ) कैसे
Now (नाउ) अब
Cow (काउ) गाय
OY = ऑय
Joy (जॉय) हष
Boy (बॉय) लड़का
Toy (टॉय) खलौना
OU = आव
Our (आवर) हमारा
Sour (सावर) ख ा
Hour (आवर) घंटा

U के उ चारण के नयम
U (U) के उ चारण होते ह — अ, उ, यू, यो।
U = अ ( व उ चारण)
Up (अप) ऊपर
Cup (कप) याला
Hut (हट) झोपड़ी
Fun (फ़न) मज़ा
Mud (मड) क चड़
Sun (सन) सूय
U = उ
Put (पुट) रखना
Pull (पुल) ख चना
Push (पुश) दबाना
Puss (पुस) ब ली
U = यू, यो
Duty ( ूट ) कत
Sure ( योर) प का
Durable (ड ◌्यूरेबल) टकाऊ
Pure ( योर) शु
Y के उ चारण के नयम
कह -कह ंजन भी वर का काम करता है। दरअसल पुरानी अं ज़ी म तो यह वर था, ले कन
अब धीरे-धीरे इसका थान I ने ले लया है। सफ कह -कह अब भी यह वर का काम करता है,
जैसे:
Y = ई
Polygamy (पॉलीगैमी) ब - ववाह
Felony (फ़ेलनी) घोर अपराध
Policy (पॉ लसी) नी त
Y = आय
Tyre (टायर) टायर
Typhoid (टायफ़ॉइड) मयाद बुखार
Y = आई
Dyke (डाइक) खाड़ी
Dynasty (डाइने ट ) वंश

इस कार आपने वर के व वध उ चारण क जानकारी पा ली है। अ यास करके आप

इसम द ता ा त कर सकते ह। आगे ंजन के उ चारण पर काश डाला जाएगा।
मूक अ र ( Silent letters )
अं ेज़ी के ब त से श द म कई अनु चा रत या मूक अ र होते ह। वर या ंजन दोन म
से कोई भी अनु चा रत हो सकता है। इस वषय म अ धक व तृत जानकारी पं हव दन के पाठ
म द गई है। नीचे उदाहरण के लए मूक अ र वाले कुछ श द आपके ान व अ यास के लए
दये जा रहे ह।
A Silent
Caesar (सीज़र) रोमन स ाट
Haemoglobin (हीमो लो बन) लाल र कण
B Silent
Crumbs ( स) खाना, रोट आ द के छोटे -छोटे टु कड़े
Indebted (इ डे टड) ऋणी
Plumber ( लमर) नल आ द ठ क करने वाला
Succumb (सकम) हार जाना, मर जाना
C Silent
Sceptre (से टर) राज दं ड
Scissors ( सज़ज़) कची
D Silent
Budget (बज़ट) बज़ट
Bridge ( ज़) पुल
Midget ( मज़ट) बौना
G Silent
Benign ( बनाइन) दयालु, हा नर हत
Design ( डज़ाइन) नमूना
Malign (मलाइन) बदनाम करना
H Silent
Honorary (ऑनरेरी) अवैत नक
Honorariam (ऑनरे रयम) स मान के लए दया गया पा र मक
K Silent
Knife (नाइफ़) चाकू
Knock (नॉक) खटखटाना
Knuckle (नकल) उंगली का जोड़
L Silent
Alms (आ ज़) दान / भीख
Balm (बाम) ददनाशक मरहम
P Silent
Psyche (साइका) आ मा, मानस
Psychiatrist (साइ या ट) मनो च क सक
T Silent
Tsar (ज़ार) सी शासक
Fasten (फ़ासन) बांधना
Nestle (नेसल) यार से चपकाना
R Silent
Iron (आयन) लोहा, ेस
World (व ड) संसार
W Silent
Wrath (रैथ) ोध
Wrap (रैप) लपेटना
Wreck (रेक) तोड़ना, टू टा आ

याद रख ( Remember )
1. Fan, Fall, Fail, Far — इन श द म मश: A का उ चारण फ़ैन (ऐ), फ़ॉल
(ऑ), फ़ेल (ए), फ़ार (आ) होता है। ऐसे और श द को ढूं ढए और सामा य नयम
जानने क को शश भी क जए।
2. Wet, Be, See — इन श द म मश: E का उ चारण वेट, बी, सी होता है,
अथात (ए, ई, ई)। Shame, Line, Hope म ‘ई’ का उ चारण कुछ नह होता। पहला
वर ( मश: a, i, o) कुछ और द घ हो जाता है।
3. I का ‘अ’ भी उ चारण होता है, या आपको पता है? दे खए, Firm (फ़म)। इसके
अ त र I का ‘आय’ उ चारण भी होता है, जैसे — Fire (फ़ायर)।
4. OO का ‘ऊ’ उ चारण तो होता ही है — Room ( म),छोटा ‘उ’ भी होता है —
(Book बुक, look लुक आ द)।
5. O का उ चारण ‘ओ’ तथा U का ‘उ’ तो होता ही है, O या U का ‘अ’ भी होता है।
दे खए, Son सन (पु ), Son सन (सूय)।
इस पाठ के आधार पर आप सभी वर के नए उ चारण पु तक म से ढूं ढते रहने क
आदत डा लए। आप दे खगे क आपके सामने अं ेज़ी भाषा के नए-नए रह य खुलकर
आएंगे। मूक अ र का भी यान र खए।
Force (फ़ोस) श

2. C के बाद A, O, U, K, R, T , आ द कोई वण हो, तो ाय: C का उ चारण ‘क’ होगा

जैसे:
Cot (कॉट) चारपाई
Cap (कैप) टोपी
Cow (काउ) गाय
Cat (कैट) ब ली
Candidate (कडीडेट) सद य
Cattle (कैटल) पशु/ज तु
Back (बैक) पीठ
Cock (कॉक) मुगा
Lock (लॉक) ताला
Dock (डॉक) बंदरगाह
Cutting (क टग) काटना
Curse (कस) कोसना
Custom (क टम) रवाज
Cruel ( ु अल) ू र

3 . कभी-कभी C के बाद IA या EA , हो, तो ‘श’ क व न दे ते ह, जैसे:

Social (सोशल) सामा ज़क
Ocean (ओशन) समु
Musician ( यू ज़ शयन) संगीतकार
‘ G ’ के उ चारण
‘ G ’ के दो उ चारण ह— ग और ज।
1 . जब कसी श द के अ त म ‘ GE ’ हो, तो इसका उ चारण ‘ज’ होता है, जैसे:
Age (एज) आयु
Page (पेज) पृ
Rage (रेज) गु सा
Cage (केज) पजरा
Sage (सेज) महा मा
Gauge (गेज) माप-यं

इसी कार इनम भी ‘ज’ बोला जाता है, जैसे:

Ginger ( जजर) अदरक
Imagine (इमे जन) क पना करना
Germ (जम) क टाणु
Pigeon ( पजन) कबूतर
Gist ( ज ट) सार
Gem (जेम) क मती प थर

2 . शेष थल पर ब धा ‘ग’ का उ चारण होता है, जैसे:

Big ( बग) बड़ा
Bag (बैग) थैला
Hang (हग) लटकाना
Go (गो) जाना
Gold (गो ड) सोना
Hunger (हंगर) भूख
Give ( गव) दे ना
Finger ( फ़गर) अंगलु ी
Forget (फ़ॉरगेट) भूलना
‘ S ’ के उ चारण
‘ S ’ के मुख तीन उ चारण ह— ज़, स, श।
1 . श द के अ त म BE, G, GG, GE, IE, EF, Y आ द आएं, तो इनके बाद लगे S का
उ चारण ‘ज़’ होता है, जैसे:
Tribes ( ाइ ज़) जा तयां
Bags (बै ज़) थैले
Eggs (ए ज़) अ डे
Ages (ए जज़) युग
Heroes (हीरोज़) नायक
Stories ( टोरीज़) कहा नयां
Rupees ( पीज़) पये
Toys (टॉयज़) खलौने
Rays (रेज़) करण

2 . श द के अ त म F, P, KE, GHT, PE, TE आ द वण ह , तो उनके बाद लगे S का

उ चारण ‘स्’ होता है, जैसे:
Roofs ( स) छत
Chips ( च स) टु कड़े
Hopes (हो स) आशाएं
Lips ( ल स) ह ठ
Kites (काइट् स) पतंग
Ships ( श स) जहाज़
Jokes (जो स) मज़ाक
Nights (नाइट् स) रात

3 . श द म S या SS के बाद IA, ION ह , तो ाय: S ‘श’ क व न दे ता है, जैसे:

Asia (ए शया) महा प का नाम
Pension (पे शन) पशन
Session (सेशन) कायकाल
Aggression (ए ेशन) हमला
Mansion (मशन) महल
Russia (र शया) स
‘ T ’ के उ चारण
‘ T ’ के थ त के हसाब से ये उ चारण होते ह— श, च, थ, द।
1 . श द म T के बाद IA, IE, IO आ द ह , तो T को ‘श’ बोला जाता है, जैसे:
Initial (इ न शयल) ार भक
Patient (पेशंट) रोगी
Illustration (इल े शन) च
Portion (पोशन) भाग
Promotion ( मोशन) वृ
Ratio (रेशो) अनुपात

2 . य द श द म S के बाद TION आये, या T के बाद URE आये तो T का उ चारण ‘च’

होता है:
Question ( वे न)
Culture (क चर) स यता
Nature (नेचर) कृ त
Future ( यूचर) भ व य
Capture (कै चर) कैद करना
Picture ( प चर) त वीर
Creature ( चर) ज तु

3 . य द श द म T के बाद H आये, तो कभी-कभी ‘थ’ क व न होती है, तो कई बार ‘द’

क
 th = थ
Thick ( थक) मोटा
Thin ( थन) पतला
Three ( ी) तीन
Thread ( ेड) धागा
th = द
This ( दस) यह
That (दै ट) वह
Then (दे न) तब
There (दे अर) वहां

4 . कई बार TH ह द का अ र ‘ट’ ( T ) क व न दे ता है, जैसे:

Thames (टे स) टे ज़ नद
Thomas (टॉमस) का नाम

याद रख ( Remember )
The को कई लोग ‘द’ बोलते ह कई ‘ द’ — दोन सही ह। आमतौर पर ‘ वर’ से शु
होने वाले श द से पहले ‘ द’ बोला जाता है (जैसे द एग, द आंसर आ द) और ंजन से
शु होने वाले श द से पहले ‘द’ e.g . द कैट, द रैट आ द!
15प हवां दन
th Day

श द म अनु च रत अ र ( Silent Letters in Words )

अं ेज़ी भाषा म कुछ श द के कुछ अ र मूक ( Silent ) होते ह, जनका उ चारण
पता न होने के कारण भारतीय व ा थय के लए एक सम या बन जाते ह। यहां ऐसे
श द को बड़े रोचक ढं ग से तुत कया गया है। आप अ ययन और अ यास के
ारा ऐसे श द पर अ धकार ( mastery ) ा त कर सकगे।

1
या श द का पहला अ र भी ‘साइलट’ होता है?
जी हां, कई बार श द का पहला अ र भी Silent अथात् अनु च रत या मूक होता है। इन
श द को बो लए तथा ह ज और उ चारण को याद क जए:
G nat (नैट) लड़ाकू वमान P sychology (साइकॉलॉजी) मनो व ान
H onour (आनर) स मान W rite (राइट) लखना
H our (आवर) घंटा K nowledge (नॉ लज) ान
P neumonia ( यूमो नया) फेफड़ क सूजन
आपने दे खा क इन श द के थम अ र का श द म उ चारण नह होता। अब इन श द
का उ चारण कर:
Wrong, Know, Knitting, Honest, Psalm, र ग, नो, न टग, ऑने ट, साम।
अब दे खए क Knitting म K और सरी T का उ चारण नह आ, बोलने म niting ही
आया। इसी कार Psalm म P और L दोन Silent ह।
2
High का उ चारण है ‘हाई’ ओर Right का उ चारण है ‘राइट’। उ आधार पर इन
श द का उ चारण कर:
Sigh (आह भरना)
Fight (लड़ाई)
 Might (श )
Flight (उड़ान)
Thigh (जांघ)
Light ( काश)
Night (रात)
Delight (आन द)
Though (य प)
Bright (चमक ला)
Tight (कसा आ)
Knight (शूरवीर)
Through ( ारा)
Slight (थोड़ा-सा)
Fright (भय)
Sight (नज़ारा)
इन श द से आप भलीभां त प र चत ह। अ छा बताइए, इनम कौन-से ऐसे दो वण ह, जो
सबम एक समान Silent ह? ठ क है — ‘gh’ और Knight म K भी अनु च रत अथात् silent
है।
अब नीचे द गयी श द क ता लका म दे खए, कौन -कौन से वण अनु च रत ह। फर इन
श द व पे ल स को याद क जए और लखकर उनका अ यास भी क जए।
B Silent
Comb (कोम) कंघा
Lamb (लैम) मेमना
Thumb (थम) अंगठ ू ा
C Silent
Scent (से ट) इ
Science (साइंस) व ान
Scene (सीन) य
G Silent
Sign (साइन) च
Design ( डज़ाइन) रचना
Resign ( रज़ाइन) इ तीफा दे ना
H Silent
Honour (ऑनर) इ ज़त
Hour (आवर) घंटा
Thomas (टॉमस) टामस
K Silent
Knock (नॉक) खटखटाना
 Knife (नाइफ़) चाकू
Knot (नॉट) गांठ
L Silent
Palm (पाम) हथेली
Calm (काम) शा त
Half (हाफ़) आधा
Walk (वाक) चलना
Folk (फ़ोक) जनसमूह
Talk (टॉक) बातचीत
Should (शुड) चा हए
Would (वुड) जाएगा
Could (कुड) सकना
N Silent
Autumn (ऑटम) पतझड़
Condemn (कंडेम) न दा करना
Hymn ( हम) तो
Column (कालम) पृ का भाग
Damn (डैम) बद् आ दे ना
T Silent
Hasten (हेसन) ज द करना
Listen ( लसन) सुनना
Often (ऑफ़न) ाय:
Soften (सॉफ़न) कोमल करना
U Silent
Guard (गाड) चौक दार
Guess (गेस) अनुमान
Guest (गे ट) अ त थ
W Silent
Wrong (र ग) गलत
Answer (आ सर) उ र
Sword (सोड) तलवार
और अब ज़रा नीचे दये गये अं ेज़ी श द का उ चारण करके अपना मनोरंजन क जए
और पता लगाइए क कौन से अ र अनु च रत (silent) ह?
Asthma, Heir, Island, Doubt, Reign, Wrapper, Wednesday
जी नह , ये अ थमा, हेयर, इज़लै ड, डाउ ट, रअ न, ापर, वेडनसडे नह है, ये ह ऐ मा
(दमा), एअर (उ रा धकारी), आइलड (टापू), डाउट (शक), रेन (रा य), रैपर (लपेटने का
कागज़ व कपड़ा), वसडे (बुधवार)।
ड शनरी म ऐसे ही सरे श द ढूं ढए और उनका अ यास क जए।
16सोलहवां दन
th Day

वाचक वा य-रचना म What, Who, How आ द का योग

बीच म रोमन ल प क वतनी और वण के उ चारण का संग आ गया था, जनका
ान होना हमारे लए आव यक है। अब फर पीछे जहां छोड़ा था, वहां से आगे चल।
छठे से आठव दन म हमने सीखा था क तीन काल के वा य म उप या या
सहायक या को वा य म सबसे पहले लाकर वाचक वा य बनाये जा सकते ह,
जैसे — Does he know? Was Gopal reading? Will you play ? आ द।
अब हम यहां इतना और जोड़ना चाहते ह क जब इ ह वाचक वा य के शु म
What, Who, How, Which, When, Where या Why आ द लगते ह, तो ये वा य
ापक अथ दे ने लगते ह। इसे आप पहले एक-एक करके और फर मले-जुले प
म 16 व से 18 व दन के कोस म पाएंगे। आइए, अ यास कर।
* Where’s—where is का सं त बोलचाल का प है।
18अठारहवां दन
th Day

वाचक वा य-रचना ( म त Miscellaneous )

वाचक रचना को दोहराइए। अब what, where आ द श द के साथ is, are,
am, was, were, has, have, had, will-shall, would, should आ द
या को भी दोहरा ली जए। इन या के योग से वाचक वा य बनते ह।
यह बात आप पीछे भी दे ख चुक ह, अब फर से दोहराइए।
19उ ीसवां दन
th Day

पीछे आपने सभी काल ( Tenses ) म या के प दोहराये ह। सोलहव और

स हव दन म आपने वाचक वा य क रचना भी क है। या आप बतला
सकते ह क सकारा क ( Assertive ) वा य को वाचक ( Interrogative )
वा य बनाने के लए आपको या करना पड़ा है? आपने सभी काल ( Tenses ) म
सहायक या को वा य म सबसे पहले लाकर वाचक वा य बनाये ह। ( 1 )
अब आप यान द जए क नकारा मक ( negative ) वा य कैसे बनते ह। वा य म
do, did, is, are, was, were, have, had, will, would, shall, should,
can, could, may, might आ द या के साथ not जोड़ा जाता ह, इससे
नकारा मक वा य बनते ह। ( 2 ) लखने म do not, did not, were not, have
not, can not, will not, shall not, should not, would not आ द ाय: ये
प आते ह, क तु बोलने म अ धकतर सं त प का योग होता है, जो मश:
इस कार ह: don’t, didn’t, weren’t, can’t, won’t, shouldn’t, wouldn’t
आ द। वैसे आजकल लखने व बोलने म दोन प च लत ह, do not क तरह पूरे
और don’t क तरह सं त भी। आइए, इनका अ यास कर।

नकारा मक वा य ( Negative Sentences )

A. अं ेज़ी म कुछ संयु श द के सं त प (Short forms) बोलने म अ यंत
च लत ह, इ ह बोलने व लखने का अ यास क जए:
do + not = don’t
does + not = doesn’t
did+ not = didn’t
is + not = isn’t
are + not = aren’t
was + not = wasn’t
were + not = weren’t
has + not = hasn’t
have + not = haven’t
had + not + hadn’t
will + not = won’t
shall + not = shan’t
can + not + can’t
must + not = mustn’t
could + not = couldn’t
need + not = needn’t
would + not = wouldn’t
should + not = shouldn’t
B. n’t forms म n पर लगे संकेत (‘n’) को Apostrophe कहते ह।

Tail-Question वाले वा य म से वपरीताथ जोड़े काम आते ह। इनको एक साथ

मरण क जए:
I did—didn’t I?
He is— isn’t he?
We are— aren’t we?
He was—wasn’t he?
You were—weren’t you?
They had—hadn’t they?
We can—can’t we?
You will—won’t you?
I shall—shan’t I?
I must—mustn’t I?
You would—wouldn’t you?
 She could—couldn’t she?
She does not— does she?
You do not—do you?
अब इनका अ यास क जए:
I am— I’m आइम
We are— We’re वी’अर
You are—You’re यू’अर
They are— They’re दे ’अर
He is—He’s ही’ज़
She is—She’s शी’ज़
इसी कार से I have, you have, she/he has के लए I’ve आइ’ व, यू’अव,
शी.’ज/ही.’ज तथा We have और They have के लए We’ve वी’अव, They’ve दे ’अ
आ द का योग होता है।
20बीसवां दन
th Day
11 से 15 दन:
1 . अं ेज़ी म मु य 5 वर (Vowels) ह — A, E, I, O, U, नीचे दये श द का
उ चारण क जए। उ चारण करते ए वर के उ चारण पर यान द जए:
( a) a = आ (जैसे car )
far
star
card
hard
dark
mark
arm
farm
harm
art
part
start
heart
guard
answer
can’t
balm
palm
calm
half
craft
draft
graph
laugh
( b) y या i = आइ (जैसे my )
by
buy
cry
try
spy
style
die
lie
tie
eye
life
wife
like
strike
high
sight
right
height
fight
light
might
night
tight
bind
find
mind
kind
fine
line
nine
pipe
ripe
five
strive
drive
knife
( c) u या o = अ (जैसे cup )
but
cut
rub
bud
dull
sum
fun
gun
up
hunt
lunch
luck
rush
sun
vulgar
cutter
butter
hut
front
worry
some
dozen
cousin
Monday
son
govern
nothing
young
tongue
southern
colour
comfort
become
brother
mother
other
( d) i = इ (जैसे it )
fit
hit
this
fish
wish
him
in
sin
thin
big
bid
kid
lip
slip
trip
ill
fill
will
kill
still
kick
pick
sick
trick
quick
king
link
spring
wing
fist
list
give
live
stick
clip
pin
( e) ea, ee = इअ (जैसे near )
clear
tear
near
hear
fear
appear
ear
year
dear
rear
peer
gear
sheer
beer
deer
cheer
queer
compere
( f) ea = ई (जैसे seat )
teat
beat
heat
meat
neat
heap
mean
sea
tea
lead
read
meal
each
reach
breach
preach
teach
speak
2 . ऊपर 1 म (a) से (f) तक कुल 168 श द ह। इनके अथ बताइए। न आने पर
उ ह ड शनरी म दे खए। इनम से 150 के अथ ठ क ह , तो very good; 125 ठ क ह ,
तो good; 100 ठ क ह , तो ‘Not bad’ मा नए।
3 . I के 168 श द म से कुछ श द म वर तथा कुछ म ंजन मूक या अनु च रत
ह। For example, guard ‘balm’ और ‘palm’ म ‘l’, ‘tight’ व ‘eight’ म ‘g’
आ द! ऐसे ही कुछ और मूक वण ‘Silent letters’ वाले श द ढूं ढ कर उनक ल ट
बनाइए! यह भी बताइए क उनम कौन-सा वण मूक है।
4 . इन श द का उ चारण नागरी ल प म ल खए, जैसे — rough - रफ़
rough
fall
philosophy
forgive
age
page
from
arm
tribes
hopes
Asia
Simla
Russia
thin
then
5 . नीचे दये श द म जो अ र अनु च रत ह, उ ह ल खए:
Calm शा त, Debt ऋण, Folk जनता, Half आधा, Knoll छोट पहाड़ी, Lodge छोटा
घर, Match दयासलाई, Villain , Reign शासन, Stalk टहनी, Unknown अ ात,
Walk चलना।
6 . इन श द का उ चारण नागरी ल प म ल खए — ice, can, come, policy,
chocolate, receipt, received, pierce, of, off, accept, borne, born,
clothes, morale, moral, island, gnat, known, psychology, written,
honesty, psalm, knitting, honour, wrong, hour, deny. अब कसी अ छे
श द-कोश से उ चारण मलाइए।
7 . अ यास के लए इन श द म से ठ क पे लग वाले श द छांटकर ड शनरी से
मलाएं:
hieght
height
speek
speak
call
calle
procced
proceed
speach
speech
near
nare
exceed
excede
treat
treet
reech
reach
exprress
express
harrass
harass
ocasion
occasion
havy
heavy
tension
tention
attack
atacke
angry
angary
attension
attention
sleep
sleap
new
nue
 9 . न न ल खत अं ेज़ी वा य का ह द म अनुवाद क जए, फर उसे नीचे छपे ह द
अनुवाद से मलाइए:
(l)The shop is closed, isn’t it? (2) we are late, aren’t we? (3) You did
come, didn’t you? (4) You won’t come tomorrow, will you? (5) We won’t
go there, will we? (6) If you hadn’t told her, she wouldn’t have known. (7)
I’m not late today. (8) They played well, but you didn’t (9) They won’t
reach in time, but we will. (10) My mother won’t attend the wedding, but
my father will. (11) I must go, but you need not. (12) You must not write in
red ink. (13) He is wrong, isn’t he? (14) I was with you, wasn’t I? (15) You
know him well, don’t you? (16) We have done the work, haven’t we? (17)
You have learnt a lot, haven’t you?
(1) कान बंद है, है न? (2) हम लेट ह, ह न? (3) तुम आए थे, है न? (4) तुम कल नह
आओगे, है न? (5) हम वहां नह जाएंगे, है न? (6) य द तुमने उसे बताया न होता, तो वह न
जानती। (7) म आज लेट नह ं। (8) वे अ छ तरह खेले, पर तुम नह ? (9) वे समय पर नह
प ंचगे, पर हम प ंच जाएंगे। (10) मेरी मां शाद पर नह जाएंग , पर मेरे पताजी जाएंगे।
(11) मुझे अव य जाना चा हए, पर तु हारे जाने क आव यकता नह है। (12) तु ह लाल
याही से नह लखना चा हए। (13) वह गलत है, है न? (14) म तु हारे साथ था, है न? (15)
तुम उसे अ छ तरह से जानते हो न? (16) हमने काम कर लया है न? (17) तुमने ब त कुछ
सीख लया है न?

नदश: अब आपने अं ेज़ी के कई नए वा य सीख लये ह, उ ह म के साथ बोलने का

अ यास क जए।
10 . नीचे अ यास के लए और उनके उ र दये गये ह। आप अपने साथी से क हए
क वह आपसे करे और आप उ र द। फर हमारे उ र से मलाएं:
21इ क सवां दन
st Day

तीसरा अ भयान ( 3rd Expedition )

तीसरे अ भयान म हम आपको अं ेज़ी ाकरण के कुछ आव यक पहलु का
ान कराने जा रहे ह। य द आप इ ह जान लगे तो आपको, मोटे प से, अं ेज़ी
समझ आ जायेगी। 21 व से 30 व दन के इस सेट म इन वषय पर यान दया गया है:
Pronouns, Prepositions, Co-relatives, Active and Passive Voices,
Temporals, Countable Nouns, Emphasis and some notable
usages . अ त म च लत Idioms भी दये गये ह। येक दन के अ त म इन
वषय से संबं धत ट प णयां भी द गयी ह, जो वषय को समझने म बड़ी सहायक
हग।

आप एक-एक दन म एक-एक करके अ यास क जए और फर दे खए क आप

कहां-से-कहां प ंच गये ह। सबसे पहले सवनाम श द का योग दे खए।

He, She, It, This, That, You, I, Each, None आ द सवनाम श द का

योग
a, an, the — articles (सामा य योग)
used with nouns. For example: This book, that dog, these shops, those
houses etc.
22बाईसवां दन
nd Day

थान सूचक ( Platial ) श द से बने वा य

[on, at, into, in, of, to, by, with, besides, beside, between, among, over]
अं ेज़ी भाषा क वा य-रचना म Prepositions का बड़ा मह व है। अं ेज़ी भाषा के
श ा थय को बड़ी सावधानी से इनका ठ क-ठाक योग सीखना चा हए। कुछ
Prepositions का संबंध थान, समय, व ध आ द के साथ होता है, और कुछ का
कारण और ग त के साथ। इन सबका अ यास बड़े यान से करना चा हए।
Prepositions ाय: सं ा, सवनाम या सं ाथक अ य श द का सरे श द के साथ
संबंध बताती ह। ये ाय: सं ा आ द श द से पहले लगती ह, और कभी-कभी बाद
म भी जोड़ी जाती ह। इनका अ छ तरह अ यास करके आप इ ह आसानी से सीख
सकते ह।
2. महीन के नाम के साथ in, वार के नाम के साथ on, समय बतलाने म at का योग
होता है — जैसे in February, on Tuesday, at 6.30 A.M. इसी कार
morning और evening के पूव in, और noon और night से पूव at लगता है —
in the morning, in the evening, at night, at noon आ द।
3. जहां काय आरंभ होने का नश् चत दन या समय दया हो, वहां since का योग
होता है, जैसे — since 1974, since last Tuesday, since 4 A.M., और जहां
समय क केवल अव ध द गयी हो, वहां for लगता है जैसे — for two months, for
three years. आ द।
25प चीसवां दन
th Day

कतृवा य और कमवा य ( Active Voice And Passive Voice )

हम बात को दो कार से कह सकते ह — ( i ) क ा ( doer ) पर बल दे ते ए, जैसे
— Hari learns the first lesson . (ह र पहला पाठ याद करता है); ( ii ) कम (
receiver ) पर बल दे ते ए, जैसे — The first lesson is learnt by Hari .
(पहला पाठ ह र ारा याद कया जाता है)। पहले कार के वा य को कतृवा य (
active voice ) और सरे कार को कमवा य ( passive voice ) कहते ह।
बातचीत करते समय कहने वाले को अपने आशय के अनुसार वा य का चुनाव
करना चा हए। इनका अ यास क जए और बोलने क अपनी यो यता को बढ़ाइए।
जैसा पहले वा य का पड़ता है, य क यहां मह व दं ड दे ने वाले का नह है, ‘दं ड’ का है,
इसी लए दं ड ‘ या’ पर बल दया जाना चा हए।
26छ बीसवां दन
th Day

वा य-प रवतन ( Transformation of Sentences )

हम एक ही बात को एक से अ धक तरीक से कह सकते ह। जब हम एक बात को
सरे तरीके से कहते ह, तो हम दे खते ह क वा य बदल गये ह, पर अथ वही है। इसी
या को वा य-प रवतन ( transformation of sentences ) कहते ह।
पीछे कतृवा य और कमवा य ( Active Voice and Passive Voice ) क
जानकारी द गई थी, वह भी वा य प रवतन का एक कार है। अब यहां हम सरे
कार के बारे म जानकारी हा सल करते ह।
वा य के कई कार ह — वाचक ( Interrogative ), नश् चया मक (
Assertive ), व मया दबोधक ( Exclamatory ), व यथक ( Imperative ),
सकारा मक ( Affirmative ), नकारा मक ( Negative ) आ द। आइए, एक
कार के वा य को सरे कार म बदल और फर दे ख क अथ म कतनी समानता
है। इस व ध से आप अपनी बात को एक से अ धक तरीक से कहने क मता बढ़ा
सकते ह।
शप हैज़ ट कम येट, शी इज़ ॉबै ली लेट. (जहाज अभी तक नह आया है, शायद वह
लेट है)। इस वा य म ship एक नज व व तु है, पर तु इसे feminine gender दया
गया है। इसी कार sun (सूरज) तथा death डेथ (मौत) पु लंग श द ह।
27स ाईसवां दन
th Day

गणना एवं मा ासूचक श द

कुछ सं ा-श द गने जा सकते ह और कुछ नह गने जा सकते। गनने यो य और न
गनने यो य श द का अलग-अलग अ यास क जए। मोटे तौर से समझ ली जए क
जा तवाचक सं ाएं गनी जा सकती ह ( Countable ), पर वाचक सं ाएं तथा
भाववाचक सं ाएं नह गनी जा सकत । यह भी याद रख, क केवल ( Countable
nouns ) गणना क सं ाएं ही एक वचन ( Singular ) या ब वचन ( Plural ) हो
सकती ह। e.g. Boy (Singular) Boys (Plural ).

A
गणना के श द ( Countable Words )
 दया.) As soon as the child saw its mother, it jumped towards her.
(जैसे ही ब चे ने अपनी माता को दे खा, वह उसक तरफ लपक पड़ा.)
2. कसी Noun या Pronoun पर ज़ोर दे ने के लए — It was Gandhiji, who
started the Civil Disobedience Movement. (गांधी जी ने ही नाग रक अव ा
आंदोलन चलाया था.)
3. मौसम के बारे म बात करने के लए — It is hot गम है, It is cold सद है, It is
raining outside बाहर वषा हो रही है।
4. Object के प म Children find it difficult to sit quietly. (ब च के लए
चुपचाप बैठना क ठन है.)
5. पहले ई बात के लए — He was wrong and he realises it. (वह गलत था
और वह इस बात को महसूस करता है.) इस वा य म It का योग he was wrong के
लए कया गया है।
29उनतीसवां दन
th Day
A
गणना और मा ा-सूचक वा य ( Countables & Uncountables )
house than it began to rain. 11. Though his arms were weak, his legs
were strong. 12. Neither of us is lucky. 13. It is too hot to work. 14. Do you
have many toys? 15. This is bread . Bread is food . 16. She is too weak to
walk. 17. He works hard lest he should fail. 18. Somebody spoke to me, I
forget who. 19. He is the man who I know is corrupt. 20. Put everything in
its place. 21. None of them was available there. 22. There is misery in the
lives of all men. 23. Are you senior to him?
31इक ीसवां दन
st Day

चौथा अ भयान ( 4th Expedition )

अब शु आ आपक या ा का चौथा अ भयान — जहां से आप ाकरण क
भूलभुलैया से नकल कर ावहा रक भाषा के योग को समझगे। पछले तीन सेट
म आपको शु -अशु का प रचय ा त आ। आपने जाना क श द को वा य म
कैसे रख ता क साथक वा य बन सक। अब आप सीखगे वषयानुसार छोटे -छोटे
वा य का बोलना-चालना। आपने पछले तीन पड़ाव म जो कुछ सीखा है, उसके
सहारे आपको आगे बढ़ना है। इस पाठ म दये गये वा य, रोज़ क ज़ दगी म काम
आने वाले वा य ह। इ ह सीख कर, इनका अ यास क जए और बातचीत म योग
करना शु कर द जए। अ यास के लए साथ दये गये उ चारण को सीख लेने पर
आप सरलता से वा य को बोल सकगे और अं ेज़ी म बात कर पाने का आनंद उठा
सकगे। धीरे-धीरे आपक झझक ख म हो जाएगी और वश् वास बढ़ता जाएगा।
आइए, सबसे पहले नमं ण के वा य को सीख।

1 . नमं ण ( Invitation )
 Thanks के साथ for भी लगता है। ऐसा योग भी अ छा है, य प यह कुछ लंबा है — I
thank you, sir, for your interest in my family . (आप जो च मेरे प रवार म लेते
ह, उसके लए म आपका ध यवाद करता ं।) परंतु केवल I thank you कदा प न क हए।
यह अपे ाकृत खा योग ह।
*** Congratulations और Felicitations के साथ on लगता है, for और at नह
Congratulations for/at your success गलत है। आपको कहना चा हए
Congratulations on your success .
कसी भी बधाई के अवसर पर हम सफ Congratulations या Congrats ही कह,
तो भी ठ क है।

* ‘Let’s’ let us का सं त प है।

33ततीसवां दन
rd Day
9 . आहार ( Meals )
 याद रख ( Remember )
* Feel के साथ वशेषण लगता है, सं ा नह लगती। उदाहरण के लए, I’m feeling
thirsty . आइम फ़ लग थ ट . (मुझे यास लगी है।) कहा जाता है; ह द क नकल करते
ए I feel thirst . नह कहा जाता।
** पकवान के लए dish श द का योग कया जाता है। वैसे इसका अथ त तरी भी
होता है। उदाहरण के लए — आपके यहां या खाना मलता है? के लए कहगे, What
dishes do you serve ?
***अं ेज़ी म आमतौर पर खाने के लए eat और पीने के लए drink श द का योग
नह कया जाता। इसके वपरीत खाने और पीने के लए take श द का योग कया जाता
है, जैसे — Do you take tea ? ( या आप चाय पीते ह?) और Do you take fish ?
( या आप मछली खाते ह?) Drink का साधारण अथ होता है, शराब पीना।
34च तीसवां दन
th Day
10 . समय ( Time )
हो तो उसे दे खते ए May I shut the window ? न कह कर Should I shut the
window ? कहना सही व उपयु होगा। हद म दोन वा य का अथ है, या म खड़क
बंद कर ं ?
35पतीसवां दन
th Day
12. (A ) नदश/आ ा ( Instruction/Order )
से कुछ भी नई बात नह नकली) इन वा य म Go के थान पर उसका Past Tense ‘
Went ’ लया गया है।
36छ ीसवां दन
th Day
12. (B ) नदश/आ ा ( Instruction/Order )
उसे लख ली जए।)
Put forward का अथ है पेश करना: He hesitated to put forward his plan. (वह
अपनी योजना पेश करने म हच कचाया।)
Put off का अथ है थ गत करना: For want of a quorum the meeting was put
off. (कोरम के अभाव म सभा थ गत कर द गयी।)

Put on का अथ है कपड़े पहनना: He put on new clothes on the Id day. (उसने

ईद के दन नए कपड़े पहने।)
Put out का अथ है बुझाना: Put out the fire lest it should spread around.
(आग को बुझा दो कह यह आसपास फैल न जाए।)
38अड़तीसवां दन
th Day
17 . नषेध ( Negation )
 Get out = नकलना: He couldn’t get out of the room . (वह कमरे से बाहर
नह नकल सका।)
Get up = सोकर जागना: It is a good habit to get up early in the
morning . (सुबह ज द उठना एक अ छ आदत है।)
Get together = इक े होना: We are planning a get together to
celebrate our friend’s marriage . (हम अपने म के ववाह पर इक े होने क सोच
रहे ह।)
Get through = सफल होना — He got through his examination . (वह
परी ा म उ ीण हो गया।) आ द।
40चालीसवां दन
th Day

यहां कुछ Tests दए गए ह।

आइए, अब इनसे अपनी यो यता को पर खए। 20 वा य के 20 अंक ह। आपके 16
इससे अ धक वा य ठ क ह तो आपक थ त ‘अ त-उ म’ ( very good), 12 या
इससे अ धक वा य ठ क ह तो उ म ( fair ) है।
Test No. 1
31 से 35 दन
I. नीचे कुछ वा य दये गये ह, जनम कोई ऐसी अशु है, जसे बोलने या लखने क
लोग ाय: गलती करते ह। आप इ ह शु क जए। फर 31 से 35 दन के वा य से मलाकर
दे खए और सम झए क इनके पीछे नयम या है। ( वषय सं या और वा य सं याएं वा य
के साथ द गयी ह) :
1. Would you like to come with us to cinema? [1:5]. 2. Let us go
through bus. [1:8]. 3. No, I don’t know to play it. [1: 11]. 4. It’s mine
pleasure. [2:22]. 5. Have nice journey. [2:31]. 6. Thanks for present.
[3:39]. 7. Wish you new year. [4:45]. 8. Congratulations for your success.
[4:48]. 9. Please wake up him. [7:6]. 10. Let me do work. [7:9]. 11.
Please repeat again. [7:14]. 12. What sweet dishes you have? [8:10]. 13.
Have little more. [8:16]. 14. Are you an vegetarian? [8:27]. 15. He is
glutton. [8:50]. 16. When you have dinner? [9:11]. 17. You are late by half
hour. [9:36]. 18. May we rest here for while? [10:19]. 19. Tell the truth and
speak no lies. [11:3]. 20. Note down this. [11:36].
Test No. 2
36 से 39 दन
II . नीचे जो वा य दये गये ह, इ ह आपने पछले दन म थोड़े-ब त प रवतन के साथ
दे खा है। अब आप इ ह यान से प ढ़ए और जहां कह गलती हो उसे सुधार कर कारण ात
क जए। (वा य के साथ Topic No . और Sentence No . दया गया है):
1. Don’t write in pencil. please write with pen. [12:59-60]. 2. Chew
your food good. [12:77]. 6. It was God will. [14:18]. 7. Whom I should
trust? [15:33]. 8. He is nuisance. [15:36]. 9. I can’t accept what do you
say. [17:1]. 10. How I can do this! [17:12]. 11. Don’t be proud for your
riches. [17:20]. 12. Do not walk at the grass. [17:22]. 13. I don’t know to
sing. [17:26]. 14. Don’t angry. [17:27]. 15. I entirely agree to you. [18:8].
16. Yes, that is truth. [18:10]. 17. I’ll follow your advices. [18:12]. 18.
Forgive me to interrupt you sir! [21:8]. 19. It was merely done with
mistake. [21:12]. 20. I am awfully sorry for kept you waiting so long.
[21:18].
Test No. 3
III . नीचे दये गये वा य म कोई-न-कोई अशु है। उसे शु करके लख। गल तयां टे ढ़े
(Italics) टाइप वाले श द म ह।
1. Be careful not to loose your money. 2. Has the clerk weighted the
letter? 3. Physics are not easy to learn. 4. You have a poetry to learn by
heart. 5. My luggages are at the station. 6. You have five thousands
rupees. 7. When she entered the room, she saw a notebook on the
ground . 8. Let us see a theater tonight. 9. Which is the street to the
village? 10. My younger brother is five and a half feet high . 11. Are you
interesting in your work? 12. I have now left cricket. 13. Madam, will I go
home to get my exercise book? 14. She sometimes puts on red shoes.
15. She wears her clothes in the morning. 16. There is a lot of flowers on
this tree. 17. How many paper do you want? 18. He has given up
smoking, isn’t it ? 19. Why he not sees a film? 20. What does elephants
eat?
शु उ र:
1. lose, 2. weighed, 3. is, 4. poem, 5. luggage is, 6. thousand, 7. floor,
8. play, 9. road, 10. tall, 11. interested, 12. given up, 13. may, 14. wears,
15. puts on, 16. are, 17. much, 18. hasn’t he, 19. doesn’t he see, 20. what
do.
Test No. 4
IV . न न ल खत वा य म र थान के आगे को क म श द दये गये ह। उनम उपयु
श द चुनकर र थान भ रए:
1. … (shall, will) you please help me out of this difficulty? 2. She was
over-joyed… (to, into) see her lost baby. 3. Thanks… (to, for) your good
 to fetch, to enjoy, to meet, to burst, to bring, to enter, to chew, to
cheat, to want, to agree, to obey, to move, to forget, to forgive, to hire, to
abstain.
( ii ) इन दोन म या अंतर है? ल खए, believe—belief, (to) check—cheque,
(to) speak—speech, (to) agree—agreement, cool—cold, (to) invite—
invitation, (to) pride—proud, (to) accept—except.
( iii ) इनके वपरीताथक श द ल खए, जैसे — possible — impossible
Patience, come, accept, clean, improper, without, switch off, back,
early, disagree, many, able, empty.
Test No. 9
IX . अं ेजी या go के बाद व भ prepositions लगाने से व भ अथ हो जाते ह।
इस कार के मुहावरेदार योग येक भाषा क अपनी वशेषता होती है। हम go के कुछ
ब च लत मुहावरेदार योग नीचे दे रहे ह। इनको याद कर और अ यास के लए वा य म
योग कर।
go on = ज़ारी रखना
go in for = कसी काम म जुटना
go into = छानबीन करना।
go down = डू बना
go with = साथ, मेल खाना
go back on = न नभाना
go out = बुझना
go about = कसी काम म लगना
41इकतालीसवां दन
st Day

पांचवां अ भयान ( 5th Expedition )

चौथे अ भयान म हमने नमं ण, अ भवाादन, वीकृ त, अ वीकृ त, आ ा,
अनुम त, झगड़ा, नाराज़गी, मा, ाथना आ द अनेक संग पर बोले जा सकने
वाले वा य को अं ेज़ी म बोलना सीखा है। पांचव अ भयान म हम वा य, मौसम,
च र , वेशभूषा, पढ़ाई- लखाई, खेलकूद तथा घर म और घर से बाहर कसी से
मलने पर अथवा शॉ पग करते समय इ तेमाल हो सकने वाले अं ेज़ी वा य को
बोलना सीखगे। जहां इन वा य के मा यम से आप मौके के अनुसार अं ेज़ी म बात
कर सकगे वह पाठ के अंत म द गयी ट प णय क सहायता से नये श द को
पढ़ना तथा यय लगाकर बनाये गये तरह-तरह के श द का ठ क-ठ क योग भी
आप जान सकगे।

23 . घर म ( At Home )
 दे खना यह होता है क श द समूह म जो अ धक मह वपूण श द हो उसी के साथ s
जोड़ा जाए। इसी नयम के अनुसार step-son टे प-सन (सौतेला पु ) का ब वचन step-
sons टे प स स बनता है और maidservant मेडसवट का ब वचन maidservants
मेडसवट् स।
 saleable (बेचने यो य), washable (जो धोया जा सके) मूल श द (सं ा या या) म able
लगाने से बने ह। कई बार able का काय करने के लए ible भी लगता है, जैसे combust
(जलना) से combustible ( वलनशील), eligible (चुने जाने यो य), illegible (जो पढ़ा न
जा सके)।
कुछ सं ा और या आ द के अंत म al लगाकर भी वशेषण बनते ह, जैसे:
brute से brutal ( ू र)
centre से central (क य)
continue से continual (लगातार)
term से terminal (अं तम भाग का)
ऐसे म श द के अंत म य द ‘ e ’ हो तो वह हट जाता है।

(i) Clothes ( लोद्ज़) सले ए कपड़ को कहते ह, Cloth ( लॉथ) बना सले कपड़ को।
(ii) Clothe ( लोद्) या भी है अथात् कपड़े पहनना या पहनाना।
43ततालीसवां दन
rd Day
26 . मलने पर ( On Meeting )
44चवालीसवां दन
th Day
27 . खरीदारी ( Shopping )
 ent म समा त होने वाले श द भी ( ant म समा त होने वाले श द के समान) सं ा —
जैसे क ascent (चढ़ाई), comment ( ट पणी) — भी होते ह और वशेषण भी, जैसे —
content (संतु ), dependent ( नभर), excellent (अ यु म), intelligent ( तभाशाल
violent ( हसक) आ द।
वशेषण क मोट पहचान म से एक यह है क श द के अंत म ful हो। उदाहरण के
लए, This is a beautiful garden . (यह सुंदर बाग है।)। यहां beauty म ful लगाया गय
है और y बदलकर i हो गया है। कुछ और उदाहरण:
awe से awful (ऑफ़ल), भयानक
colour से colourful (कलरफ़ल), रंगीन
power से powerful (पावरफ़ल), बलवान
bash से bashful (बैशफ़ल), ल जाशील
delight से delightful ( डलाइटफ़ल), फ़ ल
truth से truthful (टथफ़ल), स चा आ द।
45पतालीसवां दन
th Day
28 . अ ययन ( Study )
46 छयालीसवां दन
th Day
29. (A ) वा य ( Health )
 याद रख ( Remember )
Action ( या), Collection (सं ह), protection (र ा) इ या द सं ाएं ह। इन सबके
अंत म tion है। और ये सभी ‘ t ’ म समा त होने वाली या से बनी ह ( act, collect,
protect आ द)। कई बार ऐसी या से भी tion ारा सं ाएं बनती ह जनके अंत म ‘ t ’
न हो जैसे:
attend से attention ( यान)
convene से convention (स म त)
destroy से destruction ( वनाश)
receive से reception ( वागत)
describe से description (वणन)
Timely action by the engine driver prevented a major railway
accident (इंजन चालक ार समयो चत कारवाई ने बड़ी घटना से बचा लया) कहना
ठ क है य क act से action सं ा बनती है। परंतु his total investment amounts to
rupees one lac (उसका कुल व नयोजन एक लाख पये है) म invest श द, जनके अंत
म ‘ t ’ है, म ment जोड़कर सं ा investment बनी है, न क अंत म tion लगाकर। प है
क t म समा त होने वाली या से कई बार ment जोड़कर सं ा बनती है, जैसे — adjust स
adjustment (समझौता), assort से assortment (चयन) इ या द।
48अड़तालीसवां दन
th Day
31 . जीव-जंतु ( Animals )
 समान वहार ने उसे अपनी सभी सहयो गय का य बना दया) म brother सं ा म ly
लगाने से brotherly वशेषण बन गया, इसी कार:
father से fatherly ( पता जैसा)
mother से motherly (माता जैसा)
sister से sisterly (बहन जैसा)
body से bodily (शारी रक)
man से manly (मद जैसा)
woman से womanly ( ी जैसा)
king से kingly (बादशाह जैसा)
scholar से scholarly ( व ान जैसा)
It was a windy day (उस दन हवा चलती रही), A fish has a scaly body
(मछली के बदन पर छलके होते ह) म wind से windy (हवादार), scale से scaly ( छलक
वाला) वशेषण wind or scale सं ा म y जोड़ने से बने ह। इसी कार बने कुछ वशेषण
ये ह:
breeze से breezy (ह क हवा वाला)
craft से crafty (चालाक)
greed से greedy (लालची)
rain से rainy (वषा यु )
hand से handy (उपयोगी)
dust से dusty (धूलभरा)
room से roomy (खुला)
sun से sunny (धूपवाला)

* “The elephant” का उ चारण ‘ द ऐ लफ़ै ट होता है’, The का उ चारण वर पर “The owl” का ‘ द आउल’ तथा
“The ape” का ‘ द एप’ “The Cow, the Giraffe” का उ चारण ‘द काउ और द जराफ़’ होता है।

जैसे a, e, o आ द से पहले ‘ द’ तथा ंजन जैसे क, ज, र आ द से पहले ‘द’ होता है।

* Prefer या के बाद म जो बात आती ह उनम पहली बात को सरी से अ छा समझा जाता है।
हीन।
कई ऐसे श द ह, जनके साथ full लगाया जा सकता है तथा less भी लगाया जा सकत
है। उदाहरण के लए merciful (दयालु), merciless ( नदय), colourful (रंगीन),
colourless (बेरंग), careful (सावधान), careless (लापरवाह), pitiful (दयालु), pitiles
( नदय), आ द। ‘ full ’ और ‘ less ’ से बने वपरीताथक श द के जोड़े ह, पर सभी श द
म जनके साथ ‘ less ’ लगाया जा सकता है ‘ full ’ नह लगाया जा सकता, जैसे —
Friendless ( म हीन) और landless (भू महीन) इनके साथ full लगाकर friendful और
landful नह बनाया जा सकता। यान रहे क कसी सरे श द के साथ जोड़ने पर ‘ ful ’
म single ‘ l ’ लखा जाता है double ‘ ll ’ नह ।
50पचासवां दन
th Day
Test No. 1
कुल अंक 20
41 से 45 दन
16 या इससे अ धक very good; 12 या इससे अ धक fair
I. नीचे दये वा य से मलते-जुलते वा य आपने पीछे सीखे ह। इनम कोई-न-कोई छोट -
मोट अशु है। उसे ठ क करके अपनी भाषा ान क परी ा ली जए और टे ढ़े टाइप वाले (
italics ) अशु श द का नीचे दये गये शु श द से मलान करके जां चए।
1. The milk has become sour. 2. Why didn’t you wake me on ? 3. You
should not go back from your words. 4. Sonia is taller of a two girls. 5.
Wait the bit. 6. I saw the woman whom the boss said was away. 7. This
rice is on inferior quality. 8. I am short for fifty paise. 9. This chair is quite
cheap at sixty rupees. 10. Do not buy at credit. 11. Does your shoe
pinches you? 12. Show me a shoe with an narrow toe. 13. As we labour,
so shall we be reward . 14. I am so tired to attend the class. 15. The
question is so easy. 16. He is week in Hindi. 17. She has been absent for
Wednesday. 18. Should you pass, your parents will be happy. 19. I have
been in this college since two years. 20. He is junior than me by one year.
Test No. 1 . —शु श द: 1. turned, 2. up, 3. on, 4. the, 5. a, 6. who, 7.
of, 8. by, 9. for, 10. on, 11. pinch, 12. a, 13. rewarded, 14. too, 15. very, 16.
weak, 17. since, 18. if, 19. for, 20. to.
Test No. 2
कुल अंक 20
46 से 49 दन
16 या इनसे अ धक very good; 12 या इनसे अ धक fair
II . इन वा य म छोट -मोट अशु यां ह। अपनी भाषा ान का टै ट ली जए और वा य
के अंत म दये गये उ र से मलान करके अपनी यो यता जां चए।
1. He is a eye specialist. 2. All his tooth are intact. 3. He is blind from
one eye. 4. Nothing for worry. 5. Can you see thermometer? 6. He is bad
hurt. 7. Prevention is better to cure. 8. Happiness is a best tonic. 9. I am
not feeling good . 10. How are you getting of in your business? 11. My
health has gone for on account of hardwork. 12. The patient is shivering
from cold. 13. Many people died from malaria. 14. It’s getting cold day by
day. 15. Sheeps give us wool. 16. I prefer riding to walk . 17. Who did win
the match? 18. Is your a joint family? 19. My brother is sixteen year old.
20. We are quite sure for your honesty.
Test No. 2 . —शु श द: 1. an, 2. teeth, 3. of, 4. to, 5. read, 6.badly, 7.
than, 8. the, 9. well, 10. on, 11. down, 12. with, 13. of, 14. colder, 15.
Sheep, 16. walking, 17. won, 18. yours, 19. years, 20. of.
Test No. 3
कुल अंक 20
41 से 49 दन
16 या इनसे अ धक very good; 12 या इनसे अ धक fair
III . नीचे दये अधूरे वा य के बीच म दो-दो वक प दये गये ह। उनम से उ चत श द
नकालकर वा य पूरे कर। साथ ही, इनम जो स ांत काम कर रहा है, उसे भी समझ।
1. I…(have passed/passed) the B.A. examination in 1976. 2. How…
(many/much) letters did she write to me? 3. They have not spoken to
each other…(for/since) two weeks. 4. She has been looking for a job…
(for/since) July 1975. 5. I…(had/have) already bought my ticket, so I went
in. 6. He was found guilty…(for/of) murder. 7. They are leaving…(for/to)
America soon. 8. She was married…(with/to) a rich man. 9. This shirt is
superior… (than/to) that. 10. Write the letter… (with/in) ink. 11. She
cannot avoid… (to make/making) mistakes. 12. The train… (left/had left)
before I arrived. 13. She (finished/had finished) her journey yesterday.
14. You talk as if you… (know/knew) everything. 15. She is (taller/tallest)
than her sister. 16. It will remain a secret between you and…(I/me). 17. A
girlfriend of…(his/him) told us this news. 18. Vagish and…(myself/I) were
present there. 19. Amitabh played a very good… (game/play). 20. I
played well yesterday… (isn’t it/didn’t I?)
Test No. 3 —शु श द: 1. passed, 2. many, 3. for, 4. since, 5. had, 6.
of, 7. for, 8. to, 9. to, 10. in, 11. making, 12. had left, 13. finished, 14. know,
15. taller, 16. me, 17. his 18. I, 19. game, 20. didn’t I?
 Test No. 4
IV . को क म दये गये श द म से उपयु श द चुनकर र थान भ रए:
1. How… (much, more, many) children do you have? 2. Custard is my
favourite… (food, dish). 3. Where does this road… (lead, go) to? 4. Is he
a… (dependible, dependable) person? 5. He is an… (important, importent)
minister. 6. When does your examination… (start, begin, commence)? 7.
…(if, Should) you pass, your parents… (will, shall) be happy. 8. The boy is
so weak in mathematics that he will not be able to get… (up, on, in) with
the class. 9. Good boys bring credit… (to, for) their school. 10. A little girl…
(recalled, recounted, recited) a beautiful poem. 11. The squirrel has a…
(wooly, hairy, bushy) tail. 12. The sun is bright because the sky is…
(cloudy, cloudless). 13. As he is a… (shameful, shameless) person he
pays for a good deed with a bad one. 14. She had… (wore, worn) a simple
sari. 15. Children need… (protection, defence) from traffic hazards. 16. …
(Quitely, Quietly) he went out of the convention hall. 17. Hamid and Majid
help… (each other, one another) 18. Small children help… (each other,
one another). 19. Minakshi has not come… (too, either). 20. They went for
a… (ride, walk) on their bicycles.
वा य के पूरक शु श द: 1. many, 2. dish, 3. lead, 4. dependable, 5.
important, 6. commence, 7. if-will, 8. on, 9. to, 10. recited, 11. bushy, 12.
cloudless, 13. shamless, 14. worn, 15. protection, 16. Quietly, 17. each
other, 18. one another. 19. either, 20. ride.
Test No. 5
V. (i ) इन वा य का हद म अनुवाद क जए:
1. Do you have books? 2. Did the dhobi take the last wash? 3. Did
you wake me up? 4. Is Anupam there? 5. Shall we meet again? 6. Why do
you say this? 7. When will your college reopen? 8. Why don’t you allow
me to read? 9. Why are you looking at him?
Test No. 6
VI . अं ेजी म अनुवाद क जए:
(1) म उससे पीछा छु ड़ाना चाहता ं। (2) बक-बक बंद करो। (3) ज द सोओ, ज द
उठो। (4) उसका बुखार उतर गया है। (5) उसे कसी डॉ टर को दखाइए। (6) उसके सर म
दद है। (7) म कांप रहा ं। (8) म जीता। (9) आओ, खेल। (10) म अ ववा हत ं। (11) हम
व से पहले प ंचगे। (12) कोई मलने आया है। (13) म ब त थका आ ं। (14) मने अपना
मकान बदल लया है। (15) उ ह ने आपको याद कया है। (16) कभी-कभी च ज़ र डाल
51इ यावनवां दन
st Day

छठा अ भयान ( 6th Expedition )

आप अपने पांच अ भयान पूरे कर चुके ह। काफ कुछ आप जान चुके ह। कुछे क
मह वपूण वषय अभी शेष ह जनसे संबं धत बातचीत हर समय नाग रक को करनी
पड़ती है, जैसे — श ाचार क बात, ऑ फस म होने वाली बातचीत, कानूनी
वषय , लेन-दे न एवं ापार आ द से संबं धत वचार को अं ेज़ी भाषा म कट
करने के वा य आ द। इसी कार के उपयोगी वा य छठे अ भयान म दये गये ह।
इसके अलावा कुछ च लत मुहावरे व कहावत भी इस भाग म शा मल कये गये ह।

36 . स यता- श ाचार ( Etiquette )

 ** Assistance (सहायता) भाव वाचक सं ा यहां assist या से बनी है। प है
क assist या पद को सं ा म बदलने के लए ance जोड़ा गया है। इसी कार बने कुछ
अ य श द नीचे दये जा रहे ह:
allow से allowance (भ ा)
ally से alliance (गठजोड़) (यहां ance जोड़ने से पहले y का i म बदला गया है।)
clear से clearance (सफ़ाई)
pursue से pursuance (पैरवी) ( ance लगाने से pursue का अं तम e हट गया है

* W.C. दरअसल Water Closet का सं त प है। आजकल शौचालय के लए अ धकतर Gentlemen’s जे टलमै ज़
या Men मेन (पु ष के लए) और Ladies लेडीज़ या Women वमेन ( य के लए) योग कया जाता है। वैसे तो
बोलचाल म शौचालय के लए Toilet (टॉयलेट) या Lavatory (लैवेटरी) श द का योग कया जाता है, पर सावज नक योग
के लए W.C. या Gentlemen’s आ द श द का योग ही शोभनीय समझा जाता है।
52बावनवां दन
nd Day
38 . द तर ( Office )
 after the deer . द हंटर रैन आ टर द डअर ( शकारी हरन के पीछे दौड़ा) और The
deer are fine looking animals . द डअर आर फ़ाइन लु कग ऐ नम ज़ ( हरन दे खने
म ब त सुंदर पशु ह) म deer का plural number भी deer ही है। इसी कार इन श द पर
यान द जए:
sheep (शीप) भेड़ Chinese (चायनीज़) चीनी hair (हेअर)
बाल.
a sheep, एक भेड़ (many) sheep, कई भेड़े; a hair, एक
बाल; (many) hair, कई बाल आ द।
2. Dozen (डज़न) दजन, score ( कोर) कौड़ी, gross ( ॉस) स ु , ( 144 व तुए)ं ,
hundred (हं ेड) सौ, thousand (थाउज़ड) हज़ार आ द सं या-वाचक श द अं ेज़ी म
जब वशेषण के प म आते ह तो वे एकवचन ही रहते ह, जैसे, two dozen eggs, five
hundred rupees, three thousand soldiers . ले कन जब या वशेषण के प
म योग कये जाते ह तब ब वचन हो जाते ह, जैसे — dozens of eggs, hundreds
of rupees आ द।

* कह -कह ‘No Smoking’ क जगह Smoking not allowed भी लख दया जाता है। दरअसल. दोन वा यांश ह पूरे
वा य नह ।
53 तरेपनवां दन
rd Day
40 . कानून ( Law )
54चौवनवां दन
th Day
42 . या ा ( Travel )
56छ पनवां दन
th Day
46 . लेन-दे न ( Dealings )
 It is dangerous to drive fast (गाड़ी तेज़ चलाना खतरनाक है), The Nilgiris
is a mountainous district (नील ग र एक पहाड़ी ज़ला है), The cobra is a
poisonous snake (फ़न वाला सांप ज़हरीला होता है), Ramayan is a famous epic
(रामायण एक स ंथ है।) Danger + ous = dangerous, mountain + ous =
mountainous, Poison + ous = poisonous, fame + ous = famous आ द (
fame म ous जोड़ने से पहले ‘ e ’ हट गया है)। ‘ ous ’ म ख म होने वाले नीचे दए गए
वशेषण enormity ( वशालता), nerve (नाड़ी), prosperity (वैभव), humour (हा य) आ
सं ा से बने ह:
enormous ( वशालकाय), nervous (घबराया आ), prosperous (समृ ),
humorous (मज़ा कया)
59उनसठवां दन
th Day
58 . मुहावरे ( Idioms )
house को छोड़ दया गया है।
60साठवां दन
th Day
Test No. 1
51 से 55 दन
16 से ऊपर very good; 12 से ऊपर fair
नीचे के वा य म टे ढ़े टाइप वाले (Italics) श द क अशु यां ह। इस तरह के वा य
आप पीछे भी सीख आये ह। इ ह ठ क करके अपनी यो यता क परी ा ल। शु श द नीचे दये
गये ह।
1. Please do not trouble myself . 2. Please stay for little more. 3. Put
up the notice at the notice board. 4. He is very proud for his promotion. 5.
He was accused for murder 6. He has been released at bail. 7. He was
sentenced for death. 8. My radio is stopped. 9. Now switch on for Vividh
Bharati. 10. Have you weighted the parcel? 11. You can new your driving
licence from the transport office. 12. We have loosed our way. 13. Why
did you came back? 14. The road is close for repair. 15. The train is due
on half past eleven. 16. We were listening at music. 17. It was a very
interested story. 18. Do not depend on others. 19. Do not spit at the floor.
20. Go for an walk in the morning and evening.
Test No. l — शु श द: 1. me 2. a 3. on 4. of 5. of 6. on 7. to 8. has 9.
to 10. weighed 11. renew 12. lost 13. come 14. closed 15 at 16. to 17.
interesting 18. upon 19. on 20.a.

Test No. 2
56 से 59 दन
16 से ऊपर very good; 12 से ऊपर fair
ये वा य आप पीछे भी पढ़ आये ह, पर यहां पर वे थोड़े से बदले ए और गलत ह। टे ढ़े
टाइप वाले श द अशु ह। उ ह सुधा रए और अभी तक क जानकारी को कसौट पर क सए।
शु श द नीचे दये गये ह।
 1. Have the account clear ? 2. Did you got your wages? 3. There is
shortage on money. 4. How is he getting at with his work? 5. Honesty is a
best policy. 6. The man is the slave to his stomach. 7. Your coat is cleaner
to mine. 8. Will you speak to her if she come . 9. Will you please borrow
me a pen? 10. Come home behind me. 11. The number of the students
are decreasing. 12. I read this book in a hour and a half. 13. Sita and Rita
is coming here. 14. My mother gave me some good advices . 15. The
unfortunate was shoot dead. 16. They will study German beside English.
17. The murderer was caught and hung . 18. A dog is a wolf in his lane.
19. All’s well that end’s well. 20. A crow in hand is worth two in the bush.
Test No. 2 — शु श द: 1. cleared 2. get 3. of 4. on. 5. the 6. a 7. than
8. comes 9. lend 10. after 11. is 12. an 13. are 14. advice 15. shot 16.
besides 17. hanged 18. lion 19. ends 20. bird.

Test No. 3
12 से ऊपर very good; 8 से ऊपर fair
कुछ लोग अं ेज़ी बोलते समय ाकरण को अशु यां (Grammatical mistakes)
कर जाते ह। उ ह बड़ी सावधानी से सुधार कर याद करना चा हए। कुछ अशु वा य दये गये
ह। इनम ाकरण क अशु य को ठ क क जए:
1. He speak English very well. 2. This film will be played shortly. 3.
your elder brother is five and a half feet high . 4. The player plays very
good . 5. Many homes have been built up. 6. She is coward girl . 7. We
had a nice play of football. 8. I have no any mistakes in my dictation. 9.
Strong air blew my clothes away. 10. I hurt a finger of my right foot. 11.
She doesn’t look as her brother. 12. I have a plenty work to do. 13. She
spent the rest day at home. 14. His father was miser . 15. After they went
home for dinner.
Test No. 3 — शु श द: 1. speaks 2. released 3. tall 4. well 5. houses 6. a
coward 7. game 8. haven’t any 9. wind 10. toe 11. like 12. lot of 13. the
rest of the day 14. a miser 15. afterwards.

Test No. 4
12 से ऊपर very good; 8 से ऊपर fair
(i) न न ल खत अधूरे वा य म जहां ज़ री हो वहां a, an या the लगाइए:
 1. … wheat grown in this area is of a good quality. 2. Is lead …
heavier than iron? 3. I like to have/eat… apple daily. 4. This is … cheque
drawn on the Overseas Bank. 5. This is … very fine picture. 6. … murderer
has been hanged. 7. She is … honest lady. 8. All … letters have been
stamped. 9. She’ll wait for you at… cinema hall. 10. Make … habit of
working hard.
Test No. 4 : ( i ) (l) The (2) nil (3) an (4) a (5) a (6) the (7) an (8) the (9)
the (10) a
(ii) को क म दये गये श द का सही प म योग क जये:
1. What is the cause of your … (sad). 2. His … has turned grey though
he is still young (hair). 3. This … not enough (be) 4. Ram … not get leave
(do) 5. Your watch … stopped (have) 6. There are more than a dozen… in
the zoo. (deer). 7. Has he … your salary (pay) 8. Let… strike a bargain.
(we) 9. You can avoid… mistakes. (make) 10. yesterday I… the letter in an
hour and a half. (write).
Test No. 4 ( ii ) (1) Sadness (2) hair (3) is (4) did (5) has (6) deer (7) paid
(80 us (9) making (10) wrote.

Test No. 5

(i) for, into, of, in, by , with, to, from, besides, after म से उपयु श द लेकर
न न ल खत वा य पूरे क जए:
1. What was the Judgement … the case? 2. Billoo is fond … cycling.
3. The road is closed … repairs. 4. Do not quarrel… others. 5. I fell … his
trap. 6. I am not … money. 7. Right … his childhood he has been very kind
to others. 8. They’ll study German … English. 9. Your coat is not similar …
mine. 10. The letter is sent … post.
Test No. 5 : (l) in (2) of (3) for (4) with (5) into (6) after (7) from (8)
besides (9) to (10) by
न न ल खत के उ र verb के उसी प म द, जसम पूछा गया है।
उदाहरण: ॰ When are you going home ?
उ॰ I am going around 6 O’clock
(ii) 1. When will you go to office? 2. What will you be doing during the
holidays? 3. How much money do you have? 4. Who will pay for the
tickets tonight? 5. Are they leaving tomorrow? 6. When will you pay back
the loan? 7. Have you written to her? 8. Do you like Delhi? 9. Will you
please lend me some money? 10. Did he finish his work yesterday?
 Test No. 6

न न ल खत वा य को पूरा क जए:
उदाहरण: Barking dogs … ( दया आ अपूण वा य)
Barking dogs seldom bite . (पूण कया आ वा य)
1. Practice makes a man … 2. … is a friend indeed. 3. While in Rome
… 4. … is strength. 5. As you sow … 6. … no gains. 7. Penny wise … 8. …
dreads the fire. 9. All’s well … 10. … is wealth. 11. A little knowledge is a …
12. Where there is a will … 13. Barking dogs seldom… 14. Time and tide
wait … 15. … vessel makes much noise.

Test No. 7

नीचे दो-दो वा य दये गये ह। उनम से ठ क वा य का चुनाव क जए:

1. (a) They were not three. (b) They were but three. 2. (a) His opinion
was contrary to ours. (b) His opinion was contrary of ours. 3. (a) He acted
in a couple school plays. (b) He has acted in a couple of school plays 4.
(a) He refused to except my excuse. (b) He refused to accept my excuse.
5. (a) I failed in English. (b) I was failed in English. 6. (a) Get into the
room. (b) Get in the room. 7. (a) He is always into some mischief. (b) He
is always up to some mischief. 8. (a) I made it a habit of reading. (b) I
made a habit of reading. 9. (a) It will likely rain before night. (b) It is likely
to rain before night. 10. (a) She needn’t earn her living. (b) She needs not
earn her living.
Correct sentences : 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9.
(b) 10 (a)

Test No. 8

(a) इन श द के अथ ल खए और आपस म अ तर प क जए:

always, usually; never, rarely; addition, edition; ready, already;
anxious, eager; both, each breath, breathe; cease, seize; couple, pair,
fair, fare; habit, custom; its, it’s; legible, readable; whose, who’s. (अथ न
समझ आने पर ड शनरी क सहायता ली जए.)
(b) नीचे दो-दो वा य दये गये ह, दोन म थोड़ा म का ही अ तर है, सम झए क अथ म
या अ तर पड़ता है?
1. (i) I don’t try to speak loudly .
 ( ii) I try not to speak loudly .
2. (i) The young men carry a white and a blue flag .
( ii) The young men carry a white and blue flag .
3. (i) I alone can do it .
( ii) I can do it alone .
4. (i) The mother loves Amitabh better than me .
( ii) The mother loves Amitabh better than I .
5. (i) He forgot to do the exercise .
( ii) He forgot how to do the exercise .
6. (i) She was tired with riding .
( ii) She was tired of riding .
उन् ह ने punctuation और capital letters के मह ् व को स् वीकार कया। हम भी ऐसे ही
करना चा हए। मुख वराम चन् ह नीचे दये गए ह।
Full Stop — हर assertive और imperative वाक् य के अन् त म तथा
abbreviations और initials के बाद लगता है, जैसे—
(i) Alexander invaded India .
(ii) Sit down .
(iii) Shri S. N. Mishra is a prominent M.P. from Bihar .
Question Mark — हर interrogative वाक् य के अन् त म, जैसे— Have you seen
the Taj?
Exclamation Mark — हर exclamatory वाक् य के अंत म, जैसे—
What a marvel the newspaper is!
Semicolon — यह full stop से आधे समय को कट करता है, जैसे—
Her mind was still untouched by any doubt as to what she ought to do;
and she felt at rest in the assurance that Nala still loved her better than
his own soul.
Colon — यह semicolon से लम् बा ठहराव कट करता है, और यह गणना को ारम् भ
करने के काम आता है, जैसे—
These are the important rivers of India: the Indus, the Ganges, the
Brahmaputra, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery.
Quotations or Inverted Commas — वक् ता के शब् द के लए, जैसे—Ram says,
“Dev bowls well”.
Apostrophe — Possession या missing letter/letters के लए, जैसे—
Mohan doesn’t sit on his father’s chair.
Comma — इसके व वध उपयोग ह, जैसे—
(i) Yes, I know him .
(ii) Monday, 15th January. January 20, 1939 .
(iii) Ravana, the king of Sri Lanka, kidnapped Sita, the wife of Rama .
(iv) Mohan, get me a glass of water . (सम् बो धत व् य का नाम अलग करने के
लए).
(v) In the south the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery are the
longest rivers. (and ारा न जुड़े ए समान शब् द को अलग करने हेतु).
(vi) Light and fresh air are in abundance in villages, but they are shut
out from the house. (Conjunction ारा जुड़ी ई coordinate clauses अलग
करने हेतु).
(vii) The teacher said , “ Ice floats on water ”.
“ Help me to get the Golden fleece ,” said Jason to Medra. (Direct
speech को main verb से अलग करने के लए).
(viii) When he doesn’t have any work in the off season, he idles away his
time . (वाक् य के ारम् भ म आने वाली adverb clause को अलग करने हेतु).
(ix) Damayanti, that was the name of the Princess, entered the pavilion
with a garland in her hands . (वाक् य के बीच म आए parenthetical यानी
कोष् ठक म रखे जाने वाले शब् द को अलग करने हेतु).
(x) The time being favourable, Buddha quietly slipped away from the
palace. (nominative absolute अलग करने के लए).
(xi) The evil spirit, who had only been seen by Nala, disappeared from
sight. (adjective clause को main clause से अलग करने हेतु).
(xii) Believing the words of the fox, the goat jumped into the well.
(participle वाली या adjective का काम करने वाली phrases अलग करने हेतु).
Capitals — अं ेज़ी म capital यानी बड़े अ र के नम् न ल खत योग ह:—
(i) वाक् य ारम् भ करने हेतु, जैसे— India has produced many great men and
women .
(ii) Proper noun दशाने हेतु— It takes two hours to reach Meerut by train .
(iii) Title ( ख़ ताब) दशाने के लए— Alexander, The Great, invaded India .
(iv) Initials यानी नाम के ार भक अ र के लए, जैसे— This article is from the
pen of M. K. Gandhi :
(v) परमात् मा या भगवान के नाम और संब धत सवनाम के लए— My God and king,
to thee I bow my head .
(vi) I यानी म के लए, जैसे— It was over nine years ago when I visited
Hardwar .
(vii) Poetry क हर line के ारंभ म, जैसे— Now is the time to study hard; Work
will bring its own reward; Then work, work, work !
(viii) Quotation marks के अन् दर वाक् य शु करते समय, जैसे— I said to you , “ I
want your help .”

शब् द के सं प् त प
ABBREVIATIONS
 संख् याएं
NUMERALS
 ऊपर लखे वाक् य से स् पष् ट हो जाता है क जब बात past tense म कही गई हो तब
indirect speech बनाते समय नम् न ल खत बात को ध् यान म रखते ह—
(1 ) Quotation marks के बाहर वाले subject का जो person (पु ष) होता है वही
person, quotation marks के अंदर वाले subject का भी कर दे ते ह, जैसे ऊपर I का he।
अपवाद के लए दे खए (i) आगे। (2) बाहर वाले object का जो person होता है वही
person अंदर वाले object का कर दे ते ह, जैसे (1) म you का me, (2) म you का you
और (3) म you का him. अपवाद के लए दे खए (ii) आगे। (3 ) अंदर वाली या या
या के present tense या future tense को correspoding past tense म बदल
दे ते ह, जैसे ऊपर am going to help to को was going to help म बदल दया गया है। (4
) बाहर वाले said को told म बदलते ह। (5 ) बाहर वाले said को said ही रहने दे ते ह।
1. Mahesh says, “I met the teacher on the way.”
2. Ram says, “Bhatt writes well.”
3. Ali says, “The train will arrive soon.”
4. The teacher will say, “There is no school tomorrow.”
5. My father will say to me, “You upset my plan.”
6. The Government will say, “Exploitation in any form whatsoever
shall be punishable.”
इन वाक् य से प ष् ट है क य द बाहर वाली या (reporting verb) का present
tense या future tense हो तो indirect speech बनाते समय इन बा त का ध् यान रखते ह
—
i) जो person बाहर वाले subject का हो वही अंदर वाले subject का करते ह जैसे 1.
म I का he।
ii) य द अंदर subject हो you तो अंदर वाले subject को बाहर वाले subject के
अनु प बदलते ह। जो person बाहर वाले object का हो वही person अंदर वाले object
का करते ह। अपवाद यह है क य द अंदर subject हो you तो उसे बाहर के object के
अनुसार बदलते ह, जैसे 5 म you को I म।
iii) अंदर क या का tense नह बदलते।
My teacher said, “The earth is round.” क indirect speech है My
teacher said that the earth is round. शाश् वत सच् चाइय आ द से संबं धत या
tense का नह बदला जाता। हां person का नयम लगता है।

कुछ चुनी ई या के 3 कार

(3 FORMS OF SOME SELECTED VERBS)
 अं ेज़ी म या क तीन forms होती ह। उनका कालसूचक प (Tenses) के साथ
गहरा सम् बन् ध है। व भन् न Tenses म व भन् न forms लगती ह। यहाँ कुछ या को
वग कृत करके, उनके तीन forms के प आपक सु वधा और अभ् यास के लए दए जा रहे
ह।
1. अं ेज़ी म अनेक याएं ऐसी ह जनक II और III forms एक जैसी होती ह; जैसे
allow क II और III दोन forms allowed ह। ये याएं। प ु म रखी गई ह—
15. Frogs croak. (फ़ॉग् स ोक) मढक टराते ह।
16. Geese cackle. (गीज़ कैकल्) हंस कुड़कुडाते ह।
17. Hawks scream. (हॉक् स स् म) बाज चीखते ह।
18. Hens cackle. (हैन स ् कैकल्) मु गयां कुड़कुड़ाती ह।
19. Horses neigh. (हॉसस नी) घोड़े हन हनाते ह।
20. Jackals howl. (जैकॉल् स हाउल) गीदड़ रोते ह।
21. Kittens mew. ( कटै न स ् म् यू) बल् ली के बच् चे म् याऊं-म् याऊं करते ह।
22. Lambs bleat. (लैम् स ब् लीट) मेमने बां-बां करते ह।
23. Lions roar. (लायन् स रोर) शेर दहाड़ते ह।
24. Mice squeak. (माइस स् क् वीक) चूहे चूं-चूं करते ह।
25. Monkeys chatter. (मंक ज़ चैटर) बन् दर गुराते ह।
26. Nightingales sing. (नाइ टगेल् स सग) बुलबुल गाती ह।
27. Owls hoot. (आउल् स ट) उल् लू - करते ह।
28. Oxen low. (ऑक् सन लो) बैल डकारते ह।
29. Parrots talk. (पैरट् स टॉक) तोते टांय-टांय करते ह।
30. Pigeons coo. ( पजन् स कू) कबूतर गुटरगूं करते ह।
31. Pigs grunt. ( पग् स ंट) सूअर घुरघुराते ह।
32. Puppies yelp. (पप् पीज़ यैल् प) पल् ले भूंकते ह।
33. Sheep bleat. (शीप ब् लीट) भेड़ म मयाती ह।
34. Snakes hiss. (स् नेक् स हस) सांप फुंकारते ह।
35. Sparrows chirp. (स् पैरोज़ चप) च ड़ यां चहचहाती ह।
36. Swallows twitter. (स् वैलोज़ ट् वटर) अबाबील चहचहाती है।
37. Swans cry. (स् वैन स
् ाइ) बत् तख कूजती ह।
38. Tigers roar. (टाइगस रोर) बाघ दहाड़ते ह।
39. Vultures scream. (वल् चस स् क म) ग चीखते ह।
40. Wolves yell. (वुल् व् ज़ यैल) भे ड़ ये चीखते ह।

जो शब् द सुने तो ब त जाते ह, पर अ धकतर समझे नह जाते

(WORDS MOSTLY HEARD BUT NOT MOSTLY
KNOWN)
आप गाव या शहर, जहां भी रहते ह —य द आप आधु नक जगत के मॉडन व् य बनना
चाहते ह तो आपको भाषा के मामले म भी आधु नकतम (अप-टू -डेट) व् य बनना होगा। हम
म से ब त से व् य ऐसे कई शब् द सुनते ह और स् वयं भी इनका इस् तेमाल करते ह; पर व च
बात यह है क हम इनका ठ क-ठ क अथ नह जानते। आप इन शब् द को सी खए। आप दे खगे
क सरे आपक धाक मानने लगे ह।
ान के े के 10 शब् द (Ten words about spheres of knowledge)

1. Anthropology ( ोपॉलॉजी) मनुष् य के स् वभाव, इ तहास और सभ् यता का अध् ययन

2. Archaeology (आ कओलॉजी) ाचीन वस् तु का अध् ययन—पुरातत् व
3. Astrology (एस् ॉलॉजी) तार और न का अध् ययन—व् यावहा रक ग णत ज् यो तष
4. Entomology (एंटोमॉलॉजी) क ट-पतंग का अध् ययन—क ट शास्
5. Etymology (ए टमॉलॉजी) शब् द-व् युत् प त के अभ् यास का अध् ययन—भाषा व ान
6. Geology ( जओलॉजी) पृथ् वी क आन् त रक बनावट का अध् ययन—भूगभशास्
7. Philology ( फलॉलॉजी) भाषा के वकास का अध् ययन—भाषा- व ान
8. Psychology (साइकॉलॉजी) मनुष् य के मन और उसके व् यवहार का अध् ययन—
मनो व ान
9. Radiology (रे डयोलॉजी) - करण व ा अथात् एक् स-रे व ान
10. Sociology (सो शओलॉजी) मनुष् य-समाज के वकास और उसके उद् भव का अध्य यन
—समाजशास्

ऊपर दएे गये शब् द आपको सुनने म कुछ क ठन लग सकते ह। पर एक बार आपक
समझ म आ जाएंगे तो सर पर आपका बड़ा भाव पड़ेगा।
व् य त् व कट करने वाले 10 शब् द (Ten words showing personality)
नीचे कुछ शब् द दएे गए ह जो व् य के स् वभाव को दशाते ह। आप इस तरह के लोग से
भली-भां त प र चत ह। ये शब् द आपने बल् कुल न सुने ह —ऐसी बात नह है। फर क् य न
आप थोड़ा उन् ह स् मरण रखने क को शश कर।

1. Blase (ब् लाज़) लोग और सांसा रक पदाथ से उकताया आ

2. Dogmatic (डॉग् मै टक) वाणी और कम म अपनी बात सबसे ऊपर रखने वाला व् य
3. Diffident ( ड फ़ डट) शम ला और झपू व् य
4. Extrovert (एक् स ोवट) अपने से बाहर क वस् तु और व् य य म च लेने वाला
व् य
5. Gregarious ( ेगे रयस) हर समय सरे लोग क संग त म रहने क इच् छा करने वाला
व् य
6. Inhibited (इ ह बटे ड) अपनी बात को दो-एक व् य य या भीड़ के सामने न कह
सकने वाला व् य
7. Introvert (इं ोवट) अपने आप म ही सी मत रहने वाला व् य —जो सर से मलने-
जुलने म क ठनाई अनुभव करता हो
8. Quixotic ( वक् ज़ो टक) कल् पना के मंसूबे बांधने वाला व् य
 9. Sadistic (से ड टक) सर को सताने अथवा उन पर शासन करने म सन् न होने वाला
व् य
10. Truculent ( कुलट) च र म जंगली और खा व् य

जीवन, कला और दशन से सम् ब धत मतवाद (Theories about life, art &
philosophy)
नीचे कुछ मत (ISM) के नाम दएे गएे ह। कुछ आपने सुन रखे ह, कुछ नह । इन् ह
जा नए और अपना ान बढ़ाइए।

1. Altruism (एल् टइज् ◌़म) परोपकारवाद—इसम हर काम सरे के हत के लएे कया

जाता है।
2. Atheism (ए थइज् ◌़म) ना तकतावाद—इसम ‘ईश् वर नह है’ ऐसा वश् वास होता है।
3. Chauvinism (शॉ व न म) अ तराष् यतावाद—इसम मनुष् य क अपने दे श के त
अत् य धक गव क भावना रहती है।
4. Conservatism (कन् ज़व टज् ◌़म) पुरातनवाद (अनुदारतावाद)—इसम ऐसी धारणा
रहती है क जो कुछ है वही सव े है और कसी प रवतन क आवश् यकता नह है।
5. Liberalism ( लबरॅ लज् म) उदारतावाद—राज् य तथा धम के े म स् वतं वचार रखने
क धारणा।
6. Radicalism (रै डकलइज् ◌़म) प रवतनवाद—इसके अन् तगत यह धारणा होती है क
हसात् मक प रवतन से सव ेष् ठ शासन स् था पत कया जा सकता है।
7. Realism ( रअलइज् ◌़म) यथाथवाद—इसके अन् तगत यह वचार रहता है क हर वस् तु
को यथाथ जीवन के अनु प होना चा हए।
8. Romanticism (रोम ट सज् ◌़म) रोमांसवाद—अथात् कला और सा हत् य को कृ त
और यथाथता क आदशपूण और भावात् मक तस् वीर ख चनी चा हए।
9. Skepticism (स् कै ट सज् ◌़म) संशयवाद—अथात् समस् त ान अ न त है इस लएे
संसार क कसी वस् तु के बारे म कुछ भी न त प से नह कहा जा सकता।
10. Totalitarianism (टोटै लटे रय नज् ◌़म) सवसत् तावाद—अथात् राज् य ही सब कुछ है
नाग रक कुछ भी नह । मनुष् य का अ तत् व केवल राज् य के लएे है।

मन क 10 असाधारण थ तयां (Ten abnormal conditions of mind)

आप पढ़े - लखे और बौ क लोग के बीच बैठगे तो ये शब् द आपके वातालाप क शोभा
बढ़ाएंगे।

1. Alexia (ऐले सया) पढ़ने म असमथता

2. Amnesia (ऐम् ने ज़ या) स् मृ त का नाश
3. Aphasia (ऐफे शया) बोलने क श का नाश
4. Dementia (डेम शया) मनो व ान म मनोदशा का बगड़ जाना
 5. Dipsomania ( डप् सोमै नया) म पान करने क बल एवं अदम् य इच् छा का उत् पन् न
होना
6. Hypochondria (हाइपोक या) कसी के स् वास् थ् य के बारे म भय, चन् ता या
घबराहट होना
7. Insomnia (इन् सो नया) लगातार न द का न आना
8. Kleptomania (क् लेप् टोमै नया) कोई वस् तु चुराने क बल इच् छा होना
9. Megalomania (मेगलोमै नया) अपनी महानता के बारे म ान् त वश् वास
10. Melancholia (मेलनको लया) :ख और नराशा क नरन् तर मनोदशा

डॉक् टरी पेशे के 10 शब् द (Ten words about doctors’ profession)

जब आप कसी से वशेष डाक् टर से परामश करने क बात करते ह तो आपको हरेक
मुख बीमारी के लएे युक् त होने वाले अलग-अलग शब् द का ान होना चा हए। ये शब् द
सुनने म बड़े अप र चत, कन् तु बड़े भावशाली लगते ह। इन् ह मन म बैठाइये और सरे पर
अपनी भाषा- ान क धाक बैठाइए।

1. Dermatologist (डमटोलॉ जस् ट) चम रोग का वशेष

2. Gynaecologist (गाइ नकॉलॉ जस् ट) स् ी रोग का वशेष
3. Internist (इंटर नस् ट) शरीर के आन् त रक अंग क बीमा रय का वशेष
4. Obstetrician (ऑब् स् टे शयन) जच् चा वशेष
5. Ophthalmologist (ऑ थैलमोलॉ जस् ट) आंख के रोग का डाक् टर
6. Orthodontist (अॉरथोडैन ् ट ट) दांतो का वशेष डाक् टर जो टे ढ़े दांत को सीधा
करता है।
7. Pathologist (पैथॉलॉ जस् ट) ाकृ तक रोग के कारण को जानने वाला डाक् टर
8. Paediatrician (पीडीएट र शअन) केवल शशु और छोटे बच् च का डाक् टर
9. Podiatrist (पो डए स् ट) पांव क छोट -मोट बीमा रय का डाक् टर
10. Psychiatrist (साइ कए स् ट) मान सक रोग का वशेष -मनो च कत् सक

75 (स् थानापन् न एक-शब् द)

(75 ONE-WORD SUBSTITUTES)
शेक् स पयर ने कहा है: ‘सं प् तता बु क आत् मा है’, और यह बात भाषा के वषय म
एक ब त बड़ा सत् य है। जहां थोड़े शब् द से काम चल सकता हो, वहां वाक् यांश या वाक् य-
योग करना न केवल श का अपव् यय है, ब क इसम समय भी नष् ट होता है। अं ेज़ी म ऐसे
अनेक शब् द ह जो अकेले पूरे-पूरे वाक् यांश के लए युक् त होते ह। इन शब् द का अभ् यास
सं ेप-लेखन, तार और तकनीक वषय के लेखन म तो काम आएगा ही, साथ ही बोलचाल म
इन शब् द से शब् द-ग रमा भी बढ़ जाती है।

1. Abdicate (एब् डीकेट) पदत् याग, सहासन त् याग — To give up a throne

voluntarily—शासन-भार को स् वेच् छा से त् याग दे ना
2. Autobiography (ऑटोबाय ाफ़ ) आत् मकथा — Life story of a man written
by himself—अपने आप लखी ई आत् म/अपनी कहानी
3. Aggressor (ऐ ेस् सर) आ ान् ता, आ मणकत् ता —A person who attacks
first—जो व् य पहले हमला करे
4. Amateur (ऐमेचर) शौ कयाना —One who pursues some art or sport as
hobby—जो कसी कला या खेल म शौ कया काम करता हो
5. Arbitrator (आ ब े टर) मध् यस् थ — One appointed by two parties to
settle disputes between them— जसे दो प ारा उनके बीच के ववाद को
नपटाने के लए नयुक् त कया जाए
6. Adolescence (ऐडोलेसस) कशोरावस् था —Stage between boyhood and
youth—बचपन और जवानी के बीच क अवस् था
7. Bibliophile ( ब लओफाइल) पुस् तक- ेमी — A great lover of books—
पुस् तक का बड़ा अनुरागी
8. Botany (बॉट् नी) वनस् प त व ान —The science of plant life—पेड़-पौध का
व ान
9. Bilingual (बाइ लगुअल) भा षया —People who speak two languages—
वे लोग जो दो भाषाएं बोलते ह
10. Catalogue (कैटालॉग) सूचीप —A list of books—पुस् तक क सूची
11. Centenary (सटे नरी) शताब् द —Celebration of a hundredth year—सौ वष
बाद कया गया समारोह
12. Colleague (कोलीग) सहकारी, सहयोगी —A co-worker or a fellow-worker
in the same institution—एक संस् था म साथ-साथ या सहयोगी के प म काम-
करने वाला
13. Contemporaries (कंटै म् परेरीज़) समकालीन —Persons living in the same
age—एक ही काल म रहने वाले व् य
14. Credulous ( े डु लस) आशु वश् वासी —A person who readily believes in
whatever is told to him—जो कुछ कहा जाए उस पर ब त जल् द वश् वास कर लेने
वाला व् य
15. Callous (कैलस) कठोर —A man devoid of kind feeling and sympathy—
कोमल भावना एवं सहानुभू त से र हत व् य
16. Cosmopolitan (कॉस् मोपो लटन) सवदे शीय —A man who is broad and
international in outlook—जो व् य वचारधारा म उदार और अन् तराष् य हो
17. Celibacy (से लबेसी) चय —To abstain from sex— यौन सम् बन् ध से र
रहना
18. Deteriorate ( डटे रओरेट) बदतर होना —To go from bad to worse—बद से
बदतर होना
19. Democracy (डेमॉ े सी) जातन् —Government of the people, for the
people, by the people —जनता का शासन
20. Monarchy (मोनाक ) राजतं —Government by one— एक राजा का शासन
21. Drawn ( ान) बराबर —A game or battle in which neither party wins—
एक ऐसा खेल अथवा यु जसम कोई भी प नह जीतता
22. Egotist (ईगो टस् ट) अहंवाद —A person who always thinks of himself—
जो सदा अपने बारे म सोचता हो
23. Epidemic (ऐपीडै मक) महामारी —A disease mainly contagious which
spreads over huge area—ऐसा महारोग जो एक बड़े े म एक साथ फैल जाए
24. Extempore (एक् सटे म् पोर) तत् काल-भा षत —A speech made without
previous preparation— बना पहले से तैयार कया आ (अचानक दया आ)
भाषण
25. Etiquette (ए टकेट) शष् टाचार —Established manner or rules of conduct
— शष् टाचार के स् था पत नयम और तौर-तरीके
26. Epicure (ए पक् योर) अ भजात च —A person fond of refined
enjoyment—जो ेष् ठ च का व् य हो
27. Exonerate (एक् ज़ॉनरेट) दोषमुक् त —To free a person of all blames in a
case— कसी अ भयोग से कसी व् य को बल् कुल मुक् त करना
28. Eradicate (एरै डकेट) उन् मूलन —To root out an evil or a bad practice
etc.—बुराई अथवा बुरी आदत को जड़ से उखाड़ना
29. Fastidious (फ़ास् ट डयस) राध् य —A person difficult to please— जसे
सन् न करना क ठन हो
30. Fatalist (फेटे लस् ट) भाग् यवाद —A person who believes that all events
are predetermined or subject to fate—जो भाग् य को सब कुछ मानता है।
31. Honorary (ऑनरेरी) अवैत नक —A post which doesn’t carry any salary
—ऐसा काम, जसे बना कोई वेतन लए कया जाए
32. Illegal (इ लीगल) अवैध —That which is against law—जो कानून के व हो
33. Illiterate (इ लटरेट) नर र —A person who cannot read or write—जो
व् य न पढ़ सकता हो, न लख सकता हो
34. Hostility (हो ट लट ) श ुता —State of antagonism— श् मनी क दशा
35. Incorrigible (इनको र जबल्) अशोध् य —That which is past correction—
जसे शु नह कया जा सकता
36. Irritable (इ रटे बल) आशु ोधी —A man who is easily irritated—जो व् य
 जल् द गुस् से म आ जाता है
37. Irrelevant (इर् रैलेवट) अनगल —Not to the point— वषय से हटकर (कहना)
38. Invisible (इ व ज़ बल्) अ श् य —That which cannot be seen— जसे दे खा न
जा सके
39. Inaudible (इन् ऑ डबल्) अ व् य —That which cannot be heard— जसे
सुना न जा सके
40. Incredible (इन ै डबल्) अ वश् वसनीय —That which cannot be believed
— जस पर वश् वास न कया जा सके
41. Irreadable (इ रडेबल) अपठनीय —That which cannot be read— जसे पढ़ा
न जा सके
42. Impracticable (इंम् े टकेबल्) अव् यवहाय —That which cannot be
practised— जसे व् यवहार म न लाया जा सके
43. Invincible (इ वं सबल्) अजेय —That which cannot be conquered— जस
पर वजय न पाई जा सके
44. Indispensable (इ डस् पसेबल) अ नवाय —That which cannot be ignored
— जसके बना काम न चल सके
45. Inevitable (इन्ए वटे बल) अप रहाय —That which cannot be avoided—
जससे बचा न जा सके
46. Irrevocable (इर वोकेबल) अप रवतनीय —That which cannot be changed
— जसे बदला या प र वतत न कया जा सके
47. Illicit (इल् ली सट) अवैध —A trade which is prohibited by law—वह व् यापार
जो गैरकानूनी हो
48. Insoluble (इ सॉल् यूबल्) असमाधेय —A problem which cannot be solved
—वह समस् या जो हल न क जा सके
49. Inflammable (इ लैमेबल्) ज् वलनशील —Liable to catch fire easily—व ह
वस् तु जो आसानी से आग पकड़ सके
50. Infanticide (इंफ टसाइड) शुशुहंता या शशुहत् या —Murderer of infants or
killing of infants— शशु क हत् या करने वाला या शशु क हत् या
51. Matricide (मै साइड) मातृहंता या मातृहत् या —The murderer or murder of
one’s own mother—अपनी माता क हत् या करने वाला या अपनी माता क हत् या
52. Patricide (पै साइड) पतृहंता या पतृहत् या —The murderer or murder of
one’s own father—अपने पता क हत् या करने वाला या अपने पता क हत् या
53. Kidnap ( कडनैप) अपहरण —To carry away a person forcibly— कसी
व् य को जबदस् ती उठा ले जाना
54. Medieval (मै डएवल) मध् ययुगीन —Belonging to the middle ages—
मध् ययुग से सम् ब धत
55. Matinee (मै टनी) दोपहर बाद का शो —A cinema show which is held in
 the afternoon— सनेमा शो, जो दोप हर बाद शु हो
56. Notorious (नटो रयस) कुख् यात —A man with evil reputation—वह व् य
जो बदनाम हो
57. Manuscript (मैनु प् ट) पाण् डु ल प —Hand written pages of a literary
work—सा ह यक कृ त के हाथ से लखे पृष् ठ
58. Namesake (नेमसेक) नाम रा श, समनाम —Person having the same
name— जसका नाम सरे से मलता-जुलता हो या एक समान हो
59. Novice (नो वस) नौ स खया —One who is new to some trade or
profession—जो कसी व् यापार या धन् धे म नया हो
60. Omnipotent (ओ नपोटट) सवश मान —One who is all powerful—जो
सब कार क श से पूण हो
61. Omnipresent (ओ न ेज़ट) सवव् यापक —One who is present
everywhere—जो सब जगह व मान हो
62. Optimist (ऑ ट मस् ट) आशावाद —One who looks at the bright side of
a thing—जो कसी वस् तु के उजले प को ही दे खता हो
63. Panacea (पैने सया) रामबाण औषध —A remedy for all diseases—सभी
रोग का इलाज
64. Polyandry (पो लय ी) ब प तत् व —Practice of having more than one
husband at a time—एक समय म एक से अ धक प तय से ववाह करने क या
65. Polygamy (पो लगैमी) ब पत् नीत् व —Practice of having more than one
wife at a time—एक समय म एक से अ धक प नय का होना
66. Postmortem (पोस् टमाटम) मरणोपरान् त चीर-फाड़ —Medical examination
of a body held after death—मृत् यु के बाद शव क डाक् टरी जाच
67. Pessimist (पै स मस् ट) नराशावाद —One who looks at the dark side of
things—जो कसी वस् तु के खराब प को ही दे खता है
68. Postscript (पोस् ट प् ट) पश् चलेख —Any thing written in the letter after
it has been signed— कसी प के लखे जाने और हस् ता र होने के बाद जोड़े गये
शब् द
69. Red-tapism (रैडटे पज् ◌़म) लालफ ताशाही —Too much official formality—
ब त अ धक द तरी औपचा रकता
70. Synonyms ( सनॉ नम् स) पयायवाची —Words which have the same
meaning— जन शब् द के अथ एक समान हो
71. Smuggler (स् म् गलर) तस् कर —The importer or exporter of goods
without paying customs duty— न ष माल या चुंगी का महसूल दये बना माल
को वदे श से लाने वाला और यहां से बाहर ले जाने वाला
72. Vegetarian (वै जटे रयन) शाका हारी —One who eats vegetables only—जो
केवल शाक-स ज़यां खाते ह,पर जो अण् डा, मच् छली, मांस नह खाते
 आये लोग
All and sundry came to the meeting—ब त से लोग व् य गत प म अथवा
सामू हक प म सभा म उप थत ए।
5. Back and belly (बैक एण् ड बैली)—कपड़ा और रोट
The days have gone when the problems of a labourer concerned
only back and belly—वे दन चले गये जब मज़ र क समस् या केवल कपड़ा और
रोट क थी।
6. Bag and Baggage (बैग एण् ड बैगेज)—बो रया- बस् तर के साथ
The British left India in 1947 bag and baggage— टे नवासी 1947 म
बो रया- बस् तर के साथ भारत छोड़ गये।
7. Before and behind ( बफ़ोर एण् ड बहाइंड)—आगे बढ़कर
In World War II our soldiers fought before and behind— तीय महायु म
हमारे सै नक बॉडर पर आगे बढ़कर लड़े।
8. Betwixt and between ( बट वक् स् ट एण् ड बट् वीन)—आपस म आधा-आधा
Whatever they earn, they will share betwixt and between—जो कुछ वे
कमाएंगे, वे आपस म आधा-आधा बांटगे।
9. Bread and butter ( ैड एण् ड बटर)—जी वका अथात् रोज़ी रोट
One should be satisfied if one gets bread and butter these days—इन
दन य द कोई रोज़ी-रोट कमा लेता है, तो उसे संतुष् ट रहना चा हये।
10. Fetch and carry (फ़ैच एण् ड कैरी)—अधीनस् थ अथवा छोटे तबे वाला होना
I’m content to fetch and carry, for uneasy lies the head that wears a
crown—म छोट हस् ती का कमचारी होने पर संतुष् ट ं, क् य क जो सत् ता का भार
संभालता है वह चैन क न द नह सो सकता।
11. Goods and chattel (गुड्स एण् ड चैटल)—चल सम् प
We bought goods and chattel when we migrated to India—जब हम
भारत म आये तो हमने चल सम् प खरीद ।
12. Chock-a-block (चॉक-ए-ब् लॉक)—एक सरे से सटे ए, टे ढ़े-मेढ़े
Chock-a-block houses have made Indian cities ugly. टे ढ़े-मेढ़े मकान ने
भारतीय शहर को बदसूरत बना दया है।
13. Pick and choose ( पक एण् ड चूज़)—ध् यान से चुनना
We must pick and choose our career before it is too late—हम अपना
भ वष् य समय रहते सावधानी से चुन लेना चा हए।
14. Every now and again (एवरी नाउ एण् ड एगेन)—बीच-बीच म आना
She comes to see me every now and again-वह मुझे दे खने के लए बीच-बीच
म आती है।
15. See eye to eye (सी-आइ टु आइ)—पूण प से सहमत होना
He didn’t see eye to eye with me on many issues. वह कई बात पर मुझसे
 असहमत रहा।
16. Face to face (फ़ेस टु फ़ेस)—आमने-सामने
We have had a face to face talk, so now we can understand each
other’s point of view—हमने आमने-सामने बातचीत क है अत: हम एक- सरे का
कोण समझ सकते ह।
17. Fair and square (फ़ेअर एण् ड स् क् वयर)—शु और उ चत
Let all our actions be fair and square— हमारे सभी आचरण शु और उ चत
ह।
18. Fee-faw-fum (फ़ -फ़ॉ-फ़ॅम)—बच् च को डराने के लए ड़दं ग मचाना
India is not to be cowed down by Pakistan’s fee-faw-fum—पा कस्त ान
के बचकाने ड़दं ग से भारत को डराया-धमकाया नह जा सकता।
19. Flux and reflux ( लक् स एण् ड र लक् स)—बड़ा बहस-मुबा हसा अथवा वाद-
ववाद
There was a great flux and reflux in the drawing room—बैठक म बड़ा-
वाद- ववाद होता रहा।
20. Give and take ( गव एण् ड टे क)—आदान- दान
It’s always give and take in life. जीवन म सदै व आदान- दान चलता रहता है।
21. Goody-goody (गुडी-गुडी)—ऊपर से अच् छे दखाई दे ने वाले लोग
The world is full of goody-goody people, but hardly a good man—
नया ऊपर ही से अच् छे दखाई दे ने वाले लोग से भरी पड़ी है, पर कोई अच् छा व् य
बड़ी मु कल से मलता है।
22. Hand in hand (हड इन हड) स ावपूवक, हाथ से हाथ मलाकर
They walked hand in hand—वे हाथ से हाथ मलाकर अथात् स ाव से मलकर
चले।
23. Haves and have-nots (हैव् स एण् ड हैव-नॉट् स)—धनी और नधन
There has always been a conflict between the haves and have-nots
—सदा ध नय और नधन के बीच न् रहा है।
24. Hodge-podge (हॉज-पॉज)—अस् त-व् यस् त अथवा गड़बड़ करना
While trying his hand at cooking for the first time, he made a hodge-
podge of everything—पहली बार खाना बनाने क को शश म उसने सब कुछ
गड़बड़ कर दया।
25. Humpty-dumpty (ह प् ट -ड प् ती)—लड़खड़ाता आ
Capitalism is humpty-dumpty these days—सा ाजयवाद लड़खड़ा रहा है
(अब गरा तब गरा)
26. Ins and outs (इन् स ड आउट् स)—छोट से छोट बात जानना
He knows all the ins and outs of this profession—वह इस व् यवसाय क
छोट से छोट बात जानता है।
27. Law and order (लॉ एण् ड ऑडर)—अनुशासन एवं व् यवस् था
There can not be any democracy without law and order—अनुशासन एवं
व् यवस् था के बना जातं का अ तत् व नह ।
28. Off and on (ऑफ़ एण् ड ऑन)—जब-तब
He comes to your shop off and on—वह तुम् हारी क़ान पर जब-तब आता है।
29. Rain or shine (रेन और शाइन)—चाहे कैसा भी मौसम क् य न हो
Rain or shine, we must attend to our duties—वषा हो या कड़कती धूप हम
अपने काम पर जाना चा हए।
30. Really and truly ( रयली एण् ड टली)— न त प से
Really and truly, I’ll do your work. न त प से म आपका काम कर ं गा।
31. Tit for tat ( टट् फ़ॉर टै ट)—जैसे को तैसा (करना)
Tit for tat cannot end a dispute—जैसे को तैसा करने से झगड़ा समाप् त नह हो
सकता।
32. Tittle-tattle ( टटल-टै टल)—फुसफुस करना
We just waste time in tittle-tattle. फुसफुस करने से हम केवल समय नष् ट करते
ह।
33. Ups and downs (अप् स एण् ड डाउन् स)—जीवन क वषमताएं
The great men rise through the ups and downs of life—महान् व् य
जीवन क वषमता के बीच म से ऊंचा उठते ह।

ऐसे शब् द जनसे लोग मत हो जाते ह

(WORDS WHICH COMMONLY CONFUSE)
कसी भाषा म शब् द का उ चत योग एक मुख् य बात है। इसके लय नरन् तर अभ् यास
और यत् न क आवश् यकता है। हम शब् द का योग करने से पूव उसका अथ आना चा हए।
कुछ शब् द ऐसे होते ह जो होते अलग-अलग ह, पर दोन के अथ पास-पास होते ह। ऐसे शब् द
को भली-भां त मन म बैठाइए और फर दोन के अथ म जो अन् तर है, उसे वाक् य के ारा
स् पष् ट प से समझ ली जए।

1. admit (ऐड मट)—सत् य के प म स् वीकार करना

confess (कन् फ़ैस)—गलती स् वीकार करना
(a) I admit that you are abler than I am —म यह स् वीकार करता ं क तुम
मुझसे अ धक योग् य हो।
(b) He confessed his guilt before the judge —उसने जज के सामने अपना
दोष स् वीकार कया।
 2. among (एमंग)— दो से अ धक व् य य या वस् तु के बीच
between ( बट् वीन)—दो व् य य या वस् तु के बीच
(a) The property was divided among four children —सम् प को चार
बच् च म बांटा गया।
(b) The property was divided between two children —सम् प को दो
बच् च म बांटा गया।
3. amount (एमाउंट)— अथात् ऐसी मा ा जसे एक-एक करके गना नह जा सकता।
number (नंबर)— अथात् ऐसी मा ा जसे एक-एक करके गना जा सकता है।
(a) A large amount of rice was delivered to the store-house —स् टोर को
चावल क काफ मा ा द गयी।
(b) A large number of bags of rice was delivered —चावल क ब त सी
बो रयां द गय ।
4. anxious —( क् शस) अथात् च तत या चन् तातुर
eager (ईगर)—अथात् उत् सुक या ब त अ धक उत् कं ठत
(a) We were anxious about his health —हम उसक से हत के बारे म च तत
थे।
(b) We are eager to see him healthy again —हम उसे बारा सेहतमंद दे खने
के लये उत् सुक ह।
5. apt (एप् ट)— वृ त (adjective)
liable (लाइब् ल)— जम् मेदार (adjective)
(a) He is apt to get into mischief —शरारत करना उसक वृ त है।
(b) If you drive rashly, you are liable to a heavy fine —य द तुम गाड़ी तेज
चलाओगे तो तुम भारी जुमाने के जम् मेदार हो।
6. artisan (आ टज़न)—जो कसी दस् तकारी का काम करता हो, अथात् दस् तकार
artist (आ टस् ट)—जो कसी कला म वीण हो, अथात् कलाकार
(a) That carpenter is a good artisan —वह बढ़ई एक अच् छा दस् तकार है।
(b) Kalidas was a good artist —का लदास एक अच् छा कलाकार था।
7. as (ऐज़)—जैसा (योजक-शब् द, जसके बाद या लगती है।)
like (लाइक)—जैसा (पूव वभ या कारक चन् ह के प म योग होता है।
(a) Do as I do, not as as I say —जैसा म करता ं वैसा करो, जैसा म कहता ं वै
नह ।
(b) Try not to behave like a child —बच् च क तरह व् यवहार करने का यत् न न
करो।
8. audience (ऑ डअन् स)—अथात् ोता का समूह
spectators (स् पैक् टेटस)—अथात् दशक का समूह
(a) The speaker bored the audience with his long speech —भाषणकता
ने लम् बे भाषण से ोतागण को उकता दया।
 (b) The slow hockey game bored the spectators —हॉक के धीमे खेल से
दशक उकता गये।
9. better (बैटर)—अथात् पहले कुछ स् वस् थ (पूरी तरह स् वस् थ नह )
well (वैल)—अथात् पूरी तरह स् वस् थ
(a) She is better today than she was a week ago —वह एक ह ता पहले क
अपे ा आज अ धक स् वस् थ है।
(b) In a month or two she will be quite well —एक-दो महीन म वह पूणत:
स् वस् थ हो जाएगी।
10. both (बोथ)—अथात् दोन (ये दोन आपस म सम् ब धत होते ह)
each (ईच)— त् येक अथात् दो या दो से अ धक लोग म से हर एक
(a) Both the sisters are beautiful —दोन बहन सुन द ् र ह।
(b) Each girl has a new book —हरेक लड़क के पास एक नई पुस् तक है।
11. Bring ( ग)—अथात् लाना
take (टे क)—अथात् ले जाना
(a) Bring a bread from the bazaar —बाजार से एक डबल रोट ले आओ।
(b) Take your breakfast with you when you go to the school —जब तुम
स् कूल जाओ तो अपना नाश् ता साथ लेते जाओ।
12. Can (कैन)—अथात् शारी रक प म समथ
May (मे)—आ ा या अनुम त के अथ म
(a) She is so weak that she cannot walk —वह इतनी कमज़ोर है क चल फर
नह सकती।
(b) May I come in —क् या म अन् दर आ सकती ं?
13. climate (क् लाइमेट)—एक औसत मौसम जो क साल से एक नश् चत समय म रहत
हो अथात् आबो-हवा।
weather (वैदर)—वातावरण क दन- त दन क थ त अथात् मौसम
(a) I like the climate of Simla more than that of Dehradun —म दे हरा न
क आबो-हवा क अपे ा शमला क आबो-हवा अ धक पसन् द करता ं।
(b) The weather was stormy —आंधी का मौसम था।
14. couple (कपल)—जोड़ा
pair (पेअर)—जोड़ा अथात् दो ऐसी (एक-सी) वस् तुएं
(a) Two couples remained on dance floor —दो जोड़े नाच के फश पर रह
गये।
(b) I have a new pair of shoes —मेरे पास एक नया जूते का जोड़ा है।
15. despise ( डसपाइज़)—घृणा करना 1
detest ( डटै स् ट)—पसंद न करना 1
(a) Some people despise the poor 2 —कुछ लोग गरीब से घृणा करते ह।
 (b) I detest hot weather -म गम का मौसम पसन् द नह करता।
16. each other (ईच अॅदर)—आपस म (दो व् य य म)
one another (वन अनेदर)—एक- सरे से (दो व् य य से अ धक व् य य म)
(a) Kavita and Savita have known each other for ten years —क वता
और स वता आपस म दस बरस से प र चत ह।
(b) These four girls have known one another for ten years —ये चार
लड़ कयां एक सरी से दस बरस से प र चत ह।
17. former (फ़ॉमर)—अथात् दो म से पहला
latter (लैटर)—अथात् दो म से सरा
(a) The former half of the film was dull — फ़ ल् म का पहला आधा भाग नीरस
था।
(b) The latter half of the film was interesting — फ ल् म का सरा आधा भाग
रोचक था।
18. habit (है बट)—अथात् व् य गत स् वभाव अथवा आदत
custom (कस् टम)—अथात् समाजगत चलन अथवा था
(a) Gambling is a habit with him —उसे जुआ खेलने क आदत है।
(b) It is a custom among Hindus to cremate the dead — हन् म मृत
व् य को जलाने क था है।
19. if (इफ़)—शत-सूचक अव् यय, य द
whether (वैदर)— वकल् प-सूचक अव् यय, गोया
(a) She’ll get through the examination if she works hard —य द वह
मेहनत करेगी तो उतीण हो जायेगी।
(b) She asked me whether I intended to go to cinema —उस (म हला) ने
मुझसे पूछा क क् या म सनेमा जाना चाहता था।
20. if it was (इफ़ इट वॉज़)—अथात् य द ऐसा था
if it were (इफ़ इट वर)—अथात् य द ऐसा होता (वस् तुत: है नह )
(a) If it was there in the morning, it should be there now —य द वह वस् तु
ात: वहां थी तो अब भी वह होनी चा हए।
(b) If I were the Prime Minister of India, I would remove poverty —अग
म भारत का धान मं ी होता, तो गरीबी हटा दे ता।
21. in (इन्)—म, के अन् दर (इसम ग त नह होती)
into (इन् टु)— म, के अन् दर (इसम एक जगह से सरी जगह ग त या हरकत होती है)
(a) The papers are in my drawer —कागज़ात मेरी दराज़ म ह।
(b) You put the papers into my drawer —तुमने मेरी दराज़़ म कागज़ात रखे।
22. learn (लन)—अथात् ान ाप् त करना
teach (ट च)—अथात् ान दे ना
(a) They learn to read English .—वे अं ेज़ी पढ़ना सीखते ह।
 (b) They teach English —वे अं ेज़ी सखाते ह।
23. leave (लीव)—अथात् छोड़ना (यह मुख् य या है)
let (लैट)—अथात् अनुम त दे ना (यह सहायक या है। इसके साथ कोई न कोई या
लगती है)
(a) Leave this room at once —इस कमरे को तुरन् त छोड़ दो।
(b) Let me go now —अब मुझे जाने दो। (इस वाक् य म let सहायक या के साथ g
मुख् य या आई है)
24. legible (लै जबल)—अथात् पढ़ा जा सकने वाला (लेख)
readable ( रडेबल)—अथात् पठनीय या रोचक
(a) Your hand-writing is not legible —तुम् हारा हस् तलेख पढ़ा नह जाता।
(b) This book being on technical subject is not readable —यह पुसत ् क
तकनीक वषय क होने के कारण रोचक नह है।
25. many (मैनी)—अथात् (संख् या वाची) ब त; जैसे—ब त-से लोग
much (मच)—अथात् (प रमाणवाची) ब त; जैसे—ब त-सा ध
(a) There were many students in the class —क ा म ब त से छा थे।
(गणना)
(b) We haven’t much milk —हमारे पास अ धक ध नह है (मा ा—ढे र-सा ध)
26. may (से)—सकना; सम् भावना के अथ म। वतमान काल (Past tense) म युक् त।
might (माइट)—सकना; सम् भावना के अथ म। भूतकाल (Past tense) म युक् त
(a) He may come today —वह आज आ सकता है।
(b) He might have come if you had written a letter —य द तुमने प लखा
होता तो वह अव य आ जाता।
27. patron (पे न)—अथात् उपकारक, संर क
customer (कस् टमर)—अथात् खद ददार।
(a) The artist thanked his patrons who eagerly awaited his paintings .
कलाकार ने अपने उन शंसक को धन् यवाद दया जो उसके च क ती ा करते
थे।
(b) The shopkeeper attended his customers — कानदार ने अपने ाहक
को सौदा दया।
28. people (पीप् ल)—अथात् लोग (व् य य का संघात् मक प, जसे अलग नह कया
जा सकता)
persons (पसन् स)—अथात् ब त से व् य (जो आपस म अलग-अलग ह, सम् ब
नह )
(a) The people of India were poor —भारत के लोग गरीब थे।
(b) Only thirteen persons remained in the cinema-hall after the
interval —मध् यान् तर के बाद केवल तेरह व् य सनेमा हाल म रह गए।
29. recruitment ( रक् टमट)—भत (noun)
 employment (इम् प् लॉयमैण् ट)-नौकरी (noun)
(a) The recruitment of soldiers is going on —सै नक क भत क जा रही है।
(b) Suman is in search of employment —सुमन नौकरी क तलाश म है।
30. rob (रौब)—अथात् कसी व् य से बलपूवक कोई वस् तु छ नना
steal (स् ट ल)—अथात् कोई वस् तु चुराना
(a) The robbers rob wayfarers usually at night —लुटेरे ाय: रात म या य
को लूटते ह।
(b) Bad boys steal books of their class-fellows —बुरे लड़के सरे सहपा ठय
क पुस् तक चुराते ह।
31. shall (शैल)—भ वष् यकाल क I, we के साथ लगने वाली सहाय क या, जैसे, I sha
we shall
will ( वल)—भ वष् यकाल क he, she, it, they, you के साथ लगने वाली सहायक
या, जैसे he will, they will ; कन् तु ढ़ नश् चय कट करना हो तो shall और will
आपस म बदल जाते ह, जैसे—
(a) I will reach in time —म समय पर ही (अवश् यमेव) प ंचूंगा।
(b) You Shall not reach in time —तुम समय पर ( न त प से) नह प ंचोगे।
32. state (स् टेट)—अथात् औपचा रक प से घो षत करना या रखना
say (से)—अथात् सामान् य प से कहना
(a) Indian ambassador stated the terms for a cease-fire agreement —
भारतीय राज त ने यु वराम/स ध के लये शत रखी।
(b) You say that you won’t complete the job —तुम कहते हो क तुम काम पूर
नह करोगे।
33. stay (स् टे)—अथात् ठहरना (पर या ा समाप् त करना नह )
Stop (स् टॉप)—अथात् समाप् त करना
(a) we stayed at the hotel for two days only हम केवल दो दन के लये होटल
म ठहरे।
(b) We stopped the work and returned home —हमने अपना काम रोका
और घर लौटे ।
34. tender (टडर)—अथात् औपचा रक प से स् तुत करना
give ( गव)—स् वेच् छापूवक दे ना अथवा दान करना
(a) On the orders of his boss, he tendered an apology for his
misbehaviour . अपने अफ़सर आदे श पर उसने अपने व् यवहार के लए मा
मांगी।
(b) He gave testimony readily before the Jury —उसने न् याय-सभा के
सामने स् वेच् छापूवक माण दए।
35. testimony (टै टमनी)—अथात् केवल मौ खक प से द गई सूचना अथवा माण
evidence (ए वडस)—अथात् मौ खक प से या ल खत प से दया गया माण
 (a) He readily gave testimony to the jury उसने न् याय सभा के सामने
स् वेच् छापूवक माण स् तुत कए।
(b) The defendant presented written evidence to prove that he was
not present at the scene — तवाद ने यह स करने के लए क वह घटना
के समय वहां उप थत नह था, ल खत माण स् तुत कया।
36. Win ( वन)—अथात् खेल म जीतना
beat (बीट)—अथात् सरे खलाड़ी को हराना।
(a) Hurrah! We won the match —अहा! हमने मैच जीत लया।
(b) I beat you while playing cards —म ताश म तुम् ह हरा दे ता ं।

अं ेज़ी म ब त से शब् द ऐसे च लत ह, जनक ध् व न तो एक- सरे से मलती है,

पर उनके अथ अलग-अलग होते ह। ऐसे शब् द म अच् छे पढ़े - लखे व् य भी भूल कर
बैठते ह। आपका या हमारा अं ेज़ी भाषा का ान कतना भी अच् छा क् य न हो, य द
आप या हम म से कोई व् य ऐसी दो-चार गल तयां भी करता है तो उसके भाषा ान
का भाव सर पर अच् छा नह पड़ सकता। इन शब् द के अथ-भेद को सम झए और
मन म बैठाइए।

37. accept (एक् सैप् ट)—स् वीकार करना (verb)

except (इक् सैप् ट)—छोड़कर ( prep . )
(a) He accepted my advice in this matter —उसने इस वषय म मेरी राय
स् वीकार कर ली।
(b) The entire staff except juniors has been called —छोटे कमचा रय को
छोड़कर सारे कमचारी बुलाए गये ह।
38. access (एक् सेस)—अथात् प ंच (noun)
excess (एक् सेस)—अथात् अ धकता (noun)
(a) He was a poor man and had no access to the higher authorities —
वह एक गरीब आदमी था और बड़े अ धका रय तक उसक प ंच न थी।
(b) Excess of every thing is bad — कसी भी चीज़ क अ धकता बुरी है।
39. adapt (एडप् ट)—अनुकूल बनाना या नया प दे ना (verb)
adopt (ऐडॉप् ट)—अपनाना (verb)
adept (ऐडैप् ट)—कुशल (adjective)
(a) One must learn to adapt oneself to circumstances —व् य को अपने
आपको प र थ तय के अनुकूल बनाना सीखना होगा।
(b) He adopted a child from orphanage —उसने अनाथालय से एक बच् चा गोद
लया।
(c) He is an adept carpenter —वह एक कुशल बढ़ई है।
40. addition (ऐ डशन)—अथात् बढ़ोत् तरी (noun)
 edition (ऐ डशन)—अथात् पुस् तक का संस् करण (noun)
(a) Some alterations and additions have been made in this book —इस
पुस् तक म कुछ प रवतन और प रवधन कये गए ह।
(b) Third and latest edition of the Bhagavad Gita has been published
—भगव ता का तीसरा और आधु नकतम संस् करण का शत हो गया है।
41. adverse (ऐडवस)—अथात् भाग् यपूण या अवांछनीय (adjective)
averse (ऐवस)—अथात् कसी काय को करने म अ नच् छुक (adjective)
(a) True friends never leave in adverse conditions . भाग् य म सच् चे म
कभी साथ नह छोड़ते।
(b) In modern time, most of the students are averse to hard work —
आधु नक समय म अ धकतर छा क ठन म करने से बचते ह।
42. affect (ऐफ़ेक् ट)— भा वत करना. (verb)
effect (इफ़ेक् ट)— भाव (noun)
effect (इफ़ेक् ट)—लागू करना (verb)
(a) Your behaviour should affect others —तुम् हारे व् यवहार से सर को
भा वत होना चा हए।
(b) His speech didn’t produce any effect on the audience —उसके भाषण
का ोता पर कोई भाव नह पड़ा।
(a) The old rule is still in effect —पुराना नयम अब भी लागू है।
43. all ready (ऑल रेडी)—अथात् सभी लोग और सभी चीज़ तैयार
already (आल् रैडी)—अथात् पहले से ही
(a) We were all ready to go when the class-teacher arrived —जब
अध् यापक प ंचे तो हम सब जाने को तैयार थे।
(b) We had already begun writing when the class-teacher arrived —
अध् यापक के प ंचने से पहले ही हमने लखना शु कर दया था।
44. all together (ऑल टु गैदर)—सभी लोग मलकर
altogether (आल् टुगेदर)—पूरी तरह से
(a) The boys and girls sang all together — सभी लड़के और लड़ कय ने
मलकर गाया।
(b) This was altogether strange for a person of my type —मेरे जैसे आदम
के लए यह बात पूरी तरह से अजीब थी।
45. all ways (ऑल वेज़)—अथात् सभी तरह से
always (ऑल् वेज़)—अथात् सदा
(a) The scheme was in all ways acceptable to the masses —योजना
सभी तरह से आम जनता को स् वीकाय थी।
(b) Always help the poor . गरीब क हमेशा मदद करो।
46. altar (ऑल् टर)—अथात् पूजा क वेद (noun)
 alter (ऑल् टर)—अथात् बदलना (verb)
(a) He knelt before the altar and took a vow not to touch wine all his
life —वह पूजा क वेद के सामने झुका और त ा क क वह जीवन-भर शराब
नह छु एगा।
(b) I can’t alter my plans now —अब म अपनी योजनाएं बदल नह सकता।
47. amend (अमड)—सुधार करना (verb)
emend (अमड)— कसी सा ह यक कृ त का संशोधन अथवा सम् पादन करना (verb)
(a) You must amend your ways —तुम् ह अपने व् यवहार म सुधार करना चा हए।
(b) Before publication, first part of the book had to be emended —
काशन से पहले, पुस् तक का पहला भाग सम् पा दत कया जाना था।
48. alternate (ऑल् टनट)—एक दन छोड़कर ( adjec .)
alternative (ऑल् टन टव)— वकल् प (noun)
(a) The doctor comes to see him on every alternate day —डाक् टर एक
दन छोड़कर उसे दे खने आता है।
(b) There was no other alternative , so I agreed to the terms — सरा
कोई वकल् प न था, अत: मने शत स् वीकार कर ल ।
49. bazaar (बाज़ार)— बाज़ार अथात् माकट जहां वस् तु का य- व य होता है
(noun)
bizarre ( बज़ार)—भ ा या व च (adjective)
(a) She went to bazaar for shopping —वह वस् तुए ं खरीदने के लए बाज़ार गई
(b) She dresses in a bizarre manner —वह व च ढं ग से कपड़े पहनती है।
50. berth (बथ)—सोने क जगह (noun)
birth (बथ)—जन् म (noun)
(a) She got a berth reserved for herself in the Kalka Mail —उसने कालक
मेल म अपने लए जगह सुर त कराई।
(b) What’s your date of birth ?—तुम् हारी जन् म त थ क् या है?
51. beside ( बसाइड)—समीप (Preposition)
besides ( बसाइड् स)—के अ त रक् त (Adverb)
(a) He was sitting beside me . वह मेरे पास बैठा है।
(b) The agents get commission besides their salary — त न ध अपने
वेतन के अ त रक् त कमीशन ाप् त करते ह।
52. boar (बोर)—जंगली सुअर (noun)
bore (बोर)—छे द करना (verb)
(a) The hunter shot a wild boar — शकारी ने एक जंगली सुअर का शकार
कया।
(b) They bore a hole in the soil to take out oil —उन् ह ने तेल नकालने के
लये ज़मीन म छे द कया।
 53. born (बॉन)—उत् पन् न होना (verb)
borne (बोन)—उठाना (verb)
(a) I don’t know when I was born —म कब पैदा आ, म नह जानता।
(b) We have borne our burdens with patience —हमने अपने बोझ (अथात्
उ रदा यत् व) धीरजपूवक उठाए।
54. breath ( ेथ)—सांस (noun)
breathe ( ीद्)—सांस लेना (verb)
breadth ( ेड्थ)—चौड़ाई (noun)
(a) Before you dive in, take a deep breath गोता लगाने से पहले एक लम् बी
साँस लो।
(b) Breathe deeply in open air : खुली हवा म गहरी साँस लो।
(c) In a square, the breadth is equal to the length —चौकोर म चौड़ाई
लम् बाई के समान होती है।
55. Canvas (कैन् वस)—कैन् वस (मोटा कपड़ा) (noun)
canvass (कैन् वस)—वोट मांगना (verb)
(a) Canvas bags are very strong —कैन् वस के थैले ब त मज़बूत होते ह।
(b) Students were canvassing for the Congress candidate —छा काँ ेस
के उम् मीदवार के लए वोट मांग रहे थे।
56. cease (सीज़)—बंद करना, रोकना (verb)
seize (सीज़)—बरामद होना, पकड़ना (verb)
(a) At last the war has ceased . आ खरकार यु बंद हो गया।
(b) The policeman seized the stolen articles — सपाही ने चोरी का सामान
बरामद कर लया।
57. cent (सट)—एक सक् का (noun)
scent (सट)—सुग ध (noun)
(a) Cent is a small coin of America —सट अमे रका का एक छोटा सक् का है।
(b) The scen t of flowers is very pleasant —फूल क सुगन् ध बड़ी सुखद है।
58. childish (चाइ डश)—बच् च जैसा अथात् बचकाना (स् वभाव: बुरा अथ म)
childlike (चाइल् डलाइक)—भोला-भाला (स् वभाव: अच् छे अथ म)
(a) You have childish habits and are not yet mature —तुम् ह बचकानी
आदत ह।
(b) We like his childlike habits —हम उसक बच् च जैसी आदत पसन् द करते ह।
59. choose (चूज़)—चुनना या चुनाव करना (verb)
chose (चोज़)—चुनना choose ( या का भूत का लक प, अथात् चुना) (Verb)
(a) Choose what you want —जो चाहते हो, चुन लो।
(b) I finally chose singing for a career —मने अन् त म संगीत को पेशे के प म
चुन लया।
 60. cite (साइट)— ष् टान् त दे ना या उ त करना (verb)
sight (साइट)— श् य (noun )
site (साइट)—स् थान (noun)
(a) He was fond of citing from the Ramayana —वह रामायण से उ त करने
का शौक न था।
(b) The Taj presents a pleasant sight in full moon —ताज पूणमासी के दन
एक सुखद श् य उप थत करता है।
(c) His father is looking for a site for his new shop —उसके पता अपनी नई
कान के लए स् थान ढूं ढ रहे ह।
61. comic (कॉ मक)—मज़ा कया, अथात् जानबूझकर बनाया गया प जससे हंसी आए
(adjective)
Comical (कॉ मकल)—भ ा-फूहड़ प, अथात् बना यत् न के बना ऐसा प जसे
दे खकर हंसी आए (adjective)
(a) Comic scenes are put in a drama —नाटक म मज़ा कया श् य रखे जाते ह
(b) The peculiar dress she wore gave her a comical appearance —
व च वेशभूषा पहनकर उसका प भ ा हो गया।
62. complement (कॉम् प लीमट)—पूरक भाग, जससे पूरा हो (noun)
compliment (कॉम् प लीमट)— शंसा करना (noun)
compliment (कॉम् प लीमट)— णाम करना (noun)
(a) This book is complement to that one —यह पुस् तक उस पुस् तक क पूरक
है।
(b) Her husband paid her a compliment —उसके प त ने उसक शंसा क ।
(c) Pay my compliments to your parents —अपने माता- पता को मेरा णाम
कह द जये।
63. conscience (कॉन् शंस)— ववेक, अन् त:करण (noun)
cautious (कॉशस)—सावधान (adjective)
conscious (कॉन् शस)—सचेत (adjective)
(a) One should have a clear conscience —आदमी का ववेक स् पष् ट होना
चा हए।
(b) One should be extremely cautious while driving —गाड़़ी चलाते समय
आदमी को ब त सावधान रहना चा हए।
(c) He was conscious that he was being followed —उसे मालूम था क
उसका पीछा कया जा रहा है।
64. consistently (क सस् टट् ली)— ढ़तापूवक (adverb)
constantly (क स् टटै ली)— नरन् तर (adverb)
(a) If you want to give advice to others, first act consistently with that
yourself —य द आप सर को उपदे श दे ना चा हते ह तो उस उपदे श के अनुसार
 पहले स् वयं आचरण करो।
(b) He constantly argued with me —वह नरन् तर मेरे साथ बहस करता रहा।
65. continual (कं टन् युअल)—थोड़ा ककर अथात् बार-बार (adjective)
continuous (कां टन् युअस)—लगातार (adjective)
(a) The teacher gave the class continual warning —अध् यापक ने क ा को
बार-बार चेतावनी द ।
(b) We had continuous rain yesterday for many hours —कल हमारे यहां
कई घण् ट लगातार वषा होती रही।
66. contract (क ै क् ट)—सं ध या इकरारनामा
contract (क ै क् ट)— सकुड़ना
(a) He has signed a contract for going abroad —उसने वदे श जाने के लए
एक इकरारनामे पर हस् ता र कये।
(b) Some metals contract on cooling —कुछ धातु ठं डा होने पर सकुड़ जाते ह
67. course (कोस)—पा म, पथ (noun)
coarse (कोस)—तुच् छ, घ टया (adjective)
(a) What is the course of your studies —तुम् हारी श ा का पा म क् या है?
(b) This cloth is very coarse —यह कपड़ा ब त घ टया है।
68. credible ( ै डबल)— वश् वास के योग् य (adjective)
creditable ( ै डटे बल)— शंसा के योग् य (adjective)
credulous ( ै डु लस)—शी वश् वासी अथात् जो कहा जाए उस पर जल् द ही
वश् वास कर लेने वाला (adjective)
(a) The story does not appear credible —कहानी वश् वास के योग् य नह
लगती।
(b) His success in the examination is creditable —परी ा म उसक
सफलता शंसा के योग् य है।
(c) Shiela is very credulous . She believes in what she is told —शीला
बड़ी शी - वश् वासी है। उसे जो कहा जाए, वह उसी पर वश् वास कर लेती है।
69. decease ( डसीज़)—मृत् यु (noun)
disease ( डसीज़)—बीमारी (noun)
(a) The deceased person has been taken from the hospital —मृत व् य
को अस् पताल से ले जाया गया है।
(b) That man died of an incurable disease —उस व् य क मृत् यु एक
असाध् य रोग के कारण ई।
70. deference (डैफ़रस)—सम् मान (noun)
difference ( डफ़रस)—अन् तर (noun)
(a) In deference to his father’s memory, we did not play yesterday —
उसके पता क स् मृ त के सम् मान म हम कल नह खेले।
 (b) There is difference of opinion on this subject —इस वषय पर वचार म
अन् तर है।
71. desert (डैज़ट)—म स् थल (noun)
desert ( डज़ट)—छोड़ना (noun)
dessert ( डज़ट)—भोजन के बाद परोसे गए फल या मष् ठान (noun)
(a) Rajasthan is mostly a desert —राजस् थान अ धकांशत: म स् थल दे श है।
(b) An ideal husband must not desert his wife —आदश प त को अपनी
पत् नी को नह छोड़ना चा हए।
(c) The party was served with apples and fruit-cream as dessert —
पाट को भोजन के उपरांत खा के प म सेब और ू ट- म द गई।
72. disinterested ( डस्इंटेरे टड)—स् वाथर हत अथात् तटस् थ या नष् प
(adjective)
uninterested (अन्इंटेरे टड)— चहीन अथवा जसे च न हो (adjective)
(a) The judge must always be a disinterested party in a trial — कसी
ववाद म न् यायधीश को सदा नष् प रहना चा हए।
(b) I was uninterested in games, so I returned home early —मेरी खेल म
च नह थी, अत: म घर जल् द लौट आया।
73. dual (डु अल)—दोगला अथात् दो तरह का (adjective)
duel (डु एल)—दो व् य यो का न् यु (noun)
(a) Some persons have dual personality. They say something and do
otherwise —कुछ लोग का व् य त् व दोगला होता है। वे कहते कुछ ह और करते
कुछ ह।
(b) They fought a duel and one person was severely injured —उन् ह ने
न् यु कया और एक व् य बुरी तरह घायल हो गया।
74. eligible (ए ल जबल)—चुना जाने योग् य (adjective)
illegible (इल् ले जबल)—अस् पष् ट अथात् जसे पढ़ा न जा सके (adjective)
(a) Only a graduate is eligible for this post —केवल बी.ए. पास व् य ही इस
पद के लए चुने जाने योग् य है।
(b) Your hand-writing is illegible —तुम् हारा हस् तलेख अस् पष् ट है। (जो पढ़ा
नह जा सकता)
75. expand (एक् सपड)—फैलाना (verb)
expend (एक् सपड)—खच करना (verb)
(a) As the work increases, we shall have to expand our office space
—जैसे काम बढ़े गा, हम अपने द तर क जगह बढ़ानी होगी।
(b) We shouldn’t expend beyond our limit —हम अपनी सामथ के बाहर खच
नह करना चा हए।
76. fair (फ़ेयर)—मेला (noun)
 fair (फ़ेयर)—उ चत (adjective)
fair (फेयर)—साफ़ (adjective)
(a) Many people attend the National Book Fair —ब त से लोग राष् य
पुस् तक मेले म जाते ह।
(b) We must always play a fair game —हम सदा उ चत तरीके से खेल खेलना
चा हए।
(c) She is fair - complexioned and fair - haired —वह गोरे रंग तथा हल् के भूरे
बाल क है।
77. fare ( फ़ैयर )— कराया (noun)
fare (फ़ैयर)— ग त (verb)
(a) What is the rail fare from Delhi to Agra — दल् ली से आगरा का रेल का
कराया कतना है?
(b) How did you fare in your examinations —परी ा म तुम् हारी ग त कैसी
रही?
78. farther (फ़ार् दर) — र (adverb)
(further (फ़र् दर)) — आगे (adverb)
(a). Bombay is farther from Delhi than Banaras —बम् बई बनारस क अपे
दल् ली से अ धक र है।
(b) Proceed further , please —कृपया आगे ब ढ़ ए।
79. feel good (फ़ ल गुड)— सन् न होना (verb)
feel well (फ़ ल वे’ल)—स् वस् थ होना (verb)
(a) She feels very good amidst her friends —वह अपनी सहे लय के मध् य
सन् न रहती है।
(b) She is feeling well now —वह अब स् वस् थ महसूस कर रही है।
80. fewer ( यूअर)—कम व् य या वस् तुए ं जो क गनी जा सक। (adjective)
less (लैस)—कम वस् तु जो क ढे र म कम दखाई दे । (adjective)
(a) The doctor attended fewer patients than last week —डाक् टर ने पछले
सप् ताह क अपे ा कम मरीज़ दे खे।
(b) I have less money in my pocket than you have —तुम् हारी अपे ा मेरी
जेब म कम रा श है।
81. floor ( लोर)—फ़श (noun)
flour ( लॉअर)—आटा (noun)
(a) She is sitting on the floor —वह फ़श पर बैठ है।
(b) We make chapaties (bread) of flour —हम आटे क चपा तयां बनाते ह।
82. formally (फ़ॉमली)—औपचा रक प से (adverb)
formerly (फ़ॉमली)—भूतपूव, अथात् पहले समय का (adverb)
(a) The letter was written formally by me —प मेरे हाथ औपचा रक प से
 लखा गया था।
(b) He was formerly a minister —पहले वह एक मं ी था।
83. forth (फ़ॉथ)—आगे (adverb)
fourth (फ़ोथ)—चौथा (adjective)
(a) They went forth like ancient warriors —वे पुराने यो ा क तरह आगे
बढ़े ।
(b) The fourth of every month is our pay day —हर महीने क चार तारीख
हमारे वेतन का दन होता है।
84. hair (हेयर)—बाल (noun)
heir (ऐअर)—उ रा धकारी (noun)
hare (हैअर)—खरगोश (noun)
(a) The colour of Shiela’s hair is golden —शीला के बाल सुनहरी ह।
(b) The eldest prince is the heir to the throne —बड़ा राजकुमार राजग का
उ रा धकारी है।
(c) The hare runs very fast —खरगोश ब त तेज भागता है।
85. hanged (हग् ड)—(आदमी को) लटकाना; फांसी दे ना (verb)
hung (हंग)—( कसी वस् तु को) लटकाना (verb)
(a) The prisoner was hanged at dawn —कैद सूय उदय होते ही फांसी पर चढ़
दया गया।
(b) The picture was hung on the wall — च द वार पर टं गा था।
86. holy (होली)—प व (adjective)
wholly (होली)—सम् पूण प से (adverb)
(a) Diwali is our holy festival —द वाली हमारा प व त् यौहार है।
(b) I wholly agree with your decision —मुझे आपका फैसला पूणत: मंजूर है।
87. however (हाउएवर)—इस पर भी; तो भी
how ever (हाउ एवर)—कैसी भी
(a) I don’t recommend this book however, you can read it —म इस
पुस् तक क सफा रश तो नह करता, फर भी आप इसे पढ़ सकते ह।
(b) I am certain that , how ever you decide to work, you will succeed
—मुझे वश् वास है क तुम कैसे भी काम करने का नश् चय करो तुम सफल रहोगे।
88. its (इट् स)—इसका (Pronoun)
it’s (इट् स)—अथात् It is यह है
(a) The shed lost its roof —शेड क छत गर गई।
(b) It’s an old house —यह एक पुराना घर है।
89. last (लास् ट)—अ तम (adjective)
latest (लेटेस् ट)—आधु नकतम (adjective)
(a) Last date of admission is near. So we should hurry up — वेश क
 अ तम तारीख पास है। अत: हम शी ता करनी चा हए।
(b) The latest edition of the book is underprint —पुस् तक का आधु नकतम
संस् करण छप रहा है।
90. least (लीस् ट)—सबसे छोटा/कम (adjective)
less (लैस)—दो म से छोटा/कम (adjective)
(a) He walked the least distance of all —वह सब से कम री चला।
(b) Tea is less desirable for me than milk —चाय मेरे लए ध क अपे ा कम
वांछनीय है।
91. lightening (लाइट नग)—हल् का करना
lightning (लाइट नग)— बजली चमकना (noun)
lighting (लाइ टग)— काश व् यवस् था (noun)
(a) He is lightening my burden —वह मेरा भार हल् का कर रहा है।
(b) Last night there was flash of lightning in the sky — पछली रात
आसमान म बजली कड़क ।
(c) There was good lighting arrangement at the marriage — ववाह के
अवसर पर काश व् यवस् था अच् छ थी।
92. loan (लोन)—उधार (noun)
lend (लड)—उधार दे ना (verb)
(a) The bank granted him a loan of five thousand rupees —बक ने उसे
पाँच हज़ार पये का ऋण दया।
(b) Lend me some money —मुझे कुछ पये उधार दो।
93. moral (मॉरल)—आचार-व् यवहार (noun)
morale (मॉराल्)—मनोबल (noun)
(a) He is man of good moral —वह एक अच् छे आचार-व् यवहार वाला व् य है।
(b) The morale of the troops on the front is very high —अ भाग क
टु क ड़ य का मनोबल ब त ऊंचा है।
94. most (मोस् ट)—अत् य धक (सबसे अ धक)— वशेषण (adjective) क तीसरी
अवस् था
almost (आलमोस् ट)—लगभग (adjective)
(a) Mohan Das Gandhi was the most honest boy in the class —
मोहनदास गांधी अपनी क ा का सवा धक ईमानदार बालक था।
(b) It’s almost time to go for a walk —यह लगभग घूमने जाने का समय है।
95. notable (नोटे बल)—उल् लेखनीय वख् यात (अच् छे अथ म) (adjective)
notorious (नॉटो रयस)—कुख् यात (बुरे अथ म स ) (adjective)
(a) August 15, 1947 is a notable day in the history of India —भारत के
इ तहास म 15 अगस् त 1947 का दन उल् लेखनीय है।
(b) He is a notorious gambler —वह एक कुख् यात जुआरी है।
 96. Once (वन् स)—एक बार (adverb)
one’s (वन्’स)—एक व् य का, कसी व् य का (pronoun)
(a) I have been there once —म वहां एक बार हो आया ं।
(b) One should obey one’s conscience —आदमी को अपने ववेक पर चलना
चा हए।
97. ordinance (ऑ डनस)— वशेष आदे श (noun)
ordnance (ऑडनस)—यु -साम ी (noun)
(a) The President has issued an ordinance today —राष् प त ने आज एक
अध् यादे श जारी कया।
(b) He is employed in the ordnance department —वह यु -साम ी वभाग
म नौकर है।
98. passed (पास् ड)—व् यतीत आ, (verb) Pass का IInd और IIIrd form
past (पास् ट)— पछला, इससे पहला (adjective)
(a) The month passed away very soon —महीना ब त जल् द से गुज़र गया।
(b) The past month was very enjoyable — प छला महीना ब त आन ददायक
था।
99. peace (पीस)—शा त ( noun )
piece (पीस)—टु कड़ा ( noun )
(a) A treaty of peace was signed between two countries —दोन दे श के
बीच शा त क स ध ई।
(b) The teacher asked for a piece of chalk —अ यापक ने एक चॉक का
टु कड़ा मांगा।
100. persecute (पस यूट)—अनु चत प से तंग करना ( verb )
prosecute ( ॉसे यूट)—अ भयोग चलाना ( verb )
(a) The jews were persecuted in Nazi Germany —य द लोग को नाज़ी
जमनी म तंग कया गया।
(b) Tresp assers will be prosecuted —ग़ैर कानूनी वेश करने वाल को द ड
दया जाएगा।
101. personal (पसनल)— गत ( adjective )
personnel (पस ’नल)—कमचारी वग( noun )
(a) It is my personal matter. Please don’t interefere —यह मेरा गत
मामला है। कृपया दखल न द।
(b) The officer maintained the morale of the personnel in his division
—अफ़सर ने अपने वभाग के कमचारी वग के मनोबल को बनाए रखा।
102. physic ( फ़ ज़ क)—दवा (old use) ( noun )
physique ( फ़ ज़ीक)—शरीर क बनावट ( noun )
(a) No physic can cure the patient, if he is careless —अगर रोगी लापरवाह
 हो तो कोई दवा काम नह कर सकती।
(b) He has a fine physique —उसके शरीर क बनावट अ छ है।
103. pore (पोर)— छ ( noun )
pour (पोर)—डालना ( verb )
(a) Sweat comes out from the pores of the skin —पसीना त् वचा के छ म
से नकलता है।
(b) Pour some water in my glass —मेरे गलास म थोड़ा पानी डालो।
104. portable (पोटबल)—हाथ से उठा कर ले जाने योग् य ( adjective )
potable (पोटे बल)—पीने योग् य ( adjective )
(a) she has brought a portable television from Germany —वह जमनी से
हाथ से उठाकर ले जाने वाला टै ल वज़न लाई है।
(b) Pond water is not potable —तालाब का पानी पीने योग् य नह होता।
105. prescribe ( स ाइब)—(दवा का) नदश दे ना
proscribe ( ोस ाइब)—कानूनी संर ण से अलग करना
(a) The doctor prescribed a very costly medicine —डॉक् टर ने एक ब त
महंगी दवा लखी है।
(b) That man has been proscribed by law —उस व् य को कानून से
नष् का सत कर दया गया है।
106. president ( ै सडैन ट ् )—राष् प त ( noun )
precedent ( सडैन ट ् )—पूव घटना या उदाहरण ( noun )
(a) The President of India has gone to England for two weeks —भारत
के राष् प त दो ह त के लए इंगलड गये ए ह।
(b) She has set a good precedent for others to follow —उसने सरे लोग
के लए एक अच् छा उदाहरण रखा है।
107. price ( ाइस)—दाम ( noun )
prize ( ाइज़)—ईनाम ( noun )
(a) The price of paper has gone up —कागज़ का दाम बढ़ गया है।
(b) Anil got the first prize in the race —अ नल को दौड़ म पहला पुरस् कार
मला।
108. principal ( सपल)— धानाचाय ( noun )
principle ( सपल्)— स ातं ( noun )
(a) Who is the principal of your college —आपके कालेज (अथवा
महा व ालय) के धानाचाय कौन ह?
(b) My uncle was a man of principles —मेरे चाचाजी स ांत य व् य थे।
109. propose ( ो ोज़)— स् ता वत करना ( verb )
purpose (पपज़)—इरादा ( noun )
(a) Let them propose the subject for their debate —उन् ह अपने वाद- ववाद
 का वषय स् वंय स् ता वत करने दो।
(b) I had come with a purpose to see you —म तुम् ह दे खने के इरादे से आया
था।
110. rain (रेन)—वषा होना ( verb )
reign (रेन)—शासन करना ( verb )
rein (रेन)—लगाम ( noun )
(a) It’s raining —वषा हो रही है।
(b) The queen reigned over England —रानी ने इंगलड पर शासन कया।
(c) When the reins were pulled tightly, the horse stopped —जब लगाम
ज़ोर से ख ची गई तो घोड़ा क गया।
111. recollect ( रक् लैक् ट)— कसी भूली वस् तु को याद करना ( verb )
remember ( रमबर)—याद करना ( verb )
(a) I often recollect my childhood and feel amused —म ाय: अपने बचपन
क याद करता ं और आनं दत होता ं।
(b) I remember my lesson every day —म त दन अपना पाठ स् मरण करता
ं।
112. respectable ( रस् पैक् टेबल)— त त ( adjective )
respectful ( रस् पैक् टफ़ल)—सम् मानपूण ( adjective )
respective ( रस् पै टव)—अपनी-अपनी ( adjective )
(a) Our boss is a respectable gentleman —हमारे अफ़सर एक त त
सज् जन ह।
(b) You should be respectful to your parents —तुम् ह अपने माता- पता के
त सम् मानपूण होना चा हए।
(c) After the lecture was over, the students returned to their
respective classes —व् याख् यान के समाप् त होने के बाद छा अपनी-अपनी
क ा को लौट गए।
113. root ( ट)—जड़ ( noun )
route ( ट)—या ा का रास् ता ( noun )
(a) Love of money is the root of all evils —धन से ेम सभी बुराइय क जड़
है।
(b) What is the railway route between Delhi and Bombay — दल् ली और
बम् बई का रेलवे का रास् ता क् या है?
114. rout (राउट)—हार, पराजय ( noun )
riot (राइट)—झगड़ा, ( noun )
(a) The morale of the enemy was very low, because of its rout —
पराजय के कारण श ु का मनोबल कम हो गया था।
(b) There is a great disturbance in the town because of the Hindu-
 Muslim riot — हन् -मु लम झगड़े के कारण शहर म बड़ी अशां त फैली ई है।
115. shoot (शूट)—कोपल ( noun )
shoot (शूट)— शकार करना ( verb )
(a) A shoot has sprung up from the plant —पौधे म से एक कोपल नकल आ
है।
(b) That man has gone to shoot duck —वह आदमी बत् तख का शकार करने
को गया है।
116. sole (सोल)—जूते का तला, पैर का तलवा ( noun )
soul (सोल)—आत् मा ( noun )
(a) Get the sole of the shoe changed —जूते का तला बदलवा लो।
(b) A good soul goes to heaven —अच् छ आत् मा स् वग को जाती है।
117. stationary (स् टेशनरी)— थर, ठहरा आ ( adjective )
stationery (स् टेशनरी)—पढ़ने- लखने क वस् तुए ं ( noun )
(a) The sun is stationary —सूय थर अथवा जड़ है।
(b) He deals in stationery —वह स् टेशनरी (कागज़, कापी आ द) बेचता है।
118. table (टे बल)—मेज़ ( noun )
table (टे बल)—ता लका ( noun )
(a) There is a book on the table —मेज़ पर एक पुस् तक है।
(b) There is a table in chapter six of this book —पुस् तक के छठे अध् याय म
एक ता लका है।
119. tasteful (टे स् टफ़ल)—मधुर, सु चपूण ( adjective)
tasty (टे स् ट )—स् वा दष् ट ( adjective )
(a) The house of our madam was decorated in a tasteful manner —
हमारी अध् यापक का घर बड़ी सु चपूण री त से सजा आ था।
(b) Our madam served us very tasty meals —हमारी अध् यापक ने हम बड़ा
स् वा दष् ट भोजन कराया।
120. two (टू )—दो (adjective) .
to (टु )—को; क ओर ( preposition )
too (टू )—भी; इतना अ धक ( adverb )
(a) There are two sides of everything —हरेक वस् तु के दो प होते ह।
(b) Come to me, I’ll advise you —मेरे पास आना, म तुम् ह सलाह ं गा।
(c) She is too weak to walk —वह इतनी अ धक कमज़ोर है क चल- फर नह
सकती।
121. uninterested (अनइंडरे टड)— च न रखना ( चहीन होना) ( adjective )
disinterested ( डसइंटरे टड)— नष् प ( adjective )
(a) I am uninterested in inactive games —म न य खेल म च नह
रखता।
म शु । इन वाक् य म भन् न- भन् न कार क अशु यां ह जन् ह हरेक भाषा सीखने वाले
व् य को समझना और मन म बैठाना है। अं ेज़ी एक बड़ी भाषा है। इसम शब् द- योग का
े भी ब त व् यापक होना स् वाभा वक है।
ह न द
् भी एक समृ भाषा है। उसम भी ऐसे योग होते ह जो भाषा सीखने वाले व ाथ
के लए समझने इतने आसान नह होते। कन् तु हन् द हमारी मातृभाषा है, इस लए उसक
पेचीद गयां उतनी महसूस नह होत जतनी क अं ेज़ी भाषा क होती ह।
अब त नक ऊपर के पन् ह वाक् य को ध् यान से प ढ़ ए। आप सभी को एक क ठनाई
समान प से होती है। इस क ठनाई से हम भली-भां त प र चत ह।
और वह क ठनाई क् या है, हम आपको बताएं?—जब आप पहले कॉलम का वाक् य पढ़ते
ह तब आपको वह ठ क-सा मालूम होता है। पर जब आप सरे कॉलम का वाक् य पढ़ते ह तो
फर आप थोड़ा च कते ह। कभी, थोड़ी दे र म आपको भूल महसूस होने लगती है और कभी
आप समझ ही नह पाते क सरा वाक् य शु कैसे है।
ठ क है न यही बात! आप बल् कुल मत घबराइए और इस उ का भावाथ अपने मन म
बैठा ली जए—“सवशु भाषा सीखना संसार का क ठनतम काय है। यह हमालय चढ़ने जैसा
है। कन् तु य द आप इस पर धीरे-धीरे चढ़ना शु करगे तो आप इसक ऊंचाईय को एक-एक
करके नाप सकते ह।”
क् या आप इसके लए तैयार ह? य द हां, तो आइए, एक-एक कदम आगे बढ़।

सं ा-शब् द के योग म अशु यां

(ERRORS IN THE USE OF NOUNS)
(1) (a) Scenery, issue, hair, furniture, machinery, fruit, (b) poor, rich,
bread, work शब् द एक वचन (singular form) म रहते ह।
(2) As well as से पहले का कता य द एकवचन म हो तो या भी एकवचन क होती
है। दे खए वाक् य— 94 .
(3) जब वाक् य why आ द शब् द के साथ Indirect form म रहता है तो ‘ why are yo
’क जगह ‘ why you are ’होता है। ऐसे वाक् य म श् न चन् ह भी नह लगता।
दे खए वाक् य— 93 .
(4) Drown और sink दोन का अथ है डू बना, कन् तु ाणवान वस् तु के डू बने के अथ म
drown आता है और बेजान वस् तु के डू बने के अथ म sink आता है। दे खए वाक् य—
96 और 101 .
(5) सामान् य भ वष् यत् को बताने के लए I, we के साथ shall और he, she, they तथ
you के साथ will लगता है, दे खए वाक् य— 101 . कन् तु य द ‘ ढ़ नश् चय’ या
‘धमक ’ कट करनी हो तो उल् टा योग होता है— I, we के साथ will तथा he, sh
they, you के साथ shall .दे खए वाक् य— 102-103 .
(6) Shall का past tense का प should होता है। जस वाक् य म should का इस
म योग हो, उस वाक् य म सरी या भी past tense क आएगी। दे खए वाक् य
— 104 .
(7) Neither, seldom नकारात् मक (negative) शब् द ह। वाक् य म इनके योग म
(अन् य negative वाक् य क तरह), do, did का योग होता है। दे खए वाक्य —
106-107 .
(8) ज़रा सो चए क वाक् य 110 म his children क् य आया, their children क् य न
[ठ क है his का सम् बन् ध father से है, children से नह , इस लए यहां his ठ क है

या वशेषण-शब् द के योग म अशु यां

(ERRORS IN THE USE OF ADVERBS)
 143 .
(5) अं ेज़ी म when के आगे then नह जुड़ता जैसे हन् द म जुड़ता है। दे खए वाक् य—
145 .

सम् बन् ध-सूचक शब् द के योग म अशु यां

(ERRORS IN THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS)
 आप ही, आपके सामने खुलती चली जाएंगी—और आप अनुभव करगे क अच् छ
अं ेज़ी म बातचीत करना न केवल आपके व् यवसाय के लए ही लाभदायक है,
ब क यह तो आपके लए ब त आनंददायक भी है।

हमारी शुभ कामनाएं आपके साथ ह।

अं ेज़ी म शब् द- नमाण

(WORD BUILDING IN ENGLISH)
अं ेज़ी भाषा म शब् द दो कार के होते ह—साधारण (Simple) और व् युत् पन् न
(Derived)।
(a) साधारण शब् द को आ दम (Primitive) भी कहते ह। ऐसे शब् द को साथक खण् ड
म अलग-अलग नह कया जा सकता; जैसे —man, good, fear आ द।
(b) व् युत् प से बने ए शब् द को व् युत् पन् न (Derived या Derivative) शब् द कहते
ऐसे शब् द चार कार से बनते ह:
(i) साधारण शब् द म थोड़ा-सा प रवतन करके; ऐसे शब् द को ारं भक व् युत् पन् न
(Primary Derivative) शब् द कहते ह। उदाहरणस् व प— hot से heat, tale से
tell, full से fill आ द।
(ii) साधारण शब् द से पूव उपसग जोड़कर; जैसे— wise से पहले un उपसग जोड़कर
unwise, side से पहले out या in जोड़कर outside या inside आ द शब् द।
(iii) साधारण शब् द के आगे त् यय जोड़कर; जैसे— man के आगे hood त् यय लगाने
manhood, good के आगे ness त् यय लगाने से goodness, fear के आगे le
त् यय लगाने से fearless आ द शब् द। सरे और तीसरे कार के शब् द को
Secondary Derivative Words कहते ह।

(iv) एक शब् द के साथ सरा शब् द जोड़ने से; ऐसे शब् द को संयुक् त शब् द (compound
words) कहते ह; जैसे— footpath, midday, sometimes आ द।
नीचे इन चार कार के शब् द का वस् तृत ववरण दया जाता है। इनके अभ् यास से आप
अपना शब् द- ान (Vocabulary) जतनी चाह उतनी बढ़ा सकते ह।

1 . ारं भक व् युत् पन् न (Primary Derivative) शब् द, कई तरह से बनते ह।

(i) या-शब् द म सं ा शब् द बनाना—

Be on — चालू, घ टत होना
The concert will be on till nine p.m .
Be over — समाप् त होना
After the picture is over we will go home .
Be up— 1. समाप् त होना (समय)
Time is going to be up . hand over your answer copies .
2 . बस् तर से उठना
He will be up at five in the morning .
Bear down — जबदस् ती उखाड़ फकना या दबा दे ना
The dictator bore down all opposition. The president bore down all
dissent .
Bear on — साथ संबं धत होना
Does this book bear on the same subject as that ?
Bear out — सा बत करना, आधार दे ना
If the evidence bears out the charge, Mahesh will be convicted for
armed robbery .
Bear with — बदाश् त करना
It is very difficult to bear with Rani’s bad temper .
Beat back —पीछे हटना
The flames beat back the firemen .
Beat off — हमले का डटकर मुकाबला करना और हमलावर को पीछे हटाना
In the battle of Waterloo the British beat off Napoleon .
Believe in — वश् वास करना
I do not believe in astrology .
Bid fair — अच् छ संभावना होना
His coaching has been so good that he bids fair to win the race .
Bind over —कानूनी बंधन रखना
The man was bound over by the court not to indulge in any criminal
activity for at least six months .
Blow down —तूफान से गरना
The storm last night blew down many big trees .
Blow out —बुझाना
On her birthday she blew out fifteen candles on her cake .
Blow over — नुकसान न करते ए चले जाना अथवा खत् म होना
We hope that this crisis will blow over and be forgotten .
Blow up — 1 . वस् फोट करना/होना
The retreating army blew up all the bridges .
 2 . अचानक गुस् सा होना
I did not understand why he blew up at my answer .
Border upon — नकट होना
His ranting bordered upon madness .
Break away — अपने को बंधन से छु ड़ाकर भागना
The horseman tried to hold the horse by the bridle, but the horse
broke away .
Break down — 1 . (यं का) खराबी के कारण बन् द पड़ना, कना
Our car broke down on the way to Agra .
2 . भावना के उ े ग से रो पड़ना
She broke down at his departure .
3 . वश् लेषण करना, अलग-अलग सूची बनाना
If you break down the figures you will find out your mistake .
Break in— 1. (घोड़े को) सखाना
How much time will you need to break in this horse ?
2 . (दरवाज़ा आ द) जबदस् ती खोलना
We had to break in the room when there was no response from her .
Break into — चोरी से अथवा जबदस् ती अन् दर घुसना
The thieves broke into the bank and stole the money from its lockers .
Break loose— 1 . खुल जाना, बंधन टू टना
During the storm the boat broke loose from its anchor and was
washed away by strong current .
2 . भागना
The buffalo broke loose the rope and ran away .
Break off — अचानक कना, खत् म करना
She was saying something, but broke off as she saw him .
Break out — अचानक आरम् भ होना
No one could tell the police how the fire broke out .
Break up— 1 . लड़ाई-झगड़ा रोकना
He intervened to break up the quarrel .
2 . ततर- बतर होना, करना
The police resorted to a lathi-charge to break up the crowd .
Break off — मै ी टू टना/तोड़ना
Vijay and Arun were close friends, but they seem to have broken off
now .
Bring about — बनाना, घ टत करना
The new government brought about many reforms .
Bring forward — स् ताव रखना
The proposal he brought forward did not seem practical .
Bring in — इक ा करना, ब से कमाना
How much does your monthly sale bring in ?
Bring off — क ठन एंव अनपे त काय सम् पन् न कर दखाना
The touring Indian cricket team in England brought off a spectacular
victory .
Bring on — पैदा करना
Dirt often brings on diseases .
Bring out — बाहर नकालना
War brings out the worst in people .
Bring to — सचेतन करना, होश म लाना
The unconscious man was brought to consciousness by a passer-by
through artificial respiration .
Bring under — दबाना, ऊपर अ धकार जमाना
The king brought under the rebels and established peace in his
kingdom .
Bring up — (बच् चे का) लालन-पालन करना
Anil was brought up by his uncle .
Brush off — अ शष् टता से कसी को चलता करना
As he became irritating she had to brush him off .
Buckle to — काम म जुट जाना
With his examinations round the corner Ramesh has to buckle to at
once .
Build up — बढ़ाना, मजबूत करना
You need a good tonic to build up your strength after your recent
illness .
Burn down — जलकर नष् ट होना या करना
The house was completely burnt down in the great fire in the city .
(C )
Call at— 1 . घर पर मलने जाना
I called at my friend’s place to inquire about his health .
2 . कना
This ship does not call at Cochin .
Call for— 1 . लेने के लए आना
The washerman called for the wash .
Correspond to — समान दखना
The bird’s wing corresponds to the man’s arm .
Cry out — चल् लाना
She cried out for help when she saw a car speeding towards her child
.
Count in — समा वष् ट करना
If you are planning to make a trip to Simla you can count me in .
Count on — भरोसा रखना
You can always count on my help .
Count out — समा वष् ट न करना
If you are planning any mischief, please count me out .
Cover for — सरे के काम क ज़ म् मेदारी लेना
Go and take your coffee break, I’ll cover for you until you return .
Cross out — काट दे ना, नकाल दे ना
She crossed out his name from invitees’ list .
Cut down — मा ा कम करना
If you want to reduce your weight you must cut down on starchy and
oily food .
Cut in — बीच म बोल पड़ना
Don’t cut in while I am speaking to someone .
Cut off — बीच म रोकना, रोक लगाना
Our army cut off the enemy’s escape route .
Cut out — नकाल दे ना
You can safely cut out the last paragraph of this article .
Cut short — समय से पहले समाप् त करना
The meeting was cut short as the chief speaker suddenly fell ill .
Cut up— 1 . :खी होना
He was greatly cut up by his failure in the examination .
2 . सख् त आलोचना करना, छोटा करना
The reviewers mercilessly cut up his autobiographical novel .
(D)
Dash off— 1 . कह जल् द से जाना
The horse dashed off down the street .
2 . जल् द म लखना
He dashed off three letters in half an hour .
Dawn on— समझ म आना
 It only later dawned on me that he was all this while pulling my leg .
Deal in — व् यापार करना
My friend deals in ready-made garments .
Deal out — बांटना
Justice Ram Nath Bajaj of Delhi High Court is famous for dealing out
equal justice to all .
Deal with— 1 . कसी के साथ व् यापार करना
I’ve had bad experience with him. I won’t deal with him any further .
2 . सं बं धत होना
This book deals with foreign policy matters .
Deliver from — बचाना
Oh God , deliver us from evil !
Die away — कम होना, खत् म होना
After a while the sounds died away .
Die down — कम होना, खत् म होना
After a while the noise died down .
Die off— नष् ट होना
As the civilisation advanced, many backward tribes died off .
Die out — नष् ट होना
As the night advanced the fire died out .
Dip into — कसी पुस् तक के इधर-उधर के पृष् ठ पढ़ना, नकालना
I have not read this book; I have only dipped into it./ I had to dip into
my savings to buy a motor cycle .
Dish out — आसानी से शंसा, नदा या आलोचना करना, नकालना
The flattery he dishes out would turn anyone’s head./Everybody,
please dish out Rs. 10 each for this trip .
Dispense with — कसी व् य के बना काम चलाना
You can easily dispense with his services .
Dispose of — बेच दे ना
The rich man disposed of all his property and became a sadhu .
Do for — कसी वस् तु के स् थान पर काम आना
This plot of land is fairly large and will do for a playground .
Do over — फर से करना
You will have to do over this sum, as you have made a mistake .
Do up — कमरा ठ क-ठाक करना
If you do up this place it will look beautiful .
Do without — कसी चीज़ के बना काम चलाना
 We will have to do without many facilities at this village .
Draw back — पीछे हटना, मुकर जाना
I cannot draw back from my promise .
Draw in — अंदर क तरफ ले लेना
The cat drew in its paws and curled up on the floor .
Draw near — पास आना
As winter draws near , people start wearing woollen clothes .
Draw on — नज़द क आना
As the time of the concert drew on the audience got anxious .
Draw out — कसी को अपना वचार दे ने के लए तैयार करना
He was reluctant to comment on Anil’s behaviour, but in the end I
managed to draw him out .
Draw toward — कसी के त आ क षत होना
Kumar finds Asha very charming and feels drawn towards her .
Draw up —तैयार करना, बनाना
Let us draw up a list of all the people we want to invite .
Drive at — ल ् य करना
I listened to his rambling talk and could not make out what he was
driving at .
Drop in — यूं ही मलना
I dropped in on Prakash on my way to market .
Drop out — छोड़ दे ना
Arun dropped out of the medical course as he found it very laborious .
Dwell on — कसी बात पर अ धक दे र तक बोलना
In his speech he dwelt on the importance of prompt action .
(E)
Eat into — ज़ंग खाना, ज़ंग से कट जाना
Rust eats into iron .
Egg on— ोत् सा हत करना (साधारणतया बुरे काम के लए)
He is a well-behaved boy, but he was egged on by Kumar to fight with
Ashok .
Enlarge upon — कसी वषय पर लंबा व् याख् यान दे ना
The lawyer enlarged upon this part of the evidence and treated it as o
great importance .
Explain away — बहाना बनाना, झूठमूठ ववरण दे ना
Although he was at fault yet he tried to explain away his mistake .
 (F)
Fall back — पीछे हटना
When our army charged, the enemy fell back .
Fall behind — पछड़ना, ग त न करना
On account of a prolonged illness, she fell behind in her studies .
Fall flat— यशस् वी या आकषक न होना
Although she is an accomplished dancer her performance last week
fell flat .
Fall for — आक षत होना
Usha fell for the pretty sari displayed in a window shop .
Fall in — कतार म खड़े
The captain ordered the soldiers to fall in .
Fall off— कम होना
On account of the heavy snowfall, attendance at the evening class
has fallen off considerably .
Fall on — हमला करना
The angry mob fell on the running thief .
Fall out — झगड़ा करना
Anil and Sunil were good friends, but now they seem to have fallen
out .
Fall through — कसी काम का अधूरा या असफल रहना
We had been planning to go to Nainital this summer but for want of
money the programme fell through .
Fall under — समा वष् ट होना
This entire district falls under my jurisdiction .
Feel for — सहानुभू त रखना
I deeply feel for you in your suffering .
Feel like— इच् छा होना
I feel like taking a long walk .
Figure on— अंदाजा लगाना, अपे ा करना
I had figured on your attending the meeting .
Figure out— समझना, अथ लगाना, सुलझाना
His lecture was long and boring and I couldn’t figure out what he was
driving at .
Figure up — हसाब या अंदाज़ लगाना
Have you figured up the cost of this entire project ?
Fill in — कसी सरे ही जगह लेना
 As the principal was on leave, the vice-principal filled in for him .
Fill out — फाम भरना
For the marketing management examination the candidates had to fill
out several forms .
Fit out — सामान को सजाना
Today, she is very busy fitting out her house for the big party .
Fix up — मरम् मत करना
We decided to fix up the old house ourselves .
Flare up — अचानक ोध करना
It is immature to flare up on trifles .
Fly at — अचानक ोध कट करना
I asked him to lend me five rupees and at once he flew at me .
Fly off — जल् द करना
He was slightly late so he flew off to the railway station in the hope of
catching the train .
Fly open — ज़ोर से खुलना
Suddenly the door flew open and he ran out .
Fly out — जल् द म बाहर भागना
As the fire spread all the people flew out of the burning house .
Follow suit — अनुकरण करना
She asked the speaker a probing question and gradually everyone
followed the suit .
Fool around — हंसी मज़ाक करना
Stop fooling around and get to work .
Fool away — व् यथ गंवा दे ना
Don’t fool away your time like this .
Front for — अ त् य प से कसी का त न धत् व करना
The chairman is the real boss in this company but the general
manager fronts for him .
(G)
Get about — घूमना, इधर-उधर जाना
For last two months he was bedridden on account of typhoid. Now,
he is getting about again .
Get across — समझाना
At last I was able to get across my point .
Get ahead — त करना, आगे बढ़ना, आगे नकल जाना
 Unless you work hard how will you get ahead of others in studies ?
Get along — घुल मलकर रहना, दोस् ती रखना
She is highly sociable and can get along with everybody .
2 . ग त करना
How is Mr. Rao getting along in his new job ?
Get around — टालना
He tried to get around the policeman’s inquiries .
Get at — यास से ाप् त करना
Our enquiry’s object is to get at the truth .
Get away — नकल कर भागना
Despite vigilance of the policeman the thief got away .
Get back — वापस आना
He has just got back from his tour after two months .
Get by — यासपूवक करना
You will have to somehow get by with this work .
Get down — कसी सवारी से उतरना, शु करना
Let us get down at the next stop.
The exams are approaching fast. Let’s get down to studies .
Get off — बस या मोटर गाड़ी से उतरना
We have to get off the bus at the next stop .
Get on— 1 . बस या गाड़ी पर सवार होना
I saw him get on to the bus at the last stop .
2 . ग त करना
Ashok is quite industrious and sure to get on in the world .
Get over — कसी बीमारी से मुक् त होना
Have you got over your cold ?
Get round — कसी व् य को खुशामद से राज़ी करना
I’m sure he’ll somehow get round the money lender for a loan .
Get througt — पूरा करना
When will you get through with your work ?
Get to — प ंचना
Balrampur is a remote village in Madhya Pradesh and very difficult to
get to .
Get up — बस् तर अथवा कुस से उठ बैठना
He got up from his seat to receive me .
Give away— 1 . बांटना
The chief guest gave away the prizes .
 2 . रहस् य खोलना
He gave away Ram’s name as he had drawn teacher’s cartoon .
Give in — हार मानना
He knew he was losing the match, but he refused to give in .
Give off— बाहर फकना
Some gases give off a pungent smell .
Give out — ज़ा हर करना
He gave out that he had got nominated on the Welfare Board .
Give up — हार मानना
When he realised that he would not be able to win the race, he gave
up .
Give way — टू ट पड़ना
Ashok kept on kicking the door vigorously and finally it gave way .
Gloss over — दोष छपाना
In Ram Chandra’s biography the writer has glossed over many of his
shortcomings .
Go around — पयाप् त होना
I am afraid we do not have enough chairs to go around .
Go back — मुकर जाना
He promised to lend me his history notes but now he has gone back
on his word .
Go down — वश् वास करना
Yours story is highly unconvincing and will not go down with the
authorities .
Go for — हमला करना
The boys went for the poor dog with stone .
Go off — धमाके से फूटना या उड़ना
The Gun went off with a loud bang .
Go on— 1 . बनना, घ टत होना
What’s going on here ?
2 . जारी रखना
Java went on reading and did not pay attention to her friends .
Go out — बुझना
The lights went out as Sanjeev entered the room .
Go over — स् मरण करना
I went over the events of the day as I lay in bed at night. Go over this
chapter again and again until you have learnt it thoroughly .
Go through — तकलीफ उठाना, सहन करना
You will never know what she went through to give her children good
education .
Go upon — कसी आधार पर चलना
Is this the principle you always go upon ?
Go with — मेल खाना
A blue cardigan will not go with a green sari .
Go without — कसी चीज़ के बना काम चलाना
How long can you go without food ?
Go wrong — खराब होना
What has gone wrong with your car ?
Grow upon — आदत लगाना
The habit of taking drugs is growing upon college boys .
(H)
Hand down — न् यायालय म सज़ा सुनाना
The judge handed down his verdict in the case .
Hand in — दे दे ना
Time is up, please hand in the answer books .
Hand out — बांटना
The examiner handed out the question papers to the candidates .
Hand over — स पना
The retiring sales engineer handed over the charge to the new
engineer .
Hang about — कसी स् थान के इद- गद घूमना
A suspicious-looking man was seen hanging about the house last
night .
Hang around — बना काम के कसी व् य या स् थान के इद- गद घूमना
I have often seen him hanging around her house .
Hang back — पीछे रहना
I asked him to receive the chief guest, but he hung back .
Hang on — लटकना, लटके रहना
Hang on to the rope lest you should fall down .
Hang up — टे ीफोन नीचे रख दे ना
I rang him up but as soon as he heard my voice he hung up .
Hang upon — ध् यान से सुनना
The audience hung upon every word of the distinguished speaker .
Happen on — अचानक दखना
During my Himalayan trek I happened on a tiger in a forest .
Have on — पहने ए होना
What sari did she have on when you saw her ?
Hear of — पता चलना
Have you heard of the bus accident at Okhla in which ten persons got
killed .
Hit upon — संयोग से पता चला
To begin with I tried quite a bit and finally by sheer luck I hit upon the
right solution .
Hold forth— लंबा-चौड़ा भाषण दे ना
He held forth on his favourite topic for one full hour .
Hold good — चालू रहना
The promise I made you last week still holds good .
Hold off — कोई नणय करने म दे र लगाना
Everybody in the office is wondering why Mr. Rao is holding off his
decision ?
Hold on— कस कर पकड़ रखना
Hold on to the rope, lest you should fall down .
Hold out — तकार जारी रखना
Despite massive strength of the enemies our soldiers held out to the
last .
Hold over — दे र लगाना
In view of the fresh evidence available the judge has decided to hold
over the case till the next month .
Hold still — थर रहना
How can I take your photograph if you do not hold still ?
Hold together —एक रहना
This chair is so rickety that it will not hold together if you sit in it .
Hold true— सत् य होना
Newton’s Law of Gravitation will always hold true on earth .
Hold up — 1 . दे र लगाना, रोक दे ना
Your late arrival has held up the work .
2 . डाका डालना
Two armed robbers held up the bank staff .
Hunt for — ढूं ढना
What were you hunting for in the newspaper ?
Hunt up — यासपूवक ढूं ढना
I am hunting up material for my new book on politicking in India .
(I)
Inquire after— कुशल पूछना
Since last week Ashok had not been feeling well so I went to his
place to inquire after him .
Introduce into — नई चीज़ बीच म लाना
He introduced into the debate a fresh approach .
Issue from — कसी स् थान या वस् तु से बाहर नकलना
Water issued from a small crack in the stream .
(J)
Join in — स म लत होना, हस् सा लेना
At first he kept aloof from our games, but later joined in .
Join with— बांट लेना
I’ll join with you in the expenses of the trip .
Join up — सेना म भत होना
When the war was declared the government appealed to all young
men to join up .
Jump at— उत् सुकता से स् वीकारना
When I suggested that we could go for picnic tomorrow he jumped at
the proposal .
Jump to — जल् दबाजी म नष् कष नकालना
Don’t be hasty in judging him and jumping to the conclusion that he is
hostile to you .
(K)
Keep at — करते रहना
If he only keeps at his work, he will soon finish with it .
Keep back — छु पाना
I won’t keep back anything from you .
Keep away — र रहना
We should advise our children to keep away from bad company .
Keep house — घर संभालना
He wants his wife only to keep house and not work in an office .
Keep off — र रखना
 The curtains will keep off the mosquitoes .
Keep on — जारी रखना, चलते रखना
It was a long journey and he was tired, but he kept on going .
Keep out — बाहर रखना
The woollen cloths are warm enough to keep out the cold .
Keep to— 1 . जारी रखना, करते रहना
Unless you keep to the job you are doing, you will never be able to
finish with it .
2 . वचन का नवाह करना
You must learn to keep to your word .
Keep together— साथ-साथ रहना
I asked my children to keep together in the crowd .
Keep up — ग त बनाये रखना
India must keep up with the development and progress in the world of
science .
Knock down — नीचे गराना
The boxer struck his opponent a heavy blow and knocked him down .
Knock off — काम बंद करना
He did not take long to knock off the work .
Knock out — पूरी तरह से हारना, बेसुध करना
A heavy blow on the nose by his opponent knocked out the boxer .
Knuckle under — हार मानना
We thought it would be a tough bout, but it was not long before one of
the boxers was knuckling under .
(L)
Lay about — चार ओर से पटाई करना
As the watchman spotted a man stealing watches from a shop he laid
about him with his cane .
Lay down — त् याग प दे ना
After ten long years he laid down the chairmanship of the company .
Lay off —कुछ समय के लए काम से नकाल दे ना
If the sales continue to fall like this we may have to lay off one or two
people .
Lay on — ज़ोर से पटाई करना
Taking up a stick he caught the mischievous boy and laid on
vigorously .
Lay open — राज खोलना
I shall not rest till I’ve laid open the whole conspiracy .
Lay out — रचना करना
The garden was laid out by an expert .
Lay up — भ वष् य म योग म लाने के लए इक ा करना
The squirrel was busy laying up nuts .
Leave alone— साथ छोड़ना
How can you leave me alone in my hard times ?
Leave out — छोड़ दे ना
It will be unfair to leave him out of the picnic programme .
Let down — नराश करना, धोखा दे ना
I was counting on your help, but you let me down .
Let off — छोड़ दे ना
You must prepare hard. Interviewers won’t let you off so easily
Let on — बता दे ना
Don’t let on to Dev that we are going to a movie tonight .
Let out — कराये पर दे ना
As I am hard up nowadays I had to let out a portion of my house .
Let up— कम होना
If the rain lets up we will go to the market .
Light on — संयोग से पता चलना
While wandering in the jungle the boys suddenly lighted on a secret
cave .
Live on — कसी चीज़ पर नवाह करना
Squirrels live on nuts .
Look after — संभालना, ध् यान दे ना
Will you please look after the house in my absence ?
Look for —ढूं ढना
I looked for my lost watch everywhere in the house, but couldn’t find it
.
Look in — यूं ही थोड़े समय के लए मलने जाना
Do look in after dinner if you are free .
Look into — जांच करना
Have the police looked into the matter relating to theft at your house .
Look out— सावधान रहना
Look out there is a car coming .
Look over — जांच अथवा मूल् यांकन करना
 The examiner was looking over the students’ answer papers .
Look up — 1 . अथ या संदभ ढूं ढना
Suresh looked up the word in the dictionary as he did not know its
meaning .
2 . बढ़ना
Prices of cooking oil are looking up .
(M)
Make after — पीछे दौड़ना
The policemen made after the thief very fast .
Make believe — वश् वास करने के लए भू मका बनाना
Arun made believe that he was sick to take a leave from school .
Make clear — समझाना, ववरण दे ना
The teacher made clear to me my mistake .
Make faces — मुंह टे ढ़ा करके दखाना
Stop making faces at me .
Make for — कसी तरफ जाना
The thief entered the house and made for the safe .
Make good — पदोन् न त होना
Being a hard worker he is sure to make good in that new job .
Make of— समझ पाना I cannot make anything of this statement .
Make merry— मौज मनाना
As we have now an unexpected holiday, so let us make merry .
Make out — क ठनाई से समझ पाना
Can you make out his handwriting ?
Make over — 1 . सुपुद करना
He has made over all his property to his son .
2 . मरम् मत करना
She is an efficient housewife and makes over all her old clothes .
Make room — जगह बनाना
I cannot make room for anything more in this trunk .
Make sense— साथक होना
How can you be so foolish in dealing with your clients? It doen’t make
sense to me .
Make towards — कसी तरफ जाना
The swimmer made towards the right bank of the river .
Make up — बनाना, रचना, गढ़ना
 Don’t make up such silly excuses for your absence yesterday .
Make way — रास् ता दे ना
The crowd hurriedly made way for the leader as he arrived .
Mix up -गडबड़ घोटाला करना
As they were introduced to me in a hurry I mixed up their names and
called him by the wrong name .
(O)
Occur to — वचार म आना
As I always considered him an honest person it never occurred to me
that he was lying .
Offend against — अशोभनीय लगना
There was nothing in his speech to offend against good taste .
(P)
Pack off— जल् द म चलता कर दे ना
As he was getting on my nevers I packed him off .
Palm off — ठगना
He tried to palm off a forged hundred-rupee note on me .
Part with — दे दे ना
Nobody likes to part with one’s property .
Pass away — मरना
Kumar’s father passed away yesterday .
Pass for — समझ लया जाना
Our villagers being largely illiterate he passes for a learned man in ou
village .
Pass out — सुध-बुध खोना
She could not bear the sight of accident and passed out .
Pass over — ख् याल न करना
I passed over many candidates before I could choose this one .
Pay attention — ध् यान दे ना
The teacher asked the student to pay attention to him .
Pay off — हसाब चुका कर छु दे दे ना
He was not happy with his servant so he paid him off .
Pick on — चढ़ाना, झगड़ा मोल लेना
The quarrelsome boy always picked on fights with small children .
Pick out — चुनना, पसंद करना
 Anil spent a long time picking out a nice gift for Anita .
Pick up— थोड़ा-सा ान ाप् त करना
The children don’t take long to pick up what they see around .
Play down — मह ् व को कम करना
Some newspapers played down the significance of disturbances in
Poland .
Play off — एक को सरे से भड़ाना
The crooked man played off the two friends against each other for his
own benefit .
Play on — 1 . बजाना
Can you play on a violin ?
2 . शब् द का हो शयारी से योग करना
His skill to play on words makes him a very forceful speaker .
Play with— छे ड़खानी करना
It is dangerous to play with fire .
Prevail over — भा वत करना
None of these considerations prevailed over his prejudices .
Prevail with— मनाना
He is a difficult person. So, I found difficult to prevail with him .
Proceed against — कसी के खलाफ कायवाही करना
I have decided to proceed against him in a court of law .
Provide against — कसी बुरे दन के लए बंध कर रखना
A wise man takes care to provide against emergencies .
Pull in — आना
The coolies started running towards the train as it pulled in .
Pull out — चले जाना, नकलना
At the guard’s signal the train pulled out of the station .
Pull through — बच जाना
Although he was seriously ill and doctors had given up hope he pulled
through .
Pull together — सहमत होना, मलकर काय करना
The partners of Adarsh Enterprise have been fighting together. If
they manage to pull together they’ll succeed .
Pull up — कना
The taxi pulled up at the entrance of the hotel .
Push off — चल पड़ना
I’m getting quite late so I must push off now .
Push on— क ठनाई से आगे बढ़ना
He was exhausted and ill, but he pushed on .
Put across — समझाना, स् वीकृत कराना
He put across his arguments very eloquently and convincingly .
Put away — कसी सही स् थान पर रख दे ना
The workmen put away their tools and left the factory .
Put down — दबाना
The army easily put down the revolt .
Put forward — वचाराथ स् ताव रखना
He put forward his suggestions for our consideration .
Put off — स् थ गत करना
The match had to be put off because of bad weather .
Put on— 1 . कपड़े पहनना
She put on her best dress for the party .
2 . दखाना
Don’t put on as if you don’t know anything .
Put out— 1 . बुझाना
He put out the light and went to sleep .
2 . कष् ट प ंचाना
You should take care not to put out people by your irresponsible
behaviour .
3 . का शत करना
The party put out a pamphlet to explain its economic policy .
Put right — मरम् मत करना
Ask the carpenter to put right this broken table .
Put together— जोड़ना, इक ा करना
The child took the watch apart, but couldn’t put it together again .
Put up — रहना, नवास करना
Where should I put up in Bombay ?
(R)
Rail against — शकायत, भत् सना करना
It is useless railing against your master’s orders .
Rail at — शकायत करना
He has always railed at his parents for not understanding him .
Rake up — पुराना झगड़ा फर से शु करना
Please do not rake up old quarrels at this critical juncture .
Rank with — समान होना
There is scarcely any poet who can rank with Kalidas .
Reason with — तक करना, समझाने क को शश करना.
I had to reason hard with him for my proposal’s acceptance .
Reckon on — भरोसा रखना
I was reckoning on her presence at the function .
Reflect on — बुरा भाव पड़ना
Your misconduct will reflect on your character .
Relate to — संबं धत होना
Please get me the file that relates to this matter .
Resort to — सहायता लेना
As the crowd became unruly the police had to resort to lathi-charge .
Rest on — आधार रखना
His whole theory rests on a wrong assumption .
Ride out — तूफान से बचकर नकलना
Fortunately our ship rode out the storm .
Root out — उखाड़ फकना, समूल नष् ट करना
The government is determined to root out corruption .
Rout out — जबदस् ती बाहर नकालना I routed him out of bed early in the
morning .
Rule out — नकाल दे ना, न मानना
The police has ruled out the possibility of sabotage in this train
accident ?
Run across — संयोग से मलना अथवा पाना
I was quite surprised to run across him in the market .
Run after — पीछे दौड़ना
Running after money does not speak well of you .
Run against — चुनाव म खलाफ खड़ा होना
She ran against her husband in the municipal elections .
Run down — नीचा द खाना
Certain malicious reviewers will run down even the best book ever
written .
Run errands — संदेशा प ंचाना
Ramesh is of obliging nature and runs errands for all the neighbours .
Run for — चुनाव लड़ना
He ran for presidentship in the college elections .
Run into — 1 . संयोग से मुलाकात होना
 I ran into an old friend yesterday at the cinema hall .
2 . अ ववेक के कारण मोल लेना
lf you spend your money so recklessly you will soon run into debt .
Run out — खत् म होना
We were afraid that we might run out of our food supply at the
excursion .
Run over — गाड़ी के नीचे आना
The unlucky dog was run over by a car .
Run short of — समाप् त होना
If we run short of food we will get more from some restaurant .
Run through — जल् द से दे ख लेना
I had to run through the book in an hour .
(S)
Search out — ढूं ढ नकालना
Our aim in this inquiry is to search out the truth .
See about — बंध करना
I am badly tied up with other things so you will have to see about the
catering arrangements at the party .
See off — वदा करना
I went to the airport to see off my friend who left for U.S.A. last night .
See through — 1 . क ठनाइय के बावजूद संपन् न करना
He saw through the entire job by himself .
2 . भेद जान जाना
He was trying to be clever, but I saw through his trick .
See to — जम् मेदारी लेना
Will you please see to the catering arrangements for the function ?
Seek out — यासपूवक ढूं ढ नकालना
Ramesh and Vikas have gone to the nearby wood to seek out the
place of rabbits .
Sell out — मल कयत बेच दे ना
He sold out his business as he could not make a profit .
Send away — कसी को चलता करना
He was becoming a nuisance, so I had to send him away .
Send for — बुला भेजना
She has fallen unconscious. Please send for a doctor immediately .
Send word — संदेश भेजना
 He sent word to me that he would come in a week’s time .
Serve out — पूरे समय तक काम करना
The apprentice has served out his period of apprenticeship so he is
due for an increment .
Serve up — परोसना
She served up a tasty meal .
Set about — काय आरम् भ करना
As your examination is near you should set about your work without
delay .
Set apart — सुर त रखना
One day in the week is set apart as the rest day .
Set aside —र ो-बदल करना,
The Supreme Court set aside the verdict of the High Court in Bihari
Lal case .
Set down — नोट करना
The Magistrate set down in writing the witness statement .
Set forth — स् तुत करना
He set forth his views with clarity and force .
Set in — आरंभ होना
Just as I was about to go out, the rain set in .
Set off — नकल पड़ना
As we have to go a long distance we will set off early in the morning .
Set up — बंध करना
The state government has set up a new auditorium at Mehta Chowk to
encourage performing arts .
Set upon — हमला करना
As the poor old beggar approached the corner house two dogs set
upon him .
Set out — नकल पड़ना
He set out on his travels .
Set to — काय आरंभ करना
You have a lot to do so you should set to work at once .
Settle down — स् थायी प से नवास करना
After retirement now I have settled down in Delhi .
Settle on — अ नश् चय के बाद कसी नष् कष पर प ंचना
Finally, she settled on a blue sari .
Show off — नुमाइश करना
 She went to the party as she was quite keen to show off her new dres
.
Show up — 1 . आ प ंचना
I have been waiting for him for more than an hour, but he has not yet
shown up .
2 . पोल खोलना
If he provokes me further, I will have to show him up .
Shut in — अंदर बंद रखना
As night came the shepherd shut his flock of sheep in .
Shut off —कोई यं बंद कर दे ना
There appeared to be some trouble with his car so he shut off its
engine .
Shut up — जबदस् ती चुप कराना
As the boy was chattering a lot the teacher asked him to shut up .
Side with — प लेना
No matter what happens I will always side with you .
Sit out — समाप् त होने तक बैठे रहना
I sat out his long lecture .
Sit up — उठ बैठना
The poor old man was too weak to sit up .
Sleep off — सोकर ताज़गी ाप् त करना
I was exhausted after the day’s work so I decicied to sleep off my
fatigue .
Slow down — धीरे-धीरे ग त कम करना
The train slowed down as it approached the station .
Smart under — अपमान अथवा वचन सहना
The clerk was smarting under the officer’s rebuke .
Snap at — उत् सुकता से स् वीकारना
He snapped at the offer I made to him .
Speak up — ज़ोर से बोलना
As the audience could not hear the speaker, it requested him to
speak up .
Spell out — वस् तार से बताना
He spelt out his treking plan in detail and asked me to accompany him
.
Stamp out — दबा दे ना
The government tried its best to stamp out the rebellion .
Stand against — तकार करना
Parashuram was so powerful that no king could stand against him .
Stand by — इंतजार करना
Please stand by for an important announcement .
Stand for — 1 . त न धत् व करना
The stars in the American flag stand for fifty states .
2 . चुनाव लड़ना
My uncle stood for chairmanship of the Municipality .
3 . बदाश् त करना
I will not stand for such a rude behaviour .
Stand out — ध् यान आक षत करना
She stood out in the crowd because of her beauty .
Stand up — सहन करना
How can you stand up to such tremendous pressure of work ?
Start for — चल पड़ना
When did he start for Bombay ?
Stay up — के रहना
I had to finish with some work last night so I stayed up till one o’clock
Stay with — कसी के साथ रहना
When you come to Bombay, please stay with me .
Step down — पद छोड़ना
Next month our company’s president will step down in favour of his
son .
Step up — ग त बढ़ाना I stepped up the speed of my car .
Stick around — उसी स् थान पर बने रहना
After dinner we requested our guest to stick around for the movie on
the TV .
Stick at — हच कचाना
He will stick at nothing to fulfil his ends .
Stick by — साथ दे ना Stick by your friends in their difficulty .
Stick out — बाहर नकालना
I went to the doctor with a stomach complaint and he asked me to
stick out my tongue .
Stick to — एक ही बात पर डटे रहना
Despite interrogation.he stuck to his story till the end .
Stir up — उकसाना, उत् ते जत करना
He tried to stir up trouble between the management and the workers .
Stop short — अचानक कना
He was talking about Naresh, but suddenly stopped short as he saw
him coming .
Strike down — अवैध घो षत करना
The court struck down the government’s ordinance as unconstitutiona
.
Strike off — सूची से नकाल दे ना
At the last moment something came into her mind and she struck off
his name from the list of invitees .
Strike up — संगीत शु करना
At the end of the programme the band struck up the national anthem .
Strike work — हड़ताल करना
The factory workers struck work to demand higher wages .
Subscribe to — कसी वचार से सहमत होना
Do you subscribe to the philosophy of Karma ?
Subsist on — जीवन नवाह करना
The sadhu subsisted on nuts and roots for many weeks .
Succeed to — कसी के बाद पदासीन होना
The prince will succeed to the throne on the king’s death .
Sue for — न् यायालय म हक मांगना
As he developed after-operation complication he sued the Verma
Nursing Home for damages to the extent of ten thousand rupees .
(T)
Take after — समान दखना
She has taken after her mother .
Take apart — पुज अलग करना, कोई यं खोलना
Can you take apart a watch ?
Take down — लख लेना
Take down carefully whatever I say .
Take for — समझ बैठना I took him for a doctor .
Take in — धोखा दे ना, धोखा खाना
He tried to play a trick on me, but I couldn’t be taken in .
Take off — 1 . कपड़े उतारना
He took off his coat .
2 . उड़ान भरना
We watched the plane take off .
Take on — नौकरी पर रखना
They are taking on many new workers at that factory .
Take over — 1 . ज़ म् मेदारी संभालना
After the Chairman retired the Managing Director took over as the new
Chairman .
2 . अ धकार जमाना
They defeated the enemy and took over the fort .
Take place — घ टत होना
Where did the meeting take place ?
Take to — आक षत होना
I took to Anil right from the very beginning .
Take turns — बारी-बारी से कोई काम करना
During the trip Jeevan and I took turns at car driving .
Take up — पढ़ाई आरम् भ करना
After completing school he took up mechanical engineering .
Talk back — बेअदबी से जवाब दे ना
It is very rude to talk back to your elders .
Talk over — वचार- वमश करना
The committee is talking over our report .
Talk shop — अपने काम के बारे म बातचीत करना
The two lawyers always talk shop .
Taste of — वैसा ही स् वाद होना
This coffee is no good it tastes of kerosene .
Tear down — गराना, नष् ट करना
They brought bulldozers to tear down the building .
Tell against — खलाफ जाना
The new evidence relating to this case tells against the accused .
Tell off — भत् सना करना
The headmaster told off the rowdy student .
Tell on — चुगली करना
It is unfair to tell on others .
Tell upon — भा वत करना, दशाना
You must not work so hard. It will tell upon your health .
Think of — राय होना
What did you think of the movie ?
Think out — सोच-समझ कर योजना बनाना
They will have to think out some good idea to produce this kind of
 advertisement .
Think up — सोचकर खोज नकालना
You will have to think up a good excuse for the delay .
Throw out — नामंजूर करना, बाहर नकालना
He was making a nuisance of himself, so he was thrown out of the
lecture hall .
Throw up — त् याग प दे ना
Why have you thrown up your job ?
Tide over — नभा लेना
Will this amount enable you to tide over your financial difficulties ?
Touch at — ब त थोड़े समय के लए कना
The Rajdhani Express between Delhi and Bombay touches at Baroda
.
Touch on — सं ेप म ज करना
Your lecture was illuminating but did not touch on the problem of
casteism in the country .
Touch up — थोड़ा ठ क करना
The photographer touched up my photograph .
Trade in — बदले म लेना-दे ना
I traded in my old car for a new one
Trade on — फायदा उठाना
I traded on his good nature to help me out of my financial difficulties .
Trifle with — मजाक उड़ाना
It is cruel to trifle with anybody’s feelings .
Trump up — झूठमूठ बात बनाना
The story you have trumped up is not at all convincing .
Try on — पहन कर दे खना
The tailor asked me to try on the coat .
Try out — जांच के लए चलाकर दे खना
You should try out that TV set before you finally buy it .
Turn about — उल् ट दशा म मुंह करना
The moment she saw him coming she turned about .
Turn against — कसी के खलाफ खड़े हो जाना
We have been such good friends and I had no idea that he would turn
against me .
Turn around — पूरा घूमना
Being a novice he could not turn around the car in the narrow lane .
Turn aside — माग से वच लत होना
Never turn aside from the path of truth .
Turn away — वा पस भेजना
He has turned away three applicants for the new post of purchase-
officer .
Turn back — पीछे हटना, हटाना
Please turn back from the edge of the water .
Turn down — 1 . इन् कार करना
I’m counting a lot on this so please do not turn down my request .
2 . कम करना
Please turn down the volume of the radio .
Turn in — स् तुत करना
He turned in his answer paper and came out of the examination hall .
Turn on —चालू करना
Please turn on the light .
Turn out — 1 . उत् पादन करना
How many cars does this factory turn out everyday ?
2 . स होना
To begin with he looked like any other carpenter, but later he turned
out to be a very talented one .
Turn tail — भाग जाना
The enemy had to turn tail as it could not hold against the massive
attack of our army .
Turn up — 1 . अचानक आ प ंचना
Everybody was surprised to see him turn up at the meeting .
2 . ज़ा हर होना
Some interesting facts have turned up during the inquiry .
(U)
Used to — आदत डालना
I am quite used to driving in crowded places .
Use up — योग कर खत् म करना
Have you used up all the paper I had given you ?
(W)
Wade into — हमला करना
Ram could not tolerate Shyam’s insulting remark. He waded into him
 and knocked him down .
Wade through — लंबा काम हाथ म लेना
Today I have to wade through a lot of correspondence .
Wait for — इंतजार करना
I’ll wait for you at my office till you come .
Wait on — सेवा करना, परोसना
She waited on us efficiently .
Wash out — धोकर नकाल दे ना
Can this stain be washed out .
Watch over — नगरानी करना, र ा करना
The dog faithfully watched over his master’s sleeping child .
Wear off — धुंधला पड़ना
This colour will wear off soon .
Wear out — फकने लायक बनाना
Constant use will wear out any machine .
While away — समय नष् ट करना
Get to work. Don’t while away your time in trifles .
Wind up — 1 . खत् म करना, बंद कर दे ना
Recurring losses compelled him to wind up his business .
2 . घड़ी क चाबी दे ना
I wound up my watch when I went to bed .
Wink at — अनदे खी करना
I can wink at his faults no longer .
Work away — काम करते रहना
He is a hard working man. He can work away at his job for hours at a
stretch .
Work into — यासपूवक अंदर घुसना
The miner’s drill worked into the hard rock .
Work open — कसी तरीके से खोलना I had lost my suitcase’s key, but
somehow I managed to work it open .
Work out — सुलझाना, उ र ढूं ढ नकालना
Could you work out that problem ?
Work up — उत् ते जत करना
Why are you so worked up ?
(Y)
Yield to — स् वीकार करना, मान लेना
 It took me long to persuade him to yield to my request .
IDIOMS & PHRASES
(A)
Abounding in — से भरपूर
Sea abounds in all kinds of animals .
Above all — मुख् यत:, खासकर
Above all , don’t mention this to Hari .
Abreast with — जानकारी रखना
He keeps himself abreast with the latest developments in the world of
science .
Absent-minded person — असावधान व् य
Our professor is a very absent-minded person .
Accessary to — सहायक
This man was accessary to the crime .
Affect ignorance — कुछ पता न होने का दखावा करना
You cannot affect ignorance of the law and escape punishment .
Aghast at — हक् का-बक् का होना
As she entered the hospital she looked aghast at the bed of the
wounded .
Agreeable to — पसंद/अनुकूल होना
He being very fussy, the plan was not agreeable to his wishes .
Alive to — जानकारी रखना, सचेत रहना
He is not at all alive to the current economic problems .
All at once — अचानक
All at once the sky became dark and it began to rain .
All moonshine — बल् कुल झूठा, मनगढ़ं त
What you are saying is all moonshine .
All of a sudden —अचानक
All of a sudden the walls of the room started shaking .
All the same — फर भी
Although your agreements appear convincing all the same it will not
happen .
Animal spirits — जोशीली कृ त
Young children are by nature full of animal spirits .
Apple of discord — झगड़े का प रणाम/कारण
 Ever since their father’s death this property has been an apple of
discord between the two brothers .
Apple of one’s eye —ब त य
His lovely little daughter is the apple of his eye .
Ask for something — नुकसान या खतरा मोल लेना
Now you are complaining about the cut in your salary. You had asked
for it by regularly coming late .
At all —थोड़ा सा भी
He told me that he did not have any money at all.
At daggers drawn — श् मनी होना
Once upon a time they were friends, but now they are at daggers
drawn over the issue of money .
At large — बंधनमुक् त रहना, पकड़ा न जाना
A convict who had escaped from prison last month is still at large .
At once — तुरन् त
The boss was furious over secretary’s mistake and asked him to
come to his room at once .
At the eleventh hour — अ तम ण पर, ऐन मौके पर
The mob was getting out of control, but at the eleventh hour the police
arrived and averted a riot .
At times — कभी-कभी
At times she feels a little better. but then again relapses into her old
condition .
Aware of — जानकारी होना
I was not aware of his intentions .
(B)
Back out of — दये ए वचन से मुकर जाना
He backed out of the promise he had given me .
Backstairs influence — छु पा, नाजायज़ भाव
He managed to get the job through backstairs influence .
Bad blood — श् मनी
There is bad blood between the two neighbours .
Be a party to something — प लेना, सहमत होना
I disagree with your proposals so I won’t be a party to this agreement
Be all ears — ब त ध् यान से सुनना
The children were all ears as I began to tell the story of Alibaba .
Be beside oneself — भावना से बेकाबू होना
She was beside herself with grief when she heard about her son’s
death .
Be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth — अत् यन् त धनवान होना
Pandit Nehru was born with a silver spoon in his mouth .
Be bound to — न त प से
We are bound to be late if you don’t hurry .
Be bound for — कसी न त स् थान को जाना
This ship is bound for London .
Be ill at ease — परेशान होना
The whole night mosquitoes kept on biting him and he was quite ill at
ease .
Be in the way — रास् ता रोकना
Is this chair in your way ?
Be no more — मर जाना
Since her husband is no more she feels quite lost .
Be off — चले/ नकल जाना
I was tired of his chattering and asked him to be off .
Be out of the question — असंभव होना
Without oxygen life is out of question .
Be under age — नाबा लग होना
You cannot vote as you are under age .
Be up something — कोई योजना बनाने म व् यस् त रहना
These boys have suspicious movements. I am sure they are upto
something .
Be well-off — धनवान होना
They own a house and a car, so they certainly are well-off .
Be worth its weight in gold — ब त क मती होना
In the desert a bottle of water is worth its weight in gold .
Bear down upon — हमला करना (यु पोत का) Our warship bore down upon
the enemy convoy .
Beast of burden — सामान ढोने वाला जानवर
Mules are used as beasts of burden by the Indian Army .
Beast of prey — शकार करने वाला जानवर
A tiger is a beast of prey .
Beat about the bush — इधर-उधर क बात करना
Come to the point. Don’t beat about the bush .
Beck and call — बुलाने पर हा ज़ र होना
You cannot expect me to be at your beck and call everytime .
Bed of roses — सुख चैन क अवस् था
Life is no bed of roses .
Beggar description — वणन करने के परे होना
Her beauty beggared description .
Behind the scenes — छु पके
The leaders had been discussing behind the scenes for long, and
finally they arrived at an agreement .
Bent on — वृत् त, उ त
I am sure the two boys are bent on some mischief .
Better half — पत् नी
His better half takes good care of him .
Bide his time — अनुकूल अवसर के लए शां त से ती ा करना
The hunter bided his time till the tiger approached the pond for a drink
.
Big deal — स् वयं के बारे म बड़प् पन क झूठ भावना
You think you can beat me! A big deal !
Birds’s eye view — वहंगावलोकन
We had a bird’s eye view of the city from the plane .
Birds of a feather — समान स् वभाव के लोग
Birds of a feather tend to flock together .
Black sheep — बदनाम आदमी
Ramesh is the black sheep of the family .
Blind alley — एक तरफ से बंद गली
They had to turn back as they had entered a blind alley .
Blind to — अनदे खी करना
He is blind to his son’s actions .
Blow one’s own trumpet — अपना बड़प् पन कहते फरना
Blowing one’s own trumpet speaks of ill breeding .
Blow one’s top — ब त गुस् से म होना
Ram has not been caring for his studies at all. Naturally, his father
had to blow his top .
Blue stocking — सा हत् यकार, व षी स् ी
She has made a name for herself in society as a blue stocking .
Body and soul — ज़ी ज़ान से
He gave himself body and soul to the pursuit of learning .
Boil down — सारांश, मतलब होना
It all boils down to a clear case of murder .
Bolt upright — बल् कुल सीधा
As he was suddenly awakened by a passing procession’s noise he
got up and sat bolt upright .
Bosom friend — ज़ गरी दोस् त
Arun and Anil are bosom friends .
Brazen-faced fellow — अ शष् ट आदमी
I cannot stand that brazen-faced fellow .
Break cover — छु पने के स् थान से बाहर आना
The enemy resumed heavy firing as the soldiers broke cover .
Break in — ज़बदस् ती दा खल होना
The thief quietly broke in when everyone was asleep
Break the ice — चुप् पी भंग करने क खा तर बात छे ड़ना
They sat in awkward silence till I broke the ice .
Break the news — कोई समाचार दे ना
Ram had drowned and somebody had to break the sad news to his
family somehow .
Breathe one’s last — मर जाना
The nation plunged into grief as the beloved leader Pandit Nehru
breathed his last .
Bring to light — राज़ खोलना
The C.I.D. brought to light a hideous conspiracy to assassinate the
police chief .
Bring to the hammer — नीलाम करना
As he went bankrupt, all his goods were brought to the hammer .
Broad daylight — दन दहाड़े
Yesterday the bank near our house was robbed in broad daylight .
Brown study — वचार म मग् न रहना
Shyam is in the habit of getting into brown study .
Build castles in the air — हवा म महल बनाना
Be content with what you have. There is no point in building castles in
the air .
Burning question — ज् वलंत श् न
In the world today, issue of Poland is a burning question .
Burn the candle at both ends — अपनी श या धन का अ धक व् यय/खच करना
If you burn the candle at both ends like this, you will soon land up in
 the hospital .
Bury the hatchet — श् मनी भूलकर म ता करना
The two warring nations reached a truce and at last buried the
hatchet .
By and By — आ हस् ता-आ हस् ता
By and by people began to come into the lecture hall .
By heart — कंठस् थ
I know many passages from Shakespeare by heart.
By himself — अकेले
I have often seen him walking all by himself in the woods .
By the way — बात-बात म यूं ही
By the way , are you married ?
(C)
Call a spade a spade — साफ-साफ कह दे ना
I am not rude but at the same time I don’t hesitate to call a spade a
spade .
Call to order — सभा, बैठक ारंभ करना
The chairman called the meeting to order .
Capital crime — मौत क सज़ा जैसा गुनाह
Murder is a capital crime .
Capital idea — उत् कृष् ट कल् पना
Going on a picnic this Sunday is a capital idea .
Capital punishment — मौत क सज़ा
The murderer was awarded capital punishment .
Carry one’s point — वरोध समाप् त करना
In the beginning Mohan was slightly vague in his speech but
gradually he succeeded in carrying his point .
Carry the day — यशस् वी बनना
The opener scored a century and carried the day .
Cast about for — इंतज़ार म रहना
He will cast about for an opportunity to take revenge on you .
Catch one’s eye — ध् यान ख चना
I could not catch his eye , else I would have greeted him .
Chicken-hearted fellow — डरपोक आदमी
A chicken-hearted man like you will never make a soldier .
Clear off — जाना, भागना
 Don’t bother me ? Clear off !
Close-fisted man — कंजूस
Alhough having lot of money, he is a close-fisted man .
Close shave — बाल-बाल बचना
My car was just about to dash against the lamp post. It was quite a
close shave .
Cock and bull story — मनगढ़ं त कहानी
Who would believe such a cock and bull story ?
Cold-blooded murder — घृ णत हत् या
Karan had committed a cold-blooded murder so, the judge didn’t show
any mercy in awarding death sentence .
Cold feet — डर जाना
At the sight of his opponent he got cold feet .
Cold reception — ऊपरी मन से सत् कार
I wonder why she gave him such a cold reception .
Cold shoulder — कसी का साथ अ य लगना
He tried to talk to her, but she gave him the cold shoulder .
Come of age — बा लग हो जाना
Now that you have come of age , you should take your own decisions
Come off it —अवां छत आदत को छोड़ना
Come off it , don’t start with that boasting again .
Come to an end — समाप् त होना
It was such a boring film that I thought it would never come to an end
Come to light — पता चलना
The conspiracy came to light at the right time and plotters were
arrested .
Come up to — बराबर होना
The profit from this deal with M/s Renuka Enterprise has not come up
to my expectations .
Come up with — उत् तम वचार होना
I must say you have Come up with an excellent idea .
Commanding view — ऊंचाई से दखने वाला श् य
Come we can go up and get a commanding view of the harbour from
the hill top .
Confirmed bachelor — नामजद कुंआरा
Is he going to marry late or is he a confirmed bachelor ?
Corresponding to — मलता-जुलता होना
 While digging in the field other day I found an old coin corresponding
to the one shown in this picture .
Cover a lot of ground — वस् तार से कहना
In his very first lecture the professor covered a lot of ground .
Creature comforts — शारी रक सुख-चैन क चीज़
Being rich he would equip his mansion with all creature comforts .
Crocodile tears — बनावट आंसू
He shed crocodile tears at the loss incurred by his friend .
Crux of a problem — समस् या का मुख् य भाग
The crux of the problem is how we are going to raise the funds we
require for this project .
Cry over spilt milk — व् यथ खेद करना
In the beginning only, I had told you that was a bad bargain. It is no
use crying over spilt milk now .
Curtain lecture — एकांत म पत् नी का प त को कोसना
The hen-pecked husband had to endure a curtain lecture every night
Cut a sorry figure — अयोग् य स होना
When asked to make a speech he cut a sorry figure .
Cut out for — योग् य होना
Vikas is not cut out for army .
Cut to the quick — ममभेद बात कहना
Your reproaches cut him to the quick .
(D)
Dance attendance on one — आगे-पीछे घूमना
He danced attendance on her all the time, but she ignored him .
Day in , day out — रोज़-रोज़
He worked , day in, day out to pass his C. A. Examination .
Dead against — बल् कुल खलाफ़
Her mother is dead against her acting in the films .
Dead letter — 1 . गलत पते के कारण डाक घर म पड़ा रहने वाला प
As there was no address on the letter it went to the dead letter office .
2 . लागू नह कया जाने वाला कानून
Several enactments still on the statute book are now a dead letter .
Dead loss — कतई पूरा न होने वाला नुकसान
He invested quite a lot of money in paper business but it proved to be
a dead loss .
Dead of night — आधी रात को
The thief entered the house at dead of night .
Dead silence — पूण स् तब् धता
There was dead silence in the deserted house .
Dead tired — ब त थका आ
Having walked four miles I felt dead tired and immediately fell asleep
Dish something out — ब त सफाई से आलोचना करना
He is a glib talker and very good at dishing out flattery .
Do a city — शहर म घूमकर आकषक स् थान दे खना
While I do the city you can relax in the hotel and watch the television .
Do away with — नष् ट करना
The murderer seems to have done away with the body .
Done to death — मार डालना
The poor man was done to death by repeated lathi blows on the head
.
Do well — ग त करना, यश पाना
He is doing quite well in his new business .
Dog-eared book — जस पुस् तक म प के कोने खास वाक् य या प रच् छेद क
नशानी के तौर पर मुड़े ए ह
This dog-eared book suggests that you have read it carefully and
marked the important pages .
Down and out — हतोत् साह होना
He was without money and without food. In short, just down and out .
Draw out a person — कसी व् य क इच् छा के व चतुराई से उससे जानकारी
ाप् त करना
For a long time he was reluctant to say anything, but in the end I
managed to draw him out .
Draw a line — मयादा तय करना
I can at the most give you one thousand rupees. And then I must
draw a line .
Drop a line — छोटा सा प लखना
As soon as I get to Bombay, I’ll drop you a line .
Drop a subject — कसी वषय पर ववाद बंद करना
We don’t seem to agree, so let us drop the subject .
Drop in on — मलने जाना
Do drop in on me whenever you have the time .
Drop out of — छोड़ दे ना
 He had to drop out of the race when his car broke down .
Dutch courage — शराब पीकर आने वाली झूठ वीरता
He showed a lot of Dutch courage , but got frightened as the drink
wore off .
(E)
Ease someone out — शष् टतापूवक नौकरी से नकालना
After the two companies merged a number of their officers had to be
eased out .
Easy Come, easy go — बना यास ाप् त होना/खच हो जाना
He inherited great wealth but spent it all foolishly. It was a case of
easy Come, easy go .
Eat humble pie — गव त् यागना, वन हो जाना
He used to boast about his intelligence. Now with such bad
examination results he has to eat the humble pie .
Eat one’s words — शब् द वा पस लेना
He was vehemently insisting on his point, but finally had to eat his
words , when the truth came out .
Eat out — होटल म भोजन करना
When you eat out , what restaurant do you generally go to ?
Elbow room — काम करने क स् वतं ता
He is a go-getter and needs just elbow room to succeed .
Err on the safe side — दो पयाय म नुकसान न दे ने वाला पयाय-गलत हो तो भी
स् वीकारना
To err on the safe side , I gave him fifty-five when he asked seventy
pieces .
Escape notice — ध् यान न जाना I read this copy very carefully, but don’t
know how this mistake escaped my notice .
Escape one’s lips — बोल जाना
Never let that abusive word escape your lips again .
Every now and then — अक् सर, ब धा
We are very good friends and visit each other , every now and then .
(F)
Fast living — ऐश आराम क ज़ न द
् गी
Rich men’s children generally like fast living .
Feather one’s nest —अवैध तरीके से कमाई करके रखना
 The corrupt people are always busy feathering their nests .
Fed up with — तंग आ जाना I am fed up with this daily drudgery .
Feel up to — स् वयं को समथ पाना
Do you feel up to writing letters after a have working day ?
Fellow feeling — भाईचारा, अपनापन
One should have fellow feelings for all .
Few and far between — ब त कम
His visits to our place are now few and far between .
Fight shy of — टालना I fight shy of air travel as it makes me sick .
Fill one in — जानकारी दे ना
As Ramesh could not attend the meeting he asked me to fill him in .
Fish out of water — अ य प र थ त म लोग के बीच होना
I felt like a fish out of water in the company of those scientists .
Flowery style — ब त ला लत् यपूण भाषा शैली
Flowery style is not suited to every kind of writing .
Fly in the face of — जान बूझ कर उल् टा व् यव हार करना
Why should you recklessly fly in the face of danger ?
Fly off at a tangent — बीच म कोई असंब बात छे ड़ना
Stick-to the point. Don’t fly off at a tangent .
For good — हमेशा के लए
He proposes to leave India for good .
For long — ब त समय के लए I cannot go on with this boring work for long.
Force one’s hand — मन क बात कट करने के लए मजबूर करना
I forced his hand to learn the real motive behind his plan .
Forty winks — ब त थोड़ी दे र के लए झपक लेना
After lunch I must have my forty winks .
Fill in for — कसी क जगह लेना
Our manager has not been keeping well. So I have filled in for him .
For the time being — कुछ समय के लए
For the time being I am staying at a hotel, but I propose to rent a flat
shortly
Free-lance — कह नौकरी न करने वाला प कार
He is a free-lance and contributes to several papers and magazines .
French leave — बना बताये चले जाना
The boss is angry with him for taking french leave .
Fresh lease of life —पुनज वत करना
The heart patient ws almost dying. But now through the relentless
 efforts of doctor he has got a fresh lease of life .
Fringe benefits — वेतन के अलावा मलने वाला लाभ
His salary is small, but he gets good fringe benefits .
Face up to — कसी अ य बात को स् वीकारना
You have to face up to the fact that you are not capable of handling
this job .
Fair play — न् यायसंगत वताव I know him well and can count on his sense of
fair play .
Fair sex — नारी जा त
She was the only representative of the fair sex at the meeting .
Fair weather friend — मुसीबत म साथ न दे ने वाला म
Most of the people you are associating with these days are just fair
weather friends .
Fall a prey to — ठग जाना
The innocent man fell a prey to the designs of the cheat .
Fall back upon — कसी चीज का सहारा लेना
If I don’t do well as a businessman I’ll have to fall back upon my old
profession of journalism .
Fall behind in — पछड़ जाना
He fell ill and had to miss his college for a month. As a result he fell
behind in his studies .
Fall foul of — कसी से श् मनी मोल लेना
If this new clerk continues with his criticism like this he will soon fall
foul of the manager .
Fall in with — सहमत होना
He found my plan very profitable and so readily fell in with it .
Fall out of use — योग बंद हो जाना
As a language grows new words are added and many old ones fall
out of use .
Fall out with — झगड़ा करना
It is indeed sad to see that you have fallen out with your best friend .
Fall to one’s lot — नसीब म होना
I fell to my lot to become a writer .
Fall to work — काम आरंभ करना
He fell to work with enthusiasm and completed the job in an hour .
Family likeness — पा रवा रक समानता
There is a family likeness between the two cousins .
Family tree — वंश ता लका
Our family tree is rooted in eighteenth century .
Fan the flame — कसी बुरी बात को ोत् साहन दे ना
Although outwardly he professed loyalty, in secret he was fanning the
flame of sedition .
Fancy price — ब त अ धक मूल् य का होना
He has recently bought an imported TV set at a fancy price .
(G)
Gain ground — धीरे-धीरे ग त करना
India lost the first two matches, but began to gain ground gradually .
Game is not worth the candle —कष् ट क मा ा म याप् त लाभ न होना
If you have to send your article to a dozen editors to get it published, I
must say that the game is not worth the candle .
Get ahead of — आगे नकल जाना
Ram has got ahead of Shyam in mathematics .
Get all dolled up — ब त सजधज कर तैयार होना
She gets all dolled up when she gets ready to go to parties .
Get along with — म वत रहना
He has the knack for getting along with all sorts of people .
Get away with — बुरा काम करके सजा से मुक् त रहना
You can’t cheat me like that and get away with it .
Get by heart — ज़बानी याद करना
Have you got the whole poem by heart ?
Get down to — काम गंभीरतापूवक आरम् भ करना
Now as we have had an hour’s rest let us get down to business .
Get even with — बदला लेना
The other day Arun made a fool of Anil. And now Anil wants to get
even with him .
Get hold of — मतलब समझ पाना
I was quite far from the stage and couldn’t get hold of what the
speaker was saying .
Get into a soup — झंझट म पड़ना
You will get into a soup if you neglect your studies like this .
Get into the swing of things — नई प र थ त म घुल मल जाना
Many of the Indian students don’t take long to get into the swing of
things in the U. S. A
Get on one’s nerves — तग करना
She talks so much that she gets on my nerves .
Get on with — 1 . काम चालू करना
2 . साथ होना
Get on with your work. Naresh and I get on with each other quite well
Get out of — बाहर नकल जाना
Sita is a very affectionate mother and does not let her children get out
of her sight .
Get out of line — अनुशासन भंग करना
The headmaster warned unruly Gopal that he would be expelled if he
got out of line in future .
Get rid of — छु टकारा पाना
Don’t ask what all I had to do to get rid of a bore like Vinay .
Get the better of — वजय पाना, मात करना
He easily got the better of her in the argument .
Get the sack — नौकरी से हटाया जाना
He is thoroughly incompetent and I know that one day he will get the
sack .
Get the upper hand — मात करना, मुखता ाप् त करना
It was a keenly fought match, but in the end I got the upper hand .
Get through with — काम पूरा करना
When will you get through with your homework ?
Get wind of — रहस् य का पता लगाना
There was a well-guarded conspiracy, but somehow the government
got wind of it .
Get word — संदेश मलना
I got word that my brother had suddenly become ill .
Gift of the gab — भाषण कला
He has a gift of the gab and can hold his audience spellbound .
Give a break — अवसर दे ना
Considering the fact that it was his first offence the judge gave him a
break and let him off only with a warning .
Give a piece of mind — कोसना
He is so negligent in his work that I had to give him a piece of my mind
.
Give a ring — टे लीफोन करना
I’ll give you a ring as soon as I get there .
Give a wide berth — टालना, र रखना
He is not to be trusted. You should always give him a wide berth.
Give chapter and verse — सा बत होना
I can give you chapter and verse for every statement I am making .
Give currency to — फैलाना, ज़ा हर करना
Many new words in English have got currency . of late .
Give into — मान लेना, सहमत होना
He gave into her wishes .
Give quarter — सहानु भू त दखाना
The conqueror gave no quarter to the defeated .
Give the go by — भूलना, टालना
There are many old religious practices to which we have now given
the go by .
Give the slip — चकमा दे कर भाग जाना
As the thief saw the policeman he gave him the slip by getting into a
nearby lane .
Given to — व् यसन होना
I was sorry to see that he was given to heavy drinking .
Go a long way — काफ हद तक उपयुक् त होना
This amount will go a long way in defraying your trip’s expenses .
Go hand-in-hand — साथ-साथ चलना
Going hand-in-hand with this expansion programme of the company
is a massive plan of modernisation .
Go in for — च लेना
What sports do you go in for ?
Go off the deep end — जल् द से कुछ कर बैठना
Think with a cool mind. There is no need to go off the deep end and
act foolishly .
Go through channels — योग् य माग से
You will have to go through the channels if you want your
representation for promotion to be considered .
Go through fire and water — कोई भी खतरा मोल लेना
A patriot is ready to go through fire and water to serve his motherland
Go through with — कोई काम अंत तक करते रहना
Do you have the determination enough to go through with this job ?
Go to law — कानून का सहारा लेना
In the western countries people go to law on very petty issues .
Go to rack and ruin — वनाश होना
The government must do something to save this sick sugar mill from
going to rack and ruin .
Go to town —कोई काम ध् यानपूवक करना
The interior decorator went to town on my flat and made it like a
palace .
Go without saying — स् पष् ट होना
It goes without saying that honesty pays in the long run .
Going concern — अच् छ तरह चलने वाला व् यवसाय
He has expanded his business and it is now a going concern .
Golden mean — बीच का माग
We shall not go to the extremes, rather find a golden mean between
the two .
Golden opportunity — ब त अनुकूल प र थ त, स् व णम अवसर
It was a golden opportunity for me to show my mettle .
Good deal — ब त मा ा म
This sofa set has cost me a good deal of money .
Good hand — 1 . कुशल, वीण
She is quite a good hand at knitting .
2 . अच् छ लखावट
You have a good hand .
Good humour — सन् न चत् त होना
He has got a promotion today so he is in good humour .
Good offices — सहयोग से
This dispute between the two countries can be resolved only through
the good offices of Irrigation Ministers .
Green room — नैपथ् य, अ भनेता का भेष-भूषा का कमरा
After the play was over I went to the green room to see the hero .
Grow grey — एक ही काम म जदगी बताना
Prasad began working at the age of twenty, and has grown grey in the
same office .
Grow out of — आयु बढ़ने के साथ कोई आदत छू टना
As child he used to stutter, but now has grown out of it .
(H)
Hall mark — उत् कृष् टता क नशानी
He is generally a good painter, but Batik painting is one of his hall
 marks .
Hammer and tongs — बड़े ज़ोर-ज़ोर से
The opposition went for the government’s policies hammer and tongs
.
Hang by a thread — ब त नाजुक थ त म होना
Naresh has been badly injured in the train accident and he is still
hanging by a thread .
Hang fire — दे र होना
This matter had been hanging fire for more than a month .
Hard boiled — व् यवसाय के आगे भावना क क मत न रखना
He is a hard-boiled businessman .
Hard of hearing — कुछ हद तक बहरा
You will have to speak a little louder, as Mr. Rao is hard of hearing
Hard up — पय क तंगी होना
Ever since he has left his job he has been quite hard up .
Haul over the coals — कोसना, भत् सना करना
The boss hauled him over the coals for his insubordination .
Have a brush with — थोड़ी सी अनबन होना
Our union’s president had a brush with the general secretary in a
meeting last week .
Have a finger in the pie — कसी चीज़ म हस् सा होना
Why should you be so interested in what he is being paid? Do you
have a finger in the pie ?
Have a mind — राज़ी होना, द ल करना
He can be very funny if he has a mind .
Have a thing at one’s finger tips — पूणत: ान होना
He has the Maratha history at his finger tips .
Have an easy time of it — आराम होना
As long as Mr. Rao was there as the manager the staff had an easy
time of it , but now things have changed .
Have another guess coming — ग़लत होना
If you think I’ll be with you in this mischief you have another guess
coming .
Have been to — कसी स् थान का हो आना
Have you been to Bombay of late .
Have clean hands — नद ष पाना
You can’t suspect him of taking bribery. I am sure his hands are clean
 .
Have in hand — कोई काम हाथ म होना
What job do you have in hand at present ?
Have it out with — झगड़ा करना
I am sure he has cheated me, and I am going to have it out with him .
Have an eye on a thing — कसी वस् तु पर रखना
Be content with what you have. Don’t have an eye on others things .
Have one’s hands full — कसी काम म व् यस् त होना
Please do not ask me to do anything more, my hands are already full
Have one’s heart set on — ब त इच् छा रखना
Ever since he had heard of accounts of the U.S.A. from his brother
he has his heart set on going abroad .
Have one’s way — अपनी ही बात करना
Little children must have their way in everything .
Have the right ring — ठ क महसूस होना
The statesman’s speech about the problem had the right ring about it
Have too many irons in the fire — एक ही साथ अनेक काम करने क को शश
करना
Beware of your health breaking down under the strain of overwork; I
think you have too many irons in the fire .
Help oneself to — स् वयं ले लेना
Please help yourself to whatever you would like to have .
Hen-pecked husband — जो का गुलाम
Prakash is known among his friends as an hen-pecked husband .
Herculean task — ब त क ठन काय
Preparing such a big report in such a short time was indeed a
herculean task .
Hide one’s light under a bushel — गुण छु पाकर रखना
To keep such a learned man in his present obscure position is like
hiding his light under a bushel .
High and low — सव
I searched for my pen high and low .
High-flown style — पां डत् यपूण शैली
He has a high-flown style which does not cater to masses .
High living — ऐश आराम क ज़ न द ् गी
Many diseases are brought on by high living .
High noon — मध् या
 At high noon during summer in Delhi people generally keep indoors .
High time — ठ क समय होना
It is high time to get up .
Hit it off — घुल- मल जाना
She and her husband do not seem to hit it off .
Hit the nail on the head — स ही बात कहना
The reviewer hit the nail on the head when he wrote that the main
shortcoming of the book was the author’s ignorance of the subject .
Hold on to — मजबूती से पकड़े रहना
he held on to the rope for fear of falling .
Hold one’s own — अपना स् थान जमा के रखना
Will you be able to hold your own in front of a great player like him ?
Hold one’s tongue — खामोश रहना
She talked so much that I had to ask her to hold her tongue .
Hold out against — तकार जारी रखना
Although our force was small we held out against a large number of
enemies .
Husband one’s resources — कसी गाढ़े समय के लए साम ी बचाकर रखना
We were careful to husband our resources for our journey across the
desert .
Hush money — रश् वत
A lot of hush money passed between the minister and his favourite
business house .
(I)
Idle compliment — झूठ शंसा
Although he praised my work yet I knew it was an idle compliment .
In a bad way — स् वास् य चन् ताजनक होना
Rajiv had an accident yesterday and now he is in a had way .
In a body — सब मलाकर
The boys went in a body to the headmaster to request him to declare
a holiday on account of their winning a cricket match .
In a fair way — अच् छ सम् भावना होना
The doctor thinks that Ramesh is in a fair way to recovery .
In a fix — वधा म पड़ना
I could not decide whether to leave or stay— I was in a fix .
In a mess — संकट म पड़ना
 Do your work properly, else you’ll get into a mess .
In a person’s good books — कसी का य होना
Ram is a bright boy and naturally in his teacher’s good books .
In a temper — गुस् से म होना
The boss seems to be in a temper today .
In a word — सं ेप म
In a word he doesn’t care for your company .
In an instant — एक ही ण म
In an instant the panther leapt onto its prey .
In all — सब मलाकर
In all there were thirty students in the class .
In a bad taste — अ य होना
You should not have criticised him so viciously. It was in a bad taste .
In course of time — समय बीतने पर
In course of time the little boy grew into a fine young man .
In keeping with — अनुकूल
I knew he would help you. This is in keeping with his character .
In one’s element — अनुकूल प र थ त म होना
Everyone at the party laughed at his jokes and I could see that he
was in his element .
In one’s line — पेशे के अनुकूल होना
He writes quite well. After all this is in his line .
In one’s teens — कशोर अवस् था म होना
Some girls get married while still in their teens .
In the air — कसी खबर क अफवाह उड़ाना
It’s in the air that he is going to become a minister .
In the chair — सभाप त के स् थान पर
Who was in the chair at the meeting ?
In the doldrums — ग त क जाना
On account of trade recession his business is in the doldrums for
more than a year .
In the same boat — समान प र थ त म होना
Don’t get worked up about financial problems. We are in the same
boat .
In time — समय पर
Did you reach office in time ?
In the long run — अंत म
 You will find that he proves to be your best friend in the long run .
In the van — सबसे आगे
Kalidas will always be in the van of Sanskrit poets .
In vain — व् यथ म
The doctor’s all efforts went in vain and the patient could not be saved
.
Ins and outs — पूरा ववरण
Only Prakash knows the ins and outs of this affair .
Iron hand — कठोरता
The despots usually rule their kingdom with an iron hand .
Iron will — बलवती इच् छा
Sardar Patel is known as a man of an iron will .
(J)
Jack of all trades — सब काम कर सकने वाला व् य
Anand is a jack of all trades and master of none .
Jail bird — बार-बार जेल जाने वाला अपराधी
He being a notorious jail bird the judge did not show any mercy to him
.
Join in with — हस् सा लेना
We requested him to join in with us, but he preferred to act
independently .
Jaundiced eye — पूवा ह सत
Don’t look at the proposal with a jaundiced eye .
Jump to a conclusion — पूरा वचार न करते ए
Don’t jump to the conclusion that Ravi does not care for you only
because he could not help you this time .
Just the thing — बलकुल सही
You are being critical but in my opinion Arun’s appointment to this
post is just the thing .
(K)
Keep a thing to oneself — राज़ न खोलना
I knew he did not mean what he was saying, so I kept the whole thing
to myself .
Keep an eye on — नगरानी रखना
Please keep an eye on my suitcase while I buy my ticket .
Keep body and soul together — जी वत रहना
His income is just enough to keep his body and soul together .
Keep company with — संगत करना
If you keep company with bad people you will automatically acquire
bad habits .
Keep good time — ठ क समय बताना
My watch always keeps good time .
Keep in mind — न भूलना
Please keep in mind that you promised to phone her this evening .
Keep in the dark — जानकारी न दे ना
Why did you keep me in dark about your illness .
Keep in touch with — संपक बनाए रखना
He promised to keep in touch with us while he was abroad .
Keep late hours — दे र तक जगे रहना
If you keep late hours , you will ruin your health .
Keep on with — एक ही काम करते रहना
I asked him to check these proofs and he has kept on with it for the
last four hours .
Keep one’s head — गाढ़े समय म धैय रखना
When I saw a thief enter the room I kept my head and bolted the door
from outside .
Keep out of the way — र रखना
Keep selfish people like Govind out of the way .
Keep pace with — उसी ग त से
Jeewan is really fast in Mathematics. I cannot keep pace with him .
Keep someone at arm’s length — पास फटकने न दे ना
He is a cheat so I take care to keep him at arm ’s length .
Keep the wolf from the door — द र ता से संघष करना
The poor man found it hard to keep the wolf from the door .
Keep to the house — घर से बाहर न जाना
He has not been keeping well of late so he keeps to the house.
Keep track of — नोट करके रखना
We are going to keep track of all our expenses while we are in the
U.S.A.
Keep up with — उसी ग त से चलना
Ram walks so fast that it is difficult to keep up with him .
Kick a habit — आदत छोड़ दे ना
 He used to be quite a heavy smoker. I wonder how Come he has
kicked this habit .
Kick something around — कसी स् ताव पर वचार करना
They will first kick around with many proposals and then finally settle
on one .
Kill two birds with one stone — एक ही समय म दो काम करना
While in New Delhi I’ll call on a friend and also do some shopping.
Thus, I’ll kill two birds with one stone .
Knock off — कोई काम खत् म करना
You have been working since morning—now knock it off .
Know by sight — शक् ल से पहचानना
Although I haven’t been introduced to our new neighbour, yet I know
him by sight .
knowing look — सारग भत ेप
He gave me a knowing look , when I said I was busy in the evening .
(L)
Laid up with — बीमार होकर बस् तर पर पड़े रहना
He was out in the rain yesterday and now is laid up with cold and feve
.
Lame excuse — न जंचने वाला बहाना
Whenever Virendra is late for office he gives some lame excuse .
Land on one’s feet — कसी खतरे से बच नकलना
It was dangerous dive in the air, but he finally landed on his feet .
Laugh in one’s sleeve — मन म हंसना
He was wearing a funny dress at the party. And everyone was
laughing in his sleeve .
Laughing stock — हंसी मज़ाक का नशाना बनना
He talked nonsense and made himself the laughing stock at the party
Lay bare — राज खोलना
I can’t rest until I’ve laid bare this conspiracy .
Lay down the law — क् म चलाना
In his house his wife lays down the law .
Lay hands on — जबदस् ती पकड़ना
The bandit laid hands on the poor travellers .
Lay one’s hand on — ज़ रत क चीज़ का मल जाना
I hope I’m lucky to lay my hand on the history book, I’m looking for .
Lay oneself open to — स् वयं को खतरे म डालना
Fault finders lay themselves open to attack if they make a slip
anywhere .
Lay up for a rainy day — गाढ़े वक् त के लए इंतजाम कर रखना
Don’t spend your money so lavishly. You should lay up something for
a rainy day .
Lay waste — नष् ट करना
During the World War II many cities in Europe were laid waste by
continuous bombardment .
Lead a charmed life — बड़े-बड़े खतर से बच नकलना
I wonder how he has come out unscathed from this dangerous
mission. He seems to be leading a charmed life .
Lead a person a dance — कसी को ज़ रत से ज् यादा तकलीफ दे ना
Why don’t you pay him his dues instead of leading him a dance ?
Lead by the nose — कसी को अपने क् म के नीचे रखना
He is quite a henpecked husband and is led by nose by his wife .
Leading question — जसका उ र श् न म ही न हत है
The lawyer asked the witness many a leading question .
Leave in the lurch — क ठनाई म साथ छोड़ दे ना
He stood by me as long as all was well, but left me in the lurch the
moment he sensed danger .
Leave much to be desired — संतोषजनक न होना
The arrangements they made for the function left much to be desired
Leave the beaten track — घसी- पट लक र से हटना
This author has left the beaten track and suggested a fresh look on
the age-old problem of casteism .
Leave to oneself — अकेले छोड़ना
At times I prefer to be left to myself .
Left-handed compliment — उल् टा अथ नकलने वाली शंसा
It is no left-handed compliment . You really acted very well .
Legal tender — सरकारी मान् यता ाप् त
Thousand rupee notes are not legal tender any more .
Lend a hand — सहायता करना
Let us all lend him a hand in carrying these books to the basement .
Lend one’s ear — ध् यान से सुनना
Friends , lend me your ears .
Let bygones be bygones — बीती बात भूल जाना
 We are now friends, so let bygones be bvgones .
Let fly — ज़ोर से फकना
The boy let fly a stone in the direction of the dog .
Let go of — छोड़ दे ना
Don’t let go of the rope until I tell you .
Let loose — खुला छोड़ना
The dogs were let loose on the running thief .
Let the cat out of the bag — भेद खोलना
Ramesh let the cat out of the bag when he said Renu was just
pretending to be ill because she did not want to go to school .
Let the grass grow under your feet — कसी काम म वलंब करना
Do this work quickly; don’t let the grass grow under your feet .
Lie in one’s power — समथ होना
I will do whatever lies in my power to get you the job .
Lie in wait for — इन् तज़ार म रहना
The tiger hid and lay in wait for its prey .
Light-fingered gentry — पा कटमार
As he reached his trousers’ pocket for his wallet he realised that he
had fallen a victim to the light fingered gentry .
Light reading — उपन् यास आ द हलका सा हत् य
I think I’ll do some light reading during train journey to pass time .
Light sleeper — आसानी से जगने वाला व् य
I am a light sleeper and even a slight sound can wake me up .
Lion’s share — ब त बड़ा हस् सा होना
The lion ’s share of his profit was appropriated by his financier .
Little by little — धीरे-धीरे
His health is improving, but little by little .
Live from hand to mouth — मुफ लसी म गुजारा करना
Majority of Indian population lives from hand to mouth .
Live it up — ऐश आराम क ज़ दगी बताना
The rich man’s son went to America and lived it up .
Live up to — वचन का नवाह करना
Kuldip had great expectations of his son but he did not live up to them
.
Long and short — सं ेप म
The long and short of what I have to say to you is that you are
inefficient .
Long winded — भाषण का लम् बा होना
The audience visibly appeared bored with his long winded speech .
Look a gift horse in the mouth — मले ए उपहार क आलोचना करना
You should not say that the book Mohan has gifted you is rubbish. It
is improper to look a gift horse in the mouth .
Look back on — स् मरण करना
It is usually pleasant to look back on the childhood memories .
Look daggers at someone — कसी को ब त गुस् से से घूरना
What have I done? Why are you looking daggers at me ?
Look down upon — घृणा करना
We should not look down upon him just because he is poor .
Look every inch — सही-सही लगना
He looks every inch a king .
Look forward to — उत् सुकता से ती ा करना
We are all looking forward to your visit to Bombay .
Look out for — खोज म होना
I am on the look out for a good second hand car .
Look up to — आदर करना
When Gandhiji was alive everybody used to look up to him .
Lord it over — शासन करना
Try to be independent. Don’t let others lord over you .
Lose ground — पछड़ जाना
To begin with he was ahead of others in the race; but later he lost
ground .
Lose heart — धीरज खोना
Don’t lose heart , everything will be all right in due course .
Lose one’s cool — उत् ते जत होना
One should not lose one’s cool even in the most difficult situation .
Lose one’s head — संयम खो बैठना
You are of course in a fix but still you must not lose your head .
Lose one’s touch — पहले क कुशलता
I’m afraid I will not be able to play well anymore; I seem to have lost
my touch .
Lose one’s way — रास् ता भूलना
We had gone for hunting, but while returning lost our way in the wood
.
(M)
Maiden name — ववा हत स् ी का ववाहपूव नाम
What is the maiden name of Mrs. Kapur ?
Maiden speech — पहला भाषण
The new M.P . of our area promised to bring electricity in our town in
his maiden speech .
Make a clean breast of something — सब कुछ बता दे ना
The accused made a clean breast of everything .
Make a hash — गड़बड़ घोटाला कर दे ना
Don’t meddle in my cooking. You will make a hash of everything .
Make a mountain of a molehill — छोट सी बात को बढ़ा चढ़ाकर पेश करना
This job will not take you more than a few minutes. So don’t make a
mountain of a molehill .
Make a living — जी वका चलाना
In India it is difficult to make a living as an artist .
Make a point — कोई काम न त प से करने का वचार रखना
I make it a point of buying a new book every month .
Make a virtue of necessity — कोई अ य काय मजबूरी म करना, ले कन कतव् य-
पालन का आभास दलाना
Knowing that the landlord was about to drive him out he vacated the
house himself. Thus making a virtue of necessity .
Make an example of — उदाहरण दे ना या मलना
I must make an example of behaving in the same rude manner as he
does with others .
Make amends for — त-पू त करना
By his good deed today he had made amends for past misbehaviour .
Make away with — चोरी से भाग जाना
The thief made away with a thousand rupees .
Make believe — वश् वास दलाना
The little girl made believe that she was a princess .
Make bold to — जसको करने के लए ढ़ाढस क आवश् यकता है, ऐसा काय करना
We made bold to call directly on the minister to present our
memorandum of demands .
Make both ends meet — आय म गुजारा कर पाना
In a poor country like India a lot of people find it difficult to make both
ends meet .
Make common cause with — कसी काय म कसी को सहयोग दे ना
I will make common cause with you in your efforts to eradicate the evi
 of casteism from the country .
Make fun of — कसी का मज़ाक उड़ाना
Anita had made a very funny hairdo for the party and everybody
made fun of it.
Make hay while the sun shines — प र थ त अनुकूल होने का फायदा उठाना
When business was good he worked hard and made money; he
believes in making hay while the sun shines .
Make it up with — सुलह करना
I had quarrelled with Ram yesterday, but now I have made it up with
him .
Make light of — वशेष मह ् व न दे ना
Although Naresh had committed a serious mistake in the ledger yet
he tried to make light of it .
Make much ado about nothing — छोट सी बात का ब त शोर मचाना
I am only five minutes late, so don’t make much ado about nothing .
Make much of — ब त मह ् व दे ना
Every mother makes much of her children .
Make neither head nor tail — कुछ भी समझ म न आना
He was so confused that I could make neither head nor tail of what he
said .
Make no bones about — कसी बात को साफ-साफ कह दे ना
She made no bones about her distaste for mathematics .
Make off with — चोरी से लेकर भाग जाना
The thief made off with a thousand rupees .
Make one fire — साह सक काय करना
I am amazed at your capacity for hard work and I wonder what makes
you fire .
Make his mark — गुण से सम् मान ाप् त करना
It did not take him long to make his mark at the college .
Make their mouth water — मुंह म पानी भरना
As I was hungry the sight of cakes made my mouth water .
Make his way — तकूल प र थ त म धीरे-धीरे ग त करना, आगे जाना
I made my way through the great crowd .
Make oneself at home — अपना ही घर समझकर बना संकोच व् यवहार करना
Please make yourself at home ; there is no need to be formal .
Make oneself scarce — चले जाना
Don’t trouble me . Make yourself scarce .
Make short of — जल् द खत् म कर दे ना
Our lawyer was quite smart and made short of the defence counsel’s
arguments .
Make the best of — तकूल प र थ त को खुशी से झेलना
If we cannot find a larger apartment we will continue living here and
make the best of what we have .
Make the best of a bad bargain — नराशाजनक प र थ त का यथासम् भव लाभ
उठाना
As the cloth was little damaged, I got it very cheap; thus making the
best of a bad bargain .
Make up for — तपू त करना
You will have to make up for the loss you have caused .
Make up one’s mind — सोचकर काय क दशा तय करना
Have you made up your mind about my proposal to go to Simla this
summer ?
Make up to — खुशामद करना
Ramkrishan has been making up to the manager in the hope of a
promotion .
Man in a thousand — हज़ार म एक
I like Ramesh very much; in my opinion he is a man in a thousand .
Man in the street — सवसाधारण व् य / त न ध
The critics praised him as a great author but the man in the street did
not think much of him .
Man of letters — सा हत् यकार
He started writing at a very young age and is now an acknowledged
man of letters .
Man of parts — व वध गुण वाला व् य
He is a singer, a dancer and a musician; in short a man of parts .
Man of straw — जसम कुछ दम नह , ऐसा व् य
Gulzar is a man of straw. You cannot possibly rely on him .
Meet one half way — समझौता करना
I cannot accept, but I am prepared to meet you half way .
Middle age — चालीस से साठ के दरम् यान क आयु
Although he is middle aged yet he looks quite young .
Milk of human kindness — दया का भाव
She is full of the milk of human kindness .
Mind one’s own business — सर के काम म दखल न दे ना, अपना ही काम करना
 Mind your own business ; don’t interfere in my personal affairs .
Miss the boat — अवसर खोना
It was a golden opportunity for him to make a profit, but choosy as he
is, he missed the boat .
Moot point — ववाद का वषय
Whether school children should be given sex education or not is a
moot point .
Move heaven and earth — कसी काम के लए अत् य धक यत् न करना
He will move heaven and earth to find out about the murderer .
(N)
Naked eye — कसी उपकरण क सहायता के बना दे खना
You can not look straight at the sun at noon with naked eye .
Narrow escape — बाल-बाल बचना
No sooner did we run out of the burning house than it collapsed. It
was indeed a narrow escape .
Never mind — कोई बात नह , कष् ट करने क कोई ज़ रत नह
Never mind , if you cannot arrange for the books I had asked for .
Next to nothing — करीब-करीब कुछ भी नह
The children have eaten the entire loaf of bread and there is next to
nothing left .
Nine days wonder — केवल थोड़े ही दन के लए ध् यान आ क षत करने वाली कोई
नयी चीज़
Many a scientific inventions have proved just nine day’s wonders .
Nip in the bud — कोई चीज़ ारंभ म ही/बाल् यावस् था म ही खत् म कर दे ना
The government nipped the revolt in the bud .
No love lost between — अनबन/ श् मनी होना
Although Mr. Sharma and Mr. Verma do not quarrel openly there is no
love lost between them .
No matter — कुछ भी हो तो भी
No matter where the thief tries to hide, the police will find him out .
Not fit to hold a candle — नचले दज का होना
Most of the English dramatists are not even fit to hold a candle to
Shakespeare .
Not on your life — बल् कुल नह
I asked Ashok if he was interested in joining politics and he retorted :
“ not on your life ”.
Not worth his salt — नालायक व् य
I had employed him as he had brought good certificates, but I soon
found out that he was really not worth his salt .
Now and then — कभी-कभी
I don’t often fall ill, but now and then I do catch cold .
Null and void — व् यथ
This offer is open for six months, after which it will become null and
void .
(O)
Of a piece — समान, स श
Ram and Shayam are of a piece in their general conduct .
Of late — आजकल
Of late many girls have started dressing like boys .
Off and on — कभी-कभी, अ नय मत प से
He drops in off and on for a chat with me .
Off one’s head — बु ष् ट होना
How can you say I won’t help you? Are you off your head ?
Oily tongue — खुशामद क भाषा
I have seen many people falling prey to his oily tongue .
On edge — उत् सुकता से बेचैन होना
Expecting his examination result any moment he was on an edge
throughout .
On one’s guard — सावधान/सचेत रहना
He tried to trick me, but I was on my guard .
On one’s last legs — खत् म होने क तैयारी म होना
This hotel project is on its last legs now .
On purpose — जानबूझकर
I suspect he made that mistake on purpose .
On the alert — सावधान
The commander asked the guards to be on the alert .
On the double — एकदम, जल् द
Double up to your quarters soldiers .
On the eve of — कसी काय का समय आ प ंचने पर
On the eve of his marriage he fell ill .
On the look out — सावधान/सचेत रहना
The police inspector asked all constables to be on the look out for the
 thief .
On the spot — तत् काल, उसी ण
During police firing one man died on the spot .
On the wane — भाव कम होते जाना
The British Empire’s influence is now on the wane .
On the whole — साधारणतया
I have slight doubts about certain things, but on the whole , I agree
with you .
On time — समय पर
Did you reach office on time today ?
Once and for all — आ खरी बार न त प से
I am warning you once and for all to mend your ways .
Once in a while — कभी-कभी, एकाध बार
Earlier I used to see a film every Sunday, but now I go only once in a
while .
Once upon a time — ाचीन काल म ( कसी समय)
Once upon a time there was a king, who was very powerful .
One and all — सबके सब
The soldiers one and all were drunk .
Open fire — गोली चलाना ारंभ करना
As the enemy approached, we opened fire .
Open-handed man — पए उदारता से ख़च करने वाला व् य
He is an open-handed man and will certainly help you with money .
Open-hearted man — खुले दल का आदमी
He is an open-hearted person and liked by all .
Open mind — कसी बात पर नणय पर न प ंचना
I have an open mind on this question .
Open one’s mind — अपने (गुप् त) वचार बता दे ना
She opened her mind to me and told me that she was in love with him
.
Open question — अ नण त बात
Whether the government will accept opposition’s this proposal or not
is an open question .
Open secret — ऐसा राज़ जो सबको मालूम हो गया है
It is an open secret that this film star is bald and wears a wig .
Order of the day — कोई चीज़ या काय च लत होना
Nowadays jeans are the order of the day among youth .
Out and out — पूरी तरह से
He is out and out a docile character .
Out at elbows — गरीब, नधन
He has suffered heavy losses in business and is now out at elbows .
Out of breath — थक जाना, जोर-जोर से सांस लेना
He ran very fast and was out of breath , when he reached here .
Out of date — पुराना
Double-breasted coats are now out of date .
Out of doors — घर के बाहर
One must spend some time out of doors everyday .
Out of favour — खफा होना
Mr. Sharma, once a great favourite of our boss, now seems to be out
of favour with him .
Out of hand — बना वलम् ब, तत् काल
If you do this job out of hand you will be free in the evening .
Out of one’s mind — पागल हो जाना
You are shouting and screaming as if you are out of your mind .
Out of order — काम न करने वाला यं
I had to take a taxi because my car was out of order .
Out of pocket — पैसे न होना
I’m sorry I cannot lend you any money as I am out of pocket myself .
Out of sight, out of mind — कोई चीज़ अथवा कोई काय सामने न होने से/ दखने से
भूल जाना
Even when I was in Bombay I remembered you always. It was not a
question of out of sight, out of mind .
Out of sorts — स् वा य थोड़ा सा ठ क न होना
I feel out of sorts today .
Out of step — असाम यक अथवा असंब
Your remark is quite out of step in what we are discussing .
Out of temper — गुस् से म होना
Be on your guard, the boss seems to be out of temper today .
Over and over — बार-बार
He is such a dull boy that I have to explain to him the same thing over
and over .
Over head and ears — दलोजान से (प् यार करना)
He is over head and ears in love with her .
Over night — रात म
 It’s quite late, why don’t you stay here over night ?
Over and above — इसके अलावा
Over and above this consideration, there is another I wish to mention
.
Over one’s head — समझ म न आना
The speech of chairman was so pedantic that it went over the heads
of the audience .
(P)
Part and parcel — उसी का अंग होना
Every person is part and parcel of the society .
Passing strange — अत् य धक आश् चयजनक
Rakesh has turned out to be spy for the enemy! It’s passing strange .
Pay one back in his own coin — जैसे को तैसा
Don’t play tricks on him, otherwise he will pay you back in your own
coin .
Pick a lock — कुंजी के बना ताला खोलना
The burglar picked the lock and broke into the house .
Pick a quarrel with — कसी के साथ उलझना
The soldier was furious over his insulting remark and was
determined to pick a quarrel with the sailor .
Pick holes — ु टयां नकालना
Scientists tried to pick holes in his theory .
Pick pocket — पा कट मारना
A young boy was arrested by the police for picking a man’s pocket .
Pick up the tale — सरे का बल चुकाना
When he went abroad to attend an international conference, his
company picked up the tale .
Pin something on — कसी को ज़ म् मेदार ठहराना
Despite his best efforts the public prosecutor could not pin the
robbery on the accused .
Pink of condition — उत् तम स् वास् थ् य होना
If you want to make a name as an athlete you must be in the pink of
condition .
Piping hot — ब त गम/ताज़ा
I always prefer to have my tea piping hot .
Play a trick on — कसी के साथ मज़ाक करना
 The boys tried to play a trick on the professor, but he was too clever
for them .
Play fast and loose with — काम पूरा न करने क परवाह न करना
You promised to stitch my shirt by today. But you haven’t. How can
you play fast and loose with your promises like this .
Play second fiddle — नचला स् थान स् वीकारना
He always plays second fiddle .
Play something by the ear — अन् दाज़ से कायवाही करना
As I did not know much of subject, I decided to play it by the ear rathe
than show my ignorance by asking a lot of questions .
Play the game — नयमानुसार करना
Whatever you do, always play the game .
Play truant — भाग जाना
Playing truant is a bad practice among school children which should
be checked at a proper stage .
Play up to — खुशामद करना
Ravi plays up to every girl he meets .
Plume oneself on — ड ग मारना
Vikas always plumes himself on his record in mathematics .
Pocket an insuit — अपमान सहकर खामोश रहना
A debtor, unable to pay, has to often pocket insults from his creditor .
Poet laureate — राजक व
Wordsworth was the poet laureate for England during the early
nineteenth century .
Point blank — तत् काल
When I asked him to loan me 200 rupees, he refused point blank .
Poison the mind — कसी के खलाफ दमाग म ज़हर घोलना
Ramesh tried to poison my mind against Umesh .
Pros and cons — कसी समस् या के परस् पर वरोधी अंग
Don’t pester me about your appointment. I shall take a decision only
after weighing the pros and cons of the matter .
Provide against a rainy day — बुरे दन के लए बचत करना
Wise men save to provide against a rainy day .
Pull one’s punches — नम आलोचना करना
When I complained to the neighbour about his vicious dog, I did not
pull any punches .
Pull one’s weight — ज़ म् मेदारी नभाना
 If you do not pull your weight you will be sacked .
Pull oneself together — स् वयं पर काबू पाना
You can’t go on weeping like this over bad results . Pull your self
together .
Pull well with — मलजुलकर काम करना
I resigned my job because I could not pull well with my ill-tempered
boss .
Put a spoke in one’s wheel — ग त म कावट
Babu Ram was getting on well in business till Lala Ram opened a
rival establishment and thus put a spoke in his wheel .
Put down in black and white — लखकर रखना
I am not lying. The evidence is here in black and white .
Put it to one — राय के लए पेश करना
I put it to you , is it wise to squander money like this .
Put on trial — केस करना
Although Ram hadn’t stolen any money he was put on trial .
Put one on his guard — कसी को सावधान करना
As the robber saw the watchman he put his accomplice on his guard .
Put one out of countenance —ल जत करना
My friendly response to his hostile attitude put him out of
countenance .
Put one’s foot down — सख् त मनाही करना
I did not mind my son spending some money on clothes, but when he
asked for a hundred rupees for a new tie, I had to put my foot down .
Put one’s foot in it — ब त बड़ी गलती करना
He put his foot in it when he addressed the chief guest by the wrong
name .
Put one’s hand to a thing — कोई काय हाथ म लेना
Once you put your hand to this job you won’t fïnd it very difficult .
Put one’s shoulder to the wheel — स् वयं खूब यास करना
It was a very tough job to be handled by one person, but he put his
shoulder to the wheel .
Put something by for a rainy day — बचत करना
Don’t be in a hurry to spend all your money ; put something by for a
rainy day .
Put the cart before the horse — कोई काम उल् टे सरे से ारंभ करना
How can you prepare the plan before you have got the loan
 sanctioned. It’s like putting the cart before the horse .
Put the screw — ज़बदस् ती रोकना
Unless you put the screw on your extravagant expenditure you’ll be in
debt soon .
Put things ship shape — ठ क जंचाकर रखना
Clean the room and put everything ship shape .
Put to bed — सुलाना
She put her children to bed .
Put to flight — भगाना
During 1971 war the Indian Army put up a tremendous show and put
the enemy to flight .
Put to sea — समु या ा आरम् भ करना
That ship will be put to sea tomorrow .
Put to shame — ल जत करना
I had been unfair to him, but he put me to shame by his generous
behaviour .
Put to the sword — कत् ल करना
Nadir Shah put many innocent Indians to sword.
Put up to — उकसाना
Who put you up to this mischief ?
Put up with — बदाश् त करना
How do you put up with that kind of noise whole day ?
(Q)
Quarrel with one’s bread and butter —जहां से रोट मलती है वहां के व रष् ठ
अ धकारी से झगड़ा करना
Giving it back to your superiors is just like quarrelling with your bread
and butter .
Queer fïsh — अ थर व् य
You never know how he might behave. He’s a queer fish .
Quick of understanding — तेज़ बु वाला I didn’t think much of him, but
he was quick of understanding and easily grasped the subject .
Quite a few — ब त सारे
Quite a few students were absent in our class today .
(R)
Rack one’s brains — ब त अ धक सोचना I racked my brains over this
 algebra problem for two hours, but could not find a solution .
Racy style — व शष् ट शैली
He writes in a racy style .
Read between the lines — अ त रक् त मतलब समझ जाना
His speech was very simple, but if you read between the lines you can
find it was full of biting criticism .
Read upon — जानकारी एक करना
I am reading upon Canada as I shall be shortly visiting it .
Ready money — नकद पया
Do you have ready money to make the payment ?
Ready pen — जल् द लखने क मता
A journalist has to have a ready pen .
Real estate — मकान आ द अचंल संप
The most safe investment these days is the one in the real estate .
Red letter day — स् वण दन
August 1947 is a red letter day in Indian history .
Red tape — द तरी कायवाही म वलम् ब होना
The red tape of government thwarts many a promising project .
Rest on one’s laurels — और यश ा त हेतु को शश न करना
It’s a great achievement to have secured a first position in University,
but you must not rest on your laurels .
Rest on one’s oars — थोड़ा यश ा त के बाद को शश बंद करना
Don’t rest on your oars until you’ve reached the top .
Ride a hobby — अपने य वषय क ही बात करते रहना
I tried to converse with him on various subjects, but he kept riding his
hobby .
Right hand man — दा हना हाथ होना, मुख सहायक
Ram Prashad is minister’s right hand man so you can’t displease him
.
Right here — इसी जगह
See me right here at this shop after half an hour .
Right now — तत् काल, इसी समय
Let us do it right now .
Rise like a phoenix from its ashes — नष् ट क ई वस् तु का फर से जी वत
होना
Many times the tyrant stamped out revolt in his kingdom, but it kept
on rising like a phoenix from its ashes .
Rise to the occasion — कसी वशेष अवसर का मुकाबला करना
During the Chinese aggression many people rose to the occasion and
raised crores of rupees for war efforts .
Roaring business — ब त तेज़ी का व् यवसाय
Till yesterday he was a small time shopkeeper. But ever since he has
started with book trade he has been doing roaring business .
Rough guess — मोटा अन् दाज़ा
At a rough guess I would say there were about fifty people at Shyam’s
party .
Round dozen — पूरा दजन
This man has a round dozen of children .
Rule of thumb — योग् यता नह अनुभव के बल पर काय करना
He is an efficient mechanic although he does the job only by rule of
thumb .
Rule the roost — सर पर रोब डालना, अ धकार जमाना
I don’t like Ashok. He always tries to rule the roost .
Ruling passion — जीवन का स् थायी भाव
Love of money has been the ruling passion of his life .
Run away with — 1 . बह जाना
If you let your feelings run away with your judgement, you won’t make
a good judge .
2 . एक ही भाव के लए बैठे रहना
Don’t run away with the notion that I do not want to succeed .
Run in the blood — प रवार म आनुवं शक होना
Acting runs in Kapoor family’s blood .
Run of good luck — अनकूल भाग् य का अवसर
In the beginning he had a run of good luck and made a big profit, but
has been suffering losses now .
Run on a bank — लोग क ओर से बक से तुरन् त पये नकालने का आ ह
There was a run on the bank as the rumour spread that it was being
closed down .
Run out of — समाप् त हो जाना
We ran out of petrol on our way to Agra .
Run riot — नरंकुश बताव करना
The poet’s imagination has run riot in this poem .
(S)
Scot free — बचकर नकलना
As the police could not collect enough evidence against the robber
he went scot free .
Search me — मुझे पता नह “ Why did she get so angry suddenly ?” search
me
Seasoned food — मसालेदार भोजन
Seasoned food is tasty, but not good for digestion .
See how the land lies — चार ओर क प र थ त का अंदाज़ा लगाना
We’ll attack the enemy at night after seeing how the land lies .
See how the wind blows — प र थ त का अन् दाज़ा लगाना
We might launch the product in the market next month after seeing
how the wind blows .
See the light — का शत होना
He says he has written a book. But if he has, it is vet to see the light .
See through coloured spectacles — पूवा ह, पूव
If you couldn’t do well in the hockey tournament you should not lose
heart. Don’t see through coloured spectacles .
Send one about his business — कसी को तुच् छता पूवक चलता करना
As the salesman started getting on my nerves I sent him about his
business .
Serve one right — योग् य सज़ा मलना
He was trying to push Sanjay but fell himself. It served him right .
Set a scheme on foot — योजना आरम् भ करना
After we had worked out all the details we set the scheme on foot .
Set at defiance — परवाह न करना
He set the law of land at defiance and landed up in jail .
Set at liberty — रहा करना
As the police could not prove the case against the prisoner he was
set at liberty .
Set eyes on — दे खना
While wandering in the woods yesterday I happened to set my eyes
on a strange sight .
Set one on his legs again — खी: व् य को सहायता कर उसे फर से खड़ा करना
After he sustained serious losses in his business I gave him a loan to
set him on his legs again .
Set one’s face against — कड़ा वरोध करना
They tried their best to draw him in the conspiracy, but he set his face
 against it .
Set one’s heart on — ब त चाहना
My son has set his heart on going abroad for higher studies .
Set one’s house in order — अपने काय म क ठ क ढं ग से व् यवस् था करना
Ever since Lal Singh’s son has taken over the business he has set
the house in order .
Set one’s teeth — क ठनाई सहन करने का नश् चय करना
I know I had to suffer hardship, but I had set my teeth and determined
not to give up .
Set one’s teeth on edge — घृणा पैदा करना
His disgusting behaviour set my teeth on edges .
Set sail — समु या ा आरम् भ करना
Let us go on board, the ship is about to set sail .
Set store in — ब त मह ् व दे ना
You don’t seem to set store in his advice .
Settle an account — झगड़ा करना
I have to settle an account with Ram .
Sharp practice — अ मा णक व् यवहार
It is said that he has made good money through sharp practice .
Shooting star — उल् का
Have you ever seen a shooting star ?
Short cut — नज़द क का रास् ता
This lane is a short cut to my house .
Show a bold front — उठकर वरोध करने का भाव दखाना
You only have to show a bold front and he will yield to your demand .
Show fight — लड़ने क तैयारी दखाना
A bully is a coward, and he will back out if you show fight .
Shut one’s mouth — कसी को चुप कराना
You can easily shut his mouth if you remind him of his foolish
behaviour in the last party .
Sick bed — बीमार व् य का बस् तर
How did you get into sick bed ? Till yesterday you were alright .
Sick leave — बीमारी के कारण ली ई छु
I am on sick leave for the last one week .
Side issue — गौण संग
We’ll take up the side issues after we are through with the main
problem .
Side line — मुख् य काय के अलावा काय
We are mainly dealers in ready-made garments, but sale of hosiery
items is our side line .
Sight seeing — श् यावलोकन
During our halt in Madras we went sight seeing .
Single blessedness — अ ववा हत अवस् था
Why should I marry? I don’t want to give up the state of single
blessedness .
Sink money — कसी व् यवसाय म सदा के लए धन लगाना
He has sunk in a lot of money in a business of precious stones and
nothing has come out of it .
Sink or swim — करो या मरो
Whatever be the situation I will never leave you. We shall sink or
swim together .
Sit up with — बैठे रहना
As her husband was ill she sat up with him throughout the night .
Skin of one’s teeth — बाल-बाल बचना
When the ship sank everybody drowned except Vimal who managed
to escape with the skin of his teeth .
Sleeping partner — कसी व् यवसाय म स य भाग न लेने वाला भागीदार
I told him that I could invest some money in a joint venture with him,
but as I was busy with my own affairs I could only be a sleeping
partner .
Slip of the pen — लखने म थोड़ी गलती होना
It was just a slip of the pen when I wrote ‘boot’ instead of ‘foot ’.
Slip of the tongue — बोलने म थोड़ी गलती होना I didn’t mean to hurt you. It
was just a slip of the tongue .
Slip through one ’s fingers — हाथ से नकल जाना
Had you been a little careful this golden opportunity would not have
slipped through your fingers .
Small arms — पस् तौल आ द ह थयार
Illegal distribution of small arms has given a fillip to crime in our area .
Small fry — छोटा/नगण् य
I have a factory of my own, but as compared to a big industrialist like
you I am only a small fry .
Small hours — सुबह के पहले का समय
As I had to catch a flight I got up in the small hours of the morning .
Small talk — गपशप
We passed a pleasant hour in small talk .
Snake in the grass — आस् तीन का सांप
Don’t ever trust Mohan. He is a snake in the grass .
So far — अब तक So far I have completed only five chapters of this book .
Sound a person — कसी वचार का पता बताना
I learn you have been sounded for the general manager’s post .
Sound beating — अच् छ तरह पटाई करना
The teacher caught on to Gopal’s mischief and gave him a sound
beating .
Sour grapes — अंगरू ख े
The fox tried her best to reach the grapes but couldn’t. Finally she
said that grapes were sour .
Sow one’s wild oats — युवावस् था म ष् ट जीवन बताना
After sowing his wild oats he has now got a job and finally settled
down .
Spare time — आराम का समय
In my spare time I prefer to read .
Speak extempore — कसी मौके पर, बना पहली तैयारी के भाषण दे ना
Although he spoke extempore it was a fine speech .
Speak for itself — खुद बोलना
I am not exaggerating by praising him. His work speaks for itself .
Speak for one — कसी क तरफ से बोलना
As he was too shy to put forward his case I had to speak for him .
Speak of one in high terms — खूब शंसा करना
You speak of him in high term . But does he deserve so much praise ?
Speak one’s mind — साफ-साफ बताना
Since you have asked for my candid opinion. I shall speak my mind .
Speak volumes — अच् छ तरह सा बत करना
It speaks volumes for her love for him that she left her home to marry
him .
Speak well for — अच् छा अ भ ाय नकालना
The neatness of his writing speaks well for him .
Spin a yarn — कहानी कहना
Are you telling the truth or just spinning a yarn ?
Split hairs — ब त बारीक फक नकालना
You should not split hairs , but take a broad view of the matter .
Spur of the moments — उसी ण
On the spur of the moment we decided to go to Simla for vacation .
Stand in another man’s shoes — कसी सरे क जगह म
In his absence I have to stand in his shoes .
Stand in good stead — ब त काम आना
His regular habit of saving stood him in good stead in difficult times .
Stand on ceremony with — शष् टाचार पालन करना
Please be at ease, you don’t have to stand on ceremony with me .
Stand one’s ground — अपनी बात पर डटे रहना
He put forth many objections to my proposal but I stood my ground .
Stand a chance — सम् भावना होना
Although the rival cricket team was quite good it did not stand a
chance of beating us .
Stand out against — हार न मानना
We tried our best to take him along for the expedition, but he stood
against all our efforts .
Stand to reason — समझदारी के अनुकूल होना
It stands to reason that he would side with you .
Stand up for — जोर से मांग करना
If you yourself don’t stand up for your rights, no one else will do it for
you .
Standing joke — हमेशा के लए हंसी मज़ाक का वषय
His so-called skill at horse riding has become a standing joke after his
fall from the horse the other day .
Standing orders — हमेशा पालन करने के लए बनाए गए नयम
Our standing orders are to answer all letters the same day .
Stare one in the face — कोई संकट सामने उप थत होना
During his trek across the desert he ran out of water supply and
death stared him in the face .
Steer clear of — र रहना
Why do you get involved with bad characters? You should steer clear
of them .
Stick at nothing — कुछ भी करने से न झझकना
He is so ambitious that he will stick at nothing to get ahead of others .
Stick up for — प लेना
If anybody criticises you in the meeting I’ll stick up for you .
Stone deaf — पूणत: बहरा
 My grandmother was already hard of hearing but, of late, she has
become stone deaf .
Stone’s throw — ब त थोड़ा फासला होना
The railway station is just at a stone’s throw from our house .
Strain every nerve — अत् य धक को शश करना
Although he strained every nerve to get audience’s attention nobody
listened to him .
Strait-laced person — संकु चत मनोवृ का व् य
His ideas are too liberal for a strait-laced person like his father .
Strike a bargain — सौदा पटाना
The fruit seller was asking for eight rupees for one kilogram of
grapes. But, I managed to strike a bargain and got them for six only .
Strike while the iron is hot — अवसर आने पर लाभ उठाना
Now that prices are rising let us sell our stocks. We should strike
while the iron is hot .
Strong language — गुस् स े से भरी भाषा
Don’t use such strong language in the company of ladies .
Sum and substance — कुल मलाकर मतलब
The sum and substance of my argument is that it is now too late to do
anything .
Swallow the bait — योजन से ठग जाना
Election time promises are made to catch votes and many illiterate
and ignorant men swallow the bait .
Swan song — आ खरी वक् तव् य
Mr. Pronob Ghoshal, a leading communist leader, issued a statement
to the press during his serious illness, which proved to be his swan
song .
Sworn enemies — क र श् मन
Nothing can bring these two sworn enemies together .
(T)
Take a fancy — ब त पसन् द आना
Although there is nothing outstanding about this bed sheet, yet I have
taken a fancy to it .
Take a leap in the dark — प रणाम क परवाह कए बगैर कोई खतरे का काम करना
You took a leap in the dark by going into partnership with a dishonest
person like Kuldip .
Take advantage of — फायदा उठाना
I took advantage of the sale at “ Babulal and Company ” and bought
some cheap shirts .
Take by storm — अचानक भा वत करना
Runa Laila, melodious singer , took the audience by storm .
Take into account — वचार म लेना
In judging his performance in the examination you should also take
into account the fact he was ill for a month .
Take it easy — अ धक क न करना
The test is still quite far. So , take it easy .
Take it ill — बुरा मानना
I hope you will not take it ill if I tell you the truth .
Take one at his word — कसी के कहने पर वश् वास करना
Taking him on his word I put in Rs. 10,000 in sugar business .
Take one’s time — जल् द न करना
I am in no hurry to go out. You take your time .
Take oneself off —चले जाना
Munnu, don’t trouble me . Take yourself off .
Take sides — दो के झगड़े म कसी एक का प लेना
I would not like to take sides in this quarrel .
Take someone by surprise — आश् चयच कत करना
I didn’t know he could sing so well. He took me by surprise that day .
Take someone for — गलत समझ बैठना
He resembles you so much that I took him for your brother .
Take stock — प र थ त का जायज़ा लेना
It is time for us to take stock of the situation before we take any furthe
steps .
Take the air — खुली हवा म घूमना
To improve your health you should take the air every morning .
Take the bull by the horns — संकट का डटकर मुकाबला करना
Finally he decided to take the bull by the horns and ask his boss for a
promotion .
Take the law into one’s hands — कसी को अपने ही हाथ सज़ा दे ना
Even if he is guilty you can’t take law in your hands and beat him like
this .
Take time off — छु लेना
Since I was not feeling well I took two days off last week .
Take to heart — दय से अनुभव करना
She has taken her father’s death to heart .
Tell to one’s face — मुंह पर वरोध करना
Do you have the courage to tell him to his face that he is a fool ?
Take to one’s heels — भाग जाना
As the thief heard policemen’s whistle he took to his heels .
Take to pieces — पुज अलग-अलग करना
Only yesterday I bought Raja this toy train and today he has taken it
to pieces .
Take to task — कोसना, भत् सना करना
Mother took Naresh to task for his idleness .
Take aback — आश् चय च कत होना
I was taken aback at a strange sight in the jungle .
Taken up with — व् यस् त रहना
My time is taken up with a lot of household jobs .
Take upon oneself — जम् मेदारी लेना
I took upon myself to look after Gopal’s ailing father .
Tell time — घड़ी म क् या समय है यह बताना
My son could tell time when he was only four years old .
Tell two things/persons apart — दो वस् तु म फक समझना
The two brothers look so much alike that no one can tell them apart .
Through and through — पूणत: I was caught in the rain yesterday and by
the time I reached home I was wet through and through .
Through thick and thin — तकूल प र थ त म
The two friends stayed together through thick and thin .
Throw away money — अंधाधुंध खच करना
If you throw away money like this you will soon be on the streets .
Throw cold water upon — हतोत् सा हत करना
I was eager to set up a business in precious stones, but he threw cold
water upon my enthusiasm by pointing out its minus points .
Throw dust in one’s eyes — आंख म धूल झ कना, ठगना
He outlined a grand plan and asked for a loan for it, but I knew he
was trying to throw dust in my eyes .
Throw oneself on — कसी से ाथना करना
He knew I could help him out of the tight corner so he threw himself
on my mercy .
Throw people together — लोग को एक करना
 The purpose of my party is to throw persons of like interests together
Time after time — बार-बार
He applied for a professor’s job time after time but could not succeed
Time hangs heavy — मु कल से समय बताना
Time hangs heavy on my hands on a holiday .
To a man — सब के सब
They rose to a man and left the room agitatedly .
To and fro — आगे पीछे
Preoccupied with his emotional problems he walked to and fro about
the room in a pensive mood .
Turn away from — नवृत करना
I tried to turn them away from their evil purpose, but was unsuccessfu
Turn over a new leaf — नया जीवन आरंभ करना
He gave up his bad habits and turned over a new leaf .
Turn the tables — कसी क व रष् ठता को उलट दे ना
He was ahead of me in the terminal examination, but I turned the
tables on him in the annual examination .
Turn up one’s nose at — नीचा समझना
He is so poor that he hardly gets anything to eat, and yet he turns up
his nose at the idea of working for a living .
(U)
Under a cloud — संशयास् पद होना
After his misbehaviour on the field in India Boycott is under a cloud .
Up in arms — लड़ने को तैयार होना
In Afghanistan many Pathans are up in arms against Russians .
Up-to-date — आधु नक
He is very careful to keep up with up-to-date fashions .
Ups and downs of life — जीवन का उतार चढ़ाव
I have had my share of ups and downs of life .
(W)
Wash one’s hand of — जम् मेदारी समाप् त कर लेना
I don’t think anything is going to come off your programme of going
for a trek so I wash my hands of it .
Waste one’s breath — नरथक को शश करना
Don’t argue with Harish any longer. You are only wasting your breath
 .
Watch out for — नज़र रखना
One thief went inside while the other waited outside near the gate to
watch out for the police .
What not — इत् या द
She went to the market on a shopping spree and bought shirts,
socks, ties and what not .
What’s what — कसी प र थ त म क् या उ चत है
He is an intelligent person and knows what’s what .
Wheels within wheels — ज टल काय का और ज टल होना
To begin with I thought I could tackle this job, but then I found that
there were wheels within wheels .
Wide awake — पूरा जगा आ
I thought Manmohan was asleep. But as I talked of the plan for a film
he got up wide awake .
Wide of the mark — नशाना चूकना
His argument sounds impressive, but is wide of the mark .
With might and main — पूरी ताकत लगाकर
They pushed the huge rock with might and main and cleared the way
With bated breath — बड़ी उत् सुकता से
They all waited with bated breath for the election results .
Within an ace — करीब-करीब He was within an ace of being killed by the
tiger .
Wolf in sheep’s clothing — म ता जताने वाला खतरनाक आदमी
Beware of Suresh. He is a wolf in sheep’s clothing .
World of good — ब त अच् छा असर होना
This ayurvedic medicine has done me a world of good to my stomach
problem .
Worn out — राज़ पता लगा लेना
The spy pretended to be his friend and tried to worn his secret out of
him .
Worship the rising sun — उगते सूय को नमस् कार करना
The newly appointed manager has taken over and the staff has been
worshipping the rising sun .
 वग कृत श दावली
CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY

शरीर के अंग
(PARTS OF BODY)
अ कल दाढ़—Dens serotinous (डस सरो टनस)
अना मका—Ring finger ( रग फ गर)
अंगलु ी (पैर क )—Toe (टो)
अंगल ु ी (हाथ क )—Finger ( फ़ग र)
अंगठ ू ा—Thumb (थम)
आंख—Eye (आई)
आंत, अंतड़ी—Intestine (इन् टेस् टाइन)
उपास् थ—Cartilage (का ट लज)
ठ—Lip ( लप)
एड़ी—Heel (हील)
कंधा—Shoulder (शोल् डर)
कनपट —Temple (टै म् पल)
कमर—Waist (वेस् ट)
कणपटल—Eardrum (ईयर म)
कलाई—Wrist ( रस् ट)
कान—Ear (ईयर)
कानी अंगल ु ी—Little finger ( ल टल फ़ग र)
कांख, बग़ल—Armpit (आम पट)
कोहनी—Elbow (एल् बो)
खोपड़ी—Skull (स् कल)
गदन, ीवा —Neck (नैक)
गभाशय—Womb (वूम)
गभाशय —Uterus (यूटेरस)
गालमुच् छ—Whiskers ( हस् कस)
गला—Throat ( ोट)
गाल—Cheeks (चीक् स)
गुदा—Anus (ऐनस)
गुदा, वृक् क—Kidney ( कडनी)
गोद —Lap (लैप)
घुटना—Knee (नी)
चमड़ा—Skin ( कन)
चूचुक—Nipple ( नपल)
चूतड़—Rump (र प)
चेहरा—Face (फ़ेस)
छाती (पु ष क )—Chest (चैस् ट)
छाती (स् ी क )—Breast ( ैस् ट)
जठर, आमाशय—Stomach (स् टॅ्मक)
जबड़ा—Jaw (जॉ)
जांघ—Thigh (थाइ)
जगर—Liver ( लवर)
जीभ—Tongue (टं ग)
जूड़ा बाल का—Bun (बन)
टखना—Ankle ( कल)
जोड़—Joint (जायंट)
ठु ी— Chin ( चन)
तजनी—Index finger (इंडैक् स फ़गर )
तलवा—Sole (सोल)
तालू—Palate (पैलेट)
थूथन—Snout (स् नाउट)
दाढ़ (चबाने वाले दांत)—Molar teeth (मोलर ट थ)
दाढ़ —Beard ( बअड)
दांत, दं त—Tooth (टु थ)
दमाग—Brain ( ेन)
धमनी—Artery (आटरी)
नख या नाखून—Nail (नेल)
नथुना—Nostril (नॉ ल)
नस—Vein (वेन)
नाक—Nose (नोज़)
नाड़ी—Pulse (पल् स)
ना भ—Navel (नेवल)
नगल नली—Gullet (गलेट)
पलक—Eyelid (आइ लड)
पसली—Rib ( रब)
प् लीहा—Spleen (स् प ◌्लीन)
पडली—Calf (काफ़)
 पत् त—Bile (बाइल)
पीठ—Back (वैक)
पेट (बाहरी)—Belly (बैली)
पेट (भीतरी)—Stomach (स् ट्मक)
पेट—Abdomen (ऐब् डोमेन)
पुतली (आंख क )—Eyeball (आइबॉल)
पेशी (पु ा)—Muscle (मस् ल)
पैर—Foot (फ़ट)
फेफड़ा, फु फस—Lung (लंग)
बगल—Armpit (आम पट)
बरौनी—Eyelash (आइलैश)
बाल—Hair (हेयर)
बांह—Arm (आम)
भग—Vagina (व जना)
भगनास—Glans clitoris (ग् लै स लटो रस)
ूण—Embryo (एम् यो)
भ ह, भृकु ट—Eyebrow (आइ ो)
मध् य मक—Middle-finger ( मडल फ़गर )
मसूड़ा—Gum (गम)
म त क—Brain ( ेन)
मुट् ठ —Fist ( फ़ ट)
मुख—Mouth (माउथ)
मू ाशय—Urinary bladder (यू रनरी लेडर)
मूंछ—Moustache (माउ टे च)
यो न—Vagina (व जना)
रग—Nerve (नव)
रोमकूप—Pore (पोर)
रौवां—Hair (हेयर)
लट—Lock (लॉक)
ललाट—Forehead (फ़ोरहेड)
लार—Saliva (सै लवा)
लग—( शश् न)—Penis (पी नस)
लो —Blood ( लड)
श् वास नली, कंठनाल—Trachea ( ै चया)
शश् न मुंड—Glans penis ( लै स पी नस)
क ध, म य धड़—Trunk ( ं क)
ह ी—Bone (बोन)
हथेली—Palm (पाम)
हंसुली क ह ी—Collar-bone (कॉलर-बोन)
दय—Heart (हॉट)
दयावरण—Pericardium (पेरीका डयम)
हाथ—Hand (हड)

रोग और शारी रक दशाएं

(AILMENTS & BODY CONDITIONS)
अजीण, बदह मी—Indigestion (इंडाइजै )
अ धा—Blind ( लाइंड)
अ प —Shortsightedness (शाटसाइ टडनैस)
अ ल प —Acidity (ए स डट )
अ तसार—Diarrhoea (डाय रया)
आतशक—Syphilis ( सफ़ लस)
आंत उतरना—Hernia (ह नया)
आंसू—Tears ( टअस)
उकवत—Eczema (ए ज़मा)
उबासी—Yawn (यॉन)
कद—Stature ( टै चर)
कै करना—Vomit (वौ मट)
कामला—Jaundice (जॉ डस)
काला वर—Typhus (टाइफ़स)
कास—Bronchitis ( ॉ काइ टस)
काना—One-eyed (वन-आइड)
कुबड़ा—Hunchback (ह चबैक)
कोढ़, महाकु —Leprosy (ले ोसी)
को ब ता, क ज़—Constipation (कां टपेशन)
कृ म—Worm (वम)
खसरा—Measles (मीज़ स)
खाज—Scabies, ( कैबीज़)
खांसी—Cough (कफ़)
खुज़ली—Itch (इच)
खून क कमी—Anaemia (एने मया)
खून का बहना—Bleeding ( ली डग)
ग ठया—Rheumatism ( मे ट म)
गभपात—Abortion (एबॉशन)
गरमी—Syphilis ( सफ़ लस)
गलदाह—Sore throat (सोर ोट)
गला बैठना—Hoarseness (होसनैस)
गलसुआ, गु टका—Tonsil (टॉ सल)
गांठ—Tumour ( ूमर)
ग ट —Gland ( लड)
गूंगा—Dumb (डम)
गंजा—Bald (बॉ ड)
घाव—Wound (वू ड)
च कर आने क थ त—Giddiness ( गडीनैस)
चब बढ़ना—Obesity (ओबे सट )
चोट —Hurt (हट)
छ कना—Sneezing ( नी ज़ग)
जहरबाद—Cancer (कै सर)
जलोदर—Dropsy ( ा सी)
जुकाम—Coryza (कौ रज़ा)
जूड़ी, शीत वर—Ague (ऐ यू)
जंभाई—Yawning (यॉ नग)
वर, बुखार—Fever (फ़ वर)
ठं ड—Chill ( चल)
डकार— Belching (बै चंग)
त ती—Health (है थ)
थूक—Spittle ( पट् ल)
दमा—Asthma (ए थमा)
दद—Pain (पेन)
दद ( सर का)—Headache (हैडेक)
दद (पेट का)—Stomachache ( ट् कएक)
द त—Loose-stool, motion (लूज़ टू ल, मोशन)
दाद—Ringworm ( रगवम)
बला—Lean (लीन)
सा य उ माद—Psychosis (साइको सस)
र —Long-sightedness (लांग-साइ टडनैस)
धसंका, श् वासनली शोथ—Bronchitis ( ानकाइ टस)
नकसीर—Epistaxis (ए प टै सस)
नस चटकाना, मोच—Sprain ( ेन)
न ा रोग—Narcolepsy (नाक लै सी)
न द—Sleep ( लीप)
न द न आना—Insomnia (इ सो नया)
पथरी—Stone ( टोन)
पसीना—Sweat ( वैट)
पागल—Mad (मैड)
पागलपन, उ माद—Lunacy ( यूनेसी)
पीव (पीप)—Pus (पस)
पे चश—Dysentery (डाइस )
दर—Leucorrhoea ( लको रया)
यास—Thirst (थ ट)
लेग—Plague ( लेग)
फु सी, मुहांसा—Pimple ( प पल)
फोड़ा—Boil (बॉयल)
बलगम, कफ़—Phlegm ( लेम)
बवासीर—Piles (पाइ स)
ब मू , मधुमेह—Diabetes (डाय बट ज़)
वृण—Sore (सोर)
बौना—Dwarf (ड् वाफ़)
भग दर—Fistula ( फ टु ला)
म दा न—Lack of appetite (लैक ऑफ़ ए पटाइट)
मरोड़ा—Griping ( ाइ पग)
मलब ध, क ज़—Constipation (कां ट पेशन)
म सा—Wart (वॉट)
महामारी—Plague ( लेग)
मरगी—Epilepsy (ए पलै सी)
मुंहास का रोग—Acne (ए न)
मू —Urine (यू रन)
मो तया ब द—Cataract (कैटे रे ट)
मोतीझरा—Typhoid (टायफायड)
यकृत शोथ—Hepatitis (हेपा ट टस)
यो न छद—Hymen vaginale (हाइमेन वै ज़नल)
लार—Saliva (सै लवा)
लू लगना—Sunstroke (सन ोक)
व ा—Stool ( टू ल)
र ीणता—Anaemia (एने मया)
राजय मा—Tuberculosis ( ुबरकुलो सस)
रोग—Disease ( डज़ीज़)
लंगड़ा—Lame (लेम)
लंगड़ा बुखार—Dengue (डगे)
शीत वर—Influenza (इ लुए ज़ा)
शीतला—Small-pox ( माल-पॉ स)
ेत कु —Leucoderma ( यूकोडेमा)
सांस—Breath ( ैथ)
सूजन—Swelling ( वै लग)
सूरजमुखी—Albino (ए बनो)
सूज़ाक—Gonorrhoea (गोनो रया)
सं हणी—Diarrhoea (डाय रया)
वर—Voice (वॉयस)
व थ—healthy (है द )
हचक —Hiccup ( ह कप)
हैज़ा—Cholera (कॉलरा)
दय—Heart (हाट)
दय झ ली-शोथ—Pericarditis (पै रका ड टस)
य—Consumption (क स पशन)
ुधा-अभाव (अ च)—Anorexia (ऐनोरे सया)

वेषभूषा
(DRESSES)
अ तर—Lining (लाइ नग)
आ तीन—Sleeve ( लीव)
अं गया (चोली)—Bodice (बॉ डस)
अं ेज़ी टोपी (टोप)—Hat (हैट)
ऊन—Wool (वूल)
कपड़ा—Cloth ( लॉथ)
कपड़े—Clothes ( लॉद्स)
कमरबंद—Belt (बै ट)
कमीज़—Shirt (शट)
कमीज़ का कपड़ा—Shirting (श टग)
क बल—Blanket ( लकेट)
टोपी—Cap (कैप)
क मीरा—Cashmere (कै मीर)
कामदानी—Diaper brocade ( डआपर ोकेड)
कनारा—Border (बॉडर)
कर मच—Canvas (कैनवस)
कोट—Coat (कोट)
कोट-पतलून—Suit (सूट)
ग ा—Mattress (मै े स)
गै लस—Suspenders (स पडस)
गुलूब द—Muffler (मफ़लर)
घाघरा —Skirt ( कट)
घूंघट—Veil (वेल)
चादर—Sheet (शीट)
छ ट—Chintz ( चट् स)
छोटा मोज़ा—Socks (सॉ स)
जामदानी; बेलबूटेदार, रेशमी व —Damask (डैम क)
जाली—Gauze (गॉज़)
जां घया—Underwear (अंडर वयर)
जीन—Drill ( ल)
जेब—Pocket (पॉके )
झालर—Trimming ( मग)
टोपी—Cap (कैप)
प ा—Scarf ( काफ़)
तसम—Laces (ले सस)
तागा—Thread ( ैड)
तौ लया—Towel (टॉवेल)
द ताने—Gloves ( ल् स)
शाला—Shawl (शॉल)
प ा—Lace (लेस)
पतलून—Trousers ( ाउज़स), Pant (पट)
पाजामा—Pyjama (पाजामा)
फतुही—Jacket (जैकट)
फलालीन—Flannel ( लैनेल)
फ ता—Tape (टे प)
बटन—Button (बटन)
बड़ा कोट—Chester, Overcoat (चे टर, ओवरकोट)
मखमल—Velvet (वे वेट)
मगजी—Border (बॉडर)
मलमल—Linen ( लनेन)
मोज़े—Stockings ( टॉ क स)
मोमजामा—Oil-cloth (आइल- लॉथ)
रज़ाई—Quilt ( ट)
रफू—Darning (डा नग)
ई—Cotton (कॉटन)
माल—Handkerchief (हडकरचीफ़)
रेशम—Silk ( स क)
लबादा, चोगा—Gown (गाउन)
ल ा—Longcloth (ल ग लाथ)
लहंगा—Long skirt (लॉ स क् ट)
वद —Uniform (यू नफ़ॉम)
वासकट—Waist-coat (वे ट-कोट)
सज—Serge (सज)
साटन—Satin (सैटेन)
साफा—Turban (टबन)
सूत—Yarn (यान)
सूट का कपड़ा—Suiting (सू टग)
शोख रंग—Bright colour ( ाइट कलर)
ह का रंग—Light colour (लाइट कलर)

स ब ध और र ते
RELATIONS
अ त थ, यजमान—Guest (गै ट)
अ यापक—Teacher (ट चर)
अ मा, माता—Mother (मदर)
कराएदार—Tenant (टे नट)
उप-प नी—Mistress ( म े स)
गु —Preceptor ( सै टर)
ाहक—Customer (क टमर)
चाचा—Uncle (अंकल)
चाची—Aunt (आ ट)
चेला—Disciple ( डसाइपल)
जम दार—Landlord (लडलॉड)
साली, जेठानी, दे वरानी, ननद—Sister-in-law ( स टर-इन-लॉ)
द क क या—Adopted daughter (ऐडॉ टड डॉटर)
द क पु —Adopted son (ऐडॉ टड सन)
दादा—Grandfather ( ै डफ़ादर)
दाद —Grandmother ( ै डमदर)
दामाद—Son-in-law (सन-इन-लॉ)
दो त ( म )—Friend ( ड)
नाना—Maternal-grandfather (मैटनल ै डफ़ादर)
नानी—Maternal-grandmother (मैटनल ै डमदर)
प त—Husband (ह बड)
प नी—Wife (वाइफ़)
पतो —Daughter-in-law (डॉटर-इन-लॉ)
पता—Father (फ़ादर)
पु —Son (सन)
पु ी—Daughter (डॉटर)
ेम—Love affection (लव अफ़ै शन)
ेमी—Lover (लवर)
बहन—Sister ( स टर)
बहनोई—Brother-in-law ( दर-इन-लॉ)
भतीजा, भांजा—Nephew (ने यू)
भतीजी, भांजी —Niece (नीस)
भाई—Brother ( दर)
मामा—Maternal uncle (मैटनल अंकल)
मामी—Maternal aunt (मैटनल आंट)
मुव कल—Client ( लाइंट)
मौसी—Mother’s sister (मदस स टर)
रखैल—Concubine, keep, mistress (क युबाइन क प, म े स)
रोगी—Patient (पेशट)
वा रस—Heir (ऐयर)
श य—Pupil ( यू पल)
सगा—Own (ओन)
ससुऱ—Father-in-law (फ़ादर-इन-लॉ)
सास—Mother-in-law (मदर-इन-लॉ)
संबंध—Relation ( रलेशन)
संबंधी—Relative ( रले टव)
सौतेली क या—Step-daughter ( टै प-डॉटर)
सौतेला पु —Step-son ( टै प-सन)
सौतेले पता—Step-father ( टै प-फ़ादर)
सौतेली बहन—Step-sister ( टै प- स टर)
सौतेला भाई—Step-brother ( टै प- दर)

घरेलू सामान
(HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES)
अलमारी—Almirah (एल मरा)
अलमारी (द वार म)—Cupboard (कबड)
ओखली, खरल—Mortar (मॉटर)
अंगारा—Cinder ( सडर)
अंगीठ —Hearth (हथ)
अंगु ताना—Thimble ( थ बल)
अंट , फ़रक , अटे रन—Bobbin (बॉ बन)
इ ी—Iron (आयरन)
धन—Fuel ( यूल)
कड़ाही—Cauldron (कॉ न)
क बल—Blanket ( लकेट)
करछु ल, थ बल—Ladle (लेडल)
कन तर—Canister (कै न टर)
कंघी—Comb (कोम)
कुरसी—Chair (चेयर)
कांटा—Fork (फ़ोक)
क प—Funnel ( ल)
गगरा, मतबान—Jar (जार)
चकला—Pastry-board (पे -बोड)
चटाई—Mat (मैट)
चमचा—Spoon ( पून)
चलनी, छलनी—Sieve (सीव)
चादर—Bed-sheet (बैड-शीट)
चाभी—Key (क )
चारपाई—Cot (कॉट)
चमटा—Tong (ट ग)
चमनी—Chimney ( चमनी)
चू हा—Stove ( टोव)
चू हा ( बजली का)—Electric-stove (इले क- टोव)
छड़ी—Stick ( टक)
छाता—Umbrella (अं ेला)
छोटा ब स—Attache (case) (अटै ची)
जाला—Cobweb (कॉबवेब)
जाली (चू हे क )—Grate ( ेट)
झाडू —Broom ( ूम)
झूला—Swing ( वंग)
े —Tray ( े )
टोकरी—Basket (बा केट)
ड बा—Box (बॉ स)
ड गा—Bowl (बाउल)
त कया—Pillow ( पलो)
त कये का गलाफ़—Pillow-cover ( पलो-कवर)
तराजू—Balance (बैलस)
त तरी—Saucer (सॉसर)
तार—Wire (वायर)
ताला—Lock (लॉक)
तजोरी—Safe (सेफ़)
त र—Oven (ओवेन)
थाली—Plate ( लेट)
दपण—Mirror ( मरर)
दयासलाई क ड बया—Match-box (मैच-बॉ स)
दयासलाई क तीली—Match-stick (मैच- टक)
द त-खोदनी—Toothpick (टु थ पक)
द त-मंजन—Tooth-powder (टु थ-पाउडर)
धागा—Thread ( ैड)
धूपदानी—Censer (सै सर)
न का—Tap (टै प)
पलंग—Bed (बैड)
पालक —Palanquin (पैलंकुइन)
पायदान—Door-mat (डोर-मैट)
पीकदान—Spittoon ( पटू न)
याला—Cup (कप)
फानूस—Chandelier (शैन ड लयर)
फूलदान—Flower-vase ( लावर-वाज़)
ब च क गाड़ी—Perambulator (पेरै बूलैटर)
ब ी—Wick ( वक्)
बतन—Pot (पॉट), Container (कंटे नर), Utensils (यूटै सलस)
बटन—Button (बटन)
बरफ रखने का ब स —Ice-box (आइस-बॉ स)
बा ट —Bucket (बकेट)
बु श—Brush ( श)
बेलन—Rolling pin (र लग पन)
बोतल—Bottle (बॉट् ल)
बोरा—Sack (सैक)
मथनी—Churner (चनर)
मसनद, त कया—Bolster (बो सट् र)
मथने का पा —Churn (चन)
म का तेल—Kerosene oil (कैरो सन ऑयल)
मूसली—Pestle (पै ल)
मेज़—Table (टे बल)
मोमब ी—Candle (कडल)
रकाबी, थाली—Dish ( डश)
रज़ाई, लहाफ—Quilt ( व ि◌् ट)
र सा—Rope (रोप)
र सी—String ( ं ग)
राख—Ash (ऐश)
लेखनाधार—Table desk (टे बल डै क)
लेखनी—Pen (पेन)
लप—Lamp (लप)
लोटा——Bowl (बाउल)
व टांगने क अलमारी—Wardrobe (वॉड रोब)
शीशी—Phial (फ़ाइल)
स क—Box (बॉ स)
सरौता —Nut cracker (नट-कैकर)
सलाई —Knitting needle ( न टग नीड् ल)
साबुन —Soap (सोप)
साबुनदानी —Soap-case (सोप-केस)
सगारदान, मंजूषा —Casket (का केट)
सुराही—Flagon ( लैग न)
सुई—Needle (नीडैल)
सॅड़सी ( चमट )—Pincers ( पसस)
का—Hubble-Bubble (हबल-बबल)/ Hookah ( काह)

गहने और आभूषण
(ORNAMENTS AND JEWELS)
अंगठू —Ring ( रग)
कंगन, कड़ा—Bracelet ( ेसलेट)
कड़ी—Chain (चेन)
कांटा (साड़ी का)—Brooch ( ोच)
क ल, ल ग (नाक क )—Nose-pin (नोज़- पन)
कणफूल—Tops (टॉ स)
गोमेदक—Zircon ( ज़रकॉन)
चांद —Silver ( स वर)
चमट —Clip ( प)
चूड़ी—Bangle (बगल)
जवाहरात—Jewellery (जुएलरी)
ट का (मांग)—Head-locket (हैड-लॉकेट)
तमगा—Medal (मैडल)
त ला (कान का)—Ear stud (ईयर टड)
तोड़ा, कंगन, प ंची—Wristlet ( र टलेट)
नथ—Nose-ring (नोज़- रग)
नीलम—Sapphire (सैफायर)
प ा—Emerald (एमरै ड)
पेट —Belt (बे ट)
पायज़ेब—Anklet ( कलेट)
पुखराज—Topaz (टोपैज़)
पोलक , धया प थर—Opal (ओपल)
फ रोजा—Turquoise (टर ◌्कौइज़)
बाजूब द—Armlet (आमलेट)
बाल क सुई—Hair-pin (हैअर- पन)
ब लौर—Quartz ( वॉरट् ज़)
मा नक—Ruby ( बी)
माला, हार—Necklace (नैकलेस), Garland (गारलै ड)
मुकुट—Tiara ( टआरा), Crown ( ाउन)
मूंगा—Coral (कोरल)
मोती—Pearl (पल)
मोती क सीप—Mother of pearl (मदर ऑफ़ पल)
लहसु नया—Cat’s eye (कैट् स आई)
हीरा—Diamond (डायमंड)

संगीत/वा
(MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS)
गटार—Guitar ( गटार)
घंट —Bell (बैल)
चंग, सारंगी—Harp (हाप)
झाँझ, छै ना, करताल—Cymbal ( स बल)
डफ—Tambourine (टै बरीन)
डु गडु गी—Drumet ( मेट)
ढोल—Drum ( म)
ढोलक—Tomtom (टॉमटॉम)
तबला—Tabor (टे बर)
तुरही—Clarion ( लै रयन)
नगाड़ा—Drum ( म)
पयानो—Piano ( पयानो)
बजो—Banjo (बजो)
बेला—Violin (वाय लन)
बांसुरी—Flute ( लूट)
बीन-बाजा—Mouth-organ (माउथ-ऑगन)
मशक बीन—Bagpipe (बैगपाइप)
मुरचंग—Jew’s harp ( यू’ज़ हाप)
शहनाई—Clarionet ( लै रयनेट)
शंख—Conch (क च)
सरोद—Sarod (सरोद)
सतार—Sitar ( सतार)
सघा या बगुल—Bugle ( यूगल)
सीट —Whistle ( हसल)
हारमो नयम—Harmonium (होरमो नयम)

खा -पदाथ
(CEREALS AND EATABLES)
अचार—Pickle ( पकल)
अनाज, धा य, कण, दाना—Grain ( ेन)
अरहर—Pigeon pea ( प जन पी)
अरा ट—Arrowroot (ऐरो ट)
आटा—Flour ( लोर)
इलायचीदाना—Comfit (का फ़ट)
उड़द—Phaseolies mungo (फै सयोलीज़ मंगो)
कढ़ , रसा, शोरबा—Curry (करी)
कहवा—Coffee (कॉफ़ )
क मा—Minced meat ( म ड मीट)
कुलफ़ —Ice-cream (आइस- म), Kulfi (कु फ )
वार—Cluster bean ( ल टर बीन)
गे ं—Wheat (वीट)
घी—Clarified butter ( लै रफ़ाइड बटर), Ghee (घी)
गोल मटर—Field pea (फ़ ड पी)
चटनी—Sauce (सॉस)
चना—Gram ( ाम)
चपाती—Chapati (चपाती)
चावल—Rice (राइस)
चाय—Tea (ट )
चड़वा—Beaten paddy (बीटन पैडी)
चीनी—Sugar (शुगर)
चोकर—Bran ( ेन)
छना, पनीर—Cheese (चीज़)
वार, बाजरा इ या द मोटा अनाज—Millet ( मलैट)
जलपान—Snacks ( नै स)
जई—Oat (ओट)
जई का आटा—Oat-meal (ओट-मील)
जौ—Barley (बारले)
जुवार, चोलम—Great millet ( ेट मलैट)
जूस, यूष, शोरबा—Broth ( ॉथ)
तरकारी, स ज़ी—Vegetable (वे जटे बल)
तल—Sesame (सेसम)
तेल—Oil (ऑयल)
द लया—Gruel ( ए ु ल)
दही—Curd (कड)
दाल—Pulse (प स)
दन का भोजन—Lunch (लंच)
ध—Milk ( म क)
धान—Paddy (पैडी)
टमाटर क चटनी—Tomato ketchup/sauce (टोमैटो केचप/सॉस)
पनीर—Cheese (चीज़)
पाव रोट —Loaf (लोफ़)
पो त—Poppy (पॉपी)
बबूल का ग द—Gum acacia (गम अके सया)
बरफ—Ice (आइस)
बाजरा—Pearl millet (पल मलेट)
ब कुट—Biscuit ( ब कट)
भु ा—Corn-ear (कॉन-ईयर)
भोज, दावत—Feast (फ़ ट)
भोजन—Food (फूड)
मकई—Maize (मैज़)
म खन—Butter (बटर)
मटर—Pea (पी)
म ा —Whey ( हे)
मलाई—Cream ( म)
मसूर—Lentil (ले टल)
मांस—Meat (मीट)
मांस (गाय का)—Beef (बीफ़)
मांस (बकरे का)—Mutton (मटन)
मांस (सुअर का)—Pork (पोक)
मठाई—Sweetmeat ( वीटमीट)
म ी—Sugar-candy (शुगर-कै डी)
मुर बा—murabba (मुर बा), Conserve (कनसव)
मुरमुरा—Puffed rice (प ड राइस)
मूंग—Kidney-bean ( कडनी-बीन)
मैदा—Maida (मैदा)
मोथी—Buck-wheat (बक- हीट)
राई, सरस —Mustard (म टड)
रात का भोजन—Dinner ( डनर)
रडी—Castor-seed (कै टर-सीड)
रोट , डबलरोट —Bread ( ैड)
श कर का डला—Loaf-sugar (लोफ़-शुगर)
शबत—Syrup ( सरप)
शीरा, राब, चाशनी—Treacle ( कल)
शराब—Wine (वाइन)
शहद—Honey (हनी)
सरस —Mustard (म टड)
सरका—Vinegar ( वनेगर)
सूजी—Semolina (सेमो लना)
सफेद सरस —White mustard ( हाइट म टड)

मसाले
(SPICES)
अगर, मुस बर—Aloe (एलो)
अजमोदा या खुरासानी अजवाइन—Parsley (पासली)
अजवाइन—Caraway (कैरावे)
अजवाइन का सत—Thymol (थाइमल)
अदरक—Ginger ( जजर)
अलसी, अतसी—Linseed ( लनसीड)
आंवला—Phyllanthus emblica ( फले थस ए ब लक)
इलायची—Cardamom (कॉरडामॅम)
क था, खैर—Catechu (कै टचू)
कपूर—Camphor (कै फर)
कलमी शोरा—Nitre (नाइटर)
कल जी—Nigella (नाइजेला)
क तूरी—Musk (म क)
कसीस—Vitriol ( व आयल)
काली मच—Black pepper ( लैक पैपर)
कूट फटकरी—Pseudo-alum ( यूडोएलम)
केसर—Saffron (सैफरन)
कोकेन—Cocain (कोकेन)
खमीर—Yeast (यी ट)
खसखस—Popy seed (पॉपी सीड)
च दन—Sandal (संदल)
चरायता—Chirata ( चराता)
जायफल—Nutmeg (नटमेग)
जा व ी—Mace (मेस)
जीरा—Cumin seed (क मन सीड)
तली, राम तल—Niger ( नगर)
तुलसी—Basil (sacred basil) (बै सल)
तेजपात—Cassia (कै सया)
दालचीनी—Cinnamon ( सनामॅन)
ध नया—Coriander seed (को रएंडर सीड)
नमक—Salt (सा ट)
पोद ने का सत—Menthol (मैनथॉल)
मजीठ—Indian madder (इं डयन मैडर)
माजूफल—Gall-nut (गैल-नट)
मच—Red pepper, chilli (रेडपैपर, चली)
मुलैठ —Liquorice ( लकराइस)
ल ग—Clove ( लोव)
शरत केसर—Madow saffron (मैडो सफरॉन)
शकाकाई—Origanum (आरीगनम)
शोरा—Saltpetre (सा टपीटर)
स जीखार, ार—Alkali (अलकली)
सफेदा—Litharge ( लथाज)
ी केसर—Pistil ( प टल)
सुपारी—Betel-nut (बीटल-नट)
सनाय—Senna (से ा)
स ठ—Dry ginger ( ाइ जजर)
स फ—Aniseed (ऐनीसीड)
साबूदाना—Sago (सागो)
ह द —Turmeric (टरमे रक)
हड़—Myrobalan (माइराबलन)
ह ग—Asafoetida (एसफे टडा)

ख नज पदाथ
(MINERALS)
अक क—Cornelian (कोन लयन)
अ क—Mica (माइका)
कसौट —Touchstone (ट टोन)
कोयला (प थर का)—Coal (कोल)
ख नज लोहा—Iron ore (आयरन ओर)
ख ड़या—Chalk (चाक)
ग धक—Sulphur (स फ़र)
गे —Red ochre (रेड ओकर)
चकमक प थर— Flint ( लंट)
चांद —Silver ( स वर)
ज ता—Zinc ( ज़क)
तांबा—Copper (कॉपर)
तू तया, नीला थोथा—Blue vitriol ( लू व यल)
धूसर बंग—Grey tin ( े टन)
नै ॉन—Natron (नै ोन)
प का लोहा, फौलाद—Steel ( ट ल)
पारा—Mercury (मरकरी)
बटु मेन—Bitumen ( बटु मेन)
भूर-तांबा—Grey copper ( े कॉपर)
म का तेल—Kerosene oil (केरो सन ऑयल)
रांगा—Tin ( टन)
रामरज—Yellow ochre (येलो ऑकर)
लोहा—Iron (आयरन)
शैल तेल, पे ो लयम—Rock oil (रॉक ऑयल)
टऐटाइड—Steatite ( टऐटाइड)
सुरमा—Antimony ( ट मनी)
सं खया—Arsenic (आस नक)
स जी, मु तानी म —Fuller’s earth (फुलस अथ)
सफेद अबरक, ेत अ क—Muscovite (म कोवाइट)
सलेट प थर—Shale (शेल)
सगरफ, स र—Cinnabar ( स ेबर)
सीसा—Lead (लैड)
सुघ म —Plastic-clay ( ला टक- ले)
सफेदा—White lead ( हाइट लेड)
सेलखड़ी,—Soap stone (सोप टोन)
संगमरमर—Marble (माबल)
हरताल—Orpiment (ओ पमट)

वृ और उनके भाग
(TREES AND THEIR PARTS)
अंकुर—Germ (जम)
अम द—Guava (गुआवा)
अशोक—Polyalthia (पौलया थया)
आम—Mango (मगो)
इमली—Tamarind (टे मा रड)
कलम—Graft ( ा ट)
कली, मुकुल, क लका—Bud (बड)
क द—Bulb (ब ब)
काठ—Wood (वुड)
कांटा—Thorn (थॉन)
गुठली—Stone ( टोन)
गूदा—Pulp (प प)
ग द—Gum (गम)
चीड़—Pine (पाइन)
छाल—Bark (बाक)
छलका—Skin ( कन)
जटा (ना रयल क )—Coir (कॉइर)
जड़—Root ( ट)
जयांग—Pistil ( प सल)
झाऊ—Conifer (कॉनीफ़र)
ताड़—Palm (पाम)
टहनी, डाल—Branch ( ांच)
धड, क ध—Stem ( टे म)
नस—Fibre (फाइबर)
पराग —Pollen (पोलेन)
पराग कण—Pollen-grain (पोलेन- ेन)
पराग न लका—Pollen tube (पोलेन- ूब)
प ी—Leaf (लीफ़)
प क द—Bubil (ब बल)
पुमंग—Stamen ( टै मन)
क द—Rootstalk ( ट टाक)
फूल—Flower ( लावर)
बरगद, बड़—Banyan (बै नअन)
बबूल—Acacia arabica (अके सया अरे बका)
बीज—Seed (सीड)
बांस—Bamboo (बै बू)
भोजप —Birch (बच)
रस—Juice (जूस)
रेशा—Fibre (फाइबर)
शाखा—Branch ( ांच)
सरो, स —Cypress (साइ ेस)
सागवान—Teak (ट क)
सरस—Abbizzia labbek (ऐ ब जया लेबेक)
से र, थोर, सज—Cactus (कै टस)

फूल, फल, मेवे और स जयां

(FLOWERS, FRUITS, DRY FRUITS & VEGETABLES)
अखरोट—Chestnut (चेसनट)
अदरक—Ginger ( जजर)
अनानास—Pineapple (पाइनए पल)
अनार, दा ड़म—Pomegranate (पॉमे ेनेट)
अम द—Guava (गुआवा)
अलूचा—Plum ( लम)
अंगरू —Grape ( ेप)
अंजीर—Fig ( फग)
आम, अ ब—Mango (मगो)
आड —Peach (पीच)
आलू—Potato (पोटै टो)
आलू बुखारा—Bokhara plum (बोखारा लम)
अलूचा—Plum ( लम)
इमली—Tamarind (टॉम रड)
ईख—Sugarcane (शूगरकेन)
ककड़ी, खीरा—Cucumber (कूकंबर)
कटहल—Jack-fruit (जैक- ू ट)
क —Pumpkin (प प कन)
कमरख—Carambola (कैर बोला)
कनेर—Oleander (ओलेयडर)
कमल—Lotus (लोटस)
कम लनी, कुमु दनी—Lily ( लली)
करेला—Bitter gourd ( बटर गुअड)
काजू—Cashewnut (कै यूनट)
काशीफल—Red pumpkin gourd (रेड प प कन गुअड)
कश मश— Currant (करट)
कुकुरमु ा—Mushroom (मश म)
केतक , केवड़ा—Pandanus (पंडानस)
केला—Banana (बनाना)
कोहड़ा, फूट—Cucurbit gourd (कूकर बट गुअड)
खजूर—Date (डेट)
खरबूजा—Musk melon (म क मेलन)
ख ा नीबू—Lime (लाइम)
ख चेरी—Sour cherry (सावर चेरी)
खुबानी—Apricot (ए ीकोट)
गलगल, चकोतरा—Citron ( स ॉन)
गाजर—Carrot (कैरट)
गांठगोभी—Knolkhol (नोलखोल)
गुलदाउद —Chrysanthemum ( सथेमम)
गुलमहद —Touch-me-not (टच-मी-नॉट)
गुल बहार—Daisy (डेज़ी)
गुलाब—Rose (रोज़)
गूलर डोड़ा—Boll (बॉल)
गदा—Marigold (मैरीगो ड)
घास—Grass ( ास)
घया, तुरई—Luffa (लूफ़ा)
घुंइया, अरबी—Colocesia antiquorum (कोलासे सया ट कोरम)
च चडा—Snake gourd ( नेक गुअड)
चमेली—Jasmine (जैस मन)
च पा—Magnolia (मै नो लया)
चकनी तोरी—Luffa gourd (लूफ़ा गुअड)
चलगोज़ा—Pinus gerardiana (पाइनस गेर डयाना)
चीकू—Sapodilla (सैपो डला)
चुक दर—Sugar beet (शूगर बीट)
चौलाई—Amaranthus (एमरै थस)
जमीक द—Amorphophallus campanulatus (एमोफ फालस कै पानुलेटस)
जंगली सेब—Crab apple ( ै ब ऐपल)
जंगली चौलाई—Prickly amaranth ( कली एमारथ)
जापानी अलूचा—Japanese plum (जैपनीज़ लम)
जामुन—Black berry ( लैक बेरी)
जैतून—Olive (ऑ लव)
त बाकू—Tobacco (टोबैको)
तरबूज—Water melon (वॉटर मेलोन)
दाख—Currant (करट)
धतूरा—Belladona (बेलाडोना)
ध नया—Coriander (को रएंडर)
नर गस—Narcissus (ना ससस)
नागफनी—Prickly pear ( कली पयर)
नाग भका—Cobra flower (कोबरा लावर)
ना रयल—Coconut (कोकोनट)
नारंगी—Orange (ऑरज)
नीबू—Lemon (लेमन)
पटु आ—Hemp (हे प)
पपीता—Papaya (पपाया)
प ा गोभी—Brassica-campestrice ( ा सका-कै पे ाइस)
परवल—Trichosanthes dioica ( कोसै थेस डओइका)
पहाड़ी पपीता—Mountain papaya (माउंटेन पपाया)
पान—Betel (बीटल)
पालक—Spinach ( प नच)
 पडार—Randia duentorum (र डया डु एटं ोरम)
प ता—Pistachio ( प टै शयो)
पुद ना—Mint ( मट)
पो त—Poppy (पॉपी)
याज़—Onion (अ नयन)
फूलगोभी—Cauliflower (कॉली लावर)
फालसा—Grawia asiatica ( े वया ए शया टका)
बकायन—Lilac ( ललैक)
व गूंगोशा—Pyrus malus (पाइरस मैलस)
बादाम—Almond (एलमंड)
बनफशा—Sweet violet ( वीट वायलेट)
ब दगोभी—Cabbage (कैबेज)
बांस, केवड़ा, केतक —Sisal-hemp (सीसल-हे प)
बगन—Brinjal ( जॉल)
भडी—Lady finger (लेडी फगर)
भु ा—Corn-ear (कान-ईयर)
मटर—Pea (पी)
मकोय—Night shade (नाइट-शेड)
मखाना—Euryle forex (यूराइल फ़ोरे स)
मा टा—Malta (मा टा)
मच—Chilli ( च ली)
मीठ चेरी—Sweet cherry ( वीट चेरी)
मुन का—Raisin (रै ज़न)
मूंगफली—Groundnut ( ाउंडनट)
मूली—Raddish (रै डश)
मौस बी—Mosambi (मोस बी)
रतालू—Yam (याम)
ई—Cotton (कॉटन)
रोज़ बैरी—Rose Berry (रोज़ बैरी)
लीची—Lichi (लीची)
शकरक द—Sweetpotato ( वीटपोटै टो)
शफतालू, सतालू, आड—Peach (पीच)
शरीफा—Custard apple ( टड ऐपल)
शलजम—Turnip (ट नप)
शहतूत—Mulberry (मलबेरी)
सन—Flax ( लै स)
सरस फल—Berry (बैरी)
सलाद (प ा)—Lettuce (ले टस)
साबूदाना—Sago (सागो)
सघाड़ा—Water nut (वॉटर नट)
सेम—Bean (बीन)
सेब—Apple (ऐपल)
संतरा—Orange (ऑरज)
सेमल—Silk-cotton ( स क-कॉटन)

भवन और उनके भाग

(BUILDINGS AND THEIR PARTS)
अटारी, कोठा—Attic (ऐ टक)
अनाथालय—Orphanage (ऑफनेज)
आला—Niche ( नच)
अंगीठ —Hearth (हथ)
अ पताल, च क सालय—Hospital (हॉ पटल)
आंगन—Courtyard (कोटयाड)
इमारत—Building ( ब डंग)
कमरा—Room ( म)
कसाईखाना, बूचड़खाना—Slaughter-house ( लॉटर-हाउस)
कारखाना—Factory (फै टरी)
कार नस, छजली, कंगनी—Cornice (का नस)
कला—Fort (फोट)
को नया—Bracket ( ेकेट)
खपरेल—Tile (टाइल)
ख लहान—Granary ( ेनरी)
खड़क —Window ( वडो)
खूंट —Peg (पेग)
ख ड—Storey ( टोरी)
ग लयारा—Gallery (गैलरी)
गरजाघर—Church (चच)
गु बज़, गु बद—Dome (डोम)
चबूतरा—Platform ( लेटफाम)/Parapet (पैरापेट)
च ड़याखाना—Aviary (ऐ वयरी)
च ड़याघर—Zoo (जू)
चुंगीघर—Octroi-post (ऑ ाय-पो ट)
चौखट—Door-frame (डोर- े म)
चौरस छत—Terrace (टै रेस)
छड़—Bar (बार)
छत (ऊपर क )—Roof ( फ़)
छत (अ दर क )—Ceiling (सी लग)
छ पर—Shed (शेड)
जाली—Lattice (लै टस)
जंगला—Railing (रे लग)
जंजीर—Chain (चेन)
झरोखा—Peep-hole (पीप-होल)
झोपड़ी—Cottage (कॉटे ज)
ोढ़ , दहलीज—Threshold ( ैशो ड)
तहखाना—Underground cell (अंडर ाउंड सैल)
दरवाज़ा—Door (डोर)
द तर—Office (ऑ फ़स)
दे हली—Door-sill (डोर- सल)
धरन, शहतीर—Beam (बीम)
धुंवाकश—Chimney ( चमनी)
नाबदान—Drain ( ेन)
न व—Foundation (फाउंडेशन)
ट —Latrine (लै न)
टकट घर—Booking office (बु कग ऑ फ़स)
प थर—Stone ( टोन)
पढ़ने का थान—Reading room/Study room (री डग म/ ट् डी म)
परनाला—Gutter (गटर)
पल तर—Plaster ( ला टर)
पागलखाना—Lunatic asylum ( यूनै टक असाइलम)
पु तकालय—Library (लाइ ेरी)
पेशाबखाना—Urinal (यू रनल)
फश—Floor ( लोर)
फु वारा—Fountain (फ़ाउंटेन)
ब द—Plinth ( ल थ)
बरफ़खाना—Ice Factory (आइस फ़ै टरी)
बरसाती—Portico/Attic (पो टको/ए टक)
बरामदा—Verandah (वेरे डा)
बैठक—Sitting room/Drawing-room ( स टग म/ ाइंग- म)
बंगला—Bungalow (बंगलौ)
भ डार का कमरा—Store room ( टोर म)
मकान—House (हाउस)
मचान—Dais (डायस)
मठ—Cloister ( लॉय टर)
म दर—Temple (टे पल)
म जद—Mosque (मॉ क)
महल——Palace (पैलेस)
महा व ालय—College (कॉ लज)
मीनार—Steeple ( ट पल)
मुंडेर—Battlement (बैटलमट)
महराव—Arch (आच)
रसायनशाला—Laboratory (लेबोरेटरी)
रसोईघर—Kitchen ( कचन)
रोशनदान—Ventilator (व टलेटर)
व ालय—School ( कूल)
ायामशाला—Gymnasium ( ज ने ज़यम)
व व ालय—University (यू नव सट )
शहतीर—Rafter (रै टर)
शयनागार—Bedroom (बेड म)
सहन—Courtyard (कोटयाड)
सराय—Inn (इ )
नानगृह—Bath-room (बाथ- म)
सनेमा-घर—Picture-hall ( प चर-हॉल)/Theatre ( थयेटर)/Cinema hall ( सनेमा
हॉल)
सीमट—Cement (सीमट)
सीढ़ —Stair ( टे अर)
सेना नवास—Barrack (बैरेक)

औज़ार
(TOOLS)
आरी—Saw (सॉ)
कांटा (बांक)—Clamp ( लै प)
करघा—Loom (लूम)
उ तरा, खुर—Razor (रेज़र)
कुतुबनुमा—Compass (क पास)
कुदाली—Spade ( पेड)
कु हाड़ी—Axe (ऐ स)
कची—Scissors ( सज़स)
को —Oil-mill (ऑयल- मल)
को (ईख पेरने वाला)—Sugar mill (शूगर मल)
गती—Axe (ऐ स)
गो नया—Trying-angle ( ाइंग- गल)
गोलची—Gauge (गॉज)
गोल रंदा—Bead plane (बीड लेन)
चोसा—Rasp (रै प)
छु रा—Dagger (डैगर)
छे नी—Cold chisel (को ड चज़ेल)
छे नी, टांक , सवानी—Stone chisel ( टोन चज़ेल)
टे कुवा— Awl (ऑल)
डांड़ा— Oar (ओर)
तराजू—Balance (बैलस)
दरांती— Bagging hook (बै गग क)
द ती कची—Pruning shear ( ू नग शयर)
धारी रंदा—Tooling plane (टू लग लेन)
धुरी—Axis (ऐ सस)
दराती—Sickle ( स कल)
न तर लगाने क छु री—Lancet (लै सेट)
नहाई—Anvil (एन वल)
पतवार—Rudder (रॅडर)
पताम रंदा—Rebate plane ( रबेट लेन)
परकार—Divider ( डवाइडर)
पाराबटाम—Spirit-level ( प रट लेवल)
पचकारी—Syringe ( स रज)
पेच, डबरी—Screw ( ू )
पेचकस—Screw-driver ( ू - ाइवर)
फ ी—Cleat ( लीट)
फाली—Bar-shear (बार-शीयर)
फावड़ा, बेलचा फल—Spade ( पेड)
फमा (मोची का)—Last (ला ट)
कार—Colter (को टर)
फुंकनी—Blowpipe ( लोपाइप)
बरमा—Auger (ऑगर)
बरमी (छे दने क )—Drill ( ल)
बंसी—Fishing-rod ( फ शग रॉड)
बा दया—Stock and dies ( टाक ड डाइज़)
बारीक रंदा—Smoothing plane ( मू दग लेन)
बांक—Vice (वाइस)
बरंजी— Needle-point (नीडल पॉइंट)
भभका—Still ( टल)
भाषी—Bellows (बेलोज़)
भारो ोलद ड—Lever (लीवर)
मझला र दा—Trying plane ( ाइंग लेन)
मुंगरी—Mallet (मेलेट)
र दा (छोटा)—Trying plane ( ाइंग लेन)
र दा (बड़ा)—Jack plane (जैक लेन)
रेती—File (फाइल)
रंभा—Dibble ( डबल)
लंगर—Anchor (ऐनकर)
स ली (शान लगाने क )—Hone (होन)
सा ल—Plumbine ( लमबाइन)
शंकु—Cone (कोन)
हथकल—Spanner ( पैनर)
हथौड़ी—Hammer (हैमर)
हल—Plough ( लाओ)
हल का फार—Ploughshare ( लाओशेयर)
हाथबांक—Hand vice (हड वाइस)

यु स ब धी
(WARFARE)
अणुबम—Atom bomb (ऐटम बॉम)
अ नवाय भत —Conscription (क स शन)
आ मण (चढ़ाई)—Aggression (ऐ ेशन)
आ मण (धावा)—Attack (अटै क)
कवच—Armour (आरमर)
कारतूस—Cartridge (कार ज)
कलाब द —Fortification (फ़ोट फ़केशन)
खाई—Trench ( च)
गु रला लड़ाई, छापामार यु —Guerilla warfare (गु र ला वॉरफेयर)
गोला बा द इ या द—Ammunition (ए यु नशन)
गोली—Bullet (बुलेट)
गैस-नकाब—Gas-mask (गैस-मॉ क)
घरेलू यु —Civil-war ( स वल-वार)
घुड़सवार सेना, अ सेना—Cavalry (कैवलरी)
घेरा—Siege (सीज़)
जल सेना, नौसेना—Navy (नेवी)
जंगी जहाज़—Battleship (बैटल शप)
तोप—Cannon (कैनन)
तोप का गोला—Cannon-ball (कैनन-बॉल)
धमाके से फटने वाला बम—Explosive-bomb (ए स लो सव-बॉम)
नाकाब द —Blockade ( लॉकेड)
पनडु बी—Submarine (सबमेरीन)
परमाणु यु —Atomic warfare (अटॉ मक वारफेयर)
पाश वक श —Brute force ( ूट फ़ोस)
पद तोड़ने वाला गोला फकने वाली नौका—Torpedo boat
पैदल सेना, थल सेना—Land force (लड फोस)
थान (कूच)—Expedition (ए सपी डशन)
बम—Bomb (बॉम)
बम आ मण—Bombardment (बॉ बाडमट)
बा द—Gunpowder (गनपाउडर)
बा दखाना—Magazine (मैगज़ीन)
भोजन साम ी—Provisions ( ो वज़ स)
मनोबल—Morale (मोरेल)
यु —Battle, war (बैटल, वार)
यु के श —Armaments (आरमामट् स)
यु -कौशल—Strategy ( ै टेजी)
यु - वराम —Cease-fire (सीज़-फ़ायर)
यु -ब द —Prisoners of war ( ज़नस ऑफ़ वॉर)
यु -म ी —War minister (वॉर म न टर)
यु - वृ —Campaign (कै पेन)
र पात—Bloodshed ( लडशेड)
रंग ट क भत —Recruitment ( र ू टमट)
र ा—Defence ( डफस)
र ा-म ालय—Defence-ministry ( डफस म न )
र ा-कोष—Defence fund ( डफ़स फ़ंड)
र ा-कमचारी वग—Defence service ( डफ़स स वस)
लड़ने वाले (यो ा)—Combatants (कंबैटट् स)
लड़ने वाला (रा )—Belligerent nation (बे लजरट नेशन)
लगातार गोला छोड़ने वाली तोप—Machine-gun (मशीन-गन)
लड़ाकू वायुयान—Fighter plane (फाइटर लेन)
व ोह—Mutiny ( यु टनी)
वायुयान-भेद तोप—Anti-aircraft gun ( ट -एयर ा ट गन)
व वंसक—Destroyer ( ड ायर)
स ध—Treaty ( ट )
सहायक सेना—Auxiliary force (आ ज़ लयरी फ़ोस)
सेना—Army, troops (आम , ट स)
सेनाग त—Operation (ऑपरेशन)
सेनाभंग—Demobilization (डेमो बलाइजेशन)
सेनाप त—Commander-in-chief (कमांडर-इन-चीफ़)
सेना का धान अ धकारी—Field-marshal (फ़ ड-माशल)
श ु—Enemy (ए नमी)
शीत यु — Cold war (को ड वॉर)
पेशे और वसाय
(PROFESSIONS & OCCUPATIONS)
अखबार वाला—Newspaper vendor ( यूज़पेपर वडर)
अ यापक—Teacher (ट चर)
अ भय ता—Engineer (इं ज नयर)
अहीर, वाला—Milkman ( म कमैन)
अहीरन, वालन —Milkmaid ( म कमेड)
औष ध बनाने वाला—Compounder (क पाउंडर)
उप यासकार—Novelist (नॉव ल ट)
क व—Poet (पोएट)
कसाई—Butcher (बुचर)
कलाकार—Artist (आ ट ट)
कारीगर—Artisan (आ टज़न)
कार-चालक—Chauffeur (शॉफ़र)
कसान—Farmer (फ़ामर)
कु हार—Potter (पोटर)
कुंजड़ा—Green vendor ( ीन वडर)
कुली—Coolie (कुली)
कोचवान—Coachman (कोचमैन)
खज़ांची—Treasurer ( े ज़रर)
खरादने वाला—Turner (टनर)
खुदरा फरोश—Retailer ( रटे लर)
ग लेखक—Prose-writer ( ोज़ राइटर)
ग धी—Perfumer (प यूमर)
गाड़ीवान—Coachman (कोचमैन)
चपरासी—Peon ( पअन)
थकार—Author (ऑथर)
च कार—Artist, painter (आ ट ट, पटर)
चेचक के ट के लगाने वाला—Vaccinator (वे सनेटर)
चौक दार—Watchman (वाचमैन)
जराह—Surgeon (सजन)
जम दार—Landlord (लडलाड)
जा गर—Magician (मे ज शयन)
ज दसाज—Book-binder (बुक-बाइंडर)
जुलाहा—Weaver (वीवर)
जूता बनाने वाला—Shoemaker (शूमेकर)
जौहरी—Jeweller (जुएलर)
टाइप लगाने वाला—Compositor (क पो ज़टर)
ठठे रा—Brasier ( े सयर)
ठे केदार—Contractor (कॉ ै टर)
डा टर—Doctor (डॉ टर)
डा कया—Postman (पो टमैन)
तबलची—Tabla player (तबला लेयर)
तमोली, पनवाड़ी—Betel-seller (बीटे ल-सैलर)
तेली—Oilman (ऑयलमैन)
दज —Tailor (टे लर)
दलाल—Broker ( ोकर)
दवा व े ता—Druggist ( ग ट)/Chemist (के म ट)
दाई—Midwife ( मडवाइफ़)
द त च क सक—Dentist (ड ट ट)
कानदार—Shopkeeper (शॉपक पर)
त—Messenger (मैसजर)
धाय—Nurse (नस)
धु नया—Carder (काडर)
धोबी—Washerman (वाशरमैन)
धो बन—Washerwoman (वाशरवोमैन)
न शानवीस—Draftsman ( ा ट् समैन)
नाचने वाला—Dancer (डांसर)
नाटककार—Dramatist ( ेमै ट ट)
नानबाई—Baker (बेकर)
 नरी क—Inspector (इं पे टर)
नीलाम करने वाला—Auctioneer (ऑ श नयर)
परी क—Examiner (ए ज़ै मनर)
पुरो हत—Priest ( ी ट)
पु लस का सपाही, आर क—Constable (कॉ टे बल)
काशक—Publisher (प लशर)
ब धकता—Manager (मैनेजर)
फेरीवाला—Hawker (हॉकर)
फोटो ख चने वाला—Photographer (फोटो ाफर)
बढ़ई—Carpenter (काप टर)
बजाज—Draper ( ैपर)
बस का टकट दे ने वाला—Conductor (कंड टर)
बीज व े ता—Seedsman (सीड् समैन)
भ डारी—Butler (बटलर)
मछु वा—Fisherman ( फ़शरमैन)
मशीन चलाने वाला—Operator (ओपरेटर)
मशीन साफ रखने वाला—Cleaner ( लीनर)
म लाह—Boatman (बोटमैन)
महरा—Water carrier (वाटर कै रयर)
मांझी (जहाज़ी)—Sailor (सेलर)
माल ढोने वाला—Carrier (कै ऱयर)
मा लक—Proprietor ( ोपराइटर)
माली—Gardener (गाडनर)
मीनाकार—Enameller (इनेमलर)
म ी—Mechanic (मकै नक)
मुनीम—Agent (एजट)
मु क—Printer ( टर)
मु शी, ल पक, मुह रर—Clerk ( लक)
मेहतर (भंगी)—Sweeper ( वीपर)
मोची—Cobbler (कोबलर)
रसायनी—Chemist (के म ट)
रसोइया—Cook (कुक)
राज—Mason (मेसन)
राजनी त —Politician (पो ल ट शयन)
रोक ड़या (खज़ांची)—Cashier (कै शयर)
रेल के टकट दे खने वाला—Train ticket examiner, T.T.E ( े न टकट ए ज़ै मनर,
ट οट οईο)
रोशनाई वाला—Inkman (इंकमैन)
रंगसाज—Painter (पे टर)
रंगरेज—Dyer (डाइअर)
लेखक—Writer (राइटर)
लोहार—Blacksmith ( लैक मथ)
वक ल—Advocate (एडवोकेट)
वै —Physician ( फ़ ज़ शयन)
श पकार—Artisan (आ टज़न)
श य वै —Surgeon (सजन)
श क—Teacher (ट चर)
शीशा लगाने वाला—Glazier ( ले ज़यर)
संगीतकार—Musician ( यू ज़ शयन)
साईस—Groom ( म ू )
सफाई का दरोगा—Sanitary Inspector (सै नटरी इं पै टर)
सुनार—Goldsmith (गो ड मथ)
सौदागर—Merchant (मच ट)
संगतराश (मू तकार)—Sculptor ( क पटर)
स पादक—Editor (ए डटर)
ह जाम, नाई—Barber (बारबर)
हलवाई—Confectioner (क फ़े शनर)/Halwai (हलवाई)
होटल म खाना खलाने वाला—Waiter (वेटर)

ावसा यक श दावली
(BUSINESS)
क मत का बढ़ना (मु ा फ त)—Inflation (इन लेशन)
अ त थ ंडी—After date bill (आ टर डेट बल)
अ ेषण प —Forwarding letter (फारव डग लेटर)
अ म मांग अदायगी—Call in advance (काल इन एडवांस)
अ म रा श लेखा—Advances accounts (एडवां सस एकाउंट्स)
अचल पूंजी—Fixed capital ( फ़ ड कै पटल)
अद चेक—Open Cheque (ओपन चेक)
अदायगी मता—Paying capacity (पेइंग केपै सट )
अ धकरण प —Letter of authorisation (लेटर ऑफ़ ऑथोराइज़ेशन)
अ धकृत पूंजी—Authorised capital (ऑथोराइ ड कै पटल)
अ धमु ा—Occupation money (आ युपेशन मनी)
अन जत—Unearned (अनअ ड)
अ नवाय नकद आर त न ध—Compulsory reserve (कंपलसरी रज़व)
अनुमोदन, मंजूरी—Endorsement (एंडोसमट)
अनुमो दत मु ा—Approved Currency (ए ू ड करसी)
अ ा य ऋण, ब े -खाते का धन—Bad debt (बैड डैट)
अ ा य ऋण लेखा—Bad debt account (बैड डैट एकाउंट)
अथ व था, कफायत—Economy (एकॉनमी)
अ पका लक उधार—Short-term credit (शाट-टम े डट)
अ वल ब कजा—Demand loan ( डमांड लोन)
अ वल ब दर—Call rate (काल रेट)
असली आमदनी—Net income (नेट इनकम)
अ थायी ऋण—Floating debt ( लो टग डे’ट)
आदे शी चेक—Order cheque (आडर चेक)
आपाती उधार—Emergency credit (एमजसी े डट)
आय, आमदनी—Income (इनकम)
आर भक लेखा—Initial account (इ न शयल अकाउंट)
आवत जमा—Recurring deposit (रेकॅ रग डपा ज़ट)
औ ो गक बक—Industrial bank (इंड यल बक)
औसत—Average (ऐवरेज)
औसत दर—Average rate (एवरेज रेट)
औसत री—Average distance (ऐवरेज ड टस)
उगाही बल—Bill of collection ( बल ऑफ़ कले शन)
उच ती नाम—Suspended debt (स प डड डैट)
उ र त थ चेक—Postdated cheque (पो टडे टड चेक)
उधार जमा—Credit deposit ( े डट डपॉ ज़ट)
उधार-प , साख-प —Letter of credit (लेटर ऑफ़ े डट)
उधार क —Sale on credit (सेल ऑन े डट)
उधार लेखा—Credit account ( े डट अकाउंट)
उधार, ऋण—Credit ( े डट)
उपभो ा—Consumer (क यूमर)
उपभो ा माल—Consumer’s goods (क यूमस गुड्स)
क ची बही—Rough day-book (रफ़ डे-बुक)
कम से कम क मत—Bottom price (बॉटम ाइस)
कमाई, उपाजन—Earning (अ नग)
कज़ा चालू करना—Floatation ( लोटे शन)
कजा-शेष—Loan balance (लोन-बैलस)
कज के दे नदार—Debtors for loan (डैटस फ़ॉर लोन)
कज के लेनदार—Creditors for loan ( ै डटस फ़ॉर लोन)
कमचारी, नौकर—Employee (ए लॉयी)
कागज-पैमाना—Paper scale (पेपर केल)
कागज मु ा—Paper currency (पेपर करसी)
कारखाना—Factory (फ़ै टरी)
काय—Job (जॉब)
कायकर पूँजी—Working capital (व कग कै पटल)
का लक ऋण—Time money (टाइम मनी)
क मत, मू य—Price ( ाइस)
क मत-सूची—Price list ( ाइस ल ट)
कुल कमाई—Gross earning ( ॉस अ नग)
कुल हा न—Gross loss ( ॉस लॉस)
कोरी बेचान—Blank endorsement ( लक एंडोसमट)
खजांची—Cashier (कै शयर)
खड़ी जमा—Standing credit ( ट डग े डट)
खड़ी ंडी—Overdue bill (ओवर ू बल)
खच का बल—Bill of costs ( बल ऑफ़ कॉ ट् स)
खच के लेनदार—Creditors for expenses ( े डट् स फ़ॉर ए सप सस)
खाता उधार—Credit book ( े डट बुक)
खाता जमा—Book deposit (बुक डपॉ ज़ट)
खाता ऋण—Book debt (बुक डैट)
खा लस आय, शु आय—Net income (नेट इ कम)
खुदरा रोकड़ बही—Petty cash book (पैट कैश बुक)
खुला चेक—Blank cheque ( लक चेक)
खुली सुपुदगी (माल क )—Open delivery (of goods) ओपन डलीवरी (ऑफ़ गुडस)
खुले प का खाता—Loose leaf ledger (लूज़ लीफ़ लेजर)
खुली डी—Lost bill of exchange (लॉ ट बल ऑफ़ ए सचज)
गाहक, गाहक—Customer (क टमर)
ाहक खाता—Sales ledger (से ज़ लैजर)
ाहक लेखे—Customer’s account (क टमस एकाउंट)
घटत बढ़त दोलन—Fluctuation ( ल चुएशन)
चल उधार—Revolving credit ( रवा वंग े डट)
चल भार—Floating charge ( लो टग चाज)
चालू उधार—Running credit (र नग े डट)
चालू कजा—Current loan (करट लोन)
चालू जमा—Current deposit (करट डपॉ ज़ट)
चालू लेखा, चालू खाता—Current account (करट एकाउंट)
चाटर लेखाकार—Chartered accountant (चाटड एकाउंटट)
चुकाई ंडी—Discharged bill ( ड चा ड बल)
चुका कजा—Discharged loan ( ड चा ड लोन)
चैक जमा न ेप—Cheque deposit (चैक डपॉ ज़ट)
जमा करना—Crediting ( े ड टग)
जमा कापी—Paying-in-book (पेइंग-इन-बुक)
जमा खाता—Deposit ledger ( डपॉ ज़ट लैजर)
जमानती ंडी—Bill as security ( बल ऐज़ से यू रट )
जमा पच —Pay-in-slip (पे-इन- लप)
जमा प —Credit note ( े डट नोट)
जमा बक—Bank of deposit (बक ऑफ़ डपॉ ज़ट)
जमा मु ा—Deposit currency ( डपॉ ज़ट करसी)
जमा रकम—Deposit amount ( डपॉ ज़ट एमांउट)
जमा र ज टर—Deposit register ( डपॉ ज़ट र ज टर)
जमा लेखा—Deposit account ( डपॉ ज़ट एकाउंट)
जाली नोट—Forged note (फो ड नोट)
जो खम प —Risk note ( र क नोट)
टकसाल दर—Mint par ( मट पार)
ट पा तरण, खाता तरण—Book transfer (बुक ांसफ़र)
टू ट-फूट—Wear and tear ( वयर ऐ ड टयर)
डू बी रकम—Bad debt (बैड डैट)
तुरंत नगद उधार खाता—Demand cash credit ( डमांड कैश े डट)
थोक बाजार—Wholesale market (होलसेल माकट)
दशनी ंडी—Bill payable at sight ( बल पेएबल ऐट साइट)
दशनी ंडी क दर—Cheque rate (चेक रेट)
दशनो र ंडी—Bill payable after sight ( बल पेएबल आ टर साइट)
दावे क रा श—Claimed amount ( ले ड एमाउंट)
दवाला—Bankruptcy (ब ट् सी)
दवा लया—Bankrupt (ब ट)
कान, मालय—Shop (शॉप)
लभ मु ा—Hard currency (हाड करसी)
लभ पया—Tight money (टाइट मनी)
दे न गयां—Charges (चाजज़)
दे य- बल—Bill payable ( बल पेएबल)
दे य बक लेखा—Payable bank draft (पेएबल बक ा ट)
दे शी बक—Indigenous bank (इं ड जनस बक)
धनादे श—Draft ( ा ट)
नकद, नकद रोकड़—Cash (कैश)
नकद उधार—Cash credit (कैश- े डट)
नकद जमा—Cash deposit (कैश डपॉ ज़ट)
नकद दे न—Cash payment (कैश पेमट)
नकद पच —Cash-memo (कैश-मेमो)
नकद ब ा—Cash discount (कैश ड काउंट)
नकद मू य—Cash value (कैश वै यू)
नकद अ दान—Cash imprest (कैश इ े ट)
नकद आदे श—Cash order (कैश ऑडर)
नाम खाता—Debit account (डे बट अकाउंट)
नाम बाक —Debit balance (डे बट बैलस)
नकाली रकम—Withdrawn amount ( वद ॉन एमाउंट)
नकासी, काम, उ पादन—Outturn (आउटटन)
नकासी ऐजे ट—Clearing agent ( लय रग एजट)
न ध—Fund (फ़ंड)
न धब कजा—Funding loan (फ़ं डग लोन)
नयत काय लागत खाता—Job cost ledger (जॉब का ट लेजर)
नयत दर—Fixed rate ( फ़ ड रेट)
नयत न ध—Allotted fund (एलौ टड फ़ंड)
नयत भार—Fixed charges ( फ़ ड चाजज़)
नमाता का छाप—Maker’s brand (मेकस ांड)
नयात, माल बाहर भेजना—Export (ए सपोट)
नयात उधार—Export credit (ए सपोट े डट)
नयात कर—Export duty (ए सपोट ूट )
नरी ंडी— Clean bill ( लीन बल)
नमु दवा लया—Discharged bankrupt ( ड चा ड ब ट)
नल बल लेखा, उच ती लेखा—Suspense account (स पस एकाउंट)
नवल आय- य लेखा—Net revenue account (नेट रेवे यू एकाउंट)
नवल उ पादन—Net production (नेट ोड शन)
नवल कमाई—Net earning (नेट अ नग)
नवल ब —Net selling, sale (नेट से लग, सेल)
पड़ताल र ज टर—Check register (चेक र ज टर)
प रपाक त थ—Date of maturity (डेट ऑफ़ मैचु रट )
प र मत साझेदार—Limited partner ( ल मटे ड पाटनर)
प क—Letter card (लेटर काड)
तब धी—Restrictive duty (रे टव ूट )
याभू त प —Letter of guarantee (लेटर ऑफ़ गैरट )
भार, खच, य—Charge (चाज)
 लेख पर अदायगी—Cash against documents (कैश अगे ट डॉकुमट् स)
लेख ंडी—Documentary bill (डॉकुमटरी बल)
ा त ंडी—Bill receivable ( बल रसीवेबल)
ा त और अदायगी लेखा—Receipts and payments account ( रसीट् स ड
पेमट् स एकाउंट)
ा तयां, आय—Receipts ( रसीट् स)
ाथना प —Application (ऐ लकेशन)
पछला हसाब—Account rendered (एकाउंट रडड)
पुराना चेक—Stale cheque ( टे ल चेक)
पूंजी, मूल, मूलधन—Capital (कै पटल)
पूंजी आर त न ध—Capital reserve fund (कै पटल रज़व फ़ंड)
पूजीकृत मू य—Capitalised value (कै पटलाइ ड वै यू)
पूंजीकृत लाभ—Capitalised profit (कै पटलाइ ड ॉफेट)
पूंजी का नगम—Capital outflow (कै पटल आउट लो)
पूंजीगत और राज व लेखा—Capital and revenue account (कै पटल ड रेवे यू
एकाउंट)
पूंजीगत रा श—Capital sums (कै पटल स स)
पूंजीगत लाभ—Capital profit (कै पटल ो फ़ट)
पूंजीप त—Capitalist (कै पट ल ट)
पूंजी पर तफल—Return on capital ( रटन ऑन कै पटल)
पूंजी परस प —Capital asset (कै पटल एसेट)
पूंजी बाज़ार—Capital market (कै पटल माकट)
पूंजी लेखा—Capital account (कै पटल एकाउंट)
फालतू पया—Floating money ( लो टग मनी)
फुटकर क मत—Retail price ( रटे ल ाइस)
बकाया—Arrears (ए रयस)
बकाया मांग—Call in arrears (काल इन ए रयस)
बकाया या शेष नकालना—Balancing (बैल सग)
बचम जमा—Saving deposit (से वग डपॉ ज़ट)
ब ा—Discount ( ड काउंट)
ब ा लेखा—Discount account ( ड काउंट एकाउंट)
ब े पर व नमय—Exchange at discount (ए सचट ऐट ड काउंट)
बही खाता, लेखा पु तक—Account book (एकाउंट बुक)
बाक , शेष, बकाया—Balance (बैलस)
बाक या शेष नकालना—Balancing (बैल सग)
बाज़ार—Commodity market (कॉमॉ डट माकट)
बाजार मू य—Market price (माकट ाइस)
बाहरी चेक—Outstation cheque (आउट टे शन चेक)
ब का माल—Stock in trade ( टॉक इन े ड)
ब खाता—Sale account (सेल एकाउंट)
ब बल—Bill of sale ( बल ऑफ़ सेल)
बना मू य—Free of charge ( ऑफ़ चाज)
बीता कजा—Expired loan (ए सपायड लोन)
बीमा—Insurance (इं योरस)
बेचान क ा—Endorser (एंडोसर)
बेचान चैक—Endorsed cheque (एंडो ड चेक)
बेजमानती कजा—Clean loan ( लीन लोन)
बे मयाद कजा—Morning loan (मॉ नग लोन)
बक अदायगी—Banker’s payment (बकस पेमट)
बक आदे श—Banker’s order (बकसस ऑडर)
बक उधार—Banker’s advance (बकस एडवांस)
बक उधार जमा—Bank credit (बक े डट)
बक दर—Bank rate (बक रेट)
बक दर का घटाना-बढ़ाना—Manipulation of bank rate (मैनीपुलेशन ऑफ़ बक रेट)
बक भार—Bank charge (बक चाज)
बक-बंधक—Banker’s mortgage (बकस माटगेज)
बक रोकड़—Bank cash (बक कैश)
बक लेखा—Bank account (बक एकाउंट)
बक लेखा मांग—Bank call (बक काल)
बक व था—Banking structure (ब कग चर)
बक ऋण—Banking debt (ब कग डैट)
बक ऋणाधार—Banker’s security (बकस स यो रट )
भागी, साझेदार—Partner (पाटनर)
मज़बूत बाज़ार—Firm market (फ़म माकट)
म दे क ओर झुकाव—Bearish tendency ( बय रश टडे सी)
म य थ—Arbitrator (आ ब े टर)
मंडी, बाज़ार, हाट—Market (माकट)
मांग—Demand ( डमांड)
मांग कजा—Demand loan ( डमांड लोन)
मांग धनादे श—Demand draft ( डमांड ा ट)
मांग-प , ल खत मांग—Demand note, indent ( डमांड नोट, इंडट)
मांग सूचना—Call notice (काल नो टस)
मानाथ अदायगी—Payment for honour (पेमट फ़ॉर आनर)
माल, साम ी, पदाथ—Goods (गुड्स)
माल भाड़ा, वहन शु क—Freight ( े ट)
माल रखने क सीमा—Stock limit ( टॉक ल मट)
माल रोकड़ पु तक—Goods cash book (गुड्स कैश बुक)
माल-लेखा—Stock account ( टॉक एकाउंट)
मा लक, नयोजक—Employer (ए पलायर)
मयाद कजा—Terminable loan (ट मनेबल लोन)
मयाद जमा—Fixed deposit ( फ ड डपो ज़ट)
म त पूंजी बक—Joint stock bank (जायंट टॉक बक)
मुआवज़ा, तकर—Compensation (क पे सेशन)
मु ती ंडी—Bill payable after date ( बल पेएबल आ टर डेट)
मु ा, , पया, धन—Currency, money (करसी, मनी)
मु ा अव फ त—Deflation of currency ( ड लेशन ऑफ़ करसी)
मु ांक शु क—Stamp duty ( टा प ूट )
मु ा का अ तरण—Currency transfer (करसी ां फ़र)
मु ा णाली—Monetary system (मोनेटरी स टम)
मु ा मू य ास—Depreciation of currency (डे सएशन ऑफ़ करे सी)
मु ा व नमय—Currency exchange (करसी ए सचज)
मु ा फ त—Inflation of currency (इ लेशन ऑफ़ करे सी)
मू य ास—Depreciation (डे सएशन)
मू य ास लेखा—Depreciation account (डे सएशन एकाउंट)
या ी साख प —Traveller’s letter of credit ( ै वलस लेटर ऑफ़ े डट)
राज व —Public finance (प लक फ़ाइनस)
रा श, रकम—Amount (एमाउंट)
के पर उधार—Credit paper ( े डट पेपर)
पया बाज़ार—Money market (मनी माकट)
रे खत चैक—Crossed cheque ( ा ड चेक)
रेल तक न भार—Free on rail, F.O.R. ( ऑन रेल, एफ़o ओo आरo)
रोकड़ जमा—Opening balance (ओप नग बैलस)
रोकड़ बही—Cash book (कैश बुक)
रोकड़ बाक —Cash balance (कैश बैलस)
रोकड़ लेखा—Cash account (कैश एकाउंट)
रोकड़ सूची—Cash scroll (कैश ोल)
रोक सूचना—Notice of stoppage (नो टस ऑफ़ टॉपेज)
लाभांश—Bonus (बोनस)
लेखा, खाता, हसाब—Account (एकाउंट)
लेखा और बाक —Account and balance (एकाउंट ड बैलस)
लेखाकार—Accountant (एकाउंटट)
लेखा रखना—Maintenance of account (मटे नस ऑफ़ एकाउंट)
लेखा-वष—Accounting year (एकाउं टग ईयर)
लेखा-शा , लेखा व ध—Accountancy (एकाउंटसी)
लेनदार, ऋणदाता—Creditor ( े डटर)
लौटा चेक—Returned cheque ( रट ड चेक)
गत लेखा—Individual account (इं ड वजुअल एकाउंट)
ा या प —Covering letter (कॅव रग लेटर)
ापा रक माल—Merchandise (मच डाइज़)
ापारी, व णक—Merchant (मचट)
ापारी लेन-दे न—Trade creditor ( े ड े डटर)
वसाय पूंजी—Trading capital ( े डग कै पटल)
वा ण य बक—Commercial bank (कम शयल बक)
वा ण य लेखा—Commercial account (कम शयल एकाउंट)
वायदा बाज़ार—Free market ( माकट)
वा षक न ध—Annuity fund (एनुइट फ़ंड)
वा षक लाभ—Annual profit (एनुएल ाफ़ेट)
वा षक लेखा—Annual account (एनुएल एकाउंट)
वा षक ववरणी—Annual return (एनुएल रटन)
वा षक वेतन—Annual pay (एनुएल पे)
वा षक शु लाभ—Annual net profit (एनुएल नेट ा फ़ट)
वा षक प त—Annuity system (एनुइट स टम)
व य ववरण—Sales account (से स एकाउंट)
वकास खच—Development expenses (डेवलॅपमट ए सपे सस)
व े ता—Salesman (से समैन)
व —Finance (फ़ाइनस)
व आभार—Financial obligation (फ़ाइन शयल ओबलीगेशन)
व द ड—Financial penalty (फ़ाइन शयल पेन ट )
पया लगाने वाला—Financer (फ़ाइनसर)
व दाता बक—Financial bank (फ़ाइन शयल बक)
व दायी भागी—Financing partner (फ़ाइन सग पाटनर)
व ीय दा यता—Financial liability (फ़ाइन शयल लाय ब लट )
व ीय नयं ण—Financial control (फ़ाइन शयल क ोल)
व ीय ब ध—Financial management (फ़ाइन शयल मैनेजमट)
व ीय रपोट दे ना—Financial reporting (फ़ाइन शयल रपो टग)
व ीय वहार—Financial transaction (फ़ाइन शयल ा से शन)
व ीय वष—Financial year (फ़ाइन शयल ईयर)
व ीय ववरण—Financial statement (फ़ाइन शयल टे टमट)
व ीय सलाह—Financial advice (फ़ाइन शयल एडवाइस)
व ीय ापन—Financial memorandum (फ़ाइन शयल मेमोरडम)
वदे शी मु ा—Foreign exchange (फ़ारेन ए सचज)
व नमय—Exchange (ए सचज)
व नमय दर—Exchange rate (ए सचज रेट)
वदे शी मु ा नयं ण—Exchange control (ए सचज क ोल)
व नमय-प —Letter of exchange (लेटर ऑफ़ ए सचज)
व नमय-बक—Exchange bank (ए सचज बक)
व नमाण या—Manufacturing process (मैनफ ु ै च रग ौसेस)
व श (नाप तोल) कर—Specific duty ( पे स फ़क ूट )
वेतन, तन वाह—Pay (पे)
वैधता-अव ध—Validity period (वै ल डट पी रयड)
शु कद दाम—Duty paid price ( ूट पेड ाइस)
शु कदे य माल—Dutiable goods ( ूट एबल गुड्स)
शैयर बाज़ार—Stock exchange ( टॉक ए सचज)
स य पूंजी—Active capital (ए टव कै पटल)
सं चत न ध—Consolidated fund (क सो लडे टड फ़ंड)
समशोधन—Cash transfer clearing (कैश ांसफ़र लय रग)
स म लत खाता—Joint account (जॉइंट एकाउंट)
वयं ही को दे य—Payable to self (पेएबल टु से फ़)
सरकारी लेखा, सावज नक लेखा—Public account (प लक एकाउंट)
सरकारी साख—Public credit (प लक े डट)
सराफ़ा बाज़ार—Bullion exchange (बु लयन ए सचज)
वीकृत लेखा—Accounts stated (एकाउंट्स टे टड)
सहकारी बक—Cooperative bank (कोऑपरे टव बक)
सहम त-प —Letter of consent (लेटर ऑफ़ कॉ सट)
सशत कजा—Tied loan (टाइड लोन)
सहायक लेखाकार—Assistant accountant (अ स टट एकाउंटैट)
साख-प —Bill of credit ( बल ऑफ़ े डट)
सा कार—Moneylender (मनीलडर)
सुनाम लेखा—Goodwill account (गुड वल एकाउंट)
हा न, नुकसान—Loss (लॉस)
हसांब ब द करना—Closing of account ( लो ज़ग ऑफ़ एकाउंट)
डी, वप —Bill ( बल)
डी का पूव भुगतान—Retirement of bill ( रटायरमट ऑफ़ बल)
डी चुकाना—Clearing a bill ( लय रग ए बल)
डी दलाल—Bill broker ( बल ोकर)
 डी बही—Bill journal ( बल जनल)
तपू त का दावा—Claim for compensation ( लेम फ़ॉर क पे सेशन)
ऋण, उधार—Loan (लोन)
ऋण लेखा—Debt account (डैट एकाउंट)

टे शनरी
(STATIONERY)
अ स कागज़—Tracing paper ( े सग पेपर)
अखबार (समाचारप )—Newspaper ( यूज़पेपर)
अ ा—Perch (पच)
अलमारी—Almirah (ऐल मरा)
आधी रसीद (गुस ा)—Counterfoil (काउंटरफ़ॉयल)
आराम कुस —Easy-chair (ईज़ी-चेयर)
आल पन—Pin ( पन)
आल पन लगाने क ग —Pin-cushion ( पन-कुशन)
कलम—Pen (पेन)
कागज़—Paper (पेपर)
कागज़-तराश—Paper-cutter (पेपर-कटर)
कागज़-दाब—Paper-weight (पेपर-वेट)
काग—Cork (कॉक)
काड—Card (काड)
काली याही—Black ink ( लैक इंक)
कोश—Dictionary ( ड शनरी)
ख ड़या प सल—Crayon ( े यन)
र ज टर—Register (र ज टर)
ग द—Gum (गम)
चमट —Clip ( लप)
चौक —Bench (बच)
छ ण य —Punching machine (प चग मशीन)
छे द करने का सूआ—Bodkin (बॉड कन)
छे दनी—Punch (पंच)
जीभी (नोक)—Nib ( नब)
जेबी कताब—Pocket-book (पॉकेट-बुक)
टकट (डाक)—Postage-stamp (पो टे ज- टप)
टकट (रसीद )—Revenue stamp (रेवे यू टप)
टे बल—Table (टे बल)
डोरी (क लदार)—Tag (टै ग)
ाइंग पन—Drawing-pin ( ाइंग- पन)
तार—Wire (वायर)
तपाई—Stool ( टू ल)
दवात—Inkpot (इंकपॉट)
दै नक-प —Daily paper (डेली पेपर)
नकल करने का कागज़ (काबन-कागज़)—Carbon-Paper (काबन-पेपर)
नकल करने क प सल—Copying pencil (कॉ पग प सल)
न शा—Map (मैप)
नम ण-प —Invitation Card (इ वटे शन काड)
नीली-काली याही—Blue-black ink ( लू- लैक इंक)
नीली याही—Blue ink ( लू इंक)
परकार—Divider ( डवाइडर)
पर क कलम —Quill pen ( वल पेन)
पुकारने क घंट —Call-bell (कॉल-बेल)
प सल—Pencil (प सल)
पो टकाड—Post-card (पो ट-काड)
फाइल ( म सल)—File (फाइल)
फ ता—Tape (टे प)
भट-काड—Visiting card ( व ज़ टग काड)
मा सक प का—Monthly Magazine (मंथली मैग ज़न)
मोहर—Seal (सील)
मोमी कपड़ा—Tracing cloth ( े सग लॉथ)
रबर—Eraser (इरेज़र)
रबर क मोहर—Rubber-stamp (रबर- टप)
र क टोकरी—Waste-paper basket (वे ट-पेपर बा केट)
रसीद बही—Receipt-book ( रसीट बुक)
लर—Ruler ( लर)
रोशनाई—Ink (इंक)
रोशनाई का ग ा—Inkpad (इंकपैड)
लपेटने का कागज़—Packing paper (पै कग पेपर)
लाख मुहर लगाने क —Sealing-wax (सी लग-वै स)
लखने क प —Writing pad (राइ टग पैड)
लफ़ाफ़ा—Envelope (एनबेलप)
लेखा बही—Ledger (लैजर)
सरेस—Glue ( लू)
सादा कागज़—Blank-paper ( लक-पेपर)
सा ता हक प —Weekly paper (वीकली पेपर)
सोखता—Blotting-paper ( लॉ टग-पेपर)
हो डर—Holder (हो डर)

जानवर
(ANIMALS)
ऊंट—Camel (कैमल)
क तूरी मृग—Musk-deer (म क- डयर)
कंगा —Kangaroo (कै ग )
कु ा—Dog (डॉग)
कु तया—Bitch ( बच)
ख चर—Mule ( यूल)
खरगोश (शशक)—Rabbit (रै बट)
खरहा—Hare (हेअर)
खुर, शफ—Hoop ( फ़)
गधा—Ass (ऐस)
गाय—Cow (कॉउ)
गलहरी—Squirrel ( व रल)
गडा—Rhinoceros ( रनोसेरॅस)
गोरखर (ज़ैबरा)—Zebra (ज़े ा)
घोड़ा—Horse (हॉस)
घोड़ी—Mare (मेअर)
घोड़े का ब चा—Colt (को ट)
चीता—Panther (पथर)
च ट खोर—Ant eater (एंट-ईटर)
चूहा—Mouse (माउस)
छछू ं दर—Mole (मोल)
जंगली सूअर—Boar (बोअर)
जराफ़—Giraffe ( जराफ़)
झबरा कु ा—Spaniel ( पै नयल)
ट —Pony (पोनी)
त आ—Leopard (लैपड)
नेवला—Mongoose (म गूज़)
म—Tail (टे ल)
पशु—Beast (बी ट)
पंजा—Claw ( लॉ)
 जनक सांड—Sire (सायर)
प ला—Puppy (पपी)
बकरा—He-goat (ही-गोट)
बकरी—She-goat (शी-गोट)
बकरी का ब चा—Kid ( कड)
बछड़ा—Calf (काफ़)
ब छया—She-calf (शी-काफ़)
ब ली—Cat (कैट)
ब ली का ब चा—Kitten ( कटन)
ब दर —Monkey (मंक )
बनमानुष—Chimpanzee ( च प ज़ी)
बाघ—Tiger (टाइगर)
बारह सगा—Stag ( टै ग)
बारह सगी—Hind (हाइंड)
बैल—Ox (ऑ स)
भालू—Bear ( बअर)
भे ड़या—Wolf (वु फ़)
भेड़ (मेष)—Sheep (शीप)
भेड़ी—Ewe (यू)
भेड़ का ब चा—Lamb (लैम)
भस—Buffalo (बफ़लो)
मेढ़ा—Ram (रैम)
मेमना—Kid ( कड)
मूसा, चूहा—Rat (रैट)
लोमड़ी—Fox (फॉ स)
लकड़ब घा—Hyena (हायना)
लंगरू —Ape (एप)
शकारी कु ा—Hound (हाउंड)
सांड—Bull (बुल)
साही—Porcupine (पोकुपाइन)
सयार (गीदड़)—Jackal (जैकाल)
सह—Lion (लायन)
स ग—Horn (हान)
सुअर—Pig ( पग), Swine ( वाइन)
हरन—Deer ( डयर)
हरन का ब चा—Fawn (फ़ॉन)
हाथी—Elephant (ए लफट)
 क ट-पतंग
(WORMS & INSECTS)
अजगर—Boa (बोआ)
कछु वा, क छप—Turtle (टटल)
कचुआ—Earthworm (अथवाम)
केकड़ा—Crab ( ै ब)
खटमल—Bug (बॅग)
गे वन सांप—Adder (ऐडर)
गोबरीला—Beetle (बीटल)
घ घा—Snail ( नेल)
चीलर—Body-lice (बॉडी लाइस)
छपकली—Lizard ( लज़ड)
ज़हर—Poison (पॉयज़न)
जहर के दांत—Fangs (फ़ स)
जुगनू—Glowworm ( लोवाम)
जूं—Lice (लाइस)
ज क—Leech (लीच)
झ गुर—Cricket ( केट)
ट ा—Grass-hopper ( ास-हौपर)
ट ी—Locust (लोक ट)
ततैया, भड़—Wasp (वॉ प)
ततली—Butterfly (बटर लाइ)
द रयाई घोड़ा—Hippopotamus ( ह पोपौटे मस)
द मक—Termite (टमाइट)
नाग—Cobra (कोबरा)
प सू—Flea ( ली)
फन—Hood ( ड)
ब छू —Scorpion ( कॉर पअन)
म खी—Fly ( लाइ)
मकड़ी—Spider ( पाइडर)
मकड़े का जाला—Web (वैब)
मगरम छ—Crocodile ( ोकोडाइल)
म छर—Mosquito (मा कटो)
मछली—Fish ( फ़श)
मधुम खी—Honey-bee (हनी-बी)
मधुम खी (मादा)—Bee (बी)
महा चग ( झगा मछली)—Lobster (लॉ टर)
मूषक प सू—Rat flea (रैट ली)
मढक—Frog ( ॉग)
मढक का ब चा—Tadpole (टै डपोल)
रेशम का क ड़ा—Silk-worm ( स क-वाम)
रेशम का कोआ—Cocoon (कोकून)
लीख—Nit ( नट)
सप मीन—Eel (ईल)
शाक, हंगरु —Shark (शाक)
सांप—Snake ( नेक)
सीप (शु , क तूरा मछली)—Oyster (ओइ टर)

प ी
(BIRDS)
अबाबील—Swallow ( वैलो)
उ लू—Owl (आउल)
कठफोड़ा—Woodpecker (वुडपैकर)
कबूतर (कपोत)—Pigeon ( प जन)
काला कौवा—Raven (रैवन)
कोयल—Cuckoo (कु कू)
कौवा—Crow ( ो)
ग ड़—Eagle (ईगल)
ग —Vulture (व चर)
गौरैया—Sparrow ( पैरो)
चमगादड़—Bat (बैट)
चील—Kite (काइट)
चूज़ा—Chicken ( चकन)
तीतर—Partridge (पार् ज्)
तोता—Parrot (पैरट)
नीलक ठ—Magpie (मै पी)
डैना (पर)—Wing ( वग)
पंख—Feather (फ़ैदर)
फ़ा ता—Dove (डव)
ब ख (नर)—Drake ( ेक)
ब ख का ब चा—Duckling (डक लग)
ब खी—Duck (डक)
बुलबुल—Nightingale (नाइ टगेल)
 बया—Weaver bird (वीवर बड)
बटे र—Quail ( वेल)
बाज़—Hawk (हॉक)
मुगा—Cock (कॉक)
मुग —Hen (हेन)
मुग का ब चा—Chicken ( चकन)
मोर—Peacock (पीकॉक)
मोरनी—Peahen (पीहैन)
लवा—Lark (लाक)
सारस—Crane ( े न)
हंस(राजहंस)—Swan ( वैन)

* लखने म read क वतनी अथात् पै लग तीन फॉम म एक सी होती है; अत: इस या को इस वग म रखा गया है। पर इस
या के तीन forms का उ चारण इस कार होता है— रीड; रैड, रैड।
1 ‘घृणा करना’ और ‘पसंद न करना’ दो अलग-अलग व तुए ं ह।
2 Poor श द एक वचन और ब वचन म एक समान रहता है।
* संयु श द बनने के बाद भी ये दोन श द पृथक् रहते ह।
 अं ेजी- हद शब् दकोश ( English-Hindi Dictionary )

A
aback —(अबैक) adv. backwards. पीछे ; Taken abacksurprised. च कत.
abandon —(अबैण् डन्) v. t. to forsake, to give up to another. प रत् याग करना,
कसी के ऊपर छोड़ दे ना.
abandonment —(अबैण् डनमेण् ट) n. giving up completely, surrender. पूण
प रत् याग.
abate —(अबेट) v. t. to diminish or weaken. कम करना, कमज़ोर करना, घटाना.
abatement —(अबेटमेण् ट) n. deduction, decrease. कमी, कटौती.
abbreviate —(ए ी वएट) v. t. to make brief or short. सं प् त करना, छोटा करना.
abbreviation —(ए ी वएशन) n. making short specially a word or phrase.
कसी शब् द या वाक् यांश को सं प् त करना.
abide —(अबाइड) v. t. stand firm, continue, put up with. ढ़ रहना, जारी रहना,
सहना, टकना.
abiding —(अबाइ डग) adj. permanent. स् थायी.
ability —(एबी लट ) n. capacity, skill, mental or physical power. योग् यता,
मता, कौशल.
abject —(एबजेक् ट) adj. mean, worthless. तुच् छ, नकम् मा.
ably —(एब् ली) adv. in a competent manner. योग् यतापूवक.
abnegate —(एबनीगेट) v. t. to deny oneself, to give up. अपने को वं चत करना या
त् यागना.
abnegation —(एब् नीगेशन) n. denial, self sacrifice. त् याग.
abnormal —(एब् नॉमल) adj. irregular, not usual. अ नय मत, असाधारण.
aboard —(अबोड) prep. adv. on a ship, aircraft or train. जहाज़, हवाई जहाज़ या
रेल गाड़ी के ऊपर.
abode —(अबोड) n. dwelling. नवास स् थान.
abolish —(अबॉ लश) v. t. to put an end to. समाप् त करना, हटाना ( वशेषत: कोई
री त, कानून या संस् था).
abomination —(एबॉ मनेशन्) n. an object of disgust, a hateful thing or habit.
घृ णत काय या आदत.
abortion —(एबॉरशन्) n. miscarriage before birth. गभपात.
above —(एबव) adv. in a higher place. ऊपर; prep. on the top of, more than.
ऊपर, अ धक.
abridgement —(अ जमेण् ट) n. shortening. छोटा, सं ेप, कमी.
abrupt —(ए प् ट) adj. hasty, unexpected, sudden, unconnected. उतावला,
आक मक, अचानक, असम् ब .
absence —(ऐब् सेन स
् ) n. being away from a place, non-existence.
अनुप थ त, अभाव.
absent —(ऐब् सेण् ट) adj. not present. अनुप थत; absentminded, abstracted.
खोया आ-सा.
absentee —(ऐब् सेण् ट ) n. one away from a place or post of duty. जो कसी
स् थान या काय पर उप थत न रहे, गायब रहने वाला.
absolutely —(एब् सोल् यूटली) adv. in an absolute way. पूण प से, स् वतं ता
पूवक.
absorb —(एब् ज़ॉब) v. t. to take in, to incorporate, to engage. सोखना, हड़प कर
लेना, लीन होना.
absorption —(ऐब् ज़ॉपशन) n. sucking in engrossment. तल् लीनता.
abstract —(ऐब् स ै क् ट) n. summary. सारांश, सार.
abstract —(एब् स ै क् ट) v. t. to abridge, to remove. सं ेप करना, अलग करना.
absurd —(ऐब् सड) adj. illogical, ridiculous. असंगत, हास् यास् पद.
abuse —(ऐब् यूज़) v. t. to ill treat, to insult. व् यवाहार करना, अपशब् द कहना.
accede —(एक् सीड) v. i. to agree, to consent, to comply with. स् वीकार करना,
सहमत होना, मानना.
acceleration —(एक् सीलेरेशन) n. increase in speed. चाल म वृ .
accept —(ऐक् सेप् ट) v. t. & i. to agree, to have, agree to a statement or
proposal. कबूल करना, काय भार लेना, स् वीकार करना.
acceptable —(ऐक् सेप् टेबल) adj. fit to be accepted, welcome. स् वीकार करने
योग् य, वांछनीय.
acceptance —(ऐक् सेप् टेन स ् ) n. approval of offer. स् वीकृ त.
access —(ऐक् सेस) n. approach, passage. प ंच, राह.
accessible —(ऐक् से स बल) adj. easily approachable, easily influenced.
जससे आसानी से मला जा सके या भाव डाला जा सके.
accidental —(ऐक् सीडेण् टल) adj. happening by chance. अकारण या आक मक.
acclaim —(अक् लेम) v. t. to applaud, to cheer. जयघोष ारा स् वीकार करना; n.
acclaimer. शंसक.
acclamation —(एक् लेमेशन) n. shoutings of applause. जयध् व न.
accomplish —(अक प ◌् ल श) v. t. fulfil, achieve, bring to completion. काम पूरा
करना, पूरा करना.
accomplished —(अक प ◌् लश् ड) adj. perfect, graceful. कुशल, वीण.
accomplishment —(अक प ◌् लश् मेण् ट) n. fulfilment, attainment. ा त, स .
according —(अका डग) adv. consistent with. अनुकूल.
accordingly —(अका डगली) adv. as demanded by the circumstances.
तदनुकूल.
account —(एकाउन् ट) v. t. reckon, to judge. गनना, मूल् य करना; v. i. give
reason. कारण बताना.
accumulation —(अक् यूम् युलेशन) n. collection, amassing. ढे र, संचय.
accurate —(अक् यूरेट) adj. exact. सही, यथाथ.
accuracy —(अक् यूरेसी) n. exactness. शु ता, यथा थता.
accuse —(अक् यूज़) v. t. blame, to charge. अ भयोग लगाना, दोषारोपण करना.
accused —(एक् यू ड) adj. or n. charged with crime, defendant. दोषी,
अ भयुक् त.
achieve —(अचीव) v. t. accomplish, to secure an end. काम पूरा करना, सफल
होना.
achievement —(एचीवमेण् ट) n. deed, accomplishment, exploit. काय, परा म,
ा त.
acknowledgement —(एकनॉलेजमेण् ट) n. recognition, a receipt. स् वीकृ त,
रसीद.
acquaintance —(ऐक् वेन ट ् े न स
् ) n. familiarity, knowledge. प रचय, ान.
acquainted —(अक् वेन ट् े ड) adj. familiar. प र चत.
acquiesce —(एक वअस) v. i. to agree, to assent. मन ही मन सहमत.
acquire —(ऐक् वायर) v. t. to get, to obtain, to come in possession of. ाप् त
करना, अ धकार म करना.
acquisition —(ऐ व ज़ शन) n. the act of acquiring, gain, लाभ, उपल ध.
acquit —(ए वट) v. t. to set free, to declare innocent, to release. दोष से
मुक् त करना, छु टकारा दे ना, च रताथ करना.
action —(ऐक् शन) n. deed, a law suit, battle, activity. काय, मुकदमा, लड़ाई,
या.
activity —(ऐ ट वट ) n. the state of being active, action. याशीलता, काय.
actor —(ऐक् टर) n. dramatic performer, a doer. अ भनेता, कत् ता.
actress —(ऐक् े स) n. fem. female actor. अ भने ी.
actually —(ऐक् चुअली) adv. in fact. वस् तुत:
acute —(ऐक् यूट) adj. sharp, keen. ती ् ण, ती .
adapt —(एडैप् ट) v. t. to make suitable, to fit. ठ क करना, उपयुक् त बनाना.
add —(एैड) v. t. to join, to sum up, to unite. जोड़ना, जुटाना.
addition —(ऐ डशन) n. act of adding, something added. योग, जमा.
additional —(ए डशनल) adj. extra, supplementary. अ त रक् त, अ धक, पूरक.
addiction —(ए डक् शन) n. the state of being addicted. आस , व् यसन.
addressee —(ऐ ेसी) n. a person to whom a letter etc. is addressed. जसे
प लखा जाए.
adequate —(ए डक् वेट) adj. fully sufficient, equal to requirement. पयाप् त,
योग् य, काफ .
adhere —(एड् हयर) v. t. to stick. चप कना, लगे रहना.
Adherence —(एड हयरस) n. attachment. लगाव.
adjoin —(एडजॉइन) v. i. & v t. to join to. to be in contact with. समीप होना,
संयुक् त करना.
adjourn —(ऐडजन) v. t. to put off till another day, to postpone. स् थ गत करना,
टालना, मुलतवी करना.
adjournment —(ऐडजनमेन ट ् ) n. putting off till another day, postponement.
स् थगन, स् थगनकाल.
adjure —(एडज् यूर) v. t. to charge under oath. शपथ दे कर बाध् य करना.
adjustment —(एडजस् टमेन ट ् ) n. putting in order, modify to suit purpose.
समायोजन, व् यवस् था.
administer —(एड म नस् टर) v. t. to manage, to furnish, to act as
administrator. बंध करना, शासन करना, दे ना.
administration —(एड म नस् े शन) n. management of an office, agency or
organization, Government department which manages public affairs.
व् यवस् था, बंध, शासन.
administrator —(एड म नस् े टर) n. a governor. शासक.
admirable —(एड मरेबल) adj. worthy of admiration. शंसनीय, सराहने योग् य.
admire —(एडमायर) v. t. to prize highly, to wonder at. शंसा करना, स् तु त करना.
admissible —(ऐड मस् बल) adj. fit to be allowed. ा , अंगीकार योग् य.
admission —(एड मशन) n. access, introduction. वेश.
adult —(एडल् ट) n. & adj. a grown up person. युवा पु ष, बा लग.
adulterate —(एडल् टरेट) v. t. to make impure, to corrupt. अशु करना, मलावट
करना.
adulteration —(एडल् टरेशन) n. act of adulterating. म ण, मलावट.
advancement —(एडवांसमेण् ट) n. promotion, improvement. वृ , उन् न त.
advantageous —(एडवाण् टे जयस) adj. beneficial. लाभदायक.
adventure —(एडवेन च ् र) n. an enterprise, a risk or hazard. साह सक काय; v. t.
to risk, to dare. साहस करना.
adventurer —(एडवेन च ् रर) n. one who seeks adventure, speculator. साहस या
शौय का काय करने वाला, दांव लगाने वाला.
adventurous —(एडवेन च ् रस) adj. enterprising. साहसी, ग तशील, नभ क.
adverb —(एडवब) n. a word that modifies an adjective, a verb or another
adverb. या वशेषण.
adversary —(एडवसरी) n. an enemy, an opponent. बैरी, श ु, तवाद .
adverse —(एडवस) adj. opposing, contrary. वपरीत, व .
adversity —(एडव सट ) n. misfortune. भाग् य.
advert —(एडवट) v. t. to turn attention to, to allude. ध् यान दे ना, उ े श् य करना.
Advertise (ze )—(एडवटाइज़) v. t. to make public. का शत करना,
व ापन दे ना.
advertisement —(एडवटाइजमेण् ट) n. a public notice. व ापन.
advice —(एडवाइस) n. counsel, instruction. उपदे श, परामश.
advise —(एडवाइज़) v. t. & i. to give advice, to inform, to notify. उपदे श करना,
सूचना दे ना, परामश करना.
aerogram —(एरो ाम) n. wireless message. बना तार ारा भेजा आ संदेश.
aesthetic —(ईस् थे टक) adj. concerning appreciation of beauty. स दय क
परख सबंधी, सु चपूण.
affect —(अफ़ेक् ट) v. t. to act upon, to move the feelings of, to pretend, to
assume. भा वत करना, बनाना.
affectation —(अफ़ेक् टेशन) n. false pretence. बनावट, आडम् बर.
affected —(अफ़ेक् टेड) adj. not natural. कृ म, बनावट .
affective —(अफ़े टव) adj. emotional. भावपूण.
affection —(अफ़ेक् शन) n. love, tender attachment ेम, अनुराग.
affiliate —(अ फ़ लएट) v. t. to bring into close association or connection.
साथ मलाना, शा मल करना.
afford —(एफ़ोड) v. t. to give forth, to have means. खच करने क मता रखना,
खच उठा सकना.
aforesaid —(एफ़ोरसेड) adj. before mentioned. पूव क थत.
afraid —(अ े ड) adj. frightened. भयभीत, डरा आ.
afternoon —(ऑ टरनून) the time from noon until evening. दोपहर.
afterwards —(आ टरवड् स) adv. subsequently. बाद म.
again —(अगेन) adv. once more. बारा, एक बार और.
against —(अगेन स
् ् ट) prep , in opposition to, in contact with. तकूल, सामने,
व , अ भमुख, खलाफ.
age —(एज) n. period of life, maturity of years, generation. वय, अवस् था, युग;
to come of age. बा लग होना, वयस् क होना.
aged —(एजेड) adj. advanced in years. वयोवृ , बुढ्डा.
agitate —(एजीटे ट) v. t. to move, shake, discuss, excite feelings. हलाना,
झकझोरना, बहस करना, आंदोलन करना.
agitation —(एजीटे शन) n. moving, disturbance, public excitement. आंदोलन,
सावज नक वाद- ववाद.
agnostic —(एग् नॉ टक) n. & adj. one who believes that nothing can be
known about God except material things. त् य वाद .
ago —(अगो) adj . & adv . past. पूव.
agree —(ऐ ी) v. t. & i. consent. राज़ी होना, सहमत होना.
agreeable —(अ ीएबल) adj. pleasing, ready to agree. चकर, अनुसार, सहमत.
agreement —(ए ीमेण् ट) n. understanding, contract, treaty. एकरारनामा,
समझौता, स धप .
agriculture —(ए ीकल् चर) n. cultivation of land. कृ ष, खेती.
aid —(ऐड) n. help, grant. सहायता, आ थक सहायता.
ailment —(एलमेण् ट) n. pain, disease. दद, बीमारी.
aim —(ऐम) n . & v. t. purpose, destination, to direct a blow, point. ध् येय,
आदश, नशाना साधना, नशाना.
air —(एअर) n. the atmosphere, outward manner, a tune or melody.
वायुमंडल, वायु, पवन, आकृ त, चाल-ढाल, तान, सुर.
airmail —(एअरमेल) n. mail carried by aeroplane. हवाई जहाज़ से आने वाली
डाक.
airport —(एअरपोट) n. aerodrome. हवाई जहाज़ का अ ा.
alcohol —(एलकोहॉल) n. intoxicating liquor. म दरा.
alignment —(एलाइनमेण् ट) n. a row, plan of a road or railway. पं , सड़क या
रेल क लाइन का नक् शा.
alike —(एलाइक) adj. & adv . like, in the same manner. स श, समान, एक कार
का.
alien —(ए लयन) n. foreigner, stranger. वदे शी, अप र चत.
alive —(एलाइव) adj. living, acting, full of. जी वत, सचेत, प रपूण.
allegation —(एलीगेशन) n. assertion. अ भयोग.
allegoric (al ) —(ए लगो रक) (ल) adj. figurative. पकमय.
alley —(ऐली) n. a narrow passage, a street. संकु चत माग, संकरी गली.
alliance —(अलाइअन् स) n. relationship, union. सम् बन् ध, नाता, मेल.
alligate —(एलीगेट) v. t. to conjoin, to combine. साथ-साथ मलाना, जोड़ना.
alliteration —(ए लटरेशन) n. coming of several words in a sentence with
the same letter. अनु ास.
allocate —(एलोकेट) v. t. to assign, to allot. भाग नयत करना, बांटना.
allopathy —(एलोपैथी) n. a system of treatment of disease. च कत् सा शैली,
डाक् टरी इलाज.
allotment —(एलॉटमेण् ट) n. share distributed. अंश, वभक् त भाग.
allow —(एलाउ) v. t. to permit. आ ा दे ना.
allowable —(एलाए बल) adj. suitable to be allowed. आ ा दे ने योग् य.
allowance —(एलाउन् स) n. permission, a grant, discount. आ ा, गुज़ारा, कटौती.
allure —(अल् यूर) v. t. to tempt, to entice. ललचाना, फुसलाना.
allusion —(अल् यूज़न) n. implied or indirect reference. उ े श् य, संकेत.
almighty —(ऑलमाइट ) adj. having infinite power, omnipotent. सवश मान.
almost —(ऑलमोस् ट) adj., adv. & n. nearly, all but. ाय:, ाय: सब.
alone —(एलोन) adj. single, solitary. अकेला, एक; adv. singly. अकेले, केवल.
alphabet —(एल् फाबेट) n. the letters of a language arranged in order.
वणमाला.
already —(ऑलरेडी) adv. previously, by this time. प हले ही से.
alter —(ऑल् टर) n. an elevated place for sacrifice or offerings. वेद .
alter —(ऑल् टर) v. t. & i. to change, to make different. बदलना, भन् न करना.
alteration —(ऑल् टरेशन) n. change. अदल-बदल, प रवतन.
alternate —(ऑल् टरनेट) adj. by turns. प ांतर, वकल् प; v. t. to follow in turns.
पारी-पारी से.
alternative —(ऑल् टरने टव) n. a choice between two. प ांतर.
although —(ऑलदो) conj. though, supposing that. य प, मानो.
altitude —(ऐल् ट ूड) n. vertical height, elevation. ऊंचाई.
altogether —(ऑलटु गेदर) adv. entirely, quite. सवदा, पूण प से.
always —(ऑलवेज़) adv. at all times. सवदा, नरन् तर.
amateur —(अमेचर) n. one who cultivates an art, game etc. for pleasure
sake. कसी शल् प या व ा का शौ कया अभ् यास करने वाला.
amazement —(अमेज़मेण् ट) n. astonishment. वस् मय, आश् चय.
ambiguous —(ऐम् बीग् युअस) adj. doubtful, indistinct, of more than one
meaning. अस् पष् ट, सं दग् ध, एक से अ धक अथ वाला.
ambition —(ए बशन) n. an ardent or eager desire to rise in position or
power. अ भलाषा, लालसा, मह वाकां ा.
ambitious —(ऐ बशस) adj. strongly desirous. अ धक लालसा रखने वाला,
मह ् वाकां ी.
ambulance —(एम् बुलस) n. conveyance used for the wounded or sick
persons. घायल या बीमार को अस् पताल म से ले जाने वाली गाड़ी.
ameliorate —(ऐमी लयोरेट) v. t. to improve, to make better. सुधारना, उन् न त
करना.
amenable —(अमेनेबल) adj. responsible, submissive, liable to. आ ाकारी,
उ रदाता.
amendment —(अमेण् डमेण् ट) n. improvement. संशोधन, उन् न त.
amiable —(एमीएबल) adj. of pleasing disposition, lovable. सुशील, मनोहर.
amicable —(एमीकेबल) adj. friendly, peaceable. म -भाव का, सुशील, दोस् ताना.
amount —(अमाउण् ट) n. full value. पूरा मूल् य, जोड़; v. t. to be equivalent to.
बराबर होना, प रणाम होना.
ample —(ऐमप् ल) adj. sufficient, spacious, abundant. पयाप् त, वस् तृत, फैला
आ.
amplification —(ऐम् प् ली फकेशन) n. development. वस् तार.
amplifier —(ऐम् पलीफायर) n. an appliance for increasing force. श बढ़ाने का
एक कार का यं .
amplify —(एम् पलीफ़ाई) v. t. to make bigger, to enlarge. बड़ा बनाना.
amputate —(एम् प् युटेट) v. t. to cut off the limb of a creature. कसी ाणी का
अंग काटना.
amusement —(अम् यूज़मेण् ट) n. a pastime. मन-बहलाव.
anaemia —(अनी मया) n. poverty of blood. शरीर म धर क कमी, कमजोरी,
रक् तहीनता.
analysis —(अना ल सस) n. (pl. ses. सीज़) the act of analysing, resolving into
simple elements. प रच् छेद क या.
ancient —(एनशट) adj. of time long past, old, belonging to former age.
ाचीन, पुराना.
angel —( जेल) n. a messenger from heaven. दे व त.
anger —( गर) n. rage, wrath. कोप, ोध; v. t. to make angry. ु करना.
angler —( ग् लर) n. one who angles. मछली पकड़ने वाला.
anglo —( ग् लो) pref. meaning English. “अं ेज़ी” अथ का उपसग.
angry —( ी) adj. wrathful. ोधी, कु पत.
anguish —( वश) n. extreme pain (of mind). मान सक पीड़ा, वेदना.
animal —(ऐनीमल) n. a living and feeling creature. जन् तु, ाणी, जीवधारी; adj.
relating to life. ाण सम् बन् धी.
annex —(अनेक् स) v. t. to append, to take possession. संयोग करना, जोड़ना,
अ धकार म ले लेना.
annihilation —(ऐ न हलेशन) n. total destruction. वनाश, संहार.
anniversary —(ऐ नवसरी) n. (ries pl.) an yearly celebration of an event.
वा षकोत् सव.
announcement —(एनाउन् समेण् ट) n. proclamation. घोषणा, व ापन.
annoy —(अनॉय) v. t. to worry, to trouble. कष् ट दे ना, चढ़ाना.
annoyance —(अनॉयैन स ् ) n. worry. पीड़ा, बाधा, :ख, झुंझलाहट.
annual —(ऐनुअल) adj. yearly, happening every year. वा षक, तवष हाने वाला;
n. a plant that lives for one year only. एक वष तक रहने वाला पौधा.
another —(अनअदर) adj. & pron. different, not the same, one more. सरा,
भन् न, सरा कोई, एक और.
anonymously —(एनॉ नमसली) adv. in a way where no name is mentioned.
गुमनाम से, बना नाम लखे ए.
answerable —(आनसरएब् ल) adj. that may be replied to. उ रदाता, जवाबदे ह.
ante —(एण् ट ) pref. before. पूव.
antecedent —(ऐण् ट सीडेण् ट) n. previous, preceding. पूवगामी, प हले का.
antelope —(ऐण् टेलोप) n. a kind of deer. एक कार का हरन.
ante meridiem —(ऐण् ट मे र डयम) (abbr. A. M.) before noon. मध् यान् ह के पहले
का.
anterior —(ऐण् ट रयर) adj. former, previous. पूवकाल का, प हले का.
anti —(ऐण् ट ) prep, opposite to, against. भन् न, वपरीत.
anticipate —(ऐण् ट सपेट) v. t. & i. to do in advance, to foresee. प हले से
वचार करना, आशा करना.
anticipation —(ऐण् ट सपेशन) n. expectation. आशा, पूव ान.
antique —(ऐ टक) adj. old fashioned. unusual. ाचीन, अनोखा.
antiquity —(ए ट वट ) n. relics of old times. ाचीन काल के अवशेष.
antiseptic —(ऐण् ट से टक) adj. & n. preventing decay. सड़न रोकने वाली.
antonym —(ऐण् टो नम) adj. a word of contrary meaning. वपरीत अथ का शब् द.
anxiety —( क् ज़ाइट ) n. uneasiness of mind, eager desire. चन् ता, उत् कण् ठा,
व् य ता.
anxious —( क् शस) adj. uneasy, troubled. च तत, व् याकुल.
any —(एनी) pron. & adj. one, some. कसी, कोई, कुछ, कैसा ही.
apathy —(अपैथी) n. insensibility, indifference. अनुभव-शून य
् ता, उदासीनता.
apology —(अपॉलोजी) n. (pl. gies) an excuse, vindication. मा, ाथना.
apostrophe —(अपॉस् फ ) n. sign of ommission of a letter ('), an
exclamatory address. सम् बन् ध कारक का चन् ह, सम् बोधन, आ ान.
apparent —(अपैरेण् ट) adj. visible, clear, evident. त् य , स् पष् ट.
appear —(अपीयर) v. t. to become visible, to show oneself, to seem.
का शत होना, दे ख पड़ना, जान पड़ना.
appearance —(अ पयरैन स ् ) n. a thing seen, outward aspect. आकृ त, प,
सम् भावना.
appendix —(अपे डक् स) n. addition at the end in a document, a tubular
structure at end of large intestine. प र शष् ट, एक रोग जो आंतो के बढ़ जाने से होता
है.
appetite —(ए पटाइट) n. hunger. भूख.
appetize —(ए पटाइज़) v. t. to have hunger. भूख लगना.
appetizer —(ए पटाइज़र) n. a thing that gives appetite. भूख बढ़ाने वाला.
applause —(अप् लॉज़) n. approval, praise. शंसा, स् तु त.
applicable —(ऐप् लीकेबल) adj. suitable. अनुकूल, उ चत.
applicant —(एप् लीकैण् ट) n. one who applies. ाथना करने वाला.
apply —(अप् लाई) v. t. & i. (p.t. Applied) to put close to, to employ, to fix
mind upon. संयुक् त करना, लगाना, आ ढ़ होना.
appointment —(अपॉइण् टमेण् ट) n. engagement. नयु .
apposite —(अपो ज़ ट ) adj. suitable. proper. योग् य, अनुकूल, ठ क.
appraise —(अ ेज़) v. t. to estimate the worth of, to set price on. मूल् य
ठहराना, दाम लगाना.
appreciable —(ऐ ी शएबल) adj. noticeable. जानने योग् य.
appreciate —(ऐ ी शएट) v. t. &. i. to estimate, to value highly, to rise or
raise in value. गुण जानना, मान करना.
apprehension —(ऐ ीहेन श
् न) n. understanding, fear. अनुमान, भय.
approach —(अ ोच) v. t. & i to come near, to ask, to make proposal, to
advance. नकट आना, स् ताव करना, मांगना, बढ़ना.
appropriate —(ए ो येट) v. t. to take possession of, to set apart as fund
for a certain person or purpose. अ धकार करना, अपनाना, अलग नकाल कर रख
दे ना.
approval —(अ ूवल) n. sanction. अनुमो दत.
approve —(अ ूव) v. t. to sanction, to like, to commend. चना, अनुमोदन
करना.
approximately —(ए ोक् सीमेटली) adv. in an approximate manner, nearly.
लगभग करीब-करीब.
apt —(ऐप् ट) adj. ready, quick to learn, suitable. तत् पर, उ त, उपयुक् त.
arbitrate —(आ ब े ट) v. t. to act as a judge. पंच का न् याय करना.
arbitration —(आ ब े शन) n. decision of an arbitrator. पंच का नणय.
arbitrator —(आर ब े टर) n . one who arbitrates. पंच, मध् यस् थ.
architect —(आ कटे क् ट) n. one skilled in planning and erecting buildings.
शल् पकार, गृह नमाण कला जानने वाला.
architecture —(आक टे क् चर) n. art of building. शल् प व ा, घर बनाने क कला.
ardent —(आडण् ट) adj. burning, eager. उत् सुक, उत् साहपूण.
ardour —(आरडर) n. warmth of feeling, heat, zeal. उत् कंठा, उत् सुकता.
argue —(आग् यू) v. t. & i. to discuss, to try, to prove. तक करना, ववाद से स
करना.
argument —(आग् यूमेण् ट) n. reasoning, debate, subject. तक शास् ाथ, वषय.
aristocrat —(ए रस् टो े ट) n. one of good birth. रईस, अमीर.
arithmetician —(अ रथमैट शयन) n. one skilled in Arithmetic. ग णत .
armament —(आमामेण् ट) n. equipment for fighting. यु साम ी, शास् ास् .
army —(आम ) n. a large body of men armed for war, a host. सेना, दलबल,
फ़ौज.
around —(अराउण् ड) adv. in every direction, about, along. चार ओर, आगे, सब
ओर.
arrange —(एरेन ज ् ) v. t. to put in proper place, to settle, to adjust. उ चत स् थान
म लगाना, तैयारी करना.
arrear —(ए रयर) n. state of being behind. पीछे रहने क थ् ि◌ा त.
arrears —(ए रयस) n. pl. money due but not paid. बकाया.
arrest —(अरेस् ट) v.t. to step, to seize by legal authority, to check motion.
रोकना, पकड़ना; n. stoppage, imprisonment. गर तारी, कावट.
arrival —(अराइवल) n. act of reaching. आगमन, प ंच.
arrive —(अराइव) v. t. to reach a place, to attain. प ंचना, ाप् त करना.
arrogant —(एरोगेण् ट) adj. haughty. अ भमानी.
art —(आट) n. human skill or knowledge, cunning. शल् प कला, कौशल चातुरी.
article —(आट कल) n. a thing, a literary composition in grammar, the words
a, an & the. वस् तु, लेख, धारा, व् याकरण म a, an और the.
artisan —(आट ज़न) n. mechanic. शल् पकार.
artist —(आ टस् ट) n. one skilled in fine art. च कार, नपुण कारीगर.
ascend —(असेण् ड) v. t. & i to go up, to rise, to mount. चढ़ना, बढ़ना, ऊपर जाना.
ascension —(असैन श ् न) n. act of ascending. बढ़ती, चढ़ाव.
ascertain —(असटन) v. t. to make certain, to find out. न त करना, जांचना.
ash —(ऐश) n. name of a tree, dust or remains of anything burnt. एक कार
का पेड़, धूल, राख.
ashamed —(अशेम् ड) adj. abashed. ल जत.
aside —(एसाइड) adv. on one side, away. एक ओर, अलग.
asleep —(अस् लीप) adj. in a state of sleep. न ा से सोते ए.
aspiration —(ऐ परेशन) n. intense desire. आकां ा, लालसा, उत् कंठा, इच् छा.
assail —(असेल) v. t. to attack, to assault. आ मण करना.
assassination —(असे सनेशन) n. murder. हत् या.
assay —(असे) v. t. to try, to analyse. परी ा करना, जांच करना; n. trial, test of
purity. परी ा, जांच, परख.
assembly —(असेम् बली) n. a meeting, a council. समाज, सभा, मज लस.
assert —(एसट) v. t. to state positively, to affirm. स् पष् ट प से व् यक् त करना,
स् वीकार करना.
assertion —(एसशन) n. affirmation. स् वीकारो , स् पष् ट वचन.
assessment —(असेसमेण् ट) n. valuation. कर- नधारण, मूल् यांकन, नधारण.
assessor —(असेसर) n. one who estimates taxes. कर आंकने वाला, कर
अ धकारी.
assets —(एसेट्स) n. pl. property of person sufficient to pay his legal debts.
पूंजी, सम् प , वभव.
assign —(असाइंन) v. t. to ascribe, to allot, to refer. न दष् ट करना, नयु करना,
स पना.
assignation —(ए सग् नेशन) n. allotment. बटवारा, स पना, हस् से म दे ना.
assistance —(ए सस् टेण् स) n. act of assisting, help. सहायता, मदद.
assistant —(अ सस् टेन ट
् ) n. one who assists another. सहायक, नायब.
assume —(अस् यूम) v. t. to take for granted, to adopt. कल् पना करना, मान लेना,
अ यार करना.
assumption —(एसम् पशन) n. act of assuming, supposition. कल् पना, मानी ई
बात, धारणा.
astonish —(एस् टॉ नश) v. t. to surprise greatly, to amaze. च कत करना, अचम् भे
म डालना.
astrology —(ऐस् ोलॉजी) n. the science of the influence of stars on human
affairs. फ लत ज् यो तष.
astrologer —(ऐस् ॉलॉजर) n. a student of astrology. ज् यो तषी.
astronomy —(ऐस् ोनॉमी) n. the science of the heavenly bodies. ज् यो तष
व ा.
atheism —(एथीज् ◌़म) n. disbelief in God. ना तकता.
athlete —(एथलीट) n. a person trained in physical exercises. खलाड़ी.
atomic —(एटॉ मक) adj. pertaining to atoms. परमाणु सम् बन् धी.
attachment —(अटै चमेण् ट) n. a fastening, great affection. बन् धन, कुक , अनुराग,
ीती.
attack —(अटै क) v. t. to fall upon, to assault. आ मण करना, धावा करना; n.
offensive operation. अ भयोग, आ मण, हमला.
attain —(अटे न) v. t. & i . to reach, to gain, to achieve. ाप् त करना, प ंचना.
attendance —(अटे ण् डेन स ् ) n. presence. उप थ त.
attendant —(अटे ण् डेण् ट) n. a person attending. अनुचर, साथी.
attention —(अटे न श् न) n. act of applying one's mind. ध् यान, आकषण.
attest —(अटे स् ट) v. t. & i to bear witness, to affirm solemnly. मा णत करना,
सही करना.
Attestation —(अटे स् टेशन) n. testimony. गवाही, माण.
attitude —(एट ूड) n. behaviour, posture of body. व् यवहार, भाव, आकृ त.
attract —(अ ै क् ट) v. t. to draw, to entice. आक षत करना, लुभाना.
auction —(ऑक् शन) n. a public sale of property to the highest bidder.
नीलामी.
auctioneer —(ऑक् शनीयर) n. a holder of auction. नीलाम करने वाला.
audacity —(ऑडे सट ) n. daring spirit. नलज् जता, धृष् ठता, दलेरी.
audible —(ऑ डबल) adj. able to be heard. सुनाई दे ने योग् य.
audience —(ऑ डएन् स) n. a body of hearers, interview. ोतागण, सुनने वाले
लोग, सा ात् कार, भट.
auditor —(ऑ डटर) n. one who audits accounts. हसाब- कताब जांचने वाला.
aught —(ऑट) n. & adv. anything, in any respect. कुछ, कसी कार से.
authentic —(ऑथे टक) adj. reliable, true. ामा णक, सच् चा.
authenticity —(ऑथे ट सट ) n. genuineness. ामा णकता.
authority —(अथॉ रट ) n. power, right; (pl.) the person in power. भाव, श ,
भुत् व, अ धकारी पु ष.
authorize —(ऑथोराइज) v. t. to give authority to. अ धकार दे ना.
auto —(ऑटो) pref. in the sense of one's own. “अपना, आप ही” अथ का उपसग.
autobiography — (ऑटोबाओ ाफ ) n. life of a person written by himself.
आत् मकथा.
autocracy —(ऑटो े सी) n. absolute government. अ धराज् य.
autograph —(ऑटो ाफ) n. signature, स् वहस् तलेख, हस् ता र.
automatic —(ऑटोमै टक) adj. self acting. अपने आप चलने वाली.
autumn —(ऑटम) n. the third season of the year. शरद ऋतु.
auxiliary —(आक् ज़ लयरी) adj. n. (pl. ries) helping, a helper. सहायक, सहकारी.
available —(अवेलेबल) adj. accessive. उपयोगी; of no avail, useless. नरथक.
avarice —(एव रस) n. greediness. लोभ, लालच.
avenue —(ऐवेन य ् ू) n. road or street with trees. वृ पं से ढका आ माग.
average —(ऐवरेज) n. an ordinary standard, prevailing rate or account.
मध् यम अवस् था, च लत, प रमाण, औसत; adj. of the ordinary standard. सामान् य,
मध् यम.
avoid —(अवॉइड) v. t. to evade, to shun. त् यागना, टालना, बचा जाना.
avoidance —(अवॉयडेन स
् ) n. the act of avoiding. आनाकानी, बचाव, प रहार.
await —(अवेट) v. t. to wait for. ती ा करना, इंतजार करना.
awake —(अवेक) v. t. & i. to get up, to become active, to rouse from sleep.
जागृत होना, जागना, सचेत करना; adj. not asleep, vigilant. जागृत, सचेत.
award —(अवॉड) n. judgement, thing awarded. नणय, न् यायालय का फैसला,
पुरस् कार.
aware —(अवेयर) adj. knowing, conscious, informed, attentive. सचेत,
सावधान, सतक.
away —(अवे) adj. & adv. at distance, constantly. र, नरन् तर; To go away. चले
जाना.
awful —(ऑफुल) adj. terrible, dreadful. भयंकर, डरावना.
awhile —(ए ाइल) adv. for a short time. ण भर के लऐ, जरा दे र के लए.
awkward —(ऑकवड) adj. clumsy, difficult to deal with. भ ा, कु प, अकुशल.
axe —(एक् स) n. a chopping tool. फरसा, कुल् हाड़ी; An axe to grind—an
ulterior object. स् वाथ.
axiom —(ऐ सअम) n. a selfevident truth. स् वत: स माण.
aye —(ए) interj. & n. an affirmative answer. हां.

B
baa —(बा) n. bleat of a sheep. भेड़ क म मयाहट.
bachelor —(बैचलर) n. an unmarried man. अ ववा हत (पु ष).
backbite —(बैकबाइट) v. t. to speak evil of in the absence of a person. पीठ
पीछे चुगली करना.
backbone —(बैकबोन) n. the spine, support, power to resist, रीढ़ क ह ी,
आधार, साहस, दम.
backdoor —(बैकडोर) n. door at the back of a house. मकान का पछला दरवाजा,
चोर दर ाजा.
background —(बैक ाउण् ड) n. the ground or base specially of a scene.
पृष् ठ भू म, आधार.
backward —(बैकवड) adj. behind in time, slow in learning. पीछे आने वाला,
सीखने म सुस् त.
bacteria —(बैक् ट रया) n. minute germs or organisms in air and water. जल
और वायु म वष् ट सू ् म जीवाणु.
badge —(बैज) n. special mark. व शष् ट चन् ह.
badly —(बैडली) adv. in a bad way. बुरी तरह.
bagman —(बैगमैन) n. a commercial traveller. व् यवसायी या ी.
balcony —(बैलकनी) n. portion of house jutting out. छज् जा.
bale —(बेल) n. bundle. गांठ.
baleful —(बेलफुल) adj. regrettable, causing sorrow or pain. शोचनीय, खद.
ball —(बॉल) n. a round object used in games, bullet. गद, गोली; a dance-
party. अं ेज़ी नाच-पाट .
ballad —(बैलेड) n. a short story in verse. क वता म लखी ई कहानी.
ballet —(बैले) n. entertainment with music and dance. नृत् यमय दशन.
balm —(बाम) n. an ointment. मरहम.
ban —(बैन) n. an order prohibiting some action, curse, sentence of
outlawry. नषेध, शाप, दे श नकाला.
banana —(बनाना) n. plant or its fruit. केले का पौधा या फल.
bandage —(बैण् डेज) n. band for binding wounds. घाव बांधने क प .
bangle —(बगल) n. an ornament, bracelet. कंगन, चूड़ी.
bank —(बक) n. margin of river, an establishment for keeping money. नद ,
तट, बक.
bankrupt —(ब प् ट) n. an insolvent person. दवा लया; Bankruptcy.
दवा लयापन.
banner —(बैनर) n. a flag. दे श का झंडा.
bar —(बार) n. a rod, a barrier, a check, place for prisoners at trial, a
tribunal. डंडा, बन् धन, रोक थाम के लए बनाई गई लाइन, न् यायालय मे वक ल के लए खड़े
होने का स् थान, वक ल का समुदाय; to be called to the bar-वकालत पेशे म दा खल
होना.
barbarism —(बारबै रज् ◌़म) n. absence of culture; savage life. असभ् यता,
जंगलीपन.
barbarity —(बारबे रट ) n. cruelty, savage behaviour. जंगलीपन, ू रता.
barbarous —(बारबेरस) adj. uncultured, uncivilised. असभ् य, जंगली, ू र.
barber —(बारबर) n. one who shaves and cuts hair. नाई, हज् जाम.
bare —(बेअर) adj. naked, undisguised, baled, unfurnished. नंगा, खुला, खाली,
सजावट से हीन.
barely —(बेरली) adv. hardly. मु कल से, केवल, मा .
bargain —(बारगेन) n. agreement, contract. सौदा, इकरार, कसी वस् तु का बेचने या
खरीदने का समझौता.
bark —(बाक) n. sheath of tree, a ship, cry of a dog. पेड़ क छाल, नौका, कुत् ते
का भ कना.
barrack —(बैरेक) n. soldiers’ quarters. फौजी सपा हय का घर.
baseless —(बेसलेस) adj. groundless. बना कसी आधार के, आधारहीन.
basement —(बेसमेण् ट) n. storey below ground level. तहखाना.
baseness —(बेसनेस) n. meanness. तुच् छता, नीचता, कमीनापन.
basic —(बे सक) adj. fundamental. आधारभूत.
bastard —(बैस् टड) n. an illegitimate child. अवैध संतान.
batsman —(बैट् मैन) n. one who plays with the bat. केट के खेल म बैट लेकर
खेलने वाला.
batch —(बैच) n. a quantity produced at a time. समूह, समुदाय, धानी.
bath —(बाथ) n. a place for bathing or washing, water for bathing. नानागार,
नान करने का जल.
bathe —(बेद) v. t. & i. to immerse in a liquid, to put in a bath, to wash the
body all over. डु बोना, नहाना.
bathing —(बे दग) n. act of bathing. नान.
batter —(बैटर) v. t. to beat together. मंथन करना, फेटना; n. अ छ तरह छना आ
आटा.
beach —(बीच) n. the shore of a sea or lake. झील या समु का कनारा; v. t. to
put a vesel on shore. जहाज़ को कनारे पर लगाना.
beak —(बीक) n. the bill of a bird. प ी क च च.
beam —(बीम) n. ray of light. काश क करण. v. t. to shine. चमकना.
bear —(बेअर) n. a thick-furred animal, an unmannerly person. भालू, अ श
पु ष.
bear —(बेयर) v. t. & i (p.t. Bore, p.p. Born) to carry, to support, to endure,
to conduct oneself, to produce. ले जाना, सहारा दे ना, सहना, वहार करना, उ प
करना.
beard —(बीयड) n. hair that grow on cheek and chin, awn of plants. दाढ़ ,
अनाज क बाल.
bearable —(बेयरेबल) adj. tolerable. सहन करने यो य.
bearer —(बेयरर) n. a domestic servant. गृह थी का नौकर.
beargarden —(बीयरगाडन) n. scene of uproar. उप व, कोलाहल.
beast —(बी ट) n. a quadruped, a rude brutal person. पशु, नदयी, अ श पु ष.
beauteous —( यू टअस) adj. beautiful, endowed with beauty. रमणीय, सु दर.
bedding —(बे डग) n. mattress and bed clothes. चटाई, बछावन.
bedizen —( बडाईज़ेन) v. t. to dress guadily. भड़क ला व पहनना.
bee —(बी) n. an insect which produces honey and wax. मधुम खी.
beer —(बीयर) n. liquor prepared from barley, जौ क म दरा.
befool —( बफूल) v. t. to make a fool of. मूख बनाना.
beforehand —( बफोरहै ड) adv. before the time. समय से पहले.
beggar —(बैगर) n. one who begs. भखारी, भ ु.
beginner —( ब गनर) n. one who begins, a learner. आर भक, शु करने वाला.
behave —( बहेव) v. t. to conduct oneself, to act. आचरण करना, व् यवहार करना.
behaviour —( बहे वयर) n. conduct, manners, way of behaving. व् यवहार,
बताव, आचरण.
behind —( बहाइंड) adv. prep. & n. in the rear, at one's back, further back,
पीछे , पीठ क ओर.
behold —( बहो ड) v. t. to see. दे खना.
belief —( बलीफ़) n. faith, confidence. trust, assurance. वश् वास, ा, मत.
believable —( बलीवे बल) adj. that may be believed. वश् वास करने यो य.
bell —(बेल) n. a hollow metallic vessel with a sounding tongue. घंटा.
belongings —( बल ग स) n. pl. one's goods. कसी मनु य क स प .
beloved —( बलवेड) n. very dear. य , यारी.
beneath —( बनीथ) adv. & prep, under, below. नीचे, नीचे क ओर.
beneficial —(बे न फ़ शल) adj. useful, advantageous, serviceable. लाभदायक,
गुणकारी, फायदा करने वाला.
benefit —(बे न फ़ ट) n. advantage, act of favour. सु वधा, उपकार, कृपा; v. t. & i.
(p.t. benefited) to do good to. उपकार करना, लाभ उठाना.
benevolence —(बे नवोले स) n. goodwill, kind disposition. कृपा, दया,
परोपका रता.
benighted —( बनाइटे ड) adj. overtaken by darkness, ignorant. अ धकार से
आ छा दत, अन भ .
benign —( बनाइन) adj. kind, mild, gentle. दयालु, न , सुशील.
benignly —( बनाइनली) adv. mildly, in a gentle way. न तापूवक.
bereavement —( बरीव ◌्मे ट) n. loss by death. वछोह.
beside —( बसाइड) prep. near, by the side of. नकट, समीप.
besides —( बसाइड् स) adv. prep. in addition to, otherwise. अ धक, और भी,
सवाय.
best —(बेस् ट) adj. & adv. (sup. of good or well) of the most excellent kind.
उ म, े , सबसे अ छा; to make the best of. अच् छा उपयोग करना; to do for the
best. अ छे अ भ ाय से करना.
bethink —( ब थक) v. t. (p.t. bethought) to call to mind. वचारना, सोचना.
betimes —( बटाइ स) adv. early, soon. शी , यथासमय.
betray —( ब े ) v. t. to disclose, to deliver by treachery. भेद खोलना,
वश् वासघा करना, भंडा फोड़ना.
betrayal —( ब े यल) n. breach of faith. वश् वासघात.
better —(बेटर) adj. adv. & n. (comp. of good or well) superior value, in a
higher degree, improved. े उ चतर, उ त; v. t. to improve. सुधारना; better
half (one's wife) प नी.
between —( बट् वीन) prep. & adv. in the middle of, along, across. म य म,
अ तर म.
bewail —( बवेल) v. t. to lament. वलाप करना, शोक करना.
beware —(बीवेयर) v. t. to take heed, to be on one's guard. सावधान होना,
सचेत होना.
bias —(बाइस) n. prejudice, partiality. प पात, तरफदारी.
big —( बग) adj. haughty. घमंडी, अ भमानी.
bigamist —( बग म ट) n. having two husbands or wives at a time. दो प त
वाली ी, दो प नी वाला पु ष.
billion —( ब लयन) n. a million millions. दस खरब क सं या.
binding —(बाइं डग) n. & adj. the cover of a book, a bandage, obligatory.
ब धन, ज द, आव यक.
biograph —(बायो ाफ) n. a moving picture machine, bioscope. चल च ,
बाइ कोप.
biographical —(बायो ा फकल) adj. pertaining to biography. जीवनी लेख
स ब धी.
biology —(बायोलॉजी) n. science of life. जीव व ान, ाणी व ान; biologist (-
ज ट) n. जीव- व ान म नपुण.
birth —(बथ) n. origin, begining. ज म, उ प , आर भ.
birthright —(बथराइट) n. a right acquired by birth. ज म स अ धकार.
biscuit —( ब कट) n. a hard dry bread in small cakes. ब कु्ट.
bisect —(बाइसे ट) v. t. to divide into two parts. दो भाग करना.
bishop —( बशप) n. a consecrated clergyman. बड़ा पादरी.
bit —( बट) n. a small piece, a small coin, horse's curb. छोटा खंड, टु कड़ा, छोटा
स का, लगाम; a bit rather. थोड़ा सा.
bitch —( बच) n. female of a dog or wolf. कु तया.
bitter —( बटर) adj. tasting hot and acrid, causing grief, painful, severe.
कड़वा, तीता, क दायक; to weep bitterly. फूट-फूट कर रोना.
blackmail —( लैकमेल) n. to extort money by threats. जबरद ती पैसा लेना.
blamable —(बलेमे ल ) adj. fit to be blamed. न दनीय.
blame —( लेब) v. t. to find fault with. दोष लगाना; n. censure. दोष, अपराध.
blank —( लक) adj. not written, empty, without rhymes. सादा, खाली, छू ं छा,
अनु ास र हत; n. an empty space. र थान.
blanket —( लकेट) n. a soft woollen covering. क बल.
blaze —( लेज़) n. a bright flame, fire of active display. भा, चमक, दखावा; v.
i. to throw out flame. वा ला फकना.
bleed —( लीड) v. t. & i. to emit blood, to draw blood. धर नकालना.
blemish —( ले मश) n. a stain, a defect. ध बा, कलंक, दोष; v. t. to spoil the
beauty of. म लन करना.
blessing —( ले सग) n. an invocation of happiness or success. आशीवाद.
blockade —( लॉकेड) n. & v. t. a blocking up. रोक, घेरना.
bloodshed —( लेडशेड) n. slaughter. ह याकांड.
blood-thirsty —( लडथ ट ) adj. eager for slaughter. ह यारा.
bloom —( लूम) n. a blossom, freshness, perfection. फूल, वकास, पूणता.
blotting paper —( लॉ टग पेपर) n. a paper used for drying ink. याही सो ता.
blouse —( लाउज़) n. an woman's upper garment. य क चोली.
blunder —( ल डर) n. a gross mistake. बड़ी भूल.
bluntly —( लंटली) adv. roughly. गंवारपन से.
boast —(बो ट) v. i. to talk proudly. ाघा करना, गव करना.
boat —(बोट) n. a small open vessel for transport by water. नाव.
boating —(बो टग) n. act of making a boat sail. नाव चलाने क या.
bodice —(बॉ डस) n close fitting jacket worn by a woman. बॉडी, अं गया, चोली.
bold —(बो ड) adj. courageous, brave, daring, steep. साहसी, वीर, ह मती,
गहरा.
bombastic —(बॉ बै टक) adj. extravagant. असार, नरथक श द से पूण.
bone —(बोन) n. a white hard substance which constitutes the skeleton of
a body. ह ी.
bonus —(बोनस) n. an extra payment. बढ़ोतरी.
bookworm —(बुकवम) n. one who is much devoted to books. सवदा पु तक
पढ़ने वाला, कताबी क ड़ा.
boot —(बूट) n. a covering for human foot, profit, advantage. जूता, लाभ.
borne —(बोन) (p. p. of bear) v. t to carry. ले जाना.
borrow —(बॉरो) v. t. to get loan. ऋण लेना, उधार लेना.
borrower —(बॉरोअर) n. one who takes loan. कज़ लेने वाला, ऋणी.
bosom —(बूज़म) adj. dear, intimate. य, वश् वासी; n. the heart. दय, छाती.
botany —(बॉटे नी) n. the science of human life. वन प त व ान.
both —(बोथ) pron. & adv. the two, equally. दोन , बराबर से.
bother —(बॉदर) v. t. & i. to worry, to tease. तंग करना, खजलाना.
bottom —(बॉटम) n. the lowest part, the base, keel of a ship, foundation.
तल, अधो भाग, आधार, जहाज़ क पद .
bough —(बाओ) n. branch of a tree. पेड़ क डाली, पेड़ क शाखा.
bounce —(बाउ स) v. t. to jump, to boast. उछलना, अपनी बड़ाई करना.
bow —(बाओ) v. t. to bend, to curve. झुकना, घुमाना.
boy —( वाय) n. a male child, a lad. बालक, कुमार, लड़का.
boycott —(बॉयकॉट) v. t. to refuse to have dealing with. ब ह कार करना.
boyhood —( वाय ड) adj. state of being a boy. बालकपन.
brain —( ेन) n. nervous matter enclosed in the skull. म त क.
brake —( ेक) n. apparatus for checking motion. ेक, ग त रोकने वाला यं .
branch —( ांच) n. bough of tree, divisions of subjects, section, line of
descent. शाखा, डाली, भाग, अंग, स तान.
brand —( ड) n. mark made by a hot iron, a trade mark. छाप, ापार च ह.
bravery —( ेवरी) n. brave conduct. वीरता, साहस.
bravo —( ेवो) (pl. bravoes) n. a bandit. डकैत; interj. well done. शाबाश.
bread —( ेड) n. baked food, livelihood. आहार, जी वका.
breadth —( ेड्थ) n. broadness, width. व तार, चौड़ाई.
breakable —( ेकबल) adj. able to be broken. टू टने यो य.
breakage —( ेकेज) n. act of breaking. तोड़ने का काय.
breakfast —( ेकफ़ा ट.) v. t. to take breakfast. ना ता करना, सुबह का खाना खाना,
कलेवा करना.
breast —( े ट) n. front part of the chest. व थल.
breath —( ेथ) n. air inhaled and exhaled. श् वास, सांस.
breathe —( ीद) v. i. to take breath. सांस लेना.
breezy —( ीज़ी) adj. full of breeze. वायुमय, हवादार.
brevity —( े वट ) n. shortness. सं ेप, छोटापन.
bribe —( ाइब) n. an illegal reward given to someone. घूस, उ कोच; v. t. to
give bribe to . घूस दे ना.
bribery —( ाइबरी) n. act of giving or receiving bribes. घूस दे ने या लेने का काय.
brick —( क) n. moulded burnt clay used for building. ईट.
bride —( ाइड) n. a woman just married or going to be married. नववधू,
ल हन.
bridegroom —( ाइड म
ू ) n. husband of a bride. हा, वर.
brilliant —( लए ट) adj. bright, splendid, clever. चमक ला, दे द यमान,
बु मान; n. a gem of finest quality. पानीदार र न .
bring —( ग) v. t. (p. t. & p. p brought) to carry, to produce. लाना, तुत
करना.
brink —( क) n. edge, bank, margin. तट, कनारा, छोर.
Britain —( टे न) n. England, Wales and Scotland. इंगलै ड, ेट टे न से स ब .
British —( टश) adj. pertaining to Britain. अं ेज़ी.
bronchitis —( ॉ काइ टस) n. inflammation of the branches of the windpipe.
फेफड़े क सूजन.
bronze —( ॉ ज़) n. alloy of copper and zinc. कांसा.
brother —( दर) n. sons of the same parents. सहोदर, भाई.
brotherhood —( दर ड) n. companionship. बंधु व.
brush —( श) n. tool of hair used in painting. बाल का बना आ ुश.
brush —( श) v. t. to clean. साफ करना.
brutality —(बु टै लट ) n. cruelty, rudeness. नदयता, अस यता.
brute —( ूट) n. a beast, an unfeeling person. पशु, कठोर मनु य.
build —( ब ड) v. t. to construct, to form. बनाना, नमाण करना.
bulk —(ब क) n. size, magnitude, the main body. माण मा ा, व तार.
bull —(बुल) n. a male ox. सांड.
bullet —(बुलेट) n. a metal ball for gun or pistol. ब क से चलाने क गोली.
bulletin —(बुले टन) n. a short official statements. सरकारी समाचार प (गज़ट).
bum —(बम) n. good for nothing. नरथक, थ.
bump —(ब प) n. a heavy blow a swelling. धमाका, सूजन.
bureau —( यू रो) n. a writingdesk with drawers, office for public business.
मेज़, कायालय, महकमा, के .
burly —(बल ) adj. sturdy, bulky. थूल, मोटा.
burn —(बन) v.t. & i. (p. t. burnt, burned) to consume by fire, to be on fire.
जलाना, जलना; n. injury by fire. अ न से जलना.
bushy —(बुशी) adj. full of bushes. झाड़ीदार.
busy —( बज़ी) adj. fully occupied, diligent. काय म लीन, उ ोगी.
butter —(बटर) n. fatty substance made from cream. म खन.
buttermilk —(बटर म क) n. liquid left after making butter. म ा, छाछ.
by —(बाइ) prep. near, in the company, through, of. पास, साथ मे, से; by the
bye (incidentally) संयोग से.
bygone —(बाइगॉन) adj. past. गुज़रा आ, बीता आ.
byproduct —(बाई ोड ट) n. anything of less value produced during the
manufacture of another. अ धान रचना.
byword —(बाईवड) n. a familiar saying, proverb. कहावत.

C
cablegram —(केबल ैम) n. a telegram sent by underwater cable. समु तार.
cadet —(कैडेट) n. student of military school. सै य श ा का व ाथ .
cafe —(कैफ़े) n. restaurant. रे टोरे ट, खाना खाने तथा चाय पीने का थान.
cage —(केज) n. an enclosure for birds. पजड़ा, कटघरा; v. t. to shut in a
cage. पजड़े म ब द करना.
cake —(केक) v. t. to make a cake. केक बनाना.
calamity —(कैले मट ) n. misfortune, disaster. आप , संकट.
calibre —(कै लबर) n. diameter, capacity. ास, मह व.
calligraphy —(कैली ाफ ) n. good handwriting. सु दर लेख.
callous —(कैलस) adj. hardhearted. कठोर दय.
calmly —(कामली) adv. in a peaceful way. शां तपूवक.
calmness —(कामनेस) n. the state of being calm. शां त, थरता.
calorie —(कैलोरी) n. unit of body heat. शरीर के तापमान क इकाई.
calumination —(कै म नएशन) n. false charge. कलंक, न दा.
calumny —(कै मनी) n. false accusation, slander. न दा, कलंक.
campaign —(कै पेन) n. series of military operations, organized course of
action. यु म, नय मत काय म.
cancel —(कै सेल) v. t. to cut out, to abolish, to annul. काटना, तोड़ना, मटाना.
cancellation —(कै सेलेशन) n. act of cancelling. काटने या मटाने क या.
candidature —(कै डडेचर) n. one standing for election. नवाचन ाथ .
cannon —(कैनन) n. a big gun. तोप; v. t. to fire with gun. तोप से उड़ाना.
canon —(कैनन) n. a law or church decree. धा मक नयम, गरजाघर क व था.
can't —(का ट) v. t. short form of ‘can not’. ‘कैन नाट’ का छोटा प.
canto —(कै टो) n. division of a poem. सग, अ याय, क ध.
cantonment —(के टू नमे ट) n. quarters for troops. छावनी.
capability —(कैपे ब लट ) n. capacity. यो यता, श .
capacity —(कैपे सट ) n. power of grasping, ability. व तार, श , योग् यता.
capitalist —(कै पट ल ट) n. one who has money. सा कार, महाजन.
caprice —(के स) n. a change without reason, whim, fancy. अ थरता, इ छा,
मौज, सनक.
capture —(कैप् चर) n. arrest. हण, पकड़; v. t. to take prisoner. पकड़ना, ब द
करना.
caretaker —(केयरटे कर) n. a person left in charge. जसको दे खरेख स पी गई हो.
cartage —(काटज) v. charges. भाड़ा.
carve —(काव) v. t. to cut, to engrave, to sculpture. काटना, खोदना.
carving —(का वग) n. act or art of sculpture. प थर पर खुदाई करने क व ा/कला.
cash —(कैश) n. money. currency. नकद , रोकड़.
caste —(का ट) n. a class of society, social position. वण, जा त, कुल.
casualty —(कै युअ ट ) n. an accident. आक मक घटना; pl . list of men killed
or wounded. यु म मरे या घायल सै नक क सं या.
catalogue —(कैटे लॉग) n. a list of books. पु तक का सूची-प , वषयसूची.
catch —(कैच) v. t. & i. to seize, to grasp, to understand, to take captive, to
reach in time. पकड़ना, बांधना, समझना, ब द करना, समय पर प ंचना.
categorical —(कैटे गॉ रकल) adj. of category. वग या ेणी का.
category —(कैटे गरी) n. class or rank, general heading. ेणी, पद, समान वग.
cater —(केटर) v. t. to provide food or entertainment. भोजना द का ब ध करना.
causeway —(कॉज़वे) n. raised footpath. पैदल चलने क ऊंची सड़क.
caution —(कॉशन) n. foresight, warning. सावधानी, बु मानी, चौकसी.
ceaseless —(सीज़लेस) adj. continual. नत् य, नरन् तर.
ceiling —(सी लग) n. the top surface of a room. कमरे के ऊपर क छत.
celebration —(सेली ेशन) n. act of celebrating. शंसा, अनु ान.
celebrity —(सेली ट ) n. fame. यश, स .
celestial —(सेलेस् शल) adj. heavenly. दै वीय, वग य.
cellar —(सेलर) n. an underground cell or room. भू मगृह.
cement —(सीमेण् ट) n. a substance for sticking bond of union. चपकाने का
पदाथ, जोड़ने का साधन.
censure —(से शर) n. blame, reproof. दोष, न दा; v. t. to blame. दोष लगाना,
न दा करना.
census —(सेन स
् स) n. an official numbering of people. जनगणना.
centigrade —(से ट ेड) adj. having a hundred degrees. सौ अंश का.
central —(सेण् ल) adj. relating to the centre, principal. के से स ब धत, मु य.
centralize —(से लाइज़) v. t. to concentrate. एक के म थत करना.
centre —(से टर) n. the middle point of anything, pivot, source. के , म य
भाग, धुरा, उ म.
century —(सचुरी) n. of hundred years, a hundred of something. सौ वष, सौ.
cereal —( स रयल) adj. relating to corn. अन् नस ब धी; n. corn used as food.
भोजन म योग करने का अ .
ceremonial —(सेरीमो नयल) adj. & n. with ceremony, a formality. व धपूवक,
श ाचार.
ceremony —(सेरेमनी) n. reltgious rite. धा मक उ सव.
certain —(सटन) adj. settled, fixed, one or some. न त, आव यक, कोई.
certainly —(सटनली) adv. no. doubt बेशक, न:स दे ह.
certainty —(सट ट ) n. settled fact. नणय, नश् चय.
certificate —(सट फ़ केट) n. a written declaration. माणप .
certify —(सट फ़ाई) v. t. to attest formally, to inform. मा णत करना, सूचना दे ना.
challenge —(चैले ज) v. t. to call to contest, to object to. ललकारना, नषेध
करना; n. demand for something. ललकार.
chancellor —(चांसलर) n. state or law official, head of a university. धान
धमा धकारी, वश् व व ालय का धान अ य .
change —(चे ज) v. t. to alter, to exchange. बदलना, पलटना, यागना; n. small
coin given for a larger one, alteration. रेज़गारी, प रवतन.
changeable —(चे जेजबल) adj. given to change. प रवतनशील.
chaos —(केऑस) n. confused state, disorder. वप व, उप व.
character —(कैरे टर) n. actor's part, person in novel and drama. च र ,
उप यास और ामे के पा .
chargeable —(चाजबल) adj. liable to be charged. आरोपण करने यो य, वसूलने
यो य.
charitable —(चै रटे ब ◌्ल) adj. generous. दयालु, कृपालु.
charity —(चै रट ) n. act of kindness, leniency, alms. दयालुता, कृपा, उदारता,
भ ा.
chaste —(चे ट) adj. pure, virtuous, refined, simple. शु , धा मक, प व ता,
व छ.
chasten —(चेसेन) v. t. to refine. शु करना.
chastity —(चे टट ) n. chasteness, purity of conduct. सती व, शु ता.
chatter —(चैटर) v. t. to talkidly, to make a noise. बकवाद करना, कोलाहल करना;
n. बकवाद.
cheap —(चीप) adj. low in price, worthless. ता, घ टया.
cheat —(चीट) v. t. to deceive. धोखा दे ना, छलना; n. deceiver. धूत, ठग.
check —(चेक) v. t. to stop, to restrain, to chide. रोकना, झड़क दे ना; n. a
sudden arrest, cross-lined pattern. संयम, अवरोध, कावट, चारखाना.
cheer —(चीयर) v. t. to make joyful applaud, to comfort. स करना, सां वना
दे ना.
cheerful —(चीयरफुल) adj. in good spirits. फु ल, स .
cheerfulness —(चीयरफुलनेस) n. happiness. स ता.
cheese —(चीज़) n. curd of milk pressed and dried. पनीर.
chemistry —(के मस् ) n. the science of elements and their laws. रसायन
शा .
cheque —(चैक) n. an order for money. ंडी, चैक.
chew —( चउ) v. t. & i. to grind with teeth. दांत म चबाना.
chicken —( चकेन) n. the young of a domestic fowl. मुग का ब चा.
chiefly —(चीफ़ली) adj. principally. धान प से.
childhood —(चाइ ड ड) n. the period of being a child. बा याव था.
childish —(चाइ डश) adj. like a child. शशु के समान.
childlike —(चाइ ड लाइक) adj. simple, good. सरल वभाव.
chill —( चल) n. coldness. ठं डा.
chilly —( चली) adj. cold. ठं डा.
chin —( चन) n. front part of lower jaw. चबुक, ठु ी.
chirp —(चप) v. t. to make sharp notes like a bird. कूजना; n. प ी क
चहचहाहट.
chit-chat —( चट-चैट) n. gossip. बातचीत, गपशप.
chloroform —( लोरोफॉम) n. a medicine for producing insensibility. सं ाहीन
करने क एक औष ध.
chorus —(कोरस) n. band of singers. गाने वाल का समूह.
chorus —(कोरस) v. t. to sing together. साथ-साथ गाना, मलकर गाना.
christ —( ाइ ट) n. the Messiah. ईसा मसीह.
christianity —( चयै नट ) n. Christian religion. ईसाई धम.
chronic —( ो नक) adj. lasting for a long time, lingering deep-seated. द घ-
थायी, पुराना, चरकालीन.
chronicle —( ॉ नकल) n. a narrative, an account. इ तहास, वृ ा त.
circle —(स कल) n. a round figure, a ring, persons of a certain class. वृ ,
गोल, म डली.
circular —(स युलर) n. a business letter, a communication sent to many
people. वसायी प , व ापन.
circumstance —(सरकम टे स) n. event. घटना.
circumstances —(सरकम टे सेज़) n. plural. condition in life. थ त, दशा, हालत.
civilisation —( स वलाइज़ेशन) n. state of being civilized. स यता, आचार, श ता.
clap —( लैप) n. pat. थपथपाहट; v. t. to applaud by striking the palm of
hands together. ताली बजाना.
clarify —( लै रफ़ाई) v. t. &. i. to make clear, purify. प ीकरण करना, व छ
करना.
clarification —( लै री फ़ केशन) n. act of making clear. प ीकरण.
clash —( लैश) v. t. to make a clash, to disagree, to interfere. टकराने का श द
करना, वरोध करना, व न डालना.
class —( लास) n. division, rank, order, set of students taught together. वग,
 ेणी, जा त, कूल क क ा.
classic —( ला सक) n. study of ancient languages. ाचीन भाषा क श ा.
classical —( ला सकल) adj. pertaining to ancient literature. ाचीन सा ह य से
स ब धत.
classification —( लैसी फ़ केशन) n. arrangement. वग करण.
cleanliness —( ली लीनेस) n. purity. व छता.
cleanse —( ली स) v. t. to make clean. प व या व छ करना.
clearance —( लयरै स) n. removal of obstacles. नवारण.
clerical —( लैय रकल) adj. pertaining to clergy or a clerk. पादरी या ल पक
स बन् धी.
clerk —( लक) n. a writer in an office. द तर का लेखक.
clever —( ले वर) adj. skilful, ingenious. चतुर, बु मान.
client —( ला ए ट) n. one who employs a lawyer, customer. मुव कल, असामी,
ाहक.
climax —( ला इमै स ) n. the highest point, the greatest degree. शखर, उ कष,
वृ .
climb —( लाइम) v. t. to ascend. चढ़ना.
clinical —( ल नकल) adj. pertaining to the sick-bed. श या त रोगी स ब धी.
cloak —( लोक) n. a loose upper garment, that which conceals, a pretext.
लबादा, ढापना, बहाना.
clock —( लॉक) n. a time-indicating instrument. बड़ी घड़ी.
closure —( लो ज़र) n. closing, closing of debate. समा त, वाद ववाद को ब द
करना.
cloth —( लॉथ) n. (pl. clothes) fabric made from wearing. कपड़ा.
clothe —( लो द) v. t. , p. t. or (p. p. clothed or clad) to dress, to cover. व
पहनना, ढांपना.
clothing —( लो दग) n. clothes. व .
coalition —(को लशन) n. temporary combination between parties. भ
समाज का अ थायी मलाप.
coarse —(कोस) adj. rough, rude, vulgar. , अस य, भ ा.
cobbler —(कॉ लर) n. a mender of shoes. जूते क मर मत करने वाला, मोची.
cock —(कॉक) n. male bird, male fowl, part of the lock of a rifle, a tap. नर
च ड़ या, ब क का घोड़ा, ट ट .
cocktail —(कॉकटे ल) n. a kind of horse, a mixed drink. एक कार का घोड़ा,
म त म दरा.
coconut —(कोकोनट) n. the coco palm. ना रयल का वृ .
code —(कोड) n. a system of laws, rules or signals. नयम सं ह, संकेत सं ह.
co-education —(को-एजूकेशन) n. system of education where girls and boys
study together. सह श ा.
coerce —(कोअस) v. t. to compel, to restrain. रोकना, बा धत करना.
coin —(कॉयन) n. piece of money. मु ा, स का; v. t. to make metal into coin,
to inyeat. स का बनाना, आ व कार करना.
cold —(को ड) adj. wanting in heat, spiritless, reserved. ठ डा, न तेज़, ग भीर,
जुकाम.
collaborate —(कोलैबोरेट) v. t. to work together. मलकर काम करना.
collaboration —(कलैबुरेशन) n. state of working together. सरे के साथ काय
करने क अव था.
collapsible —(कुला सै बल) adj. fit for collapsing. तह हो जाने वाली.
collapsable —(कुला पे बल) adj. same as collapsible.
collision —(कुलीज़न) n. state of being collided. ट कर.
colloquial —(कोलोक् ि◌अल) adj. conversational. बोलचाल का.
colon —(कोलन) n. the punctuation mark, part of large intestine. (:) वसग
च ह, आंत का व श , भाग.
colour —(कलर) n. hue, tint, appearance, pretence. रंग, आकृ त, बहाना; (pl. )
paints, a flag. रंग, पताका; v. t. to give colour to. रंग दे ना.
comb —(कोम) n. an instrument with teeth for dressing hair, wool etc.,
crest of a cock. कंघी, मुग क चोट ; v. t. to dress, to separate. कंघी करना, अलग
करना.
comfortable —(क फटबल) adj. promoting comfort. आनन् ददायक, सुखकर.
comic —(कॉ मक) adj. humorous. funny. हंसी लाने वाला, हा या पद.
comma —(कॉमा) n. punctuation mark (,) अं ेज़ी का छोटा वराम; inverted
commas ऐसे दोहरे च ह (“ ”) जो कसी उ के आगे और पीछे लगाये जाते ह.
commanding —(कमा डंग) adj. impressive. भावशाली.
commandment —(कमा डमे ट) n. mandate, order. आ ा.
commence —(कमेन स
् ) v. t. to begin, to originate. आर भ करना.
commencement —(कमे समे ट) n. a beginning. आर भ.
comment —(कमे ट) v. t. to write explanatory notes on. ट का करना, ा या
करना; n. a collection of notes. ट का, ा या.
commentator —(कमे टे टर) n. the writer of a commentary. ववरण सारक.
commercial —(कम शयल) adj. pertaining to a trade. वसाय स ब धी.
commit —(क मट) v. t. to entrust, to send, to be guilty. स पना, भेजना, अपराधी
होना.
commitment —(क मटमे ट) n. pledge. वचन, वायदा.
commodity —(कमॉ डट ) n. articles of trade, useful things. पदाथ, साम ी.
commoner —(कॉमनर) n. one of the people. सामा य, मनु य.
communicate —(क यू नकेट) v. t. to give information, to join. का शत करना,
मलाना.
communication —(क यू नकेशन) n. act of giving information, information,
message, correspondence. खबर दे ने का काय, सूचना, संदेश, प वहार.
communism —(क यू न म) n. vesting of property in common. सब स प को
सवा धकार म करने का स ा त, सा यवाद.
companion —(क पै नयन) n. an associate, a mate. साथी, संगी.
comparable —(क पेयरेबल) adj. able to be compared. तुलना करने यो य.
compare —(क पैयर) v. t. to find out points of likeness. तुलना करना.
comparison —(क पैरीसन) n. act of comparing. तुलना.
compassion —(क पैशन) n. pity, sympathy. दया, कृपा.
compensation —(क पे सेशन) n. recompense. तफल, तपू त.
compete —(क पीट) v. t. to strive with others, to contend. पधा करना, बराबरी
करना.
competent —(क पीटे ट) adj. of sufficient ability, suitable. यो य, नपुण.
competition —(कॉ पट शन) n. rivalry. पधा, बराबरी.
compile —(क पाइल) v. t. to collect matter from various authors. संक लत
करना, सं ह करना.
complain —(कम् प् लेन) v. t. to express displeasure, to find fault with.
अस तोष कट करना, दोष नकालना.
complainant —(क लेने ट) n. one who makes a charge against another.
दोषी ठहराने वाला.
complaint —(कम् प् लेण् ट) n. accusation, ailment. अ भयोग, रोग.
complement —(कॉम् प् लीमे ट) n. anything that completes. पूरक.
complementary —(कॉम् प् लीमे ) adj. supplying a deficiency. कमी पूरी करने
वाला.
complete —(कम् प् लीट) v. t. to finish, to perfect. समा त करना, पूण करना.
completion —(क प लीशन) n. accomplishment. प रणाम, स .
complex —(कॉम् प् ले स) adj. not simple, intricate. म त, पेचीदा.
complicacy —(कॉ पलीकेसी) n. state of being complicated. उलझन.
complication —(कॉम लीकेशन) n. complicated situation. उलझन.
compliment —(कॉम लीमे ट) n. a polite praise or respect. अ भन दन, नम कार;
v. t. to praise. शंसा करना.
complimentary —(कॉम लीमे ) adj. expressive of praise. शंसा मक.
composition —(क पोज़ीशन) n. a construction, literary production. रचना,
बनावट, खेल.
comprehension —(कॉ ीहे शन) n. understanding. समझ.
comprise —(क ाइज़) v. t. to contain, to include. ा त करना, मलाना.
compromise —(कॉ ोमाइज़) v. t. to settle by mutual consent. आपस म
मलकर झगड़ा तय करना; n. settlement. समझौता.
compulsion —(क प लज़़न) n. force, obligation. दबाव, अनुरोध.
compulsory —(क प लसरी) adj. having no option. अ नवाय.
compute —(कम् प् यूट) v. t. to reckon, to value. गणना करना, लेखा करना.
comrade —(कॉमरेड) n. a companion. म , संगी, साथी.
conceal —(कंसील) v. t. to hide, to shelter. छपाना; शरण दे ना.
conceivable —(कंसीवेबल) adj. able to be conceived. वचारने यो य.
conception —(कंसे शन) n. thought, notion. वचार, क प ना.
concentration —(कॉ से े शन) n. act of concentrating. एका ता.
conception —(कनसे शन) n. concept, idea. वचार.
concern —(क सन) v. t. to relate to, to belong to, to have to do with. स ब ध
रखना, उ े य होना; n. business or affair, anxiety. वसाय, ाकुलता.
concise —(क साइज़) adj. short. अ प, सं त.
conclude —(कन लूड) v. t. to finish, to infer. समा त करना.
concord —(कॉनकॉड) n. harmony, agreement. मेल, एकता.
condemn —(क डेम) v. t. to pronounce guilty, to censure. द ड दे ना, अपराधी
ठहराना.
condemnation —(क डे नेशन) n. the act of condemning. अपराध का द ड.
condense —(क डस) v. t. to reduce in volume, to compress, to abbreviate.
घना करना, गाढ़ा करना.
condensation —(क डे सेशन) n. act of making dense. गाढ़ा करने क या.
condition —(क डीशन) n. state, circumstance. दशा, अव था, थ त.
conditional —(क डीशनल) adj. depending on conditions. थ त पर नभर, दशा
के साथ.
condole —(क डोल) v. t. to grieve, to sympathise. वलाप करना, सहानुभू त कट
करना.
condolence —(क डोले स) n. grief expressed on other's loss. सर के :ख
पर द शत क ई सहानुभू त.
conduce —(क ूस) v. t. to lead, to contribute. वृ करना, बढ़ाना.
conducive —(क ू सव) adj. tending. ेरक.
conduct —(क डक् ट) v. t. to lead or guide, to direct, to manage, to behave,
to carry. माग दखाना, बन् ध करना, वहार करना, ले जाना.
confectioner —(क फे शनर) n. a maker or seller of sweetmeats. हलवाई.
confess —(क फेस) v. t. & i. to acknowledge, to disclose. वीकार करना,
का शत करना.
confession —(क फेशन) n. the acknowledgement of a fault or crime. अपराध
या दोष का वीकरण.
confide —(कनफ़ाइड) v. t. to trust. वश् वास करना.
confidence —(कॉन् फ़ डे स) n. trust. वश् वास.
confident —(कॉन् फ़ डे ट) confidential. adj. trusted, private. व त, गु त
confirm —(क फ़म) v. t. to strengthen, to make sure, to ratify. पु करना, थर
करना, मा णत करना.
confirmation —(क फ़मशन) n. corroborating statement. माणीकरण.
conflict —(कॉन लक् ट) v. t. to fight. यु , कलह.
conform —(क फ़ॉम) v. t. to adopt, to make like, to comply with. अनु प
करना, समान करना, वीकार करना.
conformation —(क फ़ॉमशन) n. shape, structure. आकृ त, बनावट.
confront —(कन् ण् ट) v. t. to face. मुकाबला करना, सामना करना.
confuse —(क यूज़) v. t. to mix together, to perplex. गड़बड़ करना, म म
डालना.
confusion —(क यूज़न) n. disorder. गड़बड़ी.
congratulate —(कां े युलेट) v. t. to wish joy. अ भनंदन करना.
congratulation —(कॉ ेचुलेशन) n. expression of joy at the success. बधाई.
connect —(कने ट) v. t. to join together, to associate. जोड़ना, मलाना.
conquer —(कॉ कर) v. t. to gain by force, to subdue. जीतना, अधीन करना.
conqueror —(कॉन् करर) n. one who conquers. वजयी, जीतने वाला.
conscience —(कॉन् शएन् स) n. the sense of right and wrong. अन् त:करण.
conscious —(कॉन् शस) adj. knowing, aware. सचेत, ानी.
consciousness —(कॉन् शसनेस) n. person's thoughts and feelings. चेतना.
consequence —(कॉन् सीक् वेन स ् ) n. result, importance. प रणाम, भाव.
consider —(कन् सीडर) v. t . & i. to think. सोचना, वचार करना.
consider —(कन् सीडर) v. t. to contemplate, to reflect upon. वचार करना, मनन
करना.
considerable —(कंसीड् रेबल) adj. great, important. मान् य, अ धक.
consist —(कं सस् ट) v. t. to be composed of. न मत, बना होना.
consolation —(कंसोलेशन) n. alleviation of grief. धीरज, ढाढ़स.
consolidate —(कंसो लडेट) v. t. to solidify together into a mass, to unite.
ठोस करना, एक पण् ड बनाना, जोड़ना.
conspire —(कॉ स् पयार) v. t. to plot together. षडयं रचना.
conspirancy —(कॉन् स् पीरेसी) n. a plot. षडयन् .
constancy —(कॉन् स् टसी) n. firmness. थरता, ढ़ता.
constant —(कॉन् स् टैण् ट) adj. fixed, unchanging. अचल, थर.
constipation —(कॉन् स ट पेशन) n. difficulty in evacuating the bowels. क ज़ी.
constituency —(कां टटु एन् सी) n. body of electors in a place. नवाचन केन् .
constituency —(कां टटु एन् सी) n. body of electors in a region. नवाचन े .
constitution —(कां टट् युशन) n . natural state of mind or body, formation, a
system of laws. कृ त, शारी रक अवस् था, रचना, सं वधान.
consult —(कंसल् ट) v. t. to seek advice. सम् म त लेना.
consultation —(कंसल् टेशन) n. conference. आलोचना, परामश.
consume —(कंज् ◌़यूम) v. t. to eat up, to destroy. व् यय करना, नष् ट करना.
consumption —(कंज़म् प् शन) n. act of consuming, a wasting disease. खपत,
य का रोग.
contain —(कण् टेन) v. t. to hold, to include. स म लत करना.
contempt —(कण् टेम् प् ट) n. scorn, disrespect. तरस् कार, अनादर.
contending —(कण् टै डंग) n. opposing. वरोधी.
content —(कण् टेण् ट) adj. satisfied. संतुष् ट.
contentment —(कण् टेण् टमेण् ट) n. satisfaction. स तोष.
contest —(कॉण् टेस् ट) v. t. to debate, to fight. झगड़ना; n. debate, strife. ववाद,
कलह.
continental —(कॉ टनटल) adj. pertaining to a continent. महा प सम् बन् धी.
continutal —(कण् ट न् युअल) adj. occurring on every occasion. नरन् तर.
continuation —(कण् ट नुएशन) n. going on in a series or line. नरन् तर भाव.
continue —(कण् ट न् यू) v. t. & i . to remain, to maintain, to extend, to prolong
जारी रखना.
continuous —(कण् ट न् युअस) adj. uninterrupted. सतत, अनवरत.
contra —(कॉण् ा) pref. in sense of “against” “ वप रीत” अथ का उपसग.
contradict —(कॉण् ा डक् ट) v. t. to oppose. वरोध करना.
contrary —(कॉण् े री) adj. opposite, opposing. वपरीत, तकूल.
contrast —(कॉण् ास् ट) v. i. to set in opposition. भेद दखलाना; n. opposing.
वरोध, अन् तर.
contribution —(कॉण् ब् यूशन) n. act of contributing, a literary article.
भागदान, लेख.
controversy —(कॉण् ोवस ) n. a. discussion, a dispute. ववाद, कलह, झगड़ा.
convenience —(कनवी नएन् स) n. suitableness, comfort. योग् यता, सु वधा.
convenient —(कनवी नएण् ट) adj. suitable, handy. अनुकूल, उपयुक् त.
conventional —(कन् वेन श
् नल) adj. customary. परम् परा के अनुसार, था के
अनुसार.
conversant —(कन् वसेण् ट) adj. well acquainted with. नपुण, अ त प र चत,
कुशल.
conversation —(कन् वसशन) n. talking. बातचीत, वातालाप.
conveyance —(कन् वेएन् स) n. act of carrying, a carriage. ले जाने क या,
गाड़ी.
cooperate —(कोऑपरेट) v. t. to work together. मलकर काम करना.
cooperation —(कोऑपरशेन) n. the act of cooperating. सहयोग.
cooperative —(कोऑपरे टव) adj. on the basis of cooperation. सहयोगी.
coordinate —(कोऑ डनेट) adj. of the same order or rank. एक पद वाला; v. t.
bring together. उ चत सम् बन् ध म लाना.
coordination —(कोऑ डनेशन) n. act of coordinating. एक करण, सहका रता.
copyright —(कॉपीराइट) n. legal right to print and publish books and
articles. छापने का पूण अ धकार.
cordially —(कॉर डयली) adj. warmly हा दक प से.
cordiality —(कॉर डऐ लट ) n. state of being cordial. म भाव, मधुरता.
corn —(कॉन) n. a grain seed, horny growth on toes. अन् न, धान् य, पैर का
गोख .
corporal —(कॉरपोरल) n. an officer in an army next to a sergeant. सेना का
एक छोटा अ धकारी, नायक; a. pertaining to body. शरीर सम् बन् धी.
corporation —(कॉप रेशन) n. united body of persons. संघ, समाज.
corps —(कॉर) n. a division of an army. सेना का एक भाग, पलटन.
correction —(करेक् शन) n. amendment. सुधार, दण् ड.
correctness —(करेक् टनेश) n. state of being correct.accuracy. शु .
correlation —(को रलेशन) n. mutual relation. पारम् प रक सम् ब ध.
correspondence —(कॉरेस् पॉण् डस) n. agreement, communication by
letters. संसग, प .
correspondent —(कॉरेस् पॉण् डट) n. one who communicates by letter.
संवाददाता.
corruption —(कर् प् शन) n. depravity. ष् टता, खोटापन.
cosmetic —(कॉस् मे टक) n. , adj. relating to personal adornment. ृंगार
सम् बन् धी.
cost —(कॉस् ट) n. money, expense paid for things. मूल् य, व् यय, दाम.
costly —(कॉस् टली) adj. expensive. क मती.
cottage —(कॉटे ज) n. a small house. झोपड़ी.
councillor —(काउं सलर) n. member of council. सभासद.
counteract —(काउण् टरएक् ट) v. t. to oppose, to defeat. वरोध करना, हराना.
counterattack —(काउंटरअटै क) n. attack done after enemy's action. श ु के
आ मण के उ र म कया आ आ मण.
countercharge —(काउंटरचाज) n. charge in answer to another. अ भयोग के
उ र म लगाया आ अ भयोग.
counterfoil —(काउंटर वायल) n. a corresponding part of a cheque etc.
retained by the sender. त प, मुसन् ना.
courage —(करेज) n. bravery. साहस, वीरता.
courageous —(करे जअस) adj. brave, bold. वीर, बहा र, साहसी.
courtesy —(क टसी) n. politeness. न ता.
cousin —(क ज़ न) n. a child of one's uncle or aunt. चचेरा, ममेरा, मौसेरा या
फुफेरा भाई या बहन.
coward —(कावड) n. a faint hearted person. कायर, डरपोक मनुष् य.
cowardice —(काव डस) n. timidty. भी ता.
Craftsman —( ा ट् समैन) n. an artisan. शल् पकार.
credible —( े डबल) adj. believable. वश् वास योग् य.
creditable —( े डटे ब् ल) adj. praiseworthy. शंसनीय.
credulous —( े ुलस) adj. ready to believe. वश् वास करने को उ त.
crimson —( सन) adj. of a deep red colour. गहरे लाल रंग का.
cripple —( ल) n. a lame person. लंगड़ा मनु य; v. t. to disable, to weaken.
लंगड़ा करना, नबल करना.
crisis —( ाइ सस) n. (pl . crises) a turning point, a decisive moment. संकट,
नणायक ण.
critic —( टक) n. one skilled in judging the quality of a thing. गुण-दोष
न पक, समालोचक.
criticism —( ट सज् ◌़म) n. a critical judgement. समालोचना.
critique —( टक) n. a critical estimate. समी ा, आलोचना मक वचार.
crooked —( ु केड) adj. bent. deformed, dishonourable. ठा, टे ढ़ा, कु प,
अ त त.
crossing —( ॉ सग) n. an intersection of roads. चौर ता, चौराहा.
crystal —( टल) adj. clear as glass. कांच के समान व छ; n. clear
transparent mineral. फ टक, ब लौर.
culmination —(क मनेशन) n. state of having risen to the highest point.
सव च थ त क ा त.
culprit —(कल ट) n. an accused person. अपराधी, दोषी मनु य.
cultivator —(क ट वेटर) n. one who cultivates. कसान, खे तहर.
curiosity —( यूरीऑ सट ) n. state of being curious. आ य, कौतुक, अच भा.
curriculum —(करी युलम) (pl. curricula) n. course of study. पा म.
curse —(कस) v. t. to call down evil. शाप दे ना; n. an utterance of destruction.
शाप.
cursory —(कसरी) adj. hasty, without much care. सरसरी, जल् द म.
curtail —(कटल) v. t. to cut short. छोटा करना, सं ेप करना.
curtain —(कटन) n. a hanging screen. पदा, चक; v. t. to.
curved —(कवड) adj. bent. झुक ई.
custard —(क टड) n. a mixture of milk, eggs etc. पका आ अ डा और ध का
म ण.
cyclone —(साइ लोन) n. circular storm, whirlwind. च करदार आंधी, तूफान.
cyclopaedia —(साइ लोपी डया) n. a guide to knowledge arranged
alphabetically. व कोष.
cyclostyle —(साइ लो टाइल) n. an apparatus for printing copies from
stencil-plate. हाथ क लखावट छापने का यं , च मु णयं .
cylinder —( स ल डर) n. a roller-shaped hollow or solid vessel. बेलन के
आकार का पोला अथवा ठोस पदाथ, रोलर.
cymbal —( स बल) n. one of a pair of brass plates clashed together for
sound. मजीरा.
cypher (cipher )—(साइफर) n. nothing. शू य.

D
dacoit —(डकॉयट) n. one of a gang of robbers. डाकू.
dacoity —(डकॉयट ) n. a dacoit's work. डकैती.
dainty —(डे ट ) adj. neat. delicious. वा द , ज़ायकेदार, अ छा.
dais —(डायस) n. raised platform. मंच, चबूतरा.
damage —(डैमेज) n. injury, loss. नाश, हा न; v. t. to injure to defame. हा न
करना, त प ंचाना.
dame —(डेम) n. the lady keeper of a boarding-house, wife of a baronet or
knight. हो टे ल ब धका, बैरोनेट या नाइट क प नी.
damnable —(डैमने बल) adj. hateful. घृणा पद.
dangerous —(डे जरस) adj. perilous. भयंकर.
daring —(डेय रग) n. boldness. साहस; a. bold, fearless. वीर, नडर.
daughter —(डॉटर) n. a female child. पु ी, बेट ; n. daughter-in-law (son's
wife) पतो .
dauntless —(डॉ टलेस) adj. fearless. नभय. accountbook of daily
transsactions. त दन का हसाब लखने का बही.
dazzle —(डैज़ल) v. t. to overpower with, to confound with brilliance. च कत
करना, च धयाना.
de —(डी) pref. in sense of “down, away” “नीचे, र” अथ का उपसग.
dealing —(डी ल स) n. pl . a person's conduct or transactions. व् यवहार,
लेनदे न.
dear —( डयर) adj. beloved. costly. यारा, मंहगा.
dearth —(डथ) n. state of scarcity, famine. कमी, अकाल.
debatable —( डबेटे ल) adj. liable to be disputed. ववाद यो य.
debate —( डबेट) v. t. to argue, to discuss. बहस करना, झगड़ना; n. discussion.
ववाद, तक.
debt —(डेट) n. sum owed to a person. ऋण, उधार.
debtor —(डैटर) n. person owing something to another. कजदार, दे नदार, ऋणी.
decency —( डसे सी)) n. goodness, beauty. अ छाई, सौ दय.
decent —( डसे ट) adj. proper, respectable. यो य, स य, श .
decision —( ड सज़न) n. act of deciding, judgement. नणय.
declare —( ड लेयर) v. t. to assert, to decide in favour of. सू चत करना, घो षत
करना.
decorate —(डेकोरेट) v. t. to beautify, to adorn. ृंगार करना.
decoration —(डेकोरेशन) n. ornamentation. अलंकार, सजावट.
dedicate —(डेडीकेट) v. t. to set apart for a holy purpose, to give wholly up
to, to inscribe. भट करना, समपण करना.
deer —( डयर) n. animal with branched horns. ह रण मृग.
deface —( डफ़ेस) v. t. to disfigure. प बगाड़ना.
defacement —( डफ़ेसमे ट) n. act of defacing. प का वनाश.
defamation —( डफ़ेसमेशन) n. act of defaming. बदनामी, न दा, मान-हा न.
defame —( डफ़ेम) v. t. to take accuse falsely. न दा करना, आपे करना.
default —( डफ़ॉ ट) n. neglect of duty. चूक, अपराध.
defaulter —( डफ़ॉ टर) n. one who fails in payment. ऋण न चुकाने वाला.
defeat —( डफ़ ट) v. t. to subdue, to overcome. हराना.
defect —( डफ़े ट) n. want, imperfection. वकार, ु ट.
defence —( डफ़स) n. protection, justification, defendant's plea. र ा, बचाव,
यु र.
defend —( डफे ड) v. t. to protect. to resist. र ा करना, बचाना.
defensive —( डफ़ सव) adj. serving to defend. र ा मक.
defer —( डफ़र) v. t. to put off, to lay, to submit, to yield. दे र करना, टालना, मान
लेना.
deference —( डफ़रस) n. respectful conduct. वनीत आचरण.
deficiency —(डेफ़ शएंसी) n. lack, want. यूनता, कमी.
definable —( डफ़ाइने ल) adj. able to be defined. ल ण, बतलाने यो य.
definition —(डे फ़ नीशन) n. an exact statement of meaning. ा या, प रभाषा.
deformity —( डफ़ॉ मट ) n. ugliness. भ ापन, कु पता.
degradation —( ड ेडेशन) n. disgrace. मानभंग.
degrade —( ड ेड) v. t. to lower in rank, to disgrace. पद नीचा करना, अपमान
करना.
degree —( ड ी) n. rank, proportion, academic proficiency, 360 part of a
circle, part of right angle. पद, दशा, प रमाण, उपा ध, अंश.
deity —(डीट ) n. a god or goddess. दे वता या दे वी.
dejected —( डजे टे ड) adj. sad. उदासीन.
delay —( डले) v. t. & i. to postpone, to hinder. टालना, दे र करना; n. lingering.
काल ेप.
delegate —(डेलीगेट) n. representative, deputy. त न ध.
delegation —(डेलीगेशन) n. body of delegates. त न ध.
delete —( डलीट) v. t. to blot out, to erase. हटाना, मटाना.
deliberation —(डेलीबरेशन) n. careful consideration. समु चत वचार, गौर.
deliberate —(डेलीबरेट) v. t. to reflect, to consider. सोचना, वचार करना.
delicacy —(डेलीकेसी) n. tenderness. state of being delicate. कोमलता,
नजाकत.
deliver —( ड लीवर) v. t. to set free, to make an address. मु करना, यागना,
ाख् यान दे ना.
deliverence —(डेलीवरस) n. release. मु , छु टकारा.
delusion —( ड यूज़न) n. deception. म, ा त.
demarcation —( डमाकशन) n. boundary, separation. सीमा, मयादा.
democracy —( डमो े सी) n. government by the people. जनस ा मक सरकार.
demonstration —( डमॉ स े शन) n. proof. माण, दखाव.
demoralize —( डमॉरलाइज़) v. t. to ruin the morals of, to cause fear. च र
करना, आतं कत करना.
denial —( डनायल) n. act of refusing or denying. अ वीकृ त, नषेध.
dense —(डस) adj. thick, compact, dull. घना, मूख.
density —(ड सट ) n. closeness of a substance, denseness. घनापन, ठोसपन.
dentist —(डे ट ट) n. a dental surgeon. दांत का वै .
deny —( ड नाई) v. t. to refuse, to contradict. अ वीकार करना, नषेध करना.
depart —( डपाट) v. t. to go away, to leave. चला जाना, छोड़ना.
departure —( डपाचर) n. act of departing. थान.
dependable —( डपे डे बल) adj. reliable. नभर, व सनीय.
dependant —( डपे डे ट) n. a follower. आ त.
deponent —( डपोने ट) n. one who gives sworn testimony. सा ी.
deposit —( डपॉ ज़ ट) v. t. to lay down, to entrust. जमा करना, धरोहर रखना.
depression —( ड ेशन) n. dejection, a hollow. उदासी, ग ा.
deprive —( ड ाइव) v. t. to take away from, to rob of. हरण करना, छ न लेना.
depth —(डे थ) n. deep place, depression. गहराई.
deputation —(डे यूटेशन) n. person or persons appointed to act or speak
for others. त न ध, त न ध म डल.
derangement —( डरजमे ट) n. disturbance, disorder. अ व था.
descend —( डसे ड) v. t. to come down, to be derived from, to invade.
उतरना, वंश म होना, आ मण करना.
description —( ड शन) n. account in detail, verbal portraiture. वणन,
च ण.
deserving —( डज़ वग) adj. meritorious. यो य, वीण.
desirable —( डज़ायरे ल) adj. agreeable. इ छत, वां छत.
desirous —( डज़ायरस) adj. wishful. इ छु क.
desperation —(डे पेरेशन) n. hopelessness. नराशा.
destination —(डे ट नेशन) n. place to be reached. ठकाना, मं जल.
destroy —( ड ॉय) v. t. to lay waste to ruin. वंस करना, नाश करना.
destructible —( ड ट ल) adj. destroyable. नाश करने यो य.
detective —( डटे टव) n. one employed in detecting criminals. जासूस,
गु तचर.
deteriorate —( डट रयरेट) v. t. to become worse in quality. होना.
determination —( डट मनेशन) n. resolution. न य.
determine —( डट मन) v. t. & i. to resolve, to fix. to influence. नणय करना,
थर करना, भाव डालना.
develop —( डवेलप) v. t. to unfold, to promote the growth of. पु करना, उ त
करना.
development —( ड वेलपमे ट) n. gradual growth. उ त.
devil —(डे वल) n. evil spirit. शैतान.
devoted —( डवोटे ड) adj. ardent, zealous. सेवा न , ावान.
devotee —( डवोट ) n. a devoted person. भ .
dew —( ू) n. moisture deposited on cool surface. ओस.
diagnosis —(डाय नो सस) n. recognition of a disease by its symptoms.
ल ण ारा रोग का नणय, नदान.
dialogue —(डायलॉग) n. conversation. बातचीत.
diary —(डायरी) n. a daily record of events. दनचया का लेखा.
dictate —( ड टे ट) v. t. to ask another to write. सरे को लखाना.
dictation —( ड टे शन) n. act of dictating. बोल कर लखवाना.
dictator —( ड टे टर) n. an absolute ruler. अन य शासक.
diet —(डाएट) n. a way of feeding, food. आहार, भोजन.
difference —( डफ़रस) n. unlikeness, disagreement. भेद.
different —( डफ़रे ट) adj. unlike. भ .
differentiate —( डफ़र शए्ट) v. t. to discriminate. पृथक करना, अलग करना.
difficulty —( ड फ़ क ट ) n. difficult situation, obstacle. क ठनता, लेश.
diffusion —( ड यूज़न) n. a spreading abroad, distribution. व तार, फैलाव,
वसरण.
digest —(डाइजे ट) v. t. to make absorbable, to arrange, to think over.
पचाना, सं ह करना, वचारना; n. collection of laws, summary. व ध, सं ह.
dignity —( ड नट ) n. honour, impressiveness. मान, त ा.
dilemma —(डाइलेमा) n. a difficult position. वधा.
diligence —( ड लजस) n. earnest effort. उ ोग, अ यास.
dilute —(डाइ यूट) v. t. to make thin by mixing with water. पानी मला कर पतला
करना.
dimension —(डाइमे श न) n. size, extent. प रमाण, मा ा.
dine —(डाइन) v. t. to take food. भोजन करना.
dining-room —(डाइ नग म) n. a room used for meals. भोजनालय.
dinner —( डनर) n. the chief meal of the day. a public feast. दन का धान
भोजन.
diplomat —( ड लोमैट) n. tactful. चतुर.
direction —(डाइरे श न) n. course, address. ल य, पता, दशा.
directive —(डाइरे टव) adj. giv-ing instruction. आदे श.
disability —( डसए ब लट ) n. incapability. अयो यता.
disagreeable —( डसअ ीए ल) adj. unpleasant. अ य.
disappear —( डसअपीयर) v. t. to vanish. अ य होना.
disappointment —( डसअपॉइंटमे ट) n. failure of expectation. नराशा.
disapproval —( डसअ ूवल) n. state of rejecting. अ वीकृ त, नामंजूरी.
disarmament —( डसआमामे ट) n. abandonment of warlike establishment.
न:श ीकरण.
disbelief —( डस बलीफ़) n. refusing to believe, no confidence. अ वश् वास.
discharge —( डसचाज) v. t. to unload, to acquit, to dismiss, to fire, to
perform. भार हटाना, छोड़ना, मु करना, काय करना.
disclose —( डस लोज़) v. t. to uncover, to expose to view. प करना, कट
करना.
discomfit —( ड क फ़ ट) v. t. to defeat, to frustrate. हराना, मात करना.
disconnect —( डसकने ट) v. t. to disunite, to separate. खोलना, स बन् ध व छे द
करना.
discouragement —( डसकरेजमे ट) n. act of discouraging. ख ता, हताश
अव था.
discovery —( डसकवरी) n. thing discovered. आ व कार.
discussion —( डसकशन) n. debate. ववाद, बातचीत.
disease —( डसीज़) n. illness. बीमारी, रोग.
disengage —( डसइंगेज़) v. t. to set free, to separate. नमु करना, अलग करना.
disfavour —( डसफ़ेवर) n. dislike, displeasure. घृणा, अस तोष.
disgrace —( डस ेस) v. t. to dishonour. अपमान करना.
disguise —( डसगाइज़) v. t. to conceal, to misrepresent. छपाना, वेष बदलना;
n. स् वांग.
disgust —( डसगस् ट) n. dislike, loathing. घृणा, उ े ग; v. t. to excite aversion,
अ च उत् पन् न करना.
dishonest —( डसऑनेस् ट) adj. insincere. कपट , धूत.
dishonour —( डसऑनर) v. t. to disgrace. अपमान करना.
disinterested —( डसइंटरेस् टेड) adj. without personal interest. स् वाथहीन,
नष् प , तटस् थ.
dislike —( डसलाइक) v. t. to disapprove. नापसन् द करना.
dislocate —( डसलोकेट) v. t. to displace. जगह से हटा दे ना.
dislodge —( डसलॉज) v. t. to remove from a position. जगह से हटाना.
dismiss —( डस मस) v. t. to remove from office, to send away. पदच् युत करना,
वदा करना.
dismissal —( डस मसल) n. act of dismissing. बरखास् त होना, पृथकत् व.
disobedient —( डसओबी डएण् ट) adj. one who does not obey. आ ा न मानने
वाला.
disobey —( डसओबे) v. t. to refuse to obey. आ ा न मानना.
disorder —( डसऑडर ) n. confusion. गड़बड़, अव् यवस् था, परेशानी.
dispatch —( डसपैच) v. t. to send out, to dispose of. रवाना करना, तय करना,
नपटाना.
dispensary —( डसपेन् सरी) n. a druggist’s room. औषधालय.
disperse —( डसपस) v. t. to dismiss, to scatter about. वके त करना, इधर
उधर हटाना.
displace —( डसप् लेस) v. t. to put out of place. जगह से हटाना.
display —( डसप् ले) v. t. to exhibit, to make a show of. दशन करना.
displease —( डसप् लीज़) v. t. to annoy. नाखुश करना. n. displeasure. नाखुशी.
disposal —( डसपोज़ल) n. arrangement, settlement. बन् ध.
dispute —( डसप् यूट) v. t. to argue. ववाद करना, न मानना.
disreputable —( डस रप् यूटेबल) adj. of ill fame. बदनाम, कुख् यात.
disrepute —( डस रप् यूट) n. ill fame. बदनामी.
distance —( डसटे न स ् ) n. remoteness. री.
distant —( डसटै ण् ट) adj. far off. र.
distaste —( डसटे स् ट) n. dislike, aversion. अ च, घृणा.
distemper —( डसटे म् पर) n. derangement of body, paint for wall. तबीयत
खराब होना, द वार का रंग.
distillation —( ड टलेशन) n. act of distilling. अक खीचने क या.
distort —( डस् टॉट) v. t. twisted to give false or twisted account. तोड़मरोड़ के
वणन करना.
distortion —( डस् टॉशन) n. twisted or false account. वकृत या असत् य प.
distribution —( डस् ब् यूशन) n. division. वतरण, बांटना.
disturb —( डस् टब) v. t. to unsettle, to cause agitation. वच लत करना, गड़बड़ी
पैदा करना.
disunite —( डसयूनाइट) v. t. to separate, to cause dissension. वभेद करना,
मतभेद कर दे ना, अलग करना.
ditto —( डटो) n. adj. & adv. the same as above (in account or lists etc.)
वही जो ऊपर लखा है.
diversity —(डाइव सट ) n. being unlike, variety. व भन् नता, अनमेल होना.
diversion —(डायवज़न) n. diverting of attention, amusement, a military
manoeuvre. ध् यान हटना, दल बहलाव, एक सै नक चाल.
divert —(डाइवट) v. t. to turn aside, deflect, to change. न त पथ से हटाना, राह
बदल दे ना.
dividend —( ड वडेण् ड) n. number to be divided, sum payable as interest
on loan, or profit. वभाजनीय संख् या, मुनाफा.
division —( ड वज़न) n. distribution, disagreement, classification, a unit in
the army. वोट, मतभेद, वग वभाजन, सै नक टोली.
divorce —(डाइवोस) n. dissolution of marriage, v. t. to dissolve, marriage,
sever. ववाह वच् छेद, तलाक दे ना, अलग करना.
docile —(डोसाइल) adj. submissive. सीधा, पालतू.
doctrine —(डॉ न) n. belief, religious or scientific teaching. स ान् त.
document —(डॉक् यूमेण् ट) n. दस् तावेज, लेख.
dogma —(डॉग् मा) n. principle, rigid opinion. स ान् त, न त मत.
dogmatic —(डॉग् मै टक) adj. doctrinal, authoritative. सै ा तक, ामा णक, क र.
domain —(डोमेन) n. estate, territory. राज, इलाका.
domestic —(डोमे टक) adj. concerning the home. घरेलू.
domination —(डोमीनेशन) n. rule. राज् य, शासन.
donation —(डोनेशन) n. gift of money. दान.
donee —(डोनी) n. one who receives a gift. दान पाने वाला.
donor —(डोनर) n. giver. दे ने वाला.
doom —(डू म) n. condemn to hard fate, decree. कठोर सजा दे ना, भाग् य.
doubt —(डाउट) v. t. to distrust, to hesitate. संदेह करना, हच कचाना.
dowry —(डावरी) n. money or goods given to a daughter as marriage gift.
दहेज.
dozen —(डज़न्) n. twelve. बारह, एक दजन.
drainage —( ेनेज) n. a system of drains. ना लय क व् यवस् था.
dramatist —( ैमै ट ट) n. writer of dramatic work. नाटककार.
drastic —( ै टक) adj. powerful, violent. सख् त.
drawback —( ॉबैक) n. a disadvantage. कमी, ु ट.
drawing —( ाँइंग) n. a sketch, a picture. रेखा च , च .
dread —( ेड) n. fear. डर; adj. fearful. भयानक; v. t. to be afraid, डरना.
dreamy —( ीमी) adj. given to dream, full of vision. स् व ल, अवास् त वक.
dressing —( े सग) n. bandage. प .
drive —( ाइव) n. a ride, a road. सवारी, सड़क; v. t. & i. to push forward.
ढकेलना, हांकना.
drizzle —( ज़ ल) v. t. light rain. हल् क वषा.
drone —( ोन) n. male bee. शहद क मक् खी.
drowsy —( ाउज़ी) adj. half asleep. न ाशील.
dual —(डु अल) adj. of two, double. दोहरी.
duchess —(डचेस) n. wife of a duke. ूक क पत् नी.
due —( ू) adj. proper, owing, adequate. उ चत, दया जाने वाला, पयाप् त; n.
that which owed. कज़ा.
duel —( ूअल) n. fight between two persons. न् यु .
duke —( ूक) n. a noble of England. ूक.
duly —( ूली) adv. in due course of time. उपयुक् त समय पर.
dumb —(डम) n. speechless. गूंगा.
dunce —(डन् स) n. backward student, dullard. मन् द बु , कम अक् ल.
duplicate —(डयूप् लीकेट) n. second copy; adj. double; v. t. to make twice.
सरी त ल प, दोहरा, दोहराना.
duplicity —( ूप् ली सट ) n. double dealing. दोरंगी चाल.
durability —( ूरे ब लट ) n. the quality of being lasting. मज़बूत, टकाऊपन.
durable —( ूरेबल) adj. lasting. टकाऊ.
duration —( ूरेशन) n. time by which anything lasts. मयाद, अव ध, मु त.
during —( ू रग) prep. in the time of. म, बीच.
dusty —(डस् ट ) adj. full of dust. धूल से भरा.
dutch —(डच) n. a man of Holland. हालैण् ड नवासी.
duty —( ूट ) n. what one ought to do, deference due to superior, a tax on
goods. कत् तव् य, चु्ंगी.
dwarf —(ड् वाफ़) n. a very small man. बौना.
dwelling —(ड् वै लग) n. place to live in, house. मकान.
dynamite —(डाइनमाइट) n. an explosive substance. बा द.
dynamo —(डाइनेमो) n. machine for creating electric energy. बजली उत् पन् न
करने का यन् .
dysentery —( डसेण् टरी) n. an upset of the bowels. अ तसार, आंव पड़ना.

E
each —(ईच) adj. every one. त् येक.
eager —(ईगर) adj. earnest, keen. उत् सुक.
eagle —(ईगल) n. a big bird of prey. ग .
earmark —(ईअरमाक) n. a mark of identification. पहचान का च .
earnest —(अनस् ट) n. part payment, as guarantee, पेशगी; adj. serious,
determined, eager. धीर, गम् भीर, उत् सुक.
earnings —(अ नग् ◌ंस) n. wages earned. आमदनी.
earth —(अथ) n. soil, land. पृथ् वी, म .
earthen —(अथन) adj. made of soil. म के बने ये.
earthly —(अथली) adv. worldly. सांसा रक.
earthquake —(अथक् वेक) n. a sudden, violent shaking of the earth. भूकम् प,
जलजला.
ease —(ईज़) n. freedom from pain or difficulty. आराम, सु वधा; v. t. to render
easy. सु वधाजनक बनाना.
easel —(ईसल) n. frame for supporting pictures during painting. च का
ढांचा.
easygoing —(ईज़ी गोइंग) adj. one who takes things easy. बे फ़ , सरल कृ त
का.
eatable —(ईटे ब् ल) adj. fit for eating. खाने लायक.
echo —(ईको). n. repetition of sound. आवाज़ क गूंज.
echo —(ईको) v. t. to resound. गूंजना.
ecstacy —(एक् सटे सी) n. condition of extreme joy. अत् य धक आनन् द.
eczema —(एक् ज़ेमा) n. a skin disease, inflammation of the skin. खुजली.
edge —(एज) n. border, sharp side of an instrument. कनारा, तेज़ धार.
edible —(ए ड बल) adj. fit for eating. खाने लायक, खा .
edition —(ए डशन) n. the number of copies of a book published at a time.
संस् करण.
editor —(एडीटर) n. one who edits. सम् पादक.
educative —(एजूके टव) adj. likely to prove instructive. ानवधक, श ापूण.
effect —(इफ़ेक् ट) n. result, influence. प रणाम, भाव.
effective —(इफ़े टव) n. adj. powerful, having effect. कारगर, काम करने वाली.
efficiency —(इफ़ शेन स ् ी) n. power, strength, competence. कौशल, नपुणता.
efficient —(इफ़ शण् ट) adj. competent, capable. नपुण, कुशल.
effigy —(एफ़ जी) n. image, representation in dummy form. पुतला.
effort —(एफ़ट) n. exertion, endeavour. यास.
egoism —(ईगोइ म) n. too much interest in oneself. अपने आप पर अ धक ध् यान
दे ने क अवस् था, अहंभाव.
egotism —(ईगो ट म) n. self absorption, speaking too much of oneself.
आत् मचचा.
eighty —(ए ) n. eight times ten. अस् सी.
elastic —(इलै टक) adj. springing back, able to recover former state
quickly. लचीला.
elasticity —(इलै ट सट ) n. the quality of tension. लचीलापन.
elder —(एल् डर) adj. older in age. ज् येष् ठ.
elderly —(एल् डरली) adj. grown old. वयस् क.
elect —(एलेक् ट) v. t. to choose or select. चुनना; adj. chosen. चुना आ.
electorate —(इलेक् टोरेट) n. the body of electors. मतदाता का समूह.
electropathy —(इलैक् ोपैथी) n. medical treatment by means of electric
current. बजली ारा इलाज.
element —(एलीमेण् ट) n. component, part, substance incapable of
analysing. तत् व, मूल. (elements n. plural.)
elementary —(एलीमेण् टरी) adj. simple, rudimentary. मौ लक, आधारभूत, सरल.
elephant —(एलीफ़ैण् ट) n. a huge quadruped with tusks. हाथी.
elevation —(एलीवेशन) n. raising, height above sea level. ऊंचाई, उन् न त.
eligible —(एली ज बल) adj. fit to be chosen, desirable. योग् य.
elopement —(इलोपमेण् ट) n. secret running away of a woman from her
guardian with a lover. ेमी के साथ स् ी का भाग नकलना.
elucidate —(एल् यूसीडेट) v. t. to explain. स् पष् ट करना, समझाना.
elusion —(एल् यूज़न) n. escape by deception. धोखा, कपट.
em -(एम) n. unit of measurement (in types) टाइप बैठाने क नाप.
embrace —(एम् ैस) v. t. to hold in arms, to receive eagerly. आ लगन करना,
उत् साहपूवक स् वीकार करना; n. folding in arms, clasp. आ लगन.
embroidery —(एम् ॉयडरी). n. designs worked in a fabric with needles. बेल-
बूटे का काम.
emergency —(इमजन् सी) n. anything calling for prompt action. शी काय क
आवश् यकता का समय.
emigrant —(ए म ैण् ट) n. one who emigrates. परदे शवासी, वासी.
emotion —(इमोशन) n. agitation of mind, feeling. च का आवेग, भावना.
employ —(इम् प् लॉय) v. t. to engage in service, to give work to. to use. नौकर
रखना, काम म लगाना, व् यवहार करना.
employee —(इम् प् लॉई) n. one who is employed. सेवक.
employer —(इम् प् लॉयर) n. one who engages others for service. मा लक.
emporium —(एम् पो रयम) n. (pl . s. ria) a large stonehouse. centre of trade.
बड़ा भण् डार, व् यावसा यक केन् .
empower —(एम् पावर) v. t. to give authority to. अ धकार दे ना.
empress —(एम् ेस) n. wife of an emperor. महारानी, सा ा ी.
emptiness —(एम् प् ट नेस) n. state of being empty. शून य
् ता
emulation —(एम् यूलेशन) n. ambition to rival another. स् पधा, डाह.
enclose —(एनक् लोज) v. t. to surround, to shut up. घेरना, बंद करना.
encounter —(एनकाउण् टर) v. t. to meet, to oppose, to light against. लड़ाई
करना, भड़ना.
encourage —(एनकरेज) v. t. to put courage into, to stimulate. ोत् सा हत
करना, हम् मत बढ़ाना.
encyclopaedia —(एनसाइक् लोपी डया) n. a dictionary of general knowledge.
वश् वकोष.
endeavour —(एनडेवर) v. t. to attempt. यत् न करना.
endeavourment —(ए डेवरमेण् ट) n. attempt. यत् न.
endorsement —(एण् डोसमेण् ट) n. writing comments or signature on the
back. मंजूरी, हस् ता र.
endurance —(इण् ोरेन स ् ) n. power of enduring. सहन-श .
endure —(इण् ूर) v. t. & i. to bear. सहना, बदाश् त करना.
enema —(ए नमा) n. injection of liquid into the rectum. ए नमा, पचकारी.
energetic —(एनज टक) adj. full of energy. फुत ला.
enforce —(एन् फोस) v. t. to compel obedience. to impose action on. लागू
करना, चलाना, बाध् य करना.
engagement —(एन् गेजमेण् ट) n. appointment, employment betrothal, light.
काम, लड़ाई, सगाई.
enmity —(एन मट ) n. hostility. श ुता, वरोध, बैर.
enormous —(इनोमस) adj. huge. ब त बड़ा.
enough —(इनफ़) adj. & adv. sufficient. काफ , पयाप् त प से.
enquire —(इन् क् वायर) v. t. to inquire. पूछना, मालूम करना.
entry —(एण् ) n. act of entering. entrantce. item entered. वेश, माग व .
(entries plural.)
envelope —(एनवेलप) n. cover of a letter. लफ़ाफ़ा.
enviable —(एन वएवल) adj. w orthy of envy. ईषा के योग् य, डाह उत् पन् न करने
वाला.
envious —(एन वयस) adj. full of envy. इष् या करने वाला.
envoy —(एनवॉय) n. messenger. त, एलची.
envy —(एन् वी) v. t. to have ill will. इष् या करना.
epic —(ए पक) n. & adj. a poem in lofty style narrating a series of great
events. वीर च र वणन, महाकाव् य.
epidemic —(एपीडे मक) n. an infectious disease prevalent in a community
at the same time. सं ामक या व् यापक रोग.
epistle —(इ पस् ल) n. a letter. प , च .
epitaph —(एपीटाफ) n. an inscription on a tomb. समा ध (क ) के ऊपर का लेख.
equal —(ईक् वल) adj. of the same size. identical. समान, तुल् य, बराबर; v. t. & i.
to make or be equal to. बराबर होना या करना.
equation —(इक् वेशन) n. reduction to cquality. समीकरण.
equi —(ईक् वी) in combination meaning “equal”. “ समान” अथ का उपसग.
equilibrium —(ईक् वी ल अम) n. state of even balance. सन् तुलन, समभार.
equitable —(इ वटे ब ◌्ल) adj. impartial, just. प पात र हत न् यायपूण.
equity —(इ वट ) n. justice, fair dealing. न् याय, प पात हीनता.
equivalent —(ईक् वीवलैण् ट) adj of equal value, corresponding to. बराबर का
समान मूल् य का.
era —(इरा) n. a period of time. युग काल.
eradicaie —(इरैडीकेट) v. t. to uproot, to destroy utterly. जड़ से उखाड़ना,
जड़ोन् मूलन करना.
erection —(इरेक् शन) n. act of erecting. नमाण.
err —(अर) v. t. to wander from the right path. to make mistakes. अपराध
करना, गलती करना.
error —(एरर) n. mistake. wrong opinion. भूल, गलती ु ट.
erst —(अस् ट), erstwhile —(अस् ट-वाइल) adv. of old. formerly. पुराना, पहले का.
escape —(इस् केप) v. t . & i. to get away from danger, to avoid. to hasten
away. भागना, बचाना, भाग नकलना; n. evasion. छु टकारा.
essence —(एसस) n. intrinsic nature, a perfume. तत् व, सार, इ
essential —(एसशल) adj. necessary. सारभूत, आवश् यक.
establishment —(एस् टै लशमेण् ट) n. household. house of business. गृहस् थी,
नमाणशाला.
estate —(एस् टेट) n. condition, state. property. अवस् था, दशा, सम् प .
esteem —(एस् ट म) v. t. to think highly of, to regard. आदर करना.
estimable —(एस् ट मेबल) adj. deserving good opinion. माननीय.
etching —(ए चग) n. art of engraving. तेजाब क सहायता से खुदाई.
eternal —(इटनल) adj. without beginning or end. अनन् त, अना द.
ethics —(ए थक् स) n. the science of conduct. आचारशास् , नी त.
eulogy —(यूलॉजी) n. praise. शंसा, स् तु त.
evacuate —(इवैकुएट) v. t. to make empty, to leave. शून य
् करना, नकालना.
evade —(इवेड) v. t. to escape from, to avoid cunningly. हटाना; नकलना.
eve —(ईव) n. evening. सांय-काल.
even —(ईवन) n. (in poetry) evening. सांयकाल; adj. level. not odd. समतल,
चौरस, बराबर.
event —(इवेण् ट) n. something that happens, an incident. वृत् तान् त, घटना.
everlasting —(ऐवरला टं ग) adj. perpetual. हमेशा रहने वाला.
evidence —(इ वडस) n. testimony, a sign or token. माण, सा ी.
evident —(ए वडेण् ट) adj. obvious. clear. स् पष् ट, कट.
evolution —(इवोल् यूशन) n. evolving, development. वकास.
exaggerate —(एग् ज़ेजरेट) v. t. to overstate. बढ़ाकर कहना.
exaggeraiion —(एग् ज़ेजरेशन) n. a statement in excess of the truth.
अ तशयो , अत् यु , अ तवणन.
examinee —(इग् जै मनी) n. one who is examined. परी ाथ .
examiner —(एग् ज़ै मनर) n. one who tries or inspects. परी क.
exceed —(एक् सीड) v. t. & i. to go beyond, to surpass. अ धक होना, बढ़ना.
excellent —(ए सलैन ट् ) adj. very good. उत् तम, ेष् ठ.
exception —(एक् सेप् शन) n. not according to rule. objection. अपवाद, त् याग,
वरोध.
exchange —(एक् सचज) v. t to change. बदलना.
exchangeable —(एक् सचेन ज ् ेब् ल) adj. able to be exchanged. व नमय योग् य,
बदलने योग् य.
excise —(एक् साइज़) n. a tax on home products, money paid for a license.
चुंगी राजकर.
excitement —(इक् साइटमेण् ट) n. stimulation. उत् तेजना.
exclaim —(एक् सक् लेम) v. t. to cry out, to speak aloud. चल् लाना, पुकारना.
exclamation —(एक् सक् लेमेशन) n. outcry, expression of surprise and the
like. वस् मय कट करने के शब् द, चल् लाहट.
exclude —(एक् सक् लूड) v. t. to shut out, to debar from. नकालना, पृथक, करना.
exclusion —(एक् सक् ल् यूज़न) n. act of rejecting. नषेध, वजन, पृथकत् व.
exclusive —(एक् सक् लू सव) adj. having power to exclude. नषेधक.
excusable —(एक् सक् यूज़़ेबल) adj. admitting of excuse. मा योग् य.
excuse —(एक् सक् यूज़) v. i. to let off from punishment, to overlook a fault.
मा करना, बहाना करना;n. pretext. बहाना.
exempt —(एग् जेमप् ट) v. t. to make free, to free. त् यागना, मुक् त करना; adj. free
from duty etc. कर से मुक् त.
exhaustion —(एग् ज् ◌़हॉशन) n. the state of being exhausted. थकावट.
exhibit —(ए ज़्ह बट) v. t. to show. दखाना, कट करना.
exbibitor —(ए ज़्ह बटर) n. one who exhibits. दशन करने वाला.
exist —(ए जस् ट) v. t. to be. to live. होना, जीना.
existence —(ए जस् टस) n. continued being. जीवन अ तत् व.
expand —(एक् सपैण् ड) v. t. to spread out. to enlarge. बढ़ाना, फैलाना.
expansion —(एक् सपशन) n. act of expanding. फैलाव, वस् तार.
expect —(एक् सपेक् ट) v. t. to suppose, to anticipatc, to hope. आशा करना.
expectation —(एक् सपेक् टेशन) n. anticipation, hope. आशा.
expensive —(एक् स् प सव) adj. valuable, costly. ब मूल् य, मूल् यवान.
expedite —(एक् सपेडाइट) v. t. to hasten. शी ता करना.
expedition —(एक् सपी डशन) n. an undertaking. an enterprise. या ा, साह सक
या ा.
expel —(एक् सपेल) v. t. to drive out. to banish. बाहर नकालना, हटाना.
experiment —(एक् सपेरीमेण् ट) n. a trial to discover something. योग; v. t.
परी ा करना.
experimental —(एक् सपेरीमेण् टल) adj. based on experiment. योग सम् बन् धी.
expire —(एक् सपायर) v. t. to die, to come to an end. मरना, अन् त होना.
expiry —(एक् सपायरी) n. end. अन् त.
explanation —(एक् सप् लेनेशन) n. the statement that explains. व् याख् या, ट का,
जवाब.
explode —(एक् सप् लोड) v. t. to burst with a loud report. धड़ाके से फटना.
exploit —(एक् सप् लॉइट) n. a heroic act. बहा री का काम.
explore —(एक् सप् लोर) v. t . & i. to search carefully, to travel through new
regions. खोजना, नये दे श म या ा करना.
export —(एक् सपोट) v. t. to send goods to another country. नयात करना; n.
an exported article. नयात.
expose —(एक् सपोज़) v. t. to lay open. to subject to danger. का शत करना,
आप म डालना.
express —(एक् स ेस) adj. definite. precise, going at a high speed. न त,
स् पष् ट, तगामी, तेज़ जाने वाला.
expressible —(एक् स े सबल) adj. fit to be expressed. वणन करने योग् य.
expression —(एक् स ेशन) n. utterance. a phrase, look. उच् चारण, उ ,
अ भव् य .
expulsion —(एक् सपल् शन) n. banishment. नवासन.
extempore —(ऐक् सटमप र) adv. & adj. expressed without previous
preparation. बना तैयारी के कहा आ, तात् का ल क.
extend —(एक् सटे ण् ड) v. t , to stretch out, to enlarge. फैलाना.
extension —(एक् सटशन) n. extent, stretch. वस् तार, फैलाव.
extra —(एक् स् ा) adv . unusually. अ त रक् त, प से; adj. additional. अ त रक् त,
अ धक.
extract —(ऐक् स् ै क् ट) n. passage from a book, essence. तत् व, नचोड़, पुस् तक
से लया आ अश.
extraordinary —(एक् स् ाऑ डनरी) adj. uncommon, remarkable. अपूव, अ त,
वल ण.
extravagance (एक् स् ावगस) n. unnecessary expenditure. अपव् यय
extreme —(एक् स म) adj. outermost, remote. अत् यन् त, अ तम.
eyebrow —(आई ो) n. fringe of hairs over the eye. भ ह.
eyelid —(आई लड) n. cover of the eye. पलक.
eye-witness —(आई- वटनेस) n. one who can testify from his own
observation, one who sees a thing done. त् य , सा ी, चश् मद द गवाह.

[L1330]F
facial —(फ़ेशल) adj. of the face. मुख सम् बन् धी.
facile —(फेसील) adj. easily done, ready with words. yielding. सुगम, वाकप ,
सीधा.
facilitate —(फे स लटे ट) v. t. to make easy, to help. सुगम, बनाना, सहायता करना.
facility —(फ़े स लट ) n. easiness. सुगमता, आसानी.
facilities —(फ़े स लट ज़) n. pl . opportunities, good conditions. अवसर, अच् छे
साधन.
fade —(फ़ेड) v. t. & i . to wither. मुझाना, सूखना.
faint —(फ़ेण् ट) adj. feeble, weak, inclined to swoon. कमज़ोर, नबल, मू छत.
faintness —(फ़ेण् टनेस) n. state of being senseless. मूच् छा.
faithful —(फ़ेथफुल) adj. loyal, true. वश् वासपा , सच् चा, ईमानदार.
fallacy —(फ़ैलेसी) n. a false argument, a wrong belief. मात् मक तक, ा त.
famous —(फ़ेमस) adj. wellknown. स .
fantasy —(फ़ैन् टसी) n. imagination, fanciful invention, mental image.
अनुमान, भूल, कल् पना.
farewell —(फ़ेयरवेल) n. words said at parting. leavetaking. वदाई.
fascinate —(फ़ैसीनेट) v. t. to charm, to attract. to enchant. मोह लेना, वशीभूत
करना.
fatal —(फ़ैटल) adj. deadly. destructive. घातक, वनाशकारी.
fault —(फ़ॉल् ट्) n. an error, a wrong action, an imperfection. भूल. अपराध,
अवगुण.
favourable —(फ़ेवरेवल) adj. suitable. helpful. उपयुक् त, अनुकूल, हतकारी,
लाभदायक.
feasible —(फ ज़ बल) adj. practicable, convenient. साथक, सुलभ.
feasibility —(फ़ ज़ी ब लट ) n. practicability. सुलभता.
feature —(फ़ चर) n. marked peculiarity. आकृ त, ल ण; pl . countenance. मुख
क आकृ त; v. t. to portray. दशाना.
feeble —(फ़ ल) adj. weak. कमजोर.
female —(फ़ मेल) n . & adj. a woman or a girl. लड़क , स् ी, मादा.
feminine —(फ़ेमी नन) adj. relating to women. स् ीजातीय.
festival —(फ़ेस् ट बल) n. a grand feast. time marked out for pleasure
making. उत् सव, त् योहार.
festive —(फ़े टव) adj. of festival. त् योहार सम् बन् धी.
fever —(फ़ वर) n. high temperature. बुखार.
fiction —( फ़ क् शन) n. something invented, false story, literature of stories.
कल् पना, काल् प नक सा हत् य जैसे उपन् यास.
fictitious —( फ़क टशस) adj. imaginary, not genuine. काल् प नक, नकली.
fidget —( फ़ जट) v. t. to move uneasily. बेचैनी से अंग हलाना; (y) adj . बेचैनी,
अशान् त, अ थर.
fiend —(फ़ ण् ड) n. the devil, a cruel person. शैतान, पशाच.
fierce —( फ़ यस) adj. violent, angry. ु , भयानक.
fiery —(फ़ायरी) adj. containing fire, ardent, irritable. आग क तरह, जोशीला,
शी ोधी.
figurative —( फ़ गरु े टव) adj. words used to denote thing other than that
pointed out by the straight forward meaning. आलंका रक, ला णक.
filthy —( फ़ ल् थी) adj. unclean, dirty. गंदा, मैला.
finance —(फ़ाइनैन स ् ) n. (pl .) matters relating to money, revenue, science
of controlling public money. अथ, आय-व् यय सम् बन् धी.
finely —(फ़ाइनली) adv . decently. उत् तम री त से, अच् छ तरह से.
finish —( फ़ नश) n. (no pl.) end. अन् त, इ त.
firebrigade —(फ़ायर गेड) n. body of firemen. दमकल.
fireproof —(फ़ायर ूफ़) adj. that cannot be burnt in fire. आग म न जलने वाला.
fishery —( फ़ शरी) n. business of catching fish. मछली पकड़ने का काम.
fist —( फ़ स् ट) n. the clenched hand. मुट् ठ , मुक् का.
fitness —( फ़ टनेस) n. state of being fit. योग् यता, ठ क होने क अवस् था.
fixity —( फ़ सट ) n. the state of being fixed, permanence. थरता.
flagrant —( लै ेण् ट) adj. prominent, notorious. मुख, कुख् यात.
flame —( लेम) n. a blaże. ज् वाला.
flatter —( लैटर) v. t. to please with false praise. मथ् या शंसा करना, झूठ आशा
दलाना.
flavour —( लेवर) n. a distinguishing taste or smell. स् वाद, सुरस.
flawless —( लॉलेस) adj. perfect, without any defect. पूण, दोषर हत.
flexible —( ले स बल) adj. pliable, yielding, easily bent. लचीला.
flexibility —( लै स ब लट ) n. state of being flexible. लचीलापन; ant. rigidity.
flight —( लाइट) n. the act of flying, flock of birds, series of steps. उड़ान,
प य का समुदाय, सी ढ़य का डंडा.
flirt —( लट) v. t . to jerk, to show affection for amusement without serious
intentions. हलाना, झूठा प् यार दखाना.
flirtation —( लटे शन) n. playing at a courtship. दखावट प् यार.
flock —( लॉक) n. a company of birds or animals. प य या जानवर . का झुंड.
fluctuation —( लक् चुएशन) n. unsteadiness. अ थरता, इधर उधर हलना.
fluent —( लुएण् ट) adj. flowing ready in speech. बहता आ.
fluidity —( लुइ डट ) n. the quality of being fluid. तरलता, वता.
foamy —(फ़ोमी) adj. covered with foam. झागदार.
foggy —(फ़ॉगी) adj. covered with fog.dim. कुहरे से ढका आ, धुंधला.
folio —(फ़ो लयो) n. a sheet of paper once folded, page number of a printed
book, a volume having pages of the largest size. दो पत म मोड़ा आ कागज़,
पुस् तक क पृष् ठ संख् या, बड़े आकार क पुस् तक.
folk-lore —(फ़ोक लोर) n. legendary tradition. पौरा णक कथा.
follower —(फ़ॉलोअर) n. one who follows. अनुसरण करने वाला.
following —(फ़ॉलोइंग) adj. succeeding. अगला, नम् न ल खत.
foolish —(फु लश) adj. weak inellect. मूढ़, बु हीन.
forbade —(फॉरबेड) past tenseof forbid. इनकार कया, नषेध कया.
forbear —(फ़ॉरबेयर) v. i . & t . to refrain, to be patient. रोकना, धैय करना, n.
ancestor. पूवज.
forbearance —(फ़ोरबेअरेन् स) n. exercise of patience. धैय.
forbid —(फ़ॉर वड) v. t. to tell not to do. to prohibit. रोकना, नषेध करना.
forcible —(फ़ोर स बल) adj. powerful. बलयुक् त.
forebode —(फ़ोरबोड) v. t. to predict. भ वष् य बताना, अनुमान करना.
forecast —(फ़ोरकास् ट) v. t. to foresee. to predict. to conjecture beforehand.
रद शता, पहले से कल् पना करना.
forefather —(फोरफ़ादर) n. an ancestor. पुरखा, पुवज.
forego —(फ़ोरगो) v. t. to precede. to give up. आगे होना, छोड़ना.
foregoing —(फोरगोइंग) adj. preceding. पहले का.
foreigner —(फ़ारेनर) n. a stranger. an alien. वदे शी, अन् य दे शीय.
forejudge —(फ़ोरजज) v. t. to judge beforehand. पहले से ही नणय का लेना.
forerun —(फ़ोररन) v. t. to precede. आगे जाना.
foresight —(फ़ोरसाइट) n. fore-knowledge. पूव ान.
forever —(फोरएवर) adv . always. हमेशा, सदै व.
foreword —(फ़ोरवड) n. introductory remarks to a book. भू मका, स् तावना.
forfeit —(फ़ोरफ़ ट) v. t. to lose right to. to pay as penalty for. अथ दण् ड दे ना.
अ धकार छोड़ना.
forgiveness —(फ़ोर गवनेस) n. pardon. मा.
forge —(फ़ोज) n. furnace, smithy. अंगीठ , भ .
forgettable —(फ़ॉगटे बल) adj . apt to forget. not remembering. भूलने वाला.
formality —(फ़ॉम लट ) n. formal conduct. तकल् लुफ, रवाज के अनुकूल आचरण.
formally —(फॉमली) adv. in a formal way. नयमानुसार, दखावे के प म.
formulate —(फ़ॉरम् यूलेट) v. t. to express in clear and definite form. स् पष् ट
शब् द म कहना.
forsake —(फ़ॉरसेक) v. t. to abandon, to renounce. त् यागना.
fort —(फ़ोट) n. a fortified place. कला, ग.
fortify —(फ़ॉट फ़ाई) v. t. to encourage. ढ़ करना, थर करना.
forthwith —(फ़ोथवेद) adv. immediately. तुरन् त, झट से.
fortitude —(फ़ाट ूड) n. patient, firmness, strength of mind, endurance.
साहस, पौ ष, धैय.
forty —(फ़ॉट ) adj. four times ten. चा लस.
forum —(फ़ोरम) n. a. market place, public place for meeting. हाट, सावज नक
स् थान.
forwards —(फ़ॉरवड् स) adv. onwards. भ वष् य म, आगे को.
foundation —(फ़ाउण् डेशन) n. basis. the act of establishing. न व, आधार.
founder —(फ़ाउण् डर) n. one who establishes. स् था पत करने वाला.
foundry —(फ़ाउं ी) n. a place for casting meta's. ढलाई का कायालय.
fourfold —(फ़ोरफ़ोल् ड) adj . four times of much. चौगुना.
frankly —( कली) adv. without any hesitation. स् पष् ट प म, संकोच र हत होकर.
frankness —( कनेस) n. state of being outspoken. स् पष् टता.
fraud —( ॉड) n. cheating. deception. छल, कपट, धोखा.
freehold —( होल् ड) n. land hold free of rates. कर र हत भू म.
freewill —( बल) n. power of doing work voluntarily. liberty of choice.
स् वेच् छा, अपनी मज , मनमौजी.
freeze —( ज़) v. t. & i. to chill. to become ice. हम होना ठं डा होना.
freight —( ै ट) n. hire of ship बोझ, माल का भाड़ा.
frequency —( क् वेन स ् ी) n. frequent occurrence. बारम् बार होना.
fretful —( े टफुल) adj. peevish irritable. व् य , चड़ चड़ा.
friendly —( डली) adj. acting as a friend on amicable terms. अनुकूल,
म तापूण.
frigidity —( ि◌ ज डट ) n. coolness. ठं डक, ठं डापन.
front —( ण् ट) n. forehead, fore part. face. ललाट, अगला भाग, मुख.
frosty —( ॉस् ट ) adj. full of frost. पाले से पूण.
fruitful —( ू टफुल) adj. productive. उपजाऊ.
fruition —( ू ईशन) n. fulfilment. सफलीभूत होना, साथकता.
fruity —( ू ट ) adj. of fruit. फल जैसा.
fulfil —(फुल फ़ ल) v. t. to carryout, to complete, to bring, to pass. पूण करना,
सफल करना.
fulfilment —(फुल फ़लमेण् ट) n. accomplishment. पूणता संतु .
fullstop —(फुलस् टाप) n. a punctuation mark used at the end of a sentence.
पूण वराम का चन् ह.
fun —(फ़न) n. sport, amusement. ड़ा, खेल.
function —(फंक् शन) n. a ceremony, special work. वशेष काय, व् यवहार.
fundamental —(फ़ण् डामेण् टल) adj. important, belonging to foundation,
essential. धान मौ लक, आवश् यक.
funny —(फ़नी) adj. full of fun, amusing, odd. हास् यजनक, वनोदशील, व च .
furious —( यू रयस) adj. very angry. अ त ु .
furnishings —(फ़ न श स) n. plural. furniture. सामान.
furniture —(फ़न चर) n. equipment. सामान, असबाब जैसे मेज़, कुस इत् या द.
further —(फ़दर) adv . moreover. to a great distance or degree. आगे, और
भी.
furthermore —(फ़दरमोर) adj . moreover. और भी आगे.
furthest —(फ़दस् ट) adj. & adv. farthest. सब से आगे.
fury —( यूरी) n. rage, great anger, excitement. उत् तेजना रोष, ोध.
fusibility —( यूज़ी ब लट ) n. the act of being melted or amalgamated.
वशीलता, पघलने क योग् यता.
fusible —( यू ज़ ब् ल) adj. capable of melting. गलने या गलाने योग् य.
fusion —( यूज़न) n. fused mass. act of fusing. एक पता.
fuss —(फ़स) n. tumult, bustle. गड़बड़, कोलाहल.
fussy —(फ़सी) adj. making a fuss. उप वी.
future —( यूचर) n. going to be, about to happen. भ वष् य, आगे होने वाला.
futurity —( यूच रट ) n. time to come. आगे आने वाला समय, आगामी संत त.
futile —( यूटाइल) adj. useless, trifling. व् यथ, नरथक.
fy —(फ़ाई) int . same as fie. छ , छ , घृणा कट करने वाला शब् द.

[L1469]G
gaby —(गेबी) n. foolish fellow, simpleton. मूख.
gaiety —(गेयट ) n. cheerfulness. हष, आनन् द.
gait —(गेट) n. manner of walking, bearing. चाल-ढाल
Gamble —(गैम् बल) v. i. to play for money. जुआ खेलना.
gambol —(गैम् बल) n. & v. i. a frolic, a skip. खेल कूद.
gaol —(जेल) n. jail. prison. बन् द गृह.
garland —(गारलैण् ड) n. a wreath of flowers. माला.
garment —(गारमेण् ट) n. dress. कपड़ा, पोशाक, वस् .
gathering —(गैद रग) n. crowd, assembly. भीड़, जमघट, सभा.
gaze —(गेज़) v. i. to look steadily at, a fixed look. ध् यान से दे खना.
gem —(जेम) n. jewel, an object of great worth. रत् न हीरा, अमूल् य वस् तु.
generally —(जेनरली) adv. usually. सामान् य प से.
generate —(जेनरेट) v. t. to produce, to give birth, to originate. पैदा करना.
generation —(जेनरेशन) n. race, people of the same time. वंश, पीढ़ .
generosity —(जेनरॉ सट ) n. nobleness, kindness. उदारता.
generous —(जेनरस) adj. kind, of liberal nature. दानी, उदार.
genius —(जी नयस) n. a person having extraordinary mental power. अत् यंत
गुणी व् य , तभाशाली.
gentle —(जेण् ट्ल) adj. noble, kind. दयालु, भ जन.
gentleness —(जेण् ट्लनेस) n. mildness, goodness. न ता, भ ता.
genuine —(जेनइु न) adj. pure, real. शु , प व .
germ —(जम) n. that from which anything develops, productive element.
बीज, अंकुर.
giant —(जायण् ट) n. a very tall man. एक दानव.
gifted —( ग टे ड) adj. talented. गुणी.
ginger —( जजर) n. a hot spice. अदरक.
girdle —(गडल) v. t. to surround with girdle. पेट से बांधना.
girlhood —(गल ड) n. the state of being a girl. लड़क पन.
girlish —(ग लश) adj. like a girl. लड़क क तरह.
gladly —(ग् लैडली) adv. cheerfully. सन् नता पूवक.
glamour —(ग् लैमर) n. fascination. magic spell. आकषण, जा टोना.
glare —(ग् लेयर) n. a dazzling light. च ध याने वाला काश.
glimps —( लम् प् स) n. a brief passing view. झलक.
globe —(ग् लोब) n. around body. a sphere, the earth. गोल, गोल पदाथ.
glorious —(ग् लो रयस) n. magnificent, illustrious. ख् यात, गौरवपूण.
glossary —(ग् लॉसरी) n. a list of words with their meanings. शब् दकोश.
God —(गॉड) n. a being or spirit having power over nature and human
beings. ईश् वर.
godless —(गॉडलेस) adj. living without God. ना तक.
godly —(गॉडली) adj. pious. धा मक.
gold —(गोल् ड) n. a precious yellow metal, money, riches. सोना, धन.
goldsmith —(गोल् ड मथ) n. one who works in gold. सुनार.
goodbye —(गुडबाई) int. farewell. वदाई.
goodness —(गुडनेस) n. kindness, excellence. कृपा, दया.
goodwill —(गुड वल) n. a friendly feeling. popularity in trade. म -भाव,
सद् भावना व् यापार म लोक यता.
gossip —(गॉ सप) n. idle talk. गपशप.
governable —(गवनब् ल) adj. capable of ruling. राज् य करने योग् य.
grace —( ेस) n. mercy. favour. pardon, politeness. दया, कृपा.
gradually —( ैजुअली) adv. in a gradual manner. मश:, धीरे-धीरे.
grand —( ैण् ड) adj. supreme. magnificent. उत् तम, महान, शानदार.
grammarian —( ैमे रयन) n. one versed in grammar. व् याकरणाचाय.
grape —( प
े ) n. a fruit. अंगरू .
grasp —( ास् प) v. t. to catch, to hold, to seize. समझना, कसकर पकड़ना.
gratitude —( ैट ूड) n. thankfulness. कृत ता, धन् यवाद.
gratuity —( ैच् युट ) n. a gift, a payment on discharge. भट, नौकरी समाप् त होने
पर दया जाने वाला वेतन.
greatness —( ेटनेस) n. state of being great. महानता, बड़प् पन.
greediness —( ीडीनेस) n. the quality of being greedy. लालचीपन.
greedy —( ीडी) adj. intensely desirous. लालची.
greed —( ीड) n. eager desire. लोभ.
greeting —( ी टग) n. salutation. नमस् कार.
grey —( े) adj. & n. of mixed black and white colour. भूरा.
grievance —( ीवैन स ् ) n. distress. injustice, hardship. ख, अन् याय.
grip —( ीप) v. t. to seize. पकड़ना
groaning —( ो नग) n. deep sigh. वलाप.
groundnut —( ाउण् डनट) n. peanut. मूंगफली.
growth —( ोथ) n. development. बढ़ती, उन् न त.
grumble —( म् बल) v. i. to murmur, to complain. भुनभुनाना.
guarantee —(गैरण् ट ) n. a pledge. surety. बन् धक, जमानत.
guidance —(गाइडैन स ् ) n. direction, act of guiding. माग दशन.
gun —(गन) n. cannon. rifle, revolver etc. तोप, बन् क, पस् तौल आ द.
gunsmith —(गन मथ) n. one who makes gun. बन् क बनाने वाला.
gust —(गस् ट) n. a sudden blast of wind. चण् ड वायु.
gutter —(गटर) n. a passage made for running water. नाली.
guy —(गाई) n. a rope to hold tents. रस् सी.
gymkhana —(जीमखाना) n. place for display of athletics. खेल-कूद का स् थान.
gymnastics —( जमनै टक) n. muscular, exercises. कसरत, व् यायाम.

[L1543]H
habitual —(हैबीचुअल) adj. customary, acquired by habit. अ यस् त,
व् यावहा रक.
hale —(हेल) adj. healthy. stout. बलवान, श वान, स् वस् थ.
half —hearted —(हाफ़ हाटड) adj. indifferent. wanting in zeal. उदास,
उत् साहहीन.
halt —(हाल् ट) v. t. to stop. कना, ठहरना; n. stopping. व ाम, पड़ाव.
handful —(हैण् डफुल) n. quantity that fills the hand. हाथ भर, मुट् ठ भर.
handicap —(हैण् डीकैप) v. t. to place at a disadvantage. असु वधा
handicraft —(हैण् डी ा ट) n. manual occupation. शल् प-व् यवसाय.
handkerchief —(हकरचीफ़) n. a square cloth for wiping hands and face.
माल.
haphazard —(हैपहैज़ड) n. mere chance. अवसर मौका; adj. casual. आक मक;
adv. casually. अ नय मत प से.
happiness —(हैपीनेस) n. the state of being happy, goodluck. आनन् द, सुख,
सौभाग् य.
harmful —(हामफुल) adj. injurious. हा न द, हा नकारक.
haste —(हेस् ट) n. hurry. rash, speed. वेग, जल् द .
hasten —(हेस् न) v. t. to cause, to make haste. जल् द करना.
hasty —(हेस् ट ) adj. speedy. उतावला.
hateable —(हेटएबल) adj. detestable. घृणा करने योग् य.
hatred —(हे े ड) n. dislike. घृणा.
haughty —(हॉट ) adj. proud, arrogant. घमण् डी.
havoc —(हैवक) n. destruction. वनाश.
headache —(हैडेक) n. a pain in the head. सरदद.
heading —(है डग) n. title. शीषक.
healthy —(हेल् थी) adj. in state of good health. स् वस् थ.
hearsay —( हयरसे) n. rumour. चचा, अफ़वाह
heartache —(हाटक) n. mental anguish. मान सक व् यथा.
hearty —(हाट ) adj. genial, sincere. स् नेहपूण.
hectogram —(हेक् टो ाम) n. a weight of 100 grams. 100 ाम क तौल.
heir —(एअर) n. one who inherits other's property. उ रा धकारी, वा रस.
helpless —(हेल् पलेस) adj. wanting help. अभागा.
hence —(हेन स
् ) adv. therefore. from here. अत:, यहां से.
herd —(हड) n. number of beasts assembled together. जानवर का झुंड, रेवड़.
herdsman —(हड् समैन) n. one who tends a herd. चरवाहा.
hereabout —( हयरअबाउट) adv. in this neighbourhood. इसी के आस पास.
hereafter —( हयरआ टर) adv. in the future. भ वष् य म.
heredity —(हेरी डट ) n. handing of qualities to offspring. वंशगत या जन् मगत
गुण.
hereunder —( हयरअंडर) adv. underneath this. इसके नीचे.
hereupon —( हयरअपॉन) adv. on this. इस पर.
herewith —( हयर वद) adv. with this. इसके साथ.
heritage —(हेरीटे ज) n. inheritance. बपौती.
hero —(हीरो) n. the chief person in a play, brave. बहा र, बलवान, नायक.
heroine —( हरोइन) n. a female hero, supremely courageous. वीरांगना.
hesitation —(हैज़ीटे शन) n. act of hesitating. हच कचाहट.
hiatus —(हायटस) n. a break between two vowels. दो स् वर म भेद.
highway —(हाई वे) n. a road. सड़क.
himself —( हमसेल् फ़) pron. reflexive form of him.
hinder —( हण् डर) v. t. to check. to prevent, to retard. रोकना.
hindrance —( हण् स) n. obstruction. कावट.
historian —( हस् टो रयन) n. writer of history. इ तहासकार.
historical —( हस् टो रकल) adj. belonging to past, pertaining to history.
ऐ तहा सक.
hitherto —( हदरटू ) adv. till now. अब तक.
hoarse —(होस) adj. harsh. कठोर.
hobby —(हॉबी) n. an interest, a favourite pursuit. शौक.
hoist —(होइस् ट) v. t. to lift, to raise. उठाना, फहराना. (Flag hoisting ceremony
—झंडा अ भवादन.)
holiday —(हॉलीडे) n. a festival, a day of recreation. छु .
hollow —(हॉलो) adj. false, empty, insincere. शून य
् .
homeopath —(हो मयोपैथ) n. a system of curing disease by minute drugs,
one who use this system. हो मयोपै थक च कत् सक.
homeopathy —(हो मयोपैथी) n. Hahneman’s system of curing disease by
minute doses of drugs. हो मयोपै थक च कत् सा.
honesty —(ऑनेस् ट ) n. uprightness, sincerity. इमानदारी.
honeymoon —(हनीमून) n. the wedding holiday. ववाह के उपरान् त आनन् द करने
का समय.
honorarium —(ऑनरेरीयम) n. a fee paid for professional services. मानदे य.
honorary —(ऑनरेरी) adj. holding office without pay. अवैत नक.
honour —(ऑनर) n. dignity, pride. आदर, सम् मान.
honourable —(ऑनरेबल) adj. worthy of honour. माननीय, आदरणीय.
horizon —(होराइज़न) n. limit, a line where sky and earth seem to touch.
तज.
horrible —(हॉरीब् ल) adj. fearful. भयानक.
horror —(हॉरर) n. fear, dislike. भय.
horticulture —(हॉट कल् चर) n. gardening. बागवानी.
hosier —(हो ज़ यर) n. one who deals in hosiery. मोजे, ब नयाईन आ द का
व् यापारी.
hospitality —(हॉ पटै लट ) n. kindness to guest. अ त थ-सत् कार.
host —(होस् ट) n. a person who entertains a guest, an innkeeper. मेहमानदारी
करने वाला, सराय या होटल का मा लक.
hostel —(होस् टल) n. a residence for students. छा ावास.
hostile —(होस् टाइल) adj. warlike, rude. वैरी.
hostility —(हो ट लट ) n. enmity. श ुता.
hour —(आवर) n. a period of sixty minutes. एक घंटा.
household —(हाउसहोल् ड) n. family, of family. कुटु म् ब.
housemaid —(हाउसमेड) n. a female servant. दासी, नौकरानी.
housewife —(हाउस-वाईफ़) n. mistress. गृहस् वा मनी.
however —(हाउएवर) adv. in whatever manner. तो भी.
howsoever —(हाउसोएवर) adv. although. य प.
human —( मन) adj. pertaining to mankind. मानव.
humane —( मेन) adj. kind. दयालु, मनुष् यतापूण.
humanity —( मै नट ) n. human nature. मनुष् यत् व.
humbly —(हम् बली) adv. in a humble manner. न ता से.
humiliate —( मी लएट) v. t. to humble. नरादर करना, नीचा दखाना.
humility —( मी लट ) n. humbleness. वनय.
humour —( मर) n. wit, state of mind, inclination. हास, मनोदशा, झुकाव.
humorist —( म रस् ट) n. a man of playful fancy. मज़ा कया.
hungry —(हं ी) adj. suffering from hunger. भूख से पी ड़ त.
hunter —(हण् टर) n. one who hunts. शकारी.
hurriedly —(हरीडली) adv. in haste. जल् द म.
hygiene —(हाईजीन) n. the science of health. वा य व ान.
hygienic —(हाइ ज नक) adj. pertaining to health. वा य सम् बन् धी.
hygrometer —(हाइ ोमीटर) n. an instrument for measuring moisture. आ ता
मापक यन् .
hymn —( हम) n. a song in praise of God. ाथना के गीत, ाथना.
hymnal —( हमल) n. a hymnbook. ाथना के गीत क पुस् तक.
hypercritic —(al )—(हाइपर- टक) adj. over critical. छ ान् वेषी,
अत् यालोचनात् मक.
hypnotism —( ह ो टज् ◌़म) n. artificially induced sleep. सम् मोहन.
hysteria —( हस् ट रया) n. a nervous affection accompanied with a
convulsive fit. मूछा.
hysterical —( हस् टे रकल) adj. pertaining to hysteria. मूछा रोग सम् बन् धी.

[L1640]I
ibid —(इ बड) adv. in the same place. उसी स् थान पर.
icon —(आइकॉन) n. statue image of a saint. तभा, मू त.
ideal —(आइ डअल) n . standard of perfection. आदश; adj. perfect, faultless.
पूण, दोषर हत.
idealist —(आइ डय लस् ट) n . an upholder of idealism. आदशवाद .
identity —(आइडे टट ) n. sameness. समानता.
idiom —(इ डयम) n. peculiar but customary way of expression, मुहावरा.
idle —(आइ डल) adj. indolent, useless. बेकार, आलसी.
idler —(आइडलर) n. one who observes idleness. आलसी.
idol —(आइडल) n . an image, statue तमा.
idolator —(आइडोलेटर) n . one who worships idols. मू त-पूजक.
if —(इफ़) conj. whether. य द.
igneous —(इग नयस) adj. pertaining to fire, produce by fire. अ न सम् बन् धी.
ignitable —(इगनाइटे बल) adj. able to be ignited. जलाने योग् य.
ignite —(इगनाइट) v. t. & i. to set on fire. आग लगाना.
ignoble —(इग् नोबल).adj. mean, of low birth, dishonourable. नीच, तुच् छ.
ignorance —(इग् नोरस) n. want of knowledge, darkness. अ ानता.
ill —(इल) adj. evil, bad, sick. बुरा, बीमार, अस् वस् थ.
illegal —(इल् लीगल) adj. contrary to law. न् याय व , अवैध.
illegible —(इल् ले जबल) adj. indistinct. अस् पष् ट.
illustrative —(इलस् े टव) adj. serving as illustration. उदाहरण.
imagination —(इमैजीनेशन) n. idea, dream. कल् पना.
imbibe —(इम् बाइब) v. t. to absorb, to drink in. पीना, सोखना.
imitable —(इ मटे बल) adj. which can be imitated. अनुकरण योग् य.
imitate —(इ मटे ट) v. t. to copy, to mimic. चढ़ाना, नकल करना.
imitator —(इमीटे टर) n. one who imitates. अनुकरण या नकल करने वाला.
illusion —(इ यूज़न) n. deception. माया, म.
illiteracy —(इ लटरेसी) n. want of knowledge, want of education. नर रता.
illiterate —(इ लटरेट) adj. unable to read and write. नर र.
illness —(इलनेस) n. bad health, disease. रोग.
illogical —(इ लॅा जकल) adj. without reason. तकहीन.
immobile —(इ मोबाइल) adj. unremovable. अचल.
immature —(इ मै योर) adj. imperfect, not mature. अपूण, क चा.
immeasurable —(इ मेज़रेबल) adj. great, boundless. अप र मत, अथाह.
immorality —(इ मौरे लट ) n. viciousness. sin. पाप, अधम.
immovable —(इ मूवेबल) adj. which cannot move, fixed. अचल.
immune —(इ यून) adj. free from obligation, free. मु , उपकार र हत, सुर त.
impassable —(इ पासबल) adj. that cannot be penetrated into. अग य
impatience —(इ पेश स) n. intolerance. अधीरता.
impatient —(इ पेश ट) adj. restless. अधीर.
impeach —(इ पीच) v. t. to accuse, to charge with crime. दोषी ठहराना.
imperfect —(इ परफे ट) adj. defective, incomplete. अपूण.
imperil —(इ पे रल) v. t. to bring into danger. वपदा म डालना, मु कल म डालना.
imperishable —(इ पे रशे बल) adj. indestructible. अन र, अ वनाशी.
impiety —(इ पाइट ) n. ungodliness. sin. अधम, पाप.
impolite —(इ पोलाइट) adj. not civil, rude. अ श .
import —(इ पोट) v. t. to bring into country. वदे शी माल लेना, आयात.
impose —(इ पोज़) v. t. to influence, to deceive. लगाना, भाव डालना, धोखा दे ना.
imposture —(इ पॉ चर) n. deceit, fraud. छल, कपट.
impostor —(इ पॉ टर) n. a false character, a swindler. धोखेबाज, कपट .
impotence —(इ पोटे स) n. weakness. नामद , श हीनता.
impracticable —(इ ै टकेबल) adj. not able to be done. असा य
impression —(इ ेशन) n. an effect produced. मन पर पड़ा आ भाव.
improper —(इ ॅापर) adj. incorrect. अनु चत.
improvable —(इ ूवे ल) adj. that can be improved. सुधारने यो य.
improvement —(इ ूवमे ट.) n. progress. उ त, सुधार.
impure —(इम् प् योर) adj. unchaste. अप व
in —(इन) prep. into, against, towards. म या वपरीत.
inability —(इनए ब लट ) n. incapacity. अयो यता, कमी.
inaccurate —(इनऐ यूवरेट) adj. erroneous. अशु .
inactive —(इनऐ टव) adj. not active. आलसी
inapplicable —(इनऐ लीके ल) adj. irrelevant. अनुपयु , अनु चत.
inattentive —(इनअटे टव) adj. paying no heed. यान न दे ने वाला.
inaudible —(इनऑडीबल) adj. that cannot be heard. जो सुना न जा सके.
inauguration —(इनऑ युरेशन) n. formal ceremony, beginning. उ ाटन,
त ापन.
inauspicious —(इनऑस पशस) adj. unlucky, unfortunate. अशुभ.
incalculable —(इनकैलकुले ल) adj. uncertain. अ न त.
incapable —(इनके पबल) adj. not capable. अयोग् य.
incapacity —(इनकैपे सट ) n. inability. अयो यता
incarnation —(इनकानशन) n. embodiment in human form. अवतार
inch —(इंच) n. a unit of measure. 1, 12 foot, an island. एक इंच, टापू.
incident —(इ सीडे ट) n. an occurrence. घटना.
include —(इन् क् ल् यूड) v. t. to contain, to regain. समावेश करना.
incoherent —(इ कोहरे ट) adj. disconnected. अ प .
incoming —(इनक मग) adj. coming in. आने वाले.
incommode —(इनकमोड) v. t. to annoy, to molest. दक करना.
incomparable —(इनक पेरेबल) adj. matchless. अ तीय, अनुपम.
incompetent —(इनकॉ पीटे ट) adj. not competent. अ वीण.
incomplete —(इनक प् लीट) adj. imperfect. अधूरा.
incontestable —(इनकॉ टे न् ट ल) adj. indisputable. न ववाद.
inconvenient —(इ कनवी नय ट) adj. unsuitable. अयो य.
incorrect —(इ करे ट ) adj. wrong. ग़लत.
incorrigible —(इ कॉरी जबल) adj. depraved, impossible to rectify. असा य.
incorruptible —(इनकर टबल) adj. that cannot decay. अ य।
incredible —(इन े डबल) adj. hard to believe. अ व सनीय.
increment —(इ मे ट) n. profit. increase. लाभ, उ त.
incurable —(इन् क् योरे ल) adj. that cannot be cured. असा य.
indecency —(इं डससी) n. immodesty. नल जता, धृ ता.
indeed —(इनडीड) adv. really. वा तव म.
index —(इ डै स) n. & v. i. alphabetical list of names. Places etc संकेत-सूची.
indication —(इ डकेशन) n. hint. इशारा, संकेत.
indicator —(इ डकेटर) n. a guide. नदशक.
indifference —(इ डफ् रे स.) n. absence of interest. उदासीनता, उपे ा,
लापरवाही.
indifferent —(इ डफ़ेरे ट) adj. neutral. उदासीन.
indigestion —(इ डाइजेशन) n. want of proper digestion. म दा न, अपच.
indirectly —(इनडाइरे टली) adv. अ य प से.
individual —(इ डी वजुअल) n. special, person, peculiar, separate. व् य गत.
induct —(इ ड ट) v. t. to introduce. ार भ करना.
indulgence —(इ ड लजे स) n. gratification, tolerance. भोग, सहनशीलता.
industrial —(इ ड यल) adj. pertaining to industry. वा ण य स बन् धी.
industrious —(इ ड यस) adj. active, smart, diligent. प र मी.
inequity —(इनइकुईट ) n. injustice. अ याय.
inertia —(इनअश ि◌या). n inactivity. न लता.
inevitable —(इनए वटे बल) adj. unavoidable. अ नवाय.
inferiority —(इनफ रऔ रट ) the state of being inferior, हीनता, घ टयापन.
infinite —(इन फ नट) adj. endless. अनंत.
infirmity —(इ फ मट ) n. weakness. कमज़ोरी.
inflammation —(इ लैमेशन) n. a swelling on a part of body. सूजन.
inflammatory —(इ लैमेटरी) adj. Lending to inflame or excite. दाहक.
inflate —(इन लेट) v. t. to increase, to blow up with air or gas. फूलना, बढ़ाना,
हवा या गैस भरना.
infringement —(इ जमे ट) n. violation. उ लंघन करना,
influence —(इ लुए स) n. the power of producing influence. भाव.
influenza —(इ लुए जा) n. a fever with severe cold. एक कार का वर.
informal —(इ फ़ॉमल) adj. not in due form. अ नय मत.
inhabitant —(इ हैबीटै ट) n. a. dweller. नवासी.
inhale —(इ हेल) v. t. to breathe. वास लेना.
inheritance —(इ हे रटै स) n. which is inherited. पैतृक स प .
inhuman —(इन् मन) adj. brutal, barbarous. नदयी.
initial —(इनी शयल) adj. & n. primary, of the beginning. आ द का.
initiate —(इनी शएट् ) v. t. to introduce, to begin. ार भ. करना.
initiative —(इनी शए टव) n. self reliance, taking the first step. आ मबल, पहला
कदम.
injection —(इन् जेक् शन) n. act of injecting. सुई लगाने क व ध.
injury —(इन् जरी) n. harm, damage. नुकसान, चोट.
inland —(इनलैण् ड) adj. &. adv. of the country. दे श के भीतर.
inmost —(इनमोस् ट) adj. most inward. सबसे भीतर.
inn —(इन) n. a shelter, a lodging for travellers. सराय.
innocence —(इनोसेन स ् ) n. simplicity, harmlessness. भोलापन, नद षता.
innumerable —(इनन् यूमरे ल) adj. numberless. असंख् य.
inodorous —(इनओडोरस) adj. odourless. सुगन् धहीन.
inquire —(इन् क् वायरी) v. t. & i. to ask, to make an investigation. पूछ-ताछ
करना, जांच करना.
inquiry —(इन् क् वायरी) n. investigation. जांच.
inquisition —(इनक् वीजीशन) n. a search, investigation. तलाशी.
inquisitive —(इनक् वीजी टव) adj. inquiring. ज ासु.
insanity —(इनसै नट ) n. madness. पागलपन
inscription (इन् स प् शन) n. engraving. खुदा आ, नक् काशी कया आ.
inseparable —(इन् सेपेरेबल) adj. that cannot be separated न पृथक होने वाला.
insert —(इन् सट) v. t. to place in. to introduce, लखना, दज करना.
insertion —(इनसशन) n. act of inserting. नवेश, वेशन.
inside —(इनसाइड) n. , adj. & adv. within. भीतर क तरफ
insight —(इनसाइट) n. power of understanding through knowledge, प र ान.
insistence —(इन ससटे ण् स) n. the act of insisting on. हठ, आ ह.
insoluble —(इन् सॉल् यूबल) adj. that cannot be dissolved in fluid. जो घुल न
सके.
insolvent —(इन् सॉलवेण् ट) adj. bankrupt. दवा लया.
insomnia —(इनसॉम नया) n. sleeplessness. अ न ा का रोग.
inspector —(इन् सपेक् टर) n. one who inspects, नरी क.
inspiration —(इन् सपीरेशन) n. inhaling of air, divine influence. ोत् साहन, दै वी
 रेणा.
instability —(इन् सटे ब लट ) n. fickleness. चंचलता, अ थरता.
instance —(इन् सटै न स् ) n. an example, suggestion. सुझाव, उदाहरण.
instant —(इन् सटै ण् ट) adj. urgent immediate. तुरन् त.
instigate —(इन् सट गेट) v. t. to urge on. to stimulate. बहकाना, उकसाना.
institute —(इन् सट ूट) v. t. to set up. to establish. न व डालना, ारम् भ करना.
instructor —(इन् स् क् टर) n. a teacher. श क.
insufficient —(इनसफ शेण् ट) adj. inadequate. अपयाप् त.
insult —(इनसल् ट) n. dishonour. अपमान, अनादर.
insuperable —(इन् सुपरेबल) adj. not able to be overcome. अजेय.
insurance —(इन् श् योरस) a. contract, to indemnify insured things against
loss. बीमा.
insure —(इनश् योर) v. t. to guarantee. न त करना, बीमा करना.
integrity —(इनटे ट ) n. honesty, स चाई, ईमानदारी.
intelligent —(इन् टेलीजेण् ट) adj. quick to learn. बु मान.
intelligible —(इण् टे ल जबल) adj. comprehensible. समझ म आने योग् य, सुबोध,
जो समझ म आ सक.
intend —(इण् टैण् ड) v. t. to mean, to purpose. इच् छा करना.
intense —(इण् टेन स् ) adj. extreme, eager, ती , अत् य धक.
interchange —(इण् टरचज) v. t. to change with another. आपस म बदलना.
interesting —(इण् टरे टं ग) adj. exciting interest. सुहावना, आ कषक.
interfere —(इण् टर फयर) v. i. to obstruct. बाधा डालना.
interference —(इण् टर फयरस) n. obstruction. कावट, बाधा
interim —(इण् टे रम) n. of the time, in between. मध् य का समय adj. temporary.
अस् थायी, कुछ समय का.
interlink —(इण् टर लक) v. t. to connect together. क ड़ य को जोड़ना, आपस म
मलाना.
interlock —(इण् टरलॅाक) v. t. to lock together. आपस म मलाना.
intermediary —(इण् टरमी डयरी) n. & adj. mediator. मध् यस् थ.
intermingle —(इण् टर मगल) v. t. & i. to mix together. मलाना.
intermission —(इण् टर मशन) n. an interval. अवकाश.
intern —(इण् टन) v. t. to confine within the limits of a place. नज़रबंद करना.
internal —(इण् टरनल) adj. inward. अंदर का, भीतरी: am. external.
interpolation —(इण् टरपोलेशन) n. insertion of something new, not genuine.
ेपक, मथ् यारोपण, अन धकृत वेश.
interpreter —(इण् टर टर) n. one who interprets. व् याख् या कत् ता.
interrupt —(इण् टर् ट) v. t. to obstruct. बाधा डालना, रोकना.
interval —(इण् टरवैल) a. halt, stop. वराम.
intervention —(इण् टरवेन श ् न) n. interference. हस् त ेप.
interview —(इण् टरव् यू) n. conference. a formal meeting for talk. भट,
मुलाकात.
intestine —(इण् टेस् टाइन) n. the lower part of the digestive system. आंत.
intimacy —(इण् ट मेसी) n. a close familiarity. अ त नकट संसग.
intimate —(इण् ट मेट) adj. familiar. घ नष् ट.
intimation —(इ टमेशन) n. hint सूचना.
intimidate —(इ ट मडेट) v. t. . to terrify. डराना.
into —(इण् टू) prep. entrance within a thing. भीतर म.
intolerable —(इण् टॉलरेबल) adj. not to be endured. असह.
intonation —(इण् टोनेशन) n. the production of a musical tone. स् वरयुक् त पाठ,
स् वरोत् पादन.
intoxication —(इण् टॉक् सीकेशन) n. state of being intoxicated. नशा.
intricacy —(इ केसी) n. complication. गहनता.
intrigue —(इण् ग) v. t. to plot secretly, मं णा करना, षड् यन् .
introduction —(इण् ोडक् शन) n. a formal presentation. प रचय.
intrude —(इण् टड) v. t. to enter uninvited. अना धकार वेश करना, बना बुलाये
प ंचना.
intuition —(इण् टुइशन) n. insight, instructive knowledge. सहज ान.
invalid —(इनवै लड) n. ill, weak. बीमार, श हीन.
invariable —(इनवे रए ल) adj. constant, without change. अप रवतनीय.
invasion —(इनवेजन) n. an attack, encroachment. चढ़ाई, आ मण.
invention —(इन् वेन् शन) n. discovery. अन् वेषण.
investigate —(इन् वै टगेट) v. t. to search out carefully. अनुसंधान करना, छान-
बीन करना.
invigorate —(इनवीगोरेट) v. t. to put life. जीवनदान दे ना, श दान करना.
invincible —(इन वन सबल) adj. unconquerable. अजेय.
invisible —(इन वज़ीबल) adj. that cannot be seen, जसे दे खा न जा सके, अ श् य.
invitation —(इन वटे शन) n. solicitation. बुलवाना.
invite —(इनवाइट) v. t. to request to come and participate. नमं ण दे ना, बुलाना.
invocation —(इनवोकेशन) n. the act of calling in prayer. ाथना.
invoke —(इनवोक) v. t. to beg for protection. र ा के हेतु ा थना.
inwardly —(इनवडली) adv. in the mind. मन म.
irk —(इक) v. t. to trouble, to annoy. तंग करना, परेशान करना.
iron —(आयरन) n. name of a metal. लोहा.
irony —(आयरनी) n. satire, state of affairs which is the opposite of what
was desired. व् यंग.
irrecoverable —(इर् र कवरेबल) adj. that cannot be recovered. अ ाप् य.
irreducible —(इर् र ूसेबल) adj. not able to be lessened. न कम करने योग्य
.
irregular —(इरगुलर) adj. uneven. टे ढ़ा-मेढ़ा.
irregularity —(इर् रेगल
ु ै रट ) n. the quality of being irregular. अ नयमता, वषमता.
irrelevant —(इरलेवेण् ट) adj. not to the point. असंगत.
irreparable —(इ रपेरेब् ल) adj. not able to be rectified. जसका सुधार न हो सके.
irritable —(इ रटे ब् ल) adj. easily angered. कु पत होने वाला.
irritate —(इ रटे ट) v. t. to annoy, to make angry. ु करना, चढ़ाना.
irritation —(इ रटे शन) n. vexation. सन् ताप, उत् तेजना.
island —(आईलड) n. land surrounded by water on all sides. प, टापू.
isle —(आइल) n. island. प.
islet —(आइलेट) n. a small island. छोटा प.

J
jabber —(जैबर) v. t. to chatter rapidly. तेज़ी से बोलना.
jack — (जैक) n. knave at card, flag, machine for lifting weights. ताश का
गुलाम, झंडा, बोझ उठाने का यं , जैक.
jackal —(जैकॉल) n. an animal related to dog. गीदड़.
jailer —(जेलर) n. the keeper of a prison. बन् द गृह का मा लक.
jam —(जैम) n. fruit preserved by boiling with sugar. मुरब् बा, मीठा अचार.
jaundice —(जौ डस) n. a kind of disease with yellowness of eyes and skin.
पाण् डु रोग, पी लया.
jealousy —(जैलसी) n. suspiciousness. डाह, ईष् या.
jester —(जेस् टर) n. one who jests. मज़ा कया.
jet black —(जेट ब् लैक) n. ivory black. चमकता आ काला रंग.
jew —( जउ) n. a person of the Hebrew race. य द .
jewel —(ज् वेल) n. a precious stone. र न, म ण .
jewellery —(ज् वेलरी) n. jewels in general, ornaments. जवाहरात, ज़ेवर.
journal —(जनल) n. a diary, a newspaper, a register. प , बही खाता,
रोजनामचा.
journalist —(जन लस् ट) n. one who writes for or conducts a newspaper or
magazine. प कार.
journey —(जन ) n. & v. t. a travel. या ा.
joyously —(ज् वॉयसली) adv. merrily. आनन् द से.
judicial —(जूडी श यल) adj. pertaining to justice, impartial. न् याय सम् बन् धी,
न् यायकारी, प पात र हत.
juice —(जूस) n. the fluid part of the fruit. रस, अक.
juncture —(जंक् चर) n. a critical time. उ चत बेला या समय.
juniority —(जू नऑ रट ) n. the state of being junior. छोटापन.
juryman — (जूरीमैन). n. a member of jury. पंच म से एक.
justice —(ज टस) n. equity, judge. न् याय, जज.
justify —(ज टफ़ाई) v. t. to prove to be just or right. उ चत ठहराना.
juvenile — (जुवेनाइल) adj. youthful, childish. बचकाना.
juvenility — (जुवे न लट ) n. youthfulness. लड़कपन.
juxtaposition — (जक् सटापोजीशन) n . nearness, placing side by side.
नकटता, समीपता.
 K
kerchief —(कर चफ़) n. a square piece of cloth. माल.
kernel —(कनल) n. inner part of nut, essential part. गोले क गरी, मुख् य भाग.
kerosene — ( करोसीन) n. refined petroléum. म का तेल.
kindergarten — ( कडरगाटन) n. an infant school. एक बच् च का स् कूल.
kindle —( कण् डल) v. t. to inflame, to set on fire. जलाना, उत् ते जत करना.
kindly — (काइण् डली) adj. & adv. with kindness. दयालुता से.
kinship —( कन शप) n. telationship. रश् ता, नाता.
kiss —( कस) v. t. to touch with lips. प् यार करना, चूमना, पुचकारना.
kitchen —( कचेन) n. a place where cooking is done. रसोईघर.
knit —( नट) v. t. to weave into a net, to unite. बुनना.
knock —(नॉक) v. t. & i. to push, to clash, to strike. धक् का दे ना, हार करना.
knot —(नॉट) n. a tie, a cluster. गांठ.
knowingly —(नोइंगली) adv. consciously. सोच-समझ कर.
knowledge —(नॉ लज) n. learning. ान, व ा.
kodak —(कोडैक) n. a small camera. एक छोटा कैमरा.
kopeck —(कोपेक) n. a Russian coin. सी सक् का.
kraal —( ाल) n. an enclosure for cattle. बाड़ा.

L
laboratory —(लैबोरेट् री) n. place for experiments. योगशाला.
laborious —(लेबो रयस) adj. industrious. प र मी.
labour —(लेबर) n. to work hard, to toil, to strive, work. प र म, प र म करना,
काम.
laboured —(लेबड) adj. unnatural. अस् वाभा वक.
lack —(लैक) v. i. & t. to be in need of, want. कमी.
lamb — (लैम) n. young of sheep. मेमना.
lame —(लेम) adj. imperfect. v. t. disabled in one or two limbs. लंगड़ा.
lament —(लैमेण् ट) v. i. to feel sorry. वलाप करना.
lamentation —(लैमेनटे शन) n. expression of sorrow; वलाप.
landlord — (लैण् डलॉड) n. owner of land. जम दार.
landscape —(लैण् डस् केप) n. a part of land seen from a point. नयनगोचर श् य.
lane —(लेन) n. a street. संकरी गली.
language —(लगुएज) n. faculty of human speech or of a nation. भाषा.
lantern —(लैण् टन) n. case for holding or carrying light. लालटे न.
largely —(लाजली) adv. to a great extent. बढ़कर.
lastly —(लास् टली) adj. in the end. अंत म.
latrine —(ले न) n. toilet lavatory. ट , सण् डास.
laudable — (लॉडेब् ल) adj. worthy of praise. सराहने योग् य.
laughable — (लाफ़ेबल) adj. funny, ridiculous. हंसने योग् य.
lavatory —(लैवेटरी) n. a place for washing hand and face. हाथ मुंह धोने का
स् थान.
lavish —(लै वश) adj. extravagant, abundant. v. t. ज् यादती, अ धकता, खच ला.
lawful —(लॉफुल) adj. just, rightful. शास् ोक् त.
lawless —(लॉलेस) adj. against law, disobedient. न् याय व .
lawyer —(लॉइयर) n. pleader, a man of legal profession. वक ल.
leap —(लीप) n. spring, jump, bound. v. i. उछलना, कूदना.
leavings —(ली वग् स) n. plural. remaining portion. शेष भाग, बचा आ भाग.
lecture —(लेक् चर) n. a formal reproof, v. t. a discourse. उपदे श, व् याख् यान.
ledger —(लेजर) n. a book of accounts. बहीखाता.
legacy —(लेगसी) n. the money which is left by will. वसीयत ारा छोड़ा गया धन.
legal —(लीगल) adj. just, lawful. व धपूण.
legible —(ले जबल) adj. clear. readable. स् वच् छ.
leisure —(लीज़र) n. a spare time. अवकाश.
length —(लेन थ
् ) n. the distance between two points, extension. लम् बाई.
lengthy —(लेन थ् ी) adj. long लम् बा.
leniency —(ली नयन् सी) n. mildness. कोमलता.
lenient —(ली नयण् ट) adj. mild, gentic. न .
lessen —(लेसेन) v. t. & i. to diminish, to decrease. कम करना या होना.
lesson —(लेसन) n. instruction, something to be learnt. v. t. an example,
punishment. पाठ, श ा.
let —(लेट) v. t. aux. (verb ) to allow, to permit, to give leave. आ ा दे ना.
liability —(लाय ब लट ) n. responsibility. उ रदा यत् व.
liable — (लायबल) adj. accountable, responsible, probable. उ रदायी,
जम् मेदार.
liberal —( लबरल) adj. kind, unselfish. उदार.
liberate —( लबरेट) v. t. to set free. मुक् त करना.
liberty — ( लबट ) n . freedom, right to do as one likes. आज़ाद , स् वतं ता.
librarian —(लाइ े रयन) n. one who keeps a library. पुस् तकालय का मा लक.
licence —(लाइसेन स ् ) v. t. to authorize, to grant permission. आ ा दे ना,
अ धकार दे ना; n. permission. आ ा.
licensee —(लाइसेन स ् ी) n. holder of licence. अ धकार पाने वाला.
lie —(लाइ) v. i. to utter falsehood. झूठ बोलना.
lifelong — (लाइफ़लांग) adv. during the life time. जीवन काल तक.
limited —( ल मटे ड) adj. bounded. सी मत.
linguist —( लगुइस् ट) n. one skilled in many languages. ब त सी भाषाओे का
ाता.
liquid —( ल वड) n. flowing. बहने वाली, व.
liquidate —( ल वडेट) v. t. to settle, to clear up debts, to put an end. ऋण
अदा करना, समाप् त करना.
liquidity — ( ल व डट ) n. state of being liquid. वत् व.
liquor —( लकर) n. a fermented drink. म दरा.
listener —( लस् नर) n. one who listens. सुनने वाला, ध् यान दे ने वाला.
literacy —( लटरेसी) n. ability to read and write. पढ़ने लखने क योग् यता.
livelihood — (लाइवली ड) n. means of living. जी वका.
liver —( लवर) n. the gland by which the bile is secreted. यकृत, जगर, कलेजा.
locality —(लोकै लट ) n. position, situation. स् थान.
lockup —(लॉकअप) n. a place where prisoners are kept. बन् द गृह.
loftiness — (लॉ ट नेस) n. pride, height. अ भमान, ऊंचाई.
logic —(लॉ जक) n. art of reasoning. तक शास् .
longevity —(ल गे वट ) n. long life. द घायु.
longitude — (ल गी ूड) n. distance east or west from meridian. दे शान् तर.
loom —(लूम) n. a machine for weaving. करघा; v. t. to appear indistinct.
अस् पष् ट दे ख पड़ना.
lot —(लॉट) n. luck, choice. भाग् य.
lotus —(लोटस) n. water lily. कमल.
lovable — (लवेबल) adj. charming, worthy of love. प् यार करने योग् य.
love —(लव) n. affection. ेम; v. t. to like very much. प् यार करना.
loving —(ल वग) adj. affectionate. प् यारा.
low —(लो) adj. humble, not high. न , नीचा.
loyalty —(लॉयल् ट ) n. faithfulness. नष् ठा, भ .
lubricant —(लु ीकैण् ट) n. substance used for lubricating. चकना करने का
पदाथ.
lucidity — (ल् यू स डट ) n. brightness. स् पष् टता.
luminous —(ल् यू मनस) adj. bright. clear. का शत, काश दे ने वाला.
lunatic —(लूनै टक) n. a mad man. पागल मनुष् य.
lust —(लस् ट) n. eager desire. लोलुपता.
lustre —(लस् टर) n. brightness. आभा.
luxurious —(लक् जू रयस) adj. indulging in luxury. सुखभोगी.
luxury —(लक् ज़री) n. expensive living, easy going life. आन् नदमय जीवन.

M
machinery — (मशीनरी) n. machines in general. यन् णाली.
machinist —(मशी नस् ट) n. a machine maker. यं बनाने वाला.
mad — (मैड) adj. insane. पागल, द वाना.
madam —(मैडम) n. a courteous form of address to a lady. ◌ीमती.
magic —(मै जक) n. witch craft conjuring. मं , जा .
magician —(मै ज शयन) n. one who knows magic. जा गर.
mail —(मेल) n. bag of letters, post. डाक का थैला, डाक.
maintain —(मेनटे न) v. t. to affirm, to assert, to support. पालन, संभालना.
maintenance —(मेनटे नै स) n. keep in working order. अनुर ण.
majority —(मजा रट ) n. full of age, the greater number. वयस् कता, अ धक भाग.
maladministration —(मैलऐड- म नस् े शन) n. faulty administration. बुरा शासन.
malice —(मै लस) n. spite, ill feeling. बुरी भावना, ईषा, े ष.
malpractice —(मैल ै टस) n. improper conduct. कुच र .
mammoth — (मैमथ) adj. huge, big, very large. ब त बड़ा.
manage —(मैनेज) v. t. & i. to handle, to control, to contrive. व् यवस् था करना,
इन् तजाम करना.
manageable —(मैनेजेबल) adj. fit for managing. बन् ध करने योग् य.
management —(मैनेजमेण् ट) n. administration. बन् ध.
manager —(मैनेजर) n. a controller. बन् धक.
manhood —(मैन ड) n. the state of being a man. मनुष् यत् व.
manifold —(मैनीफ़ोल् ड) adj. numerous and varied, complicated. पेचीदा.
mankind —(मैनकाइण् ड) n. the human species. मनुष् य जा त.
manoeuvre —(मैनव ू र) n. skilful movement, stratagem. कुशलता, कपट योग v.
t. to manage artfully. चतुराई से बन् ध करना.
manual —(मैनअ ु ल) n. a hand book. छोट पुस् तक; adj. pertaining to or done
with hand. हाथ का.
manufacture —(मैनफ़ ु ै क् चर) v. t. the making on a large scale. बड़ी मा ा म
शल् प ारा बनाना.
marble —(माब् ल) n. a very hard stone with polish, संगमरमर; v. t. to paint like
marble. संगमरमर क भां त रंगना.
mariner —(मै रनर) n. a sailor. ना वक.
mark —(माक) n. a sign of note, target. चन् ह, ल ् य; v. t. to make a mark.
दे खना, अंक लगाना.
marking —(मा कग) n. impression with a mark. चन् ह, छाप.
maroon —(मै न) n. a brownish crimson colour. भूरा लाल रंग.
marriageable —(मै रजेब् ल) adj. able to be married. शाद करने योग् य.
martyrdom —(मा टरडम) n. suffering of a martyr. ब लदान, कष् ट.
marvellous —(मावलस) adj. wonderful, astonishing. अ त.
masculine —(मैस् कु लन) adj. manly, of the male sex. पु ष जा त का.
masque —(मास् क) n. an entertainment, consisting of pageantry, a masked
person. ऐसा नाटक जसम पा मुख पर चेहरा लगाए रहते ह, नकाबपोश.
massage — (मसाज) n. a form of cure by rubbing and kneading the body.
मा लश.
massive —(मै सव) adj. large, bulky, heavy. बड़ा, भारी.
masterpiece —(मास् टरपीस) n. greatest work in quality. सबसे ब ढ़ या काम.
match —(मैच) v. t. & i. to be of proper value, to correspond. अनुकूल होना,
मुका बला करना.
mathematics —(मैथेमे टक् स) n. the science of magnitude and number.
ग णत .
matinee —(मै टनी) n. a show held in the day time. दन का सनेमा इत् या द.
matrimony — (मै मनी) n. marriage. ववाह.
matron —(मे न) n. married woman, female superintendent in a hospital,
school etc. ववा हत स् ी, अस् पताल, स् कूल आ द क अधी का.
matter —(मैटर) n. substance, cause of trouble, subject. पदाथ, वषय, झगड़े का
कारण, सार.
mature —(मै ूर) adj. ripe, fully developed. पूरा पक् का.
maturity —(मैच् यू रट ) n. fully developed state. पक् कापन, ब लग होने क अवस् था.
mauve —(मोव) n. a bright purple dye. चमक ला बगनी रंग.
maxim —(मै सम) n. a pro verb, maxim gun, a small gun. कहावत, बन् क.
maximum —(मै समम्) n. the greatest side or number. अ धक से अ धक.
meantime —(मीनटाइम) n. the interval between two given times. मध् यकाल.
meanwhile —(मीनव् हाइल) n. in the interval. इसी बीच म.
measure —(मेज़र) n. that by which something is estimated. नाप.
measures —(मेज़रस) n. plural. means to an end. उपाय, तदबीर.
mechanic —(मेकै नक) n. a skilled workman, an artisan. कारीगर; adj.
relating to machines. यं सम् बन् धी.
mechanical —(मेकै नकल) adj. relating to machines, unintelligent. यं
सम् बन् धी.
medal —(मेडल) n. metal worked in the form of a coin. पदक.
meddle —(मेड्ल) v. i. to interfere. वघ् न डालना.
medium —(मी डयम) n. the middle, means, agent. मध् य, माध् यम.
melancholy —(मेलनक ल) n. & adj. sad feeling of dullness, gloomy. उदास,
खन् नता.
memorable —(मेमोरेबल) adj. able to be remembered. याद रखने योग् य.
memory —(मेमरी) n. remembrance. स् मरण श .
menses —(मेन स
् ेस) n. the monthly discharge from the uterus. य का
मा सक धम, आतव.
mentality —(मेण् टै लट ) n. intellectual power. मान सक श .
mentionable —(मेन श ् नेबल) adj. that may be mentioned. नदश या चचा करने
योग् य.
menu —(मेन)ू n. a list of dishes available. व् यन् जन सूची.
mercury —(मरकरी) n. a planet, quick silver. एक ह, बु तारा, पारा.
merely —( मयरली) adv. simply. केवल.
merriment —(मेरीमेण् ट) n. enjoyment, mirth. वनोद.
mesmerize —(मेसमेराइज़) v. t. bring to a hypnotic state. सम् मो हत करना.
message —(मैसेज) n. communication. संदेश, समाचार, खबर.
messenger —(मैसेन ज ् र) n. one who brings message. त, समाचार लाने वाला.
metaphor —(मेटाफ़र) n. figurative use of words. पक, ल ण.
mew —(म् यू) n. cry of cat, sound like cat; बल् ली क आवाज़; v. i. to cry like
cat. बल् ली क तरह रोना.
midnight —( मडनाइट) n. the middle of night. मध् य रा .
midst —( मड् स् ट) n. the middle. मध् य; adv. in the middle. बीच म. (amidst—
बीच म.).
midwife —( मडवाइफ़) n. a woman who assists another in child birth. सव
के समय क सहा यका.
might —(माइट) n. power, strength. ताकत.
milky —( मल् क ) adj. of milk. ध का.
miller —( मलर) n. a worker of a mill. मल म काम करने वाला.
million —( म लयन) n. one thousand thousands. दस लाख.
millionaire —( म लयनैर) n. a very rich person. धनी, लखप त.
minimize —( म नमाइज़) v. t. to reduce to the smallest amount. अ त सू ् म
करना.
minimum —( म नमम) n. the least amount. अ त सू ् म प रमाण.
minor —(माइनर) adj. smaller, less, unimportant. छोटा, कम.
minority —(माइनॉ रट ) n. state of being a minor. नाबा लगी.
minute —( म नट) n . very small, trifling, of little consequence, exact. एक घंटे
का साठवां अंश.
miracle —( मरैकेल) n. a marvel, natural event. चमत् कार.
miraculous —( मरैकुलस) adj. wonderful, surprising. वल ण.
mirror —( मरर) n. a looking glass. दपण.
mirth —( मथ) n . joy, glee. आनन् द, खुशी.
misguide —( मसगाइड) v. t. to lead into error. भटकाना.
mislead —( मसलीड) v. t. to lead, wrongly. भटकाना.
mismanage —( मसमैनेज) v. t. to manage wrongly. कु बन् ध करना.
misplace —( मसप् लेस) v. t. to place in a wrong place. कुठौर म रखना.
misprint —( मस ट) n. mistake in printing. छपाई क गल् ती; v. t. to print
incorrectly. अशु छापना.
mistake —( मसटे क) v. t. to understand wrongly. म म पड़ना.
misunderstanding —( मसअंडरस् ट डग). n. misconception. अशु वचार, गलत
ख् याल, मपूण धारणा.
mockery —(मॉकरी) n. ridicule. छल, हंसी, वडम् बना.
modernity —(मॉड नट ) n. the state of being modern. आधु नक होने क स् थ त.
moist —(मॉइस् ट) adj. damp, slightly wet. तर, भीगा आ.
momentary —(मोमेण् टरी) adj. lasting for a moment. णक.
momentous —(मोमेण् टस) adj. important. मह ् व का.
Monday —(मण् डे) n. the second day of the week. सोमवार.
mono —(मोनो) n. in the sense of single, alone. अकेला.
monogram —(मोनो ाम) n. two or more letters interwoven in a figure. शब् द
के जोड़ से बना आ ठप् पा.
monologue —(मोनोलॉग) n. a speech spoken by one person alone. एक
मनुष् य ारा बोली ई उ .
monopolize —(मोनोपलाइज़) v. t. to obtain monopoly of. एका धकार ाप् त
करना.
monopoly —(मोनौप् ली) n. the sole right of dealing in any thing. एका धकार.
monotony —(मोनेाट् नी) n. uniformity of tone. स् वर क समानता, समता.
monthly —(मंथली) adj., adv. & n. recurring every month. मा सक.
moody —(मूडी) adj. in ill humour. बगड़ी तबीयत का.
morality —(मोरै लट ) n. virtue. सदाचार.
moreover —(मोरओवर) adv. besides, in addition. अलावा, इससे अ धक.
morn —(म न) n. poetical form of morning. ात: काल.
mortality —(मोट लट ) n. death, destruction. मरण, नाश.
mount —(माउण् ट) n. a hill. पहाड़ी, v. t. to rise, ascend. चढ़ना.
mourn — (मोन) v. t. to lament. शोक करना.
movables —(मूवेबल् स) n. personal property. चल स प .
movement —(मूवमट) n . change of position. हरकत, ग त, चाल.
muddy —(मडी) adj. full of mud, dirty. क चड़ से गन् दा.
multimillionaire — (मल् ट म लयनएर) n. a person with millions of money.
करोड़प त.
multitude —(मल् ट ूड) n. a large number, a crowd. भीड़, बड़ी संख् या.
mum —(मम) adj. silent. मूक.
murmur —(मरमर) n. a low indistinct sound, a complaint; v. t. to make a
low continuous sound. बड़बड़ाना.
museum —(म् यू ज़ यम) n . building where object of art and science are kept
for show. अजायबघर.
mushroom —(मश म) n. a kind of plant fungus. कुकुरमुत् ता.
music —(म् यू ज़ क) n. melody, pleasant sound. संगीत.
musician — (म् यूज़ी शयन) n. one who is skilled in the practice of music. गाने
वाला.
mutiny —(म् यू टनी) n. rebellion against constituted authority. व ोह, बगावत,
गदर.
myself —(माइसेल् फ) pron. reflexive form of a writer or a speaker. म, स् वयं.
mythology —(माइथौलोजी) n . the science of myth. पुराण शास् .
 N
nab —(नैब) v. t. to catch, to arrest. पकड़ना.
nail —(नेल) n. a claw, a horny growth. नाखून; v. t. to fasten with nail. क ल से
जड़ना.
naive —(नेव) adj. unaffected, simplicity. ाकृ तक, सीधा.
naked —(नेकेड) adj. bare. नंगा
namesake —(नेमसेक) n. one having the same name. नाम रा श.
napkin —(नैप कन) n. a small cloth for wiping hand. तौ लया.
narration —(नैरेशन) n. act of relating. वणन, कथन.
narrow —(नैरो) adj. limited in size, of little width. संकु चत; v. t. & i. to make
narrower. संकु चत करना.
nationality —(नैशनै लट ) n. patriotic sentiment. रा भ .
nationalise —(नैशनलाइज़) v. t. to make national. रा ीय बनाना.
naturally —(नैचुरली) adv. according to nature. ाकृ तक प से.
nature —(नेचर) n. innate character, the universe, essential qualities,
natural disposition, kind. ाकृ तक, वृ , कृ त, ाकृ तक प से.
navigation —(नैवीगेशन) n. the act of navigating. समु या ा, नौ प रवहन.
necessary —(नेसेसरी) adj. indispensable. आव यक.
necessity —(नेसे सट ) n. imperative need, poverty. आव यक, गरीबी.
needle —(नीडल) n. a sharp pointed piece of steel for sewing. सूई.
negation —( नगेशन) n. a denial, refusal. नषेध.
neglect —( न ले ट) v. t. to have no care, to disregard, to leave undone. सुध
न लेना, असावधानी करना.
negligence —(ने लीजस) n. carelessness. भूल.
negotiate —( नगो शएट) v. t. to manage, to exchange for value. तय करना,
ापार करना.
negotiation —( नगो शएशन) n. transacting of business. सौदा.
neither —(नाइदर) adv. , conj. & pron. not either. दोन म से कोई नह .
nerveless —(नवलेस) adj. useless, weak. नबल, कमज़ोर, बेकार.
net —(नेट) adj. free from all deductions. बना दलाली या छू ट का.
netting —(ने टग) n. the act of forming a network. जाली का काम.
neuter —( यूटर) adj. neither masculine nor feminine. बेजानदार, नपुंसक.
(neuter gender—नपुंसक लग.)
new —( यू) n. adj. fresh. नया.
news —( यूज़) n. tidings. समाचार.
nicely —(नाइसली) adv. finely. अ छ तरह से.
nickname —( नकनेम) n. an added name, a by name. उपनाम, चढ़ाने का नाम.
niece —(नीस) n. a daughter of one's brother or sister. भतीजी या भा जी.
nightingale —(नाइ टगेल) n. a small singing bird. बुलबुल.
nominee —(नॉमीनी) n. a designated person. नयु पु ष.
nonetheless —(नन दलेस) adv. never the less. तथा प.
noon —(नून) n. midday. म या ह; adj. pertaining to noon. दोपहर स ब धी.
normality —(नॉम लट ) n. regularity. नय मतता.
northward —(नॉथवड) adj. towards the north. उ र क ओर.
notable —(नोटे ब ◌्ल) n. a famous person or thing. स मनु य या व तु.
noteworthy —(नोटवद ) adj. remarkable. वचार करने यो य, उ लेखनीय.
numerous —( यूमेरस) adj. many in numbers. अनेक.
nun —(नन) n. a woman who leads a religious secluded life. भ न.
novelty —(नावे ट ) n. something unusual. कौतुक व तु.
nowhere —(नो हेयर) adv. not anywhere. कह भी नह .
numberless —(न ब रलेस) adj. countless. असं य.
nursery —(नसरी) n. a room for infants, a place where trees and plants are
reared. शशु पालनगृह, ज़खीरा, पौधाघर.
nurture —(नरचर) n. training. श ा, पालन; v. t. to train, to nourish. पालना,
श ा दे ना.
nutrition —( यू शन) n. act or process of nourishing, food. आहार या,
पोषाहार.
nut —(नट) n. the fruit of a tree, a wooden or iron piece with screw. अखरोट
फल, ढ बरी; v. t. to gather. इक ा करना.

O
oath —(ओथ) n. a solemn affirmation to God. शपथ.
obedience —(ओबी डय स) n. submission to another's rule. आ ा पालन.
object —(ऑ जै ट) n. end purpose, a thing which one causes or feels.
ायोजन, उ े य, कम.
objectionable —(ऑ जै शनेब् ल) adj. disagreeable, unpleasant. आप जनक.
oblique —(ऑ लीक) adj. slanting. झुका आ.
obscene —(ऑ सीन) adj. indecent, lewd. अ ील, गंदा.
observer —(ऑ जवर) n. one who observes. नरी क.
obstacle —(ऑ सटे ल) n. an impediment, a hinderance. बाधा, कावट.
obstruction —(ऑ स शन) n. persistent opposition. कावट
obtain —(ऑबटे न) v. t. & i. to get, to gain, to prevail. ा त करना.
obviously —(ऑब वयसली) adv. clearly, evidently. प प से.
occasional —(ओकेज़नल) adj. occurring at times. कभी-कभी होने वाला.
occupation —(ऑ यूपेशन) n. employment, business, possession. वसाय,
अ धकार.
occurrence —(अकरे स) n. an incident. घटना.
ocean —(ओशन) n. the main body of water on the earth. जल न ध, समु ,
सागर.
ochre —(ओकर) n. a kind of pale yellow clay and its colour. पीली म .
odd —(ऑड) adj. not even, strange, peculiar. अनोखा, बेढंगा; at odds, in
disagreement. वरोध म; odds and ends. फुटकर.
odorous —(ओडरस) adj. fragrant. सुग धत.
odour —(ओडर) n. smell, perfume. सुगन् ध.
of —(ऑफ़) prep. का.
off —(ऑफ़) adj. & adv. away farther. र, र का. (off hand— बना तैयारी के.)
(well off—धनी, मालदार.)
offensive —(ऑफ़ सव) adj. hateful, disgusting. घृ णत, खदाई.
offering —(ऑफ़ रग) n. a gift, a sacrifice. भट, वरदान, ब लदान.
official —(ऑ फ़ शल) n. & adj. relating to an office. कायालय स ब धी.
oil-painting —(ऑयलप टग) n. a painting in oil colours. तेल- च .
ointment —(ऑइ टमे ट) n. a greasy substance used for applying on
wounds. लेप, मरहम.
omission —(ओमीशन) n. failure, neglect. याग, भूल.
omnipotent —(ऑ नीपोटे ण् ट) adj. almighty. सवश मान.
omniscient —(ऑ नी सय ट) adj. all knowing. काल दश , सव .
omnipresence —(ऑ नी ेजे स) n. presence everywhere. सव ापकता
onwards —(ऑनवड् स) adv. towards the front. आगे क ओर.
opaque —(ओपेक) adj. not transparent, not able to be seen through.
अपारदशक.
operator —(ऑपरेटर) n. one who operates. संचालक, प रचालक.
opinion —(ओपी नयन) n. belief, notion, idea. राय, वचार.
opportunity —(ऑपॉर यु नट ) n. chance, favourable time or occasion.
अवसर.
oppose —(अपोज़) v. t. to speak or act against, to resist. वरोध करना.
opposite —(अपो ज़ ट) adj. adverse, contrary. तकूल.
optimism —(ऑ ट म म) n. hopefulness. आशावाद.
optional —(ऑपशनल) adj. according to one's choice. वैक पक.
oral —(ओरल) adj. spoken, verbal. मौ खक.
orator —(ओरेटर) n. a good public speaker. ा यान दाता.
ordinarily —(ऑड नेरीली) adv. usually. साधारण प से.
organization —(ऑगनाइज़ेशन) n. act of organizing, structure. रचना, नमाण.
oriental —(ओ रय टल) n. eastern, eastern country. adj. पूव दे श,
ornament —(ऑनामे ट) n. a thing that adorns. आभूषण.
orphan —(ऑफन) n. a parentless child. अनाथ बालक.
otherwise —(अदरवाइज़) adv. in another manner. नह तो.
ought —(ऑट) v. aux . to be bound in duty to need to be done. चाहना, यो य
होना.
our —(आवर) pron. belonging to us. हमारा.
ours —(आवस) pron. belonging to us. हम लोग का.
outcome —(आउटकम) n. result. नतीजा, फल, प रणाम.
outdoor —(आउटडोर) adj. outside the house. बाहरी.
outing —(आउ टग) n. an excursion. सैर.
outline —(आउटलाइन) n. boundary line, a description. बा सीमा, परेखा; v. t.
to make sketch. आकार बनाना.
output —(आउटपुट) n. product, the quantity prepared at a time. पैदावार,
उ पादन.
outrage —(आउटरेज) v. t. to insult, to ravish. अपमान करना, प तत करना.
outright —(आउटराइट) adv. completely. पूण प से.
outrun —(आउटरन) v. i. to pass the line. सीमा के बाहर जाना.
outsider —(आउटसाइडर) n. a person outside a special class. परदे शी पु ष.
outstanding —(आउट ट डग) adj. prominent, unpaid. मुख, बना चुकाया आ.
outward —(आउटवड) adj. exterior. बाहरी.
outwit —(आउट वट) v. t. to defeat by superior wisdom. हरा दे ना, कान काटना.
overact —(ओवरै ट) v. t. to act too much. अ धक काम करना.
overbid —(ओवर बड) v. t. to offer more than value. अ धक क मत लगाना, बढ़
कर बोली बोलना.
overhear —(ओवर हयर) v. t. to hear stealthily. छपकर सुनना.
overlook —(ओवरलुक) v. t. to inspect, to forgive. नरी ण करना, मा करना.
overnight —(ओवरनाइट) adv. on the preceding night. रात भर म.
oversight —(ओवरसाइट) n. a mistake. म, भूल.
overstate —(ओवर टे ट) v. t. to exaggerate. ब त बढ़कर कहना.
overtake —(ओवरटे क) v. t. to follow and catch. पीछा करके पकड़ना.
overtop —(ओवरटॉप) v. t. to rise above the top of. शखर के ऊपर चढ़ना.
overweight —(ओवरवेट) n. excessive weight. अ धक भार.
overwhelm —(ओवर हैल् म) v. t. to win to conquer to overpower. जीतना.
ownership —(ओनर शप) n. possession. अ धकार, वा म व.
ox —(ऑ स) n. bull. बैल.
oxygen —(ऑ सीजन) n. gas in atmosphere essential to life. ऑ सीजन,
ाण द वायु.

P
pabulum —(पै यूलम) n. food. भोजन.
pace —(पेस) n. single step. पग, ग त; v. i. & t . to walk, to regulate speed.
ग त ठ क करना.
pacify —(पैसीफ़ाई) v. t. to calm. शा त करना.
package —(पैकेज) n. a small bundle. छोट गठरी.
painting —(पे टग) n. a painted picture. रंगीन च .
palace —(पैलेस) n. royal residence, stately mansion. महल, राजभवन.
palm —(पाम) n. the inner surface of the hand. हथेली.
palm —(पाम) n. a tree. ताड़ का पेड़.
palmist —(पा म ट) n. one versed in palmistry. ह तरेखा का पं डत.
palpitation —(पैल पटे शन) n. throbbing. धड़कन, क पन.
panacea —(पैने सया) n. cure for all ills, universal remedy. रामबाण, सब
बीमा रय को ठ क करने क दवा.
panner —(पैनर) n. a general fault finder. सब का दोष खोजने वाला.
pantaloon —(पटलून) n. trousers. पायजामा, पट.
paper —(पेपर) n. material used for writing. कागज़.
parable —(पैरै ल) n. a proverb. कहावत.
paraffin oil —(पैरा फ़ न ऑयल) n. refined petroleum. साफ पे ोल.
paragon —(पैरागॉन) n. a perfect pattern. आदश.
parallel —(पैरालेल) adj. similar. समाना तर; v. t. to equal. समाना तर करना.
paralysis —(पैराली सस) n. a total or partial loss of motion. लकवा रोग.
paramount —(पैरामाउ ट) adj. supreme, chief. सव च, धान.
parasite —(पैरासाइट) n. a flatterer. चाटु वाद .
parliamentarian —(पार लयामे ट रयन) n. an M.P. सांसद.
parody —(पैरोडी) n. a comical imitation. अनुकरण का ; v. t. to imitate
ridiculously. बुरी तरह से नकल करना.
parity —(पै रट ) n. equality. समानता.
paronym —(पैरो नम) n. words alike in sound but different in spelling. एक
उ चारण के पर तु भन् न अथ के श द.
partiality —(पा शऐ लट ) n. a tendency to favour. प पात.
participate —(पा ट सपेट) v. i. to have a part in. भाग लेना.
participation —(पा ट सपेशन) n. the sharing in common with other. बटवारा.
particle —(पा टकल) n. a very small part. एक भाग.
particular —(पा ट यूलर) adj. special, careful. मु य, सावधान.
particularity —(पा ट यूलै रट ) n. exactness. ववरण.
particularly —(पा ट यूलल ) adv. in detail. योरेवार.
partner —(पाटनर) n. a sharer. भागी.
partnership —(पाटनर शप) n. joint ownership. सहका रता.
pass-book —(पास-बुक) n. a bankers book. पये लेने-दे ने क पु तक.
passenger —(पैसे जर) n. a traveller in a public vehicle. या ी.
passion —(पैशन) n. deep feeling. उ क ठा.
passionate —(पैशनेट) n. easily moved to anger, moved by strong
emotions. ोधी, भावक.
pastime —(पा टाइम) n. recreation. आमोद- मोद, ड़ा.
patent —(पेटे ट) n. permit given by Government. व श आ ा.
paternal —(पैटनल) adj. fatherly. पै क.
path —(पाथ) n. a foot-way. राह, पगडंडी.
patience —(पेशे स) n. calmness, endurance. धैय adj. perserving. धैययु .
patient —(पेशे ट) n. a person under medical treatment. रोगी.
patricide —(पे साइड) n. murder of father. पता क ह या.
patriotism —(पै ऑ ट म) n. love of one's own country. वदे श ेम.
patron —(पे न) n. protector. शुभ च तक, संर क, सहायक.
pattern —(पैटन) n. model. सांचा, नमूना.
payable —(पेएबल) adj. due. दे य, कज.
payee —(पेई) n. one to whom money is paid. धन पाने वाला.
payer —(पेयर) n. one who pays. पये दे ने वाला.
payment —(पेमे ट) n. act of paying. भुगतान.
peacemaker —(पीसमेकर) n. one who makes peace. शा त दान करने वाला.
peacock —(पीकॉक) n. a kind of bird. मोर.
pearl —(पल) n. a substance formed within the shell of an oyster. मोती.
pearly —(पल ) adj. resembling pearls. मोती क तरह.
peasant —(पैजै ट) n. a rustic, farmer. कृषक, कसान.
peasantry —(पैजे ) n. peasants of a region. कृषकगण.
peculiar —( पक् यू लयर) adj. strange. अजीब, वल ण.
pedant —(पीडैण् ट) n. who makes show of learning. पा डत् य दखाने वाला.
penal —(पीनल) adj. pertaining to the punishment. दण् ड सम् बन् धी.
penalize —(पीनालाइज़) v. t. to lay under a penalty. दण् डनीय बनाना.
penance —(पीनैन स
् ) n. art of self mortification. तपस् या.
penetrate —(पे न े ट) v. t. & i . to pierce into. वेश करना.
penetration —(पे न े शन) n. act of piercing, insight, वेश, बु .
penguin —(पेन् गइु न) n. a kind of sea fowl. समु प ी.
pension —(पेन श ् न) n. a payment after retirement. पूव सेवा वृत् त.
pensionable —(पेन श ् ने ल) adj. able to obtain pension. पेन् शन पाने लायक.
peonage —( पऑनेज) n. service. नौकरी.
perambulator —(पैरेम् ब् यूलेटर) n. a child's carriage. बच् च क गाड़ी.
percept —(परसेप् ट) n. mental product. कल् पना.
percentage —(परसेण् टेज) n . तशत, दर.
perfect —(परफ़ेक् ट) adj. complete, exact. वीण, पूरा, उ चत, उत् तम; v. t. to
render faultless. पूण करना.
perfection —(परफ़ेक् शन) n. faultless. नद षता.
perfumery —(पर यूमरी) n. perfumes in general. इ इत् या द.
perhaps —(परहैप् स) adv. by chance. कदा चत.
period —( प रयड) n. age, a portion of time. समय, काल, युग.
Periodic (al) —( प रऑ डक) n. happening at regular interval of time. नयत
काल का.
perish —(पे रश) v. i. to die. to decay. मरना, नष् ट होना.
perishable —(पे रशेब् ल) adj. liable to perish. नाश होने योग् य.
permanent —(परमानेण् ट) adj. lasting. स् थाई.
permissible —(पर म सब् ल) adj. allowable. आ ा पाने योग् य.
permission —(पर मशन) n. leave, consent. आ ा.
permissive —(पर म सव) adj. allowing. आ ा योग् य.
permit —(पर मट) n. a written permission. आ ा प ; v. t. to allow. आ ा दे ना.
permittance —(परमीटै न स
् ) n. allowance. वेश, आ ा.
perpetual —(परपेच् युअल) adj. everlasting. नत् य.
perpetuation —(परपेच् युएशन) n. continuity. थरता.
perplex —(परप् लेक् स) v. t. to puzzle. उलझाना, परेशान करना.
perplexity —(परप् ले सट ) n. puzzled state. व् याकुलता, घबराहट.
persevere —(पस वयर) v. t. to persist, to try again & again. नरन् तर यत् न
करना, बारबार को शश करना.
personnel —(पसनेल) n. the persons employed in public service. अ धकारी
वग.
perturbed —(परटरब् ड) adj. agitated. व् याकुल.
perusal —(पे ज़ल) n. careful reading. अध् ययन
pervert —(परवट) v. t. to turn from right course. सन् माग से वच लत होना.
pessimism —(पे स मज् ◌़म) n. looking at the worst of things. सब पदाथ म बुराई
दे खने का स ान् त
petticoat —(पे टकोट) n. garment worn by lady. पे टकोट, धोती या साड़ी के नीचे
पहनने का वस् .
phantasm —(फैनटे ज् ◌़म) n. an illusion. म.
pharmacy —(फारमेसी) n. art of preparing medicine. औष ध बनाने क व ा.
phenomenon —( फनॉ मनन) n. anything remarkable. अ त पदाथ या व् य
philology —( फलॉलॉज़ी) n. the study of languages. भाषा व ान.
philosopher —( फलॉसफर) n. expert in philosophy. दाश नक.
phone —(फोन) n. telephone. टे लीफोन
photography —(फोटो ाफ ) n. the art of producing pictures by
photographic camera. च ख चने क व ध.
physical —( फ ज़ कल) adv. pertaining to physics, bodily. पदाथ- व ान
सम् बन् धी, शारी रक.
physician —(फ ज़ शयन) n. a doctor of medicines. वै .
pickle —( पक् कल) n. vegetable preserved. अचार, मुरब् बा; v. t. to preserve in
pickle. अचार या मुरब् बा बनाना.
pickpocket —( पकपॉकेट) n. one who steals from another's pocket.
जेबकतरा.
pictorial —( पक् टो रयल) adj. of pictures च मय, स च .
picture —( पक् चर) n. a beautiful object, a visible image. च , आकषक वस् तु;
v. t. to draw.
picturesque —( पक् चेरैस् क) adj. vivid, effective like picture. स् पष् ट, सुन द
् र,
च के समान.
pierce —( पयस) v. t. & i . to thrust into. छे दना.
pilgrim —( पल म) n. one. who goes to holy places. तीथ या ी.
pilgrimage —( पल मेज) n. journey to holy places. तीथ या ा.
pillow —( पलो) n. a soft cushion for the head. त कया; v. t. to lay on pillow.
त कया लगाना.
pinch —( पच) v. t. & i . to nip, to urge, to distress. कष् ट दे ना.
Pisces —( पसीज़) n. fish, the twelfth sign of zodiac. मीन, रा श.
pitcher —( पचर) n. a vessel for carrying liquids. घड़ा.
pitiful —( पट फुल) adj. full of pity. दयापूण, ददनाक, दया के योग् य.
pity —( पट ) n . compassio. दया; v. t. to have pity. दया करना.
plaintiff —(प् लेन ट फ़) n. one who commences action at law. मु ई, वाद .
plan —(प् लैन) n. scheme, map, drawing, project, design. योजना, उपाय, नक् शा,
ढ़ांचा.
plane —(प् लेन) n. a flat level surface. समतल.
playfellow —(प् लेफेलो) n. play mate. साथी, हमजोली, साथ-साथ खेलने वाले.
pleasant —(प् लैज़ैन ट ् ) adj. agreeable. मनोहर, रमणीय.
pleasure —(प् लैज़र) n. satisfaction, delight. आनंद, सन् नता, संतोष.
pledge —(प् लेज) n. promise. त ा; v. t. to pawn. गरवी रखना.
plenty —(प् लेण् ट ) n. quite enough. अ धकता, ब तायत.
plot —(प् लॉट) n. a plan, a piece of ground. योजना, भू-भाग; v. t. to conspire.
षडयन् करना.
plural —(प् लूरल) adj. consisting more than one. अनेक, ब वचन.
pocketful —(पॉकेटफुल) n. as much as a pocket can hold. जेबभर.
poetry —(पोय ) n. poems. प .
policy —(पॉ लसी) n. state-craft. नी त.
poisonous —(पॉयज़नस) adj. full of poison. ज़हर युक् त.
politeness —(पोलाइटनेस) n. courtesy. वनय.
politics —(पॉ ल टक् स) n. science of government, strife of parties. राजनी त.
politician —(पॉ ल ट शअन्) n. one versed in politics. नी त .
pollute —(पॉल् यूट) v. t. to defile. नष् ट करना, गन् दा करना.
pollution —(पॉलूशन) n. defilement. अप व ता, षण.
polygon —(पॉलीगन) n. a five sided figure. पंचभुज े , ब भुज.
pomade —(पॉमेड) n. a perfumed ointment for hair. बाल का सुग धत लेप या
मलहम.
pompous —(पॉम् पस) adj. splendid, showy. शानदार, दखावट .
ponder —(पौण् डर) v. t. to think, meditate. सोचना, वचारना.
poorness —(पुअरनेस) n. lack of good quality. गुण का अभाव.
popularity —(पॉपुलै रट ) n. state of being liked or admired. सव यता, शोहरत.
population —(पॉपुलेशन) n. the people of a country. जनसंख् या.
portable —(पोटब् ल) adj. movable, light. उठाने योग् य, हल् का.
portfolio —(पोटफ़ो लयो) n. a portable case for keeping loose papers, office
of a minister of state. ब ता, कायभाग.
portrait —(पोर े ट) n. a photograph. च .
positively —(पो ज़ टवली) adv. in a positive manner. प प से.
possession —(पज़ेशन) n. state of owning. अ धकार, क ज़ा.
possibly —(पॉसी ली) adv. perhaps. कदा चत.
postal —(पो टल) adj. connected with post. डाक स बन् धी.
poster —(पो टर) n. a placard. व ापन.
post-date —(पो टर-डेट) v. t. to put on date after the actual time of writing.
बाद क त थ डालना.
post-mortem —(पो ट-मॉटम) adj. examination after death. मृ यु के बाद क
जांच.
postpone —(पोस् टपोन) v. t. to adjourn, to delay. टालना, मु तवी करना, दे री
करना.
potency —(पोटे सी ) n. power. श .
poverty —(पावट ) n. the state of being poor. गरीबी.
practicable —( ै टकेबल) adj. that may be carried out. सा य, वा त वक,
स भव.
practical —( ै टकल) adj. relating to practice. अ यास स बन् धी.
practise —( ै टस) v. i. & t. to put in practice. साधना करना.
praying —( ेइंग) n. the act of praying. ाथना.
preach —( ीच) v. t. & i. to advocate, to deliver sermon. उपदे श दे ना, श ा दे ना,
बताना.
precede —( सीड) v. i. to go before in time or rank. आगे होना.
precious —( ेशस) adj. costly, dear. ब मू य.
precis —( ेसी) n. brief summary. सारांश.
precise —( साइज़) adj. exact. ठ क.
predicate —( ेडीकेट) n. that is affirmed. वधेय.
pre-existence —( ी-एक जसटे स) n. existing beforehand. पूव जीवन.
preface —( ीफ़ेस) n. an introduction to a book. भू मका; v. i. to make
introductory remarks. भू मका लखना.
prefix —( ी फ़ स) n. a particle placed before a word. उपसग.
pregnancy —( ै नै सी) n. state of being pregnant. गभाव था.
prejudice —( जु डस) n. an unreasonable bias. प पात, रा ह.
premature —( मै योर) adj. done or happening too soon. समय के पूव होने
वाला.
prematurity —( मै यो रट ) n . happening untimely. असाम यकता.
premier —( मयर) n. chief. मु य.
preparation —( ेपरेशन) n. previous arrangement. तैयारी.
prescription —( शन) n. medicine prescribed. नु खा.
preservation —( ज़वशन) n. act of keeping safe. बचाव, सुर ा.
preside —( साइड) v. t. to have control over. अ य होना.
presidency —( ेसीडे सी) n. the office of a president. अ य का पद.
pressure —( ेशर) n. force, compulsion. दबाव.
prestige —( े ट ज) n. high reputation, influence on account of past
success. गौरव, त ा.
prevention —( वे शन) n. obstruction. कावट.
priceless —( ाइसलेस) adj. invaluable. ब मू य, बेशक मती.
pride —( ाइड) n. self esteem. घमंड; v. t. to take pride in. घमंड करना.
primitive —( म टव) adj. ancient. ाचीन.
principal —( सपल) adj. main, chief. मु य; n. head of a college. का लज का
अय .
principle —( सपल) n. a fundamental rule or truth. मूल स ा त.
priority —( ायॉ रट ) n. precedence. पूवता.
prisoner —( ज़नर) n. criminal, one confined in a prison. ब द , कैद .
privacy —( ाइवेसी) n. seclusion. एका त.
privilege —( वलेज) n. monopoly. वशेषा धकार; v. t. to bestow special right.
वशेष अ धकार दे ना.
probability —( ोबे ब लट ) n. likelihood. स भावना.
probation —( ोबेशन) n. trial. परी ा-काल.
probe —( ोब) v. i. to search into. परी ा करना, जांचना.
procedure —( ोसीजर) n. manner of legal action. व ध, नयम.
proceeding —( ोसी डग) n. course of action. कारवाई.
process —( ोसेस) n. summons, writ, method, course, state of going on.
परवाना, मनामा, या चका, व ध, री त, तरीका, णाली, उ त.
procession —( ोसेशन) n. a number of persons proceeding in orderly
succession. सवारी, जलूस.
proclamation —( ो लेमेशन) n. notice to the public. घोषणा.
producer —( ो ूसर) n. generator. पैदा करने वाला.
product —( ोड ट) n. a result, yield. फल, प रणाम.
production —( ोड श न) n. the act of producing. उ पादन, तु त.
professional —( ोफ़ेशनल) adj. pertaining to a profession. पेशा स बन् धी.
profitable —( ॉ फ़ टेबल) adj. useful. हतकर.
profound —( ोफाउ ड) adj. very deep, mysterious. व च , ग भीर.
progress —( ो ेस) n. improvement, increse. उन् न त, वृ , अ गमन; v. t. to
advance, to improve. आगे, बढ़ना, उ त करना.
progressive —( ो े सव) adj. advancing. मक वकास.
prohibition —( ो ह बशन) n. the act of forbidding. नषेध.
project —( ोजे ट) n. a plan of purpose. उपाय; v. t. & i. to plan. उपाय करना.
prologue —( ोलोग) n. a preface. तावना.
prominent —( ा मनट) adj. famous. स , व श .
pronoun —( ोनाउन) n. a word used in place of a noun. सवनाम.
pronounce —( ोनाउ स) v. t. & i. to utter. उ चारण करना.
proof —( फ़ ू ) n. test, evidence, demonstration, impression taken for
correction. माण, परी ा, सबूत, छपाई का ूफ.
propagate —( ॉपेगेट) v. t. to increase, to spread. बढ़ाना, चा रत करना.
property —( ॉपट ) n. wealth, attribute. धन, गुण.
prophet —( ॉफेट) n. a foreteller. भ व य व ा.
proposal —( ोपोज़ल) n. a scheme. ताव.
propose —( ोपोज़) v. t. & i. to offer, to plan. ताव रखना, वचार रखना.
proposition —( पोज़ीशन) n. a formal statement. ताव.
proprietor —( ोपराइटर) n. owner. मा लक, वामी.
propriety —( ो ाइट ) n. fitness, rightness, good character. यो यता, शु
च र , औ च य.
prose —( ोज़) n. non-metrical form of speech. ग ; v. i. to talk in prose. ग
म बात करना.
prosper —( ॉ पर) v. i. to thrive. सफल होना.
prosperity —( ॉ पे रट ) n. flourishing state. समृ .
prostitute —( ॉ ट ूट) n. a harlot. र डी, वे या.
protein —( ोट न) n. an albuminoid. एक रासाय नक त व .
prototype —( ोटोटाइप) n. a model. आदश नमूना.
protrude —( ो ूड) v. i. & t. to project, to thrust out. बाहर क ओर नकलना.
provocation —( ोवोकेशन) n. act of provoking. उ ेजना.
provoke —( ोवोक) v. t. to excite. उकसाना, उ े जत करना.
prudence —( ूडे स) n. foresight, wisdom. बु मानी, रद शता, पूव वचार.
prudent —( ूडे ट) adj. wise, foresighted. बु मान, रदश , सावधान.
pseudo —( यूडो) prefix. false, deceptive. म या, कृ म.
pseudonym —( यूडो नम) n. a fictitious name. उपनाम.
publication —(प लकेशन) n. the act of making known publicly. काशन.
publicity —(प ली सट ) n. the state of being public. लोक स .
pun —(पन) n. a play o words. अनेक अथ का श द; v. i. to make use of puns.
इनका योग करना.
punctual —(पं चुअल) adj. exact as to time. साम यक.
punctuality —(पं चुए लट ) n. extreme exactness of time. समय का पालन.
punctuation —(पं चुएशन) n. the act of dividing sentence by marking. लेखन
म वरामा द च ह (जैसे,;:!? आ द) का योग.
punish —(प नश) v. t. to chastise. ताड़ना दे ना.
punishment —(प नशमेण् ट) n. penalty imposed for an offence. दण् ड.
purchase —(पचज़) v. t. to buy. खरीदना; n. buying, thing bought. खरीद, खरीदा
आ सामान.
purgatory —(परगेटरी) a place of spiritual purification. पाप से नमु करने का
थान.
purification —( येरी फ़ केशन) n. the act of purifying. शु करण.
puritan —( यू रटन) n. a person professing strict purity. साधु, प व रहने वाला.
purpose —(परपज़) n. idea or aim. अ भ ाय; v. i. to have an intimation.
अ भ ाय करना.
purposely —(परपज़ली) adv. intentionally. जानबूझ कर.
pursuance —(परसुएं स)) n. following after. अनुसरण.
pursue —(पर यू्) v. t. to aim at, to follow. पीछा करना.
puzzle —(पज़ल) n. a riddle, a difficult problem. पहेली, ; v. t. to bewilder.
परेशान करना, घबराना.
pyorrhoea —(पाय रया) n. discharge of pus from the gums. दांत का रोग.
pygmy —( पगमी) n. dwarf. बौना.

Q
Q -boat —( यू बोट) n. a warship disguised as a merchant ship. ापारी
जहाज़ के भेष म लड़ाकू जहाज़.
quadrate —( वॉडरेट) v. t. to make square. चौकोर बनाना.
quail —( वेल) n. a small bird. लावा; v. t. to fear, to lose heart. भय से कांपना.
qualification —(क् वॉ ल फ़ केशन) n. thing that qualifies. यो यता.
qualified —( वॉलीफ़ाइड) adj. modified. यो य.
qualify —( वॉलीफ़ाइ) v. t. to modify. यो य करना.
quality —( वा लट ) n. rank, virtue. गुण.
qualmish —( वा मश) adj. affected with nausea. जी मचलाने वाला.
quantity —( वां टट ) n. amount. प रमाण.
quarrel —( वॉरल) n. angry dispute. झगड़ा, लड़ाई; v. i. to dispute, to find fault
with. लड़ना, झगड़ना. (quarrelled—p. t. & p.p.) (quarrelling—present
participle.)
quarrelsome —( वॉरलसम) adj. irritable. झगड़ालू.
quarry —( वॉरी) n. a place where stones are dug out. खान, ल य; v. i. to dig
stones from quarry. प थर नकालना.
quarterly —( वॉटली) adj. , adv. & n. once a quarter. ैमा सक.
quarto —( वॉट ) n. a book consisting of sheets folded in four parts. चार
परत क कागज़ क पु तक.
quasi —( वासी) adv. as if, unreal. का प नक.
queenly —( वी नली) adj. like a queen. रानी के समान.
quell —( वेल) v. i. to suppress, to quieten. दबाना.
quench —( वश) v. t. to slake, to satisfy thirst, to put out fire. यास बुझाना,
आग बुझाना.
query —( वरी) n. a question. , पूछताछ. v. t. to doubt. करना, स दे ह
करना.
quest —( वे ट) n. a search. खोज; v. i. & t. to make a search for. खोजना.
questionable —( वे ने ल) adj. doubtful. सं दे हयु .
questioner —( वे नर) n. one who asks questions. क ा.
questionnaire —( वे नेअर) n. list of questions drawn for gathering
information. ावली.
queue —( यू) n. a line of persons. पं .
quinine —( वनीन) n. a drug obtained from the cinchona tree. कुनैन.
quit —( वट) v. t. to leave, to repay. यागना, चुकाना.
quite —( वाइट) adv. altogether. सवथा.
quiver —( ववर) v. t. to shake. कांपना.
quiz —( वज़) v. t. to make fun of. मज़ाक बनाना; n. a general knowledge
test, one given to quizzing. ो र, द लगी बाज़, मज़ा कया.
quorum —(कोरम) n. number required for a valid meeting. कोरम, सभा क
कायवाही के लए सद य क अभी सं या.
quota —( वोटा) n. part, share. भाग, अंश, अ यंश.
quotation —(कोटे शन) n. that which is quoted, current price. उ रण, बाज़ार
भाव, च लत मू य.
quote —(कोट) v. t. to repeat words, to refer, to state price. ंथ के वचन कहना,
माण दे ना, मू य बताना.

R
rabbi —(रेबाइ) n. a jewish doctor of law. य द धमा धकारी.
racial —(रे शयल) adj. pertaining to race. कुल अथवा जा त स बन् धी.
rack —(रैक) n. a frame for holding fodder. नाद, कठौती, बतन; v. t. to torture.
क दे ना.
radian —(रे डयन) n. the angle at the centre of a circle. वृत् त के के का कोण.
radiance —(रै डय स) n. brilliant lustre. आभा, चमक.
radiant —(रै डय ट) adj. shining. चमकता आ.
radium —(रे डयम) n. a costly metal which emits rays. एक चमक ली धातु.
radiate —(रे डएट) v. t. & i. to send forth rays. करण फ़ेकना.
radiator —(रै डएटर) n. a kind of heating apparatus. गम करने का एक यं .
rain —(रेन) n. water falling in drops from cloud. वषा; v. i. to rain. वषा होना.
rainbow —(रेनबो) n. a bow of seven colours. इ धनुष.
rainfall —(रेनफ़ॉल) n. shower of rain. वषा.
rap —(रैप) n. a smart blow. ध का; v. t. to strike with blow. घूसा मारना.
rape —(रेप) n. sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent.
बला कार; v. t. to ravish, to take away by force. बला कार करना, छ न लेना, लूट
लेना.
rapid —(रै पड) adj. swift. तेज़.
rare —(रेअर) adj. uncommon अनूठा, लभ, असाधारण.
rational —(रैशनल) adj. sensible. वचारयु .
raze —(रेज़़) v. t. to erase. खुरचना, मटाना.
razor —(रेज़र) n. an instrument used in shaving hair. उ तरा.
reach —(रीच) v. t. & i. to arrive at. प ंचना.
reaction —( रऐ शन) n. action in response to something. त या.
readable —(रीडेबल) adj. able to be read. पढ़ने यो य.
readily —(रे डली) adv. quickly, easily. ज द से, सुगमतापूवक.
readjust —( रएडज ट) v. t. to adjust again. पुन: ठ क करना, फर से म म रखना.
readmit —( रएड मट) v. t. to admit again. पुन: दा खल करना.
readmission —( रएडमीशन) n. state of being admitted again. पुन: वेश, बारा
दा खला.
realistic —( रय ल टक) adj. true to fact. स य प का.
reality —( रए लट ) n. actual existence. सचमुच.
reap —(रीप) v. t. & i. to cut down crop. फसल काटना.
reappear —( रए पयर) v. i. to appear again. बारा कट होना, पुन: शा मल होना.
reappoint — ( एअपॉइण् ट) v. t. appoint again. पुन: नयुक् त करना.
reason — (रीज़न) n. power of reasoning, cause, rational faculty, argument.
बु , तक, कारण, योजन; v. t. to discuss, to argue, to infer. तक करना, वचार
करना, प रणाम नकालना.
reassure — ( रअश् योर) v. t. to give confidence to. वश् वास दलाना.
rebellion — (रेबी लयन) n. a revolt. राज ोह, व ोह.
reception — ( रसेप् शन) n. the act of receiving. हण.
recital — ( रसाइटल) n. narration, reading. आख् यान, सतु त, पठन.
recognize — ( रकगनाइज़) v. t. to identify. प हचानना.
recognition — ( रकग नशन) n. taking notice, a formal acknowledgement.
पहचानना, माण दे ना.
recognizable — ( रकॉगनाइज़े ल) adj. able to be recognized. प हचानने यो य.
recognizance — ( रकॉ नीज़ै स) n. a legal bond. अंगीकार प .
recommendation — ( रकम डेशन) n. statement meant to recommend.
सफा रश, समथन.
recovery — ( रकवरी) n. state of having recovered. उपल ध वसूली, पुन: ा त.
recreation — ( र एशन) n. enjoyment. मनोरंजन.
recruit — ( र ू ट) v. t. to enlist soldiers. भत करना; n. newly recruited
soldier. भत कया आ सै नक, रंग ट.
rectangle — (रे टगल) n. a four-sided right-angled figure. समकोण चतुभुज.
rectify —(रे टफ़ाई) v. t. to refine. शु करना.
rectitude —(रे ट ूड) n. honesty. स चाई, प व ता.
recur — (रेकर) v. t. to occur again, to be repeated. फर से यान आना, बारा
होना.
reccurring — (रैक रग) adj. coming again. बारा आने वाला.
reduce — ( र ूस) v. t. to bring down, to lower, to degrade. घटाना, पद से
उतार दे ना, कम करना.
reduction — ( रड शन) n. the act of reducing. कमी.
reference — (रेफ़रे स) n. act of referring. नदश, संकेत, संदभ.
referendum — (रे रे डम) n. the submitting of a proposed law to the
electorate for decision. लोक नणय, जनमत.
refinement — ( रफाइमेण् ट) n. the act of refinement. शु ता, संशोधन.
reform — ( रफॉम) n . the act of improving. सुधार.
reformer — ( रफ़ मर) n. one who reforms. सुधारक.
refrain — ( र े न) n. chorus of song. गीत म टे क; v. t. & i. to restrain. रोकना,
संयम करना.
refreshing — ( र े शग) adj. invigorating. आनन् द दे ने वाला.
refreshment — ( र े शमेण् ट) n. light food or drink. जलपान.
refuge — ( र यूज) n. a shelter or safe place. सुर त थान.
refugee — ( र यूजी) n. one who takes refuge. शरणाथ .
refusal — ( र यूज़ल) n. a rejection. अस् वीकृ त.
refuse — ( र यूज़) n. waste matter, dross. बचा आ हस् सा, बेकार भाग.
refutable — ( र युटेबल) adj. able to be refuted, disprovable. खंडन करने यो य,
गलत.
regain — ( रगेन) v. t. to recover possession of to gain back. पुन: अ धकार
पाना, फर से.
regard — ( रगाड) v. t. & i. to esteem. आदर करना.
regarding — ( रगा डग) prep. concerning. वषय म.
regime — ( रजीम) n. time of government. शासन काल.
regiment — (रेजीमेण् ट) n. a body of troops commanded by a colonel, rule,
control. सैन य
् दल, शासन, अनुशासन.
regional — (रीजनल) adj. pertaining to regions. दे शीय.
registered — (र जस् टड) adj. recorded in a register. र जस् टर म लखा आ,
पंजीकृत.
regret — (रे ेट) v. t. to be sorry. ख कट करना.
regrettable — ( र ेटेबल) adj. to be regretted, worthy of regret. पछताने योग् य,
शोचनीय.
regulate — (रेग य ् ूलेट) v. t. to control, to adjust. व् यवस् था करना.
rehearse — ( रहस) v. t. to repeat. दोहराना.
reign — (रेन) n. a rule, kingdom. राजत् व, राज् य; v. i. to rule as a king. शासन
करना.
rein — (रेन) n. the strap of a bridle. लगाम; v. t. to check, to control. संयम या
काबू म करना.
reinforce — (रीइनफ़ोस) v. t. to add strength to. श बढ़ाना.
reinstate — (रीइनस् टेट) v. t. to put back in the former state. पुन: स् था पत
करना.
reiterate — (रीइटरेट) v. t. to repeat again and again. बारम् बार दोहराना.
rejection — (रीजेक् शन) n. refusal. अस् वीकृ त.
rejoice . (रीजॉयस) v. t. to feel great joy. स होना.
rejoin — (रीजॉइन) v. t. & i. to join again. पुन: स म लत होना, पुन: मलना.
rejoinder — ( रजाइण् डर) n. an answer to a reply. त् यु र.
relate . ( रलेट) v. t. & i. to tell, to report. कहना, सूचना दे ना.
relaxation — ( रलै सेशन) n. act of relaxing, partial remission. व ाम,
श थलता, छू ट.
relevance — (रेलेवैन स ् ) n. pertinence. अनु पता.
relevant — (रेलेवै ट) adj. applicable. अनु प.
reliable — (रेलायब् ल) adj. able to be trusted. वश् वास करने योग् य.
reliance — (रेलायन् स) n. confidence. भरोसा.
reluctant — (रेलक् टैण् ट) adj. unwilling. जो राजी न हो.
remain — ( रमेन) v. t. to continue, to stay behind. कायम रहना, बाक रहना.
remark — ( रमाक) n. observation. नरी ण; v. t. & i. to notice, to say
something. दे खना, कहना.
remember — ( रमेम् बर) v. t. to keep in mind. याद करना.
rememberance — ( रमेम् बरैन स ् ) n. memory. यादगार.
remit — (रे मट) v. t. to forgo, to send money. छोड़ना, पया भेजना
remittance — (रे मटे न स
् ) n. money sent. भेजा आ धन.
remorse — (रेमोस) n. regret. पश् चाताप.
removable — ( रमूवेबल) adj. able to be removed. हटाने योग् य.
remove — ( रमूव) v. t. & i. to move from a place, to dismiss. स् थान बदलना.
renaissance — ( रनेसेन स ् ) n. the revival of arts and literature. कला कौशल क
जागृ त का ं काल, पुनजागरण.
rencounter — (रेनकाउण् टर) n. encounter, sudden conflict. न् , आकस् मक
टक् कर.
render — (रेण् डर) v. t. to give in return, to submit. दे ना, स पना, सम पत करना.
renew — ( रन् यू) v. t. & i. to repeat, to make again. नया करना, फर से करना.
renewal — ( रन् यूअल) n. revival. नवीनीकरण.
renounce — ( रनाउन् स) v. t. & i. to reject, to give up. त् यागना.
renowned — ( रनाउण् ड) adj. famous. मश र, स .
renunciation — ( रनन सएशन) n. self denial. ब लदान, त् याग.
repair — ( रपेयर) v. t. to mend. मर मत करना.
reparable — (रेपेयरेबल) adj. able to be mended. सुधारने योग् य.
repeatedly — ( रपीटे ड्ली) adj. over and over again. बारम् बार.
repent — ( रपेण् ट) v. t. to regret about. पछताना.
repentance — ( रपेन ट ् े न स
् ) n. sorrow, regret. पछतावा.
repetition — ( र पटे शन) n. act of repeating. दोहराना.
reporter — ( रपोटर) n. one who makes a report. सम् वाददाता.
represent — ( र ेजेण् ट) v. t. to show, to describe, to act for. कट करना, वणन
करना, त न धत् व करना.
reproduce — ( र ो ूस) v. t. to produce again, to produce copy of. पुन:
उत् पन् न करना, त ल प बनाना.
republic — ( रप लक) n. a commonwealth government without monarch
where power is with people and their elected representatives. जातन् ,
गणरा य.
require — ( रक् वायर) v. t. to demand, to want. मांगना चाहना.
requirement — ( रक् वायरमेण् ट) n. demand. आकां ा.
rescuer — (रेस् यूअर) n. one who rescues. बचाने वाला, मुक् त करने वाला.
research — ( रसच) n. a careful investigation. खोज.
resemblance — ( रज़ेम् बलैन स ् ) n. similarity. तुल् यता, सम पता.
resemble — ( रज़ेम् बल) v. t. to be like or similar to. तुल् य होना.
resembling — (रेज़ेम् ब लग) adj. similar. समान.
resent — ( रज़ेण् ट) v. t. to take ill, to be angry at. ोध करना.
resentful — (रेजेन ट
् फुल) adj. irritable. ोधी.
resentment — ( रज़ेण् टमेण् ट) n. anger. ोध.
reservation — ( रज़वशन) n. the act of reserving. आर ण, संर ण.
residence — (रेज़ीडेन स ् ) n. a place where one lives. नवास.
resident — (रैज़ीडेण् ट) n. one who resides in a place. नवासी.
residential — (रेज़ीडेन श ् ल) adj. relating to residence. नवास सम् बन् धी.
residue — (रेज़ी ू) n. remainder. अवशेष, बचा आ.
residuum — (रेज़ी ूम) n. that which is left. बचा आ भाग.
resign — ( रज़ाइन) v. t. to give up office, to surrender. त् याग प दे ना, इस् तीफा
दे ना, छोड़ना.
resignation — (रे ज़ नेशन) n. the act of resigning. पद-प रत् याग, त् यागप .
resist — (रे ज़ स् ट) v. t. to oppose. अवरोध करना.
resistance — (रे ज़ स् ट स) n. opposition. वरोध.
respect — ( रस् पेक् ट) n. & v. t. to honour, to esteem. तष् ठा करना.
respectable — ( रस् पेक् टेबल) adj. deserving respect. पूज् य, आदरणीय.
respectively — ( रस् पे टवली) adv. relatively. यथा म.
respond — ( रस् पॉण् ड) v. t. to answer. उ र दे ना. (responded- p. t. & p.p.)
respondent — ( रसपॉण् डेण् ट) n. & adj. answering. तवाद .
response — ( रस् पॉन् स) n. an answer. तवचन, उ र.
responsibility — ( रस् पॉ स ब लट ) n. the charge for which one is
responsible. उ रदा यत् व.
responsible — ( रस् पॉ सबल) adj. answerable. जम् मेदार.
restoration — (रेस् टो रशन) n. restoring. उ ार.
restore —(रेस् टोर) v. t. to give back, to build up again, to renew. लौटाना,
सुधारना, नया करना.
restrain — (रेस् े न) v. t. to check, to hinder. रोकना, थामना.
restraint — (रेस् े ण् ट) n. check. कावट.
restriction — (रेस क् शन) n. act of restricting. बन् धन, मयादा, नयन् ण, तबन् ध.
retail — ( रटे ल) v. t. & i. to sell in small quantities. फुटकर ब .
retailer — ( रटे लर) n. one who retails. फुटकर व े ता.
retain — ( रटे न) v.t. to hold back, to engage. रोकना, धारण करना, अटका रखना.
retaliation — ( रटै लएशन) n . revenge, return. बदला, तफल.
retard — ( रटाड) v. t. to hinder. कम करना.
retention — ( रटे नशन) n. act of retaining. धारण करने क श , हण.
retina — (रे टना) n. sensitive layer of the eyes. आंख के पछले भाग क पत,
पटल.
retire — ( रटायर) v. t. to draw back, to go to bed. वा पस आना, सोने जाना.
retirement —( रटायरमेण् ट) n. privacy. एकान् त स् थान.
retouch — (रीटच) v. t. to improve by fine touches. महीन लाइन से च अं कत
करना.
retraceable — (री े सेबल) adj. able to be retraced. खोजने योग् य.
retract — ( र ै क् ट) v. t. & i. to revoke, to draw back. वमुख होना, पलटना, वा पस
लेना.
retrench — (री े न च ् ) v. i. to lessen, to curtail. काटना, कम करना.
retrievable — ( र वेबल) adj. recoverable. बारा पाये जाने योग् य.
retrieve — ( र व) v. t. to recover, to save, to rescue. पुन: ाप् त करना, बचाना,
सुधारना.
retrim — (री म) v. t. to trim again. काट छांट करना.
ridiculous — ( रडीक् युलस) adj. causing laughter. भ ा, हास् योत् पादक.
rifle corps — (राइफ़ल कोर) n. volunteers armed with rifles. बन् क से सुस जत
सै नक दल.
rift — ( र ट) n. a cleft, an opening. दरार, छे द; v. t. to burst open. चीरना.
riftless — ( र टलेस) adj. without a rift. बना दरार का.
rifty — ( र ट ) adj. having cracks. दरारदार.
right — (राइट) adj. correct, lawful, according to rule, opposed to left,
straight. ठ क, उ चत, शु , सीधा, दा हना.
righteous — (राइ च यस) adj. upright, honest, just, lawful. न् यायी, सीधा,
ईमानदार, धमात् मा.
rigid — ( र जड) adj. stiff. कड़ा.
rigidity —( र ज डट ) n. stiffness. कठोरता, ढ़ता.
ring — ( रग) n. an ornament worn on the finger. अंगठ ू .
rinse — ( रन् स) v. t. to clean in water. पानी से साफ करना.
rinsing — ( र संग) n. washing. धुलाई.
risky —( रस् क ) adj. hazardous. आप पूण.
rival — (राइवल) n. a competitor. तस् पधा; adj. competing. स् पधा करने वाला; v.
t. to emulate. स् पधा करना.
roam — (रोम) v. i. to wander. घूमना.
roast — (रोस् ट) v. t. to bake, to cook on open fire. भूनना, सकना.
robe —(रोब) n. a gown. लबादा; v. t. & i . to dress with a robe. लबादा धारण
करना.
rock —(रॉक) n. a large mass of stone. च ान.
rogue —(रोग) n. a knave. धूत; v. t. & i . to cheat. धोखा दे ना.
roguish —(रो गश) adj. knavish, mischievous, villanous. धूत.
romance —(रोमान् स) n. a love story. रोमांच, ेम कहानी.
romantic —(रोमा टक) adj. marvellous. रोमांचक.
room —( म) n. a space, a separative division of a house. स् थान, कमरा.
rot —(रॉट) n. decay. नाश; v. t . & i. to decay. सड़ना.
rotary —(रोटरी) adj. revolving. घूमने या चक् कर मारने वाला.
rotate —(रोटे ट) v. t . & i. to revolve, to cause to revolve. घूमना, घुमाना.
rotation —(रोटे शन) n. the act of turning. मण.
rotten —(रॉटन) adj. decayed. सड़ा आ.
rough —(रफ) adj. not smooth, uncivil. भ ा, खुरदरा, असभ् य.
roughen —(रफेन) v. t . & i to make rough. खुरदरा बनाना.
roundish —(राउ डश) adj. somewhat round. कुछ गोल.
roundly —(राउण् डली) adv. completely, boldly. पूरी तरह से, स् पष् ट प से.
route —( ट) n. road, way. माग, सड़क.
routine —( ट न) n. a regular course of action. काय म.
rowdy —(राउडी) n. disorderly person. उप वी; adj. noisy. कोलाहल.
rubbish —(र बश) n. waste matter, trash. कूड़ा, तुच् छ पदाथ.
rumour —(र ◌्यूमर) n. hearsay. उड़ती ई खबर, लोक वाता.
rupee —( पी) n. a coin of India, Indian currency. पया, भारतीय मु् ा.
rustic —(र टक) adj. of the country. ामीण, दे हाती.
rusticity —(र ट सट ) n. rustic manner. ामीणता.
rusticate —(र टकेट) v. t. to banish from the institution. संस् था से नकाल दे ना.
ruthless —( थलेस) adj. pitiless. नदयी, ू र.

S
sabbath —(सैबथ) n. the divinely appointed day of rest. छु का प व दन.
sabotage —(सैबोटे ज) n. intentional damage. हा न, तोड़-फोड़.
sacred —(से े ड) adj. holy, divine. धा मक, प व .
sacrifice —(सै फ़ाइस) n. an offering to God, a loss. ब लदान, होम; v. t. & i . to
give up, to resign, to offer to God. अपण करना, ब लदान दे ना.
sad —(सैड) adj. sorrowful. :खी, उदास.
safeguard —(सेफ़गाड) n. protection. र ा; v. t. to guard. र ा करना.
safety —(से ट ) n. freedom from danger, security. सुर ा.
saint —(सेण् ट) n. a sage, a holy man. मु न, सन् त.
saleable —(सेलेबल) adj. fit for sale. व य योग् य.
salary —(सैलरी) n. pay. वेतन; v. t. to pay a regular salary. नयम से वेतन दे ना.
sale —(सेल) n. selling. ब .
salt —(सॉल् ट) n. a substance formed by action of acid and base or metal.
लवण; adj. नमक न; v. t. to season with salt. नमक न करना.
salvation —(सैलवेशन) n. freedom from sin. मो , मु .
salve —(सैल् व) n. a healing ointment. मलहम; v. t. to rescue. नाश होने से
बचाना.
sample —(सै पल) n. specimen, model. नमूना.
sandwich —(सैण् ड वच) n. two slices of bread with any sort of food in
between them. सैण् ड वच.
sane —(सेन) adj. of sound mind. स् वस् थ चत् त.
sanitary —(सै नटरी) adj. pertaining to health. स् वास् थ् य सम् बन् धी, सफाई का.
sap —(सैप) n. the vital juice circulating in plants. सार.
satellite —(सै टलाइट) n. a planet revolving round another, a hanger on.
उप ह, अनुचर.
satire —(सैटायर) n. irony, sarcasm. ताना, व् यंग य
् े.
Saturday —(सैटरडे) n. the seventh day of the week. श नवार.
Saturn —(सैटन) n. the name of a planet. श न ह.
sauce —(सॉस) n. liquid or dressing to food for taste. चटनी.
saucer —(सॉसर) n. a small plate. तश् तरी.
saving —(से वग) adj. protecting, preserving. मुक् त करने वाला, र ा करने वाला.
savings —(से वग् स) n. something kept from being expended. सं ह, बचत.
saying —(सेइंग) n. a proverb. कहावत.
scale —(स् केल) n. a thin layer. पतली तह; v. i. to come off in scales. परत
उतरना.
scandal —(स् कैण् डल) n. reproach, shame, calumny. आ ेप, नन् दा.
scant —(स् कैण् ट) n. scarcity. कमी; adj. scarce. कम; adv. scarely. कम मा ा म.
scarce —(स् केअस) adj. scanty, in small quantity. अपयाप् त, कम.
scarcity —(स् केयर सट ) n. rarity, famine. कमी, अकाल.
scarf —(स् काफ़) n. a piece of cloth worn round the neck. माल, स् काफ़.
schedule —(शे ूल) n. a list. सूची, v. t. to place in list or catalogue. सूचीप
बनाना.
scheme —(स् क म) n. a system, plan. काय योजना, वन् यास; v. t. to plan. बन् ध
करना, उपाय करना.
scholar —(स् कॉलर) n. one who learns, one who is learned. व ान.
scholarship —(स् कॉलर शप) n. learning, a money allowance made to a
student. व ता, छा वृ .
s cientist —(साइ टस् ट) n. one who knows or practises science. वै ा नक.
scissors —( सज़स) n. a cutting instrument of two blades moving on a pin.
कची.
scope —(स् कोप) n. range, that at which one aims. े , अ भ ाय, उ े श् य.
scorn —(स् कॉन) n. extreme disdain. नन् दा; v. t. to hate. घृणा करना.
sea —(सी) n. the ocean. समु .
search —(सच) n. an examination. खोज; v. t . & i. to seek out, to investigate
खोजना.
sculpture —(स् कल् पचर) n. work of an sculptor. मू तकला, मू त.
secrecy —(सी े सी) n. privacy. गुप् तता.
secret —(सी े ट) n. a mystery. भेद, रहस् य; adj. hidden, private, concealed.
गूढ़, गुप् त.
secretariat —(से े टे रएट) n. the office of a secretary. स चव का कायालय.
secretary —(से े टरी) n. one who writes letters, a government official.
स चव, मन् ी.
secular —(सेक् यूलर) adj. worldly. लौ कक, धम नरपे .
securable —( स योरेबल) adj. able to be secured. ढ़ करने योग् य.
security —( सक् यो रट ) n. safety. र ा.
seesaw —( ससॉ) n. game in which two children sit and swing. बच् च का
झूला, ढक .
seize —(सीज़) v. t. to catch. पकड़ना.
seizure —(सीज़र) n. a sudden attack. धावा.
seldom —(सेल् डम) adv. rarely, not often. कभी-कभी, कदा चत.
self —(सेल् फ़) n. a person's identity or private interest. नजत् व.
selfish —(सेल फ़ श) adj. concerning only oneself. स् वाथ मतलबी.
semi —(सेमी) prefix . in sense of half. अध, उपसग.
semicolon —(सेमीकोलन) n. a mark of punctuation. (;) सेमीकोलन नामक चन् ह.
sensibility —(से स ब लट ) n. capacity to feel. बोध, मालूम करने क श .
sensible —(सेन ् स बल) adj. appreciable. समझदार.
sensitive —(से स टव) adj. easily moved. भावुक.
sensuality —(सेन स
् ुऐ लट ) n. gratification of appetites. इ य ज नत सुख.
sensuous —(सेन स् ुअस) adj. derived from the senses. इ य ज नत.
separable —(सेपरेब् ल) n . & adj. that can be separated. अलग करने योग् य.
separate —(सेपेरेट) adj. divided. अलग; v. t . & i. to divide. पृथक करना.
separation —(सेपरेशन) n. disjoining. भन् नता, वयोग.
serene —( सरीन) adj. clear, calm. शान् त, नमल.
sergeant —(सारजेण् ट) n. a noncommissioned officer in the army. सामान् य
सेना धकारी.
serviceable —(स वसेबल) adj. useful. उपयोगी.
settlement —(सेट्लमेण् ट) n. the act of settling. नणय.
sever —(सेवर) v. t. & i. to separate. अलग करना.
several —(सेवेरल) adj. separate. पृथक.
severe —( स वयर) adj. harsh, strict. सख् त, कठोर.
sex —(सेक् स) n. the characteristics which distinguish a male from a
female. लग.
sexual —(सेक् स् युअल) adj. pertaining to sex. लग स ब धी.
shade —(शेड) n. a place sheltered from the sun. छाया; v. t. to screen, to
shelter. छाया करना.
shady —(शेडी) adj. dark, gloomy. छायादार.
shake —(शेक) v. t. & i . to move, to vibrate. कांपना, हलना.
shallow —(शैलो) adj. not deep, trivial. छछला, ओछा.
shampoo —(शैम् पू) v. t. to wash and rub the head with lather. सर धोना.
share —(शेयर) n. a portion, an allotment. अंश; v. t. to divide. भाग करना.
sheep —(शीप) n. a woolly animal. भेड़.
sheepish —(शी पश) adj. timid. डरपोक.
sheer —( शयर) adj. utter, mere, absolute. बल् कुल, सीधा, नरा, एकदम.
sheet —(शीट) n. a broad piece of paper, a sail. कागज़ का ताव, पतवार.
shiftiness —( श ट नेश) n. the state of being shifty. कपट.
shield —(शील् ड) n. armour for defence. ढाल, कवच, तर क.
shining —(शाइ नग) adj. brilliant. चमकदार.
shipping —( श पग) adj. relating to ships. जहाज़ सम् बन् धी.
shock —(शॉक) n. a collision, a sudden jerk. आघात, धक् का.
shocking —(सौ कग) ad. offensive. ुब् ध या स् त भत करने वाला.
short —(शॉट) adj. having little height, hasty. अल् प, छोटा; adv. suddenly.
तुरन् त.
shortcoming —(शॉटक मग) n. a fault. कमी, गलती, ु ट.
shortage —(शॉटज) n. an insufficient supply. कमी.
shorten —(शॉटन) v. t. to make short. कम करना, घटाना.
shout —(शाउट) v. t. to cry loudly. चल् लाना; n. loud cry. शोर, च लाहट.
shrewd —( ूड) adj. keen witted, cunning. चतुर, हो शयार.
shrinkable —( केब् ल) adj. able to contract. सकुड़ने यो य.
shun —(शन) v. t. to avoid. घृणा करना, र रहना.
shut —(शट) v. t . & i. to confine, to close, to separate. बन् द करना, रोकना.
sigh —(साई) n. long breath. आह; v. t. to mourn, to grieve. ठं डी सांस भरना,
:ख कट करना.
sign —(साइन) n. a symptom, a gesture, a distinctive work. चन् ह, संकेत,
ल ण; v. t. to mark with a sign. चन् ह करना, हस् ता र करना.
signature —( सग् नेचर) n. person's name written by himself. हस् ता र.
significance —( स न फ़ केन् स) n. meaning, importance. ता पय, अथ, महत् व.
silence —(साइलेन स् ) n. stillness. शा त; v. t. to make silent. शान् त करना.
silent —(साइलेण् ट) adj. calm, quiet, still. शांत, मौन, खामोश.
silliness —( सलीनेस) n. the quality of being silly. अनाड़ीपन.
simile —( स मली) n. a figure of speech. उपमा.
simplicity —( सम् पली सट ) n. innocence. सरलता.
sin —( सन) n. wickedness. पाप; v. i. to commit sin. पाप करना.
since —( सन् स) adv. prep . & conj. ago, in the past time, after, through the
period between past and present. तबसे.
sincere —( सन सयर) adj. honest, true. ईमानदार, सच् चा.
sincerity —( सन सय रट ) n. सच् चाई, खरापन.
singular —( सग् यूलर) adj . single, rare, remarkable. अकेला, अनोखा, व च .
sir —(सर) n. a word used in addressing a master or elder. महाशय.
sire —(सायर) n. a senior, a master, father, ancestor, a title. ीमन, पूवज,
जूर, पता, महाराज.
situate —( सचुएट) adj. place. रखना, स् था पत करना.
sketch —(स् केच) n. an outline. परेखा, खाका; v. t. to draw an outline. खाका
बनाना.
skin —( कन) n. hide, rind. खाल, चमड़ा, छाल; v. t. to strip off the skin. खाल
उतारना.
skip —( कप) v. i. to leap. कूदना.
slaughter —(स् लॉटर) n. a killing. हत् या, संहार; v. t. to murder. वध करना.
slave —(स् लेव) n. one who is held in bondage, a helpless victim. दास; v. i.
to work like a slave. दास क तरह काम करना.
slay —(स् ले) v. t. to kill. मार डालना.
sleep —(स् लीप) n. slumber. न द; v. i. to slumber. सोना.
slip —(स् लप) n. a mistake. भूल; v. t. & i. to glide, to make a false step, to
err. फसलना, भूल करना.
slum —(स् लम) n. a dirty area. गंद बस् ती.
small —(स् मॉल) n. a slender part. छोटा या थोड़ा भाग; adj. of little size and
strength. लघु.
smile —(स् माइल) n. look of pleasure. मुस् कुराहट, सन् नता; v. i. to laugh
slightly. मुस् कुराना.
smoke —(स् मोक) n. fog, gases, vapour; धुंआ; v. t. & i. to give forth smoke.
धूंआ नकलना.
smuggle —(स् म ल) v. t. to import or export goods without paying custom
duties. चोरी से माल लाना या ले जाना.
snake —(स् नेक) n. a serpent, a slow lazy person. सांप, धूत मनुष् य.
sneeze —(स् नीज़) v. t. to eject air through the nose violently with an
audible sound. छ कना.
snow —(स् नो) n. frozen vapour falling in white flakes. तुषार, पाला, बफ़; v. i. to
fall in snow. बफ़ पड़ना.
soap —(सोप) n. a compound of fats and alkalies, a washing substance.
साबुन; v. t. to wash with soap. साबुन से साफ करना.
sociable —(सोशेबल) adj. friendly, fit for company. मलनसार.
solemn —(सॉलेम) adj. serious, grave. गम् भीर.
solicit —(सॉ लसट) v. t. & i. to try to obtain. ाप् त करने क को शश करना.
solid —(सॉ लड) adj. whole, compact. सम् पूण.
solidarity —(सॉलीडै रट ) n. joint liability. परस् पर आधीनता.
solitude —(सॉली ूड) n. loneliness. अकेलापन.
soluble —(सॉल् यूबल) adj. capable of being dissolved. घुलनशील.
solvable —(सॉल् वे बल) adj. that may be solved. व् याख् या करने योग् य.
something —(सम थग) n. an unknown event. अ ात घटना.
soon —(सून) adv. in a short time, promptly. शी , तुरंत.
sorrow —(सॉरो) n. grief, regret. शोक, रंज; v. t. to regret. शोक कट करना.
sound —(साउण् ड) adj. healthy, unhurt. स् वस् थ; v. t. & i. to fathom the depth
of water. गहराई नापना.
sound —(साउण् ड) n. that can be heard. आवाज; v. t. to utter aloud. बोलना.
soup —(सूप) n. liquid food. रसा.
sow —(सो) n. a female pig. सुअरी; v. t. to spread seeds. बोना.
sparable —(स् पैरेबल) n. a headless nail used by shoemakers. बना माथे क
क ल.
spare —(स् पेयर) v. t. to save. बचाना; adj. frugal, thin. अल् प, थोड़ा, बल.
sparkle —(स् पाकल) n. a little spark. v. i to glitter. चमकना.
specific —(स् पै स फ़ क) n . & adj . definite, precise, distinct, a sure remedy.
धान, मुख् य, अचूक औष ध.
specification —(स् पै स फ़ केशन) n. a particular mention of anything. वशेष,
वस् तार पूवक, व शष् ट ववरण.
spectacle —(स् पेक् टेक् ल) n. show, sight. श् य, तमाशा (spectacles—n . चश् मा.)
speech —(स् पीच) n. the faculty of speaking. वाणी, भाषा.
spendthrift —(स् पे ड ट) adj. person who wastes his money. अ धक खच
करने वाला, फजूल खच.
spin —(स् पन) v. t. & i. to make thread by drawing out and twisting
threads. कातना.
spine —(स् पाइन) n. the back bone. रीढ़.
spirit —(स् ट) n. the soul, courage, disposition, energy, आत् मा, श , ाण.
spiritual —(स् चुअल) adj. holy. प व , ईश् वरीय.
sport —(स् पोट) n. a game, jest. खेल, ड़ा; v. t. & i . to trifle. हंसी करना, कौतुक
करना.
sprinkling —(स् लंग) n. the act of scattering in drops. छड़काव.
sprout —plant. पौधे का अंकुर. v. t. to grow. उगना.
spurn —(स् पन) v. t. to treat contemptuously. तरस् कार करना.
spy —(स् पाई) n. secret agent, one who watches secretly. जासूस, गुप् तचर.
squash —(स् कवैश) n. a crush. कुचला पदाथ; v. t. to crush, to reduce to pulp.
कुचलना, भुरता, बना दे ना, ठू सना.
squeezable —(स् क् वीज़ेबल) adj. able to be squeezed. नचोड़ने योग् य.
squeeze —(स् क् वीज़) v. t. & i. to press, to extort money. दबाना, नचोड़ना, पया
ठना.
stable —(स् टेबल) adj. firmly fixed. नश् चय.
stable —(स् टेबल) n. a building for lodging horses. अस् तबल, घुड़साल; v. t. to
keep in stable. अस् तबल म रखना, घुड़साल म रखना.
stadium —(स् टे डयम) n. an athletic ground. अखाड़ा.
stage —(स् टेज) n. a raised platform, scene, the dramatic art. रंगमंच, नाटक,
मचान; v. t. & i. to play on the stage. नाटक खेलना.
stagnant —(स् टैगनैण् ट) n. dull. मन् द.
stamina —(स् टै मना) n. strength. सहनश .
stammer —(स् टैमर) v. t. to speak with hesitation. हकलाना.
standardize —(स् टैण् डरडाइज) v. t. to conform to standard. माण या स्त र के
अनुसार करना.
stark —(स् टाक) adj. stiff. क ठन; adj. quite. बल् कुल.
starting —(स् टा टग) n. departure. स् थान.
starvation —(स् टारवेशन) (n .) the act of starving. उपवास, आहारहीनता.
starve —(स् टाव) v. t. &. i. to cause to starve, to die or die for want of food.
भूख मरना.
stationary —(स् टेश् नरी) adj. fixed. स् थर.
stationery —(स् टेश् नरी) n. writing materials. लेखन साम ी.
statue —(स् टेच् यू) n. a cast image. खोद ई मू त.
stature —(स् टेचर) n. the natural height of the body. आकार, कद.
status —(स् टेटस) n. rank, social position. पद.
stay —(स् टे) n. stop. काव; v. t. & i. to remain, to stop. कना, थमना, ठहरना.
steadfast —(स् टेडफ़ास् ट) adj. firm. अटल.
steadily —(स् टे डली) adv. firmly. स् थरता से.
steely —(स् ट ली) adj. made of steel. कठोर.
steep —(स् ट प) n. a precipitous place. ढलुआ, स् थान; adj. sloping. ढालू.
stenography —(स् टेनो ाफ ) n. short hand. संकेत ल प.
sterile —(स् टेराइल) adj. barren, unfruitful. बांझ, ऊसर, नष् फल.
sterling —(स् ट लग) adj. genuine, of solid worth. नमल, खरा, असली; n.
English coin. अं ेजी, मु ा.
sterility —(स् ट लट ) n. barrenness. ऊसरपन.
sterilization —(स् टे रलाइजेशन) n. the act of sterilizing. क टाणु का र करना.
stimulate —(स् टम् युलेट) v. i. to incite. उकसाना.
stimulation —(स् टम् युलेशन) n the act of exciting. उत् तेजना.
stirring —( टर रग) adj. exciting. उत् तेजना.
stitch —(स् टच) n. a single pass of needle in sewing. टांका; v. t. to sew.
सीना.
stomach —(स् टम् क) n. an organ in which food is digested. पेट, उदर; v. t. to
suffer patiently. धैय से सहना.
stone —(स् टोन) n. piece of rock, a gem, a monumental tablet. पत् थर, रत् न,
शला प थर.
stop —(स् टॉप) n. halt, a pause. व ाम; v. t. to halt, to pause. कना.
stoppage —( टॉपेज) n. obstruction. कावट.
storey —(स् टोरी) n. the horizontal division of a building. मकान क मं जल,
तल् ला.
story —(स् टोरी) n. legend, tale, short narrative. कहानी.
stout —( टाउट) adj. strong. मज़बूत.
straight —(स् े ट) adj. honest, not bent. सच् चा, सीधा.
straighten —(स् े टन) v. t. to make straight. सीधा करना.
straightforward —(स् े टफ़ॉरवड) adj. frank, honest. सत् यवाद .
straightway —( े टवे) adv. at once. तुरन् त.
strained —(स् े ण् ड) adj. unnatural. तना आ.
strand —(स् ै ड) n. shore, beach. तट, कनारा; v. t. to drive ashore. कनारे पर
लगाना.
stranger —(स े न् जर) n. a foreigner. परदे शी.
strap —(स् ै प) n. a long narrow strip usually of leather. तस् मा, फ ता, प .
strategy —(स् ै टेजी) n. military tactics. यु व ा, रण कौशल.
straw —(स् ॉ) n. dry corn, stock. पुआल, भूसा.
stream —(स् म) n. a body of running water. ोत, धारा; v. t. & i . to flow in a
stream. धारा म बहना.
streamlet —(स् मलेट) n. a little stream. छोटा सोता.
strength —(स् थ) n. power, force, vigour, intensity, श , भाव.
strengthen —(स् ै न थ
् ) v. t. & i. to make strong. श शाली बनाना.
stress —(स् े स) n. pressure, strain, force, effort. भार, बोझ, दबाव, ज़ोर.
stretch —( े च) n. extent. वस् तार; v. t. to lengthen, to extend. फैलाना.
stretcher —(स् े चर) n. an appliance for carrying a sick and disabled
person. स् े चर.
strike —(स् ाइक) n. refusal of workman to work, till the grievance is
removed. हड़ताल, कायबंद .
striking —(स् ाइ कग) adj. impressive. भावशाली.
string —(स् ग) n . a fine cord. डोरी.
strive —(स् ाइव) v. i. to try hard, to struggle. यत् न करना.
structure —(स् क् चर) n. construction, form. ढांचा, रचना.
stubborn —(स् ट्बन) adj. obstinate. हठ , ज .
studious —(स् टू डअस) adj. thoughtful, devoted to study. वचारवान,
अध् ययनशील, पढ़ने वाला.
study —(स् टडी) n. meditation, careful reading. अध् ययन; v.t , & i . to
contemplate. ध् यान, वचार, अध् ययन करना.
stupid —(स् टु पड) adj. dull. मूख.
stupidity — (स् टु प डट ) n. foolishness. मूखता.
sturdiness —( टू ड नेस) n. the state of being sturdy. ढ़ता.
sturdy —(स् टड ) adj. strong. पुष् ट.
stutterer —(स् टट ◌्रर) n. a stammerer. हकला कर बोलने वाला.
Style —(स् टाइल) n . manner. ढं ग प; manner of writing or speaking. लखने
या बोलने का तरीका.
subdivision —(सब डवीज़न) n. a subordinate department उप- वभाग.
subdue —(सब ू) v. t. to conquer. जीतना.
subjugate —(सबज् यूगेट) v. t. to bring under control. अ धकार म लाना.
sublet —(सबलेट) v. t. to underlet or lease to another person. कसी सरे को
अपना ठे का दे ना.
sublime —(सबलाइम) n. majestic style. ौढ़ री त; adj. noble, exalted. महान,
तापी.
submission —(सब मशन) n. obedience to authority. आ ा पालन.
submit —(सब मट) v. t . & i. to yield. हार मानना, स् वीकार करना.
subscribe —(सब् स ाइब) v. t. & i. to sign. to assent. नाम लखना, ाहक बनना.
subsequent —(सब् सी वेण् ट) adj. following after. उ रकालीन.
subsidiary —(स स डयरी) adj. helping. सहायक.
subsidy —(स सडी) n. assistance, aid in money. आ थक सहायता.
substance —(स सटे स) n. the essential part. सार, त ् व.
substantial —(सब् सटशल) adj. essential, real, material. महत् वपूण, वास् त वक,
धनी.
substitute —(सब् सट ूट) v. t. to put in other's place. सरे क जगह रखना n.
person or thing doing the work of another. त न ध.
subvention —(सबवेन श ् न) n. support. सहारा.
subversion —(सबवज़न) n. ruin, नाश.
succeed —(सकसीड) v. t . & i. to be successful to follow after सफल होना, बाद
म होना.
success —(सक् सेस) n. a favourable result. सफलता.
succession —(सक् सेशन) n. relation, line. परम् परा, वंश, पं .
successor —(सक़सेसर) n. one who succeeds. उ रा धकारी.
such —(सच) adj. of the same kind, similar. उसी तरह का.
sudden —(सडेन) adj. happening unexpectedly. आकस् मक.
suffer —(सफ़र) v. t. & i. to endure. सहना.
suffering —(सफ़ रग) n. distress. पीड़ा.
suffice —(सफ़ाइस) v. t. & i. to be enough. पयाप् त होना.
sufficiency —(स फ़ शएन् सी) n. ability, capacity. समथता.
sufficient —(स फ़ शएण् ट) adj. adequate. पयाप् त.
suffix —(स फ़ क् स) n. a letter or syllable appended to a word. त् यय.
suicide —(स् यूसाइड) n. death by one's own hand. आत् महत् या.
suit —(स् यूट) n. a petition. ाथना.
suitability —(स् यूटे बलीट ) n. suitableness. योग् यता.
Sum —(सम) n. total, a question. योग, श् न; v. t. to total. जोड़ना.
summarize —(समराइज़) v. t. to present briefly. सं ेप करना.
summary —(समरी) n. a short, concise statement. सारांश; adj. brief. सं ेप.
sunny —(सनी) adj. bright. cheerful. चमक ला.
superhuman —(सुपर मन) beyond human power. अ तमानवीय.
superintendence —(सुप रन् टेण् डेण् स) n. management. बन् ध.
superintendent —(सुप रन् टेण् डेण् ट) n. an overseer. नरी क.
superior —(सुपी रयर) adj. higher in place. ेष् ठ.
superiority —(सुपी रयॉ रट ) n. pre-eminence. ेष् ठता.
superlative —(सुपरले टव) adj. supreme. सव म.
supersede —(सुपरसीड) v. t. to override. पीछे छोड़ दे ना.
superstition —(सुपरस् ट शन) n. false religion. झूठा मत, मथ् या धम, अंध वश् वास.
supervise —(सुपरवाइज़) v. t. to watch and direct the work. नगरानी करना,
दे ख-भाल करना.
supplement —(स लीमेण् ट) n. addition. शेष, प र शष् ट; v. t. to add. जोड़ना,
बढ़ाना.
supplementary —(स लीमेण् टरी) adj. additional. पूरक.
suppose —(सपोज़) v. t. & i. to think, to imagine. सोचना, कल् पना करना.
supremacy —(सु ीमैसी) n. highest authority. ेष् ठता.
supreme —(सु ीम) adj. highest in authority. ेष् ठ.
sur —(सर) over . अ धक.
surcharge —(सरचाज) n. over charge. अ धक भार; v. t. to over charge. अ धक
कर लगाना.
surely —(श् योरली) adv. certainly. अवश् य.
surgeon —(सजन) n. expert in surgery. सजन, शल् य च क सा का वशेष .
surgery —(सजरी) n. the science and art of a surgeon. शल् य व ा.
surmount —(समाउण् ट) v. t. to conquer. जीतना, परास् त करना.
surname —(सरनेम) n. one's family name. उपनाम, कुलनाम.
surplus —(सरप् लस) n. a quantity which exceeds beyond what is wanted.
बचत.
surprising —(सर ाइ ज़ ग) adj. exciting wonder. आश् चयजनक.
surroundings —(सराउ डंग स ् ) n. circumstances. प रस् थ त.
surveillance —(सरवेलैन स
् ) n. inspection. चौकसी.
survive —(सवाइव) v. t. to continue to live. जी वत रहना.
suspicion —(सम पशन) n. mistrust, doubt. संदेह, शक.
suspicious —(सस पशस) adj. doubtful. शंकायुक् त.
sustain —(ससटे न) v. t. to support. सम् भालना.
sweat —(स् वेट) n. toil, labour, perspiration. प र म, पसीना; v. i. to labour. to
perspire. प र म करना, पसीना नकालना.
sweep —(स् वीप) n. act of sweeping. झाडू दे ने क या; v. t. & i . to clear with
a brush. बुहारना.
swell —(स् वेल) n. increase. बढ़ती; v. t. & i. to become larger, to increase, to
expand. बढ़ाना, फैलाना, फुलाना.
swift —(स् व ट) adj. active, quick. तेज़, तगाती.
swim —(स् वम) v. t. & i. to move on water by the movements of limbs.
तैरना.
sword —(सोड) n. a keen edged cutting weapon. तलवार.
symbol —( सम् बल) n. a sign. चन् ह, तीक.
symbolize —( सम् बालाइज़) v. t. to represent by symbol. ल ण ारा दरसाना.
symmetry —( समे ) n. right proportion of parts. संह त.
sympathetic —( सम् पेथे टक) adj. having common feeling with another.
सहानुभू तशील.
sympathy —( स पथी) n. compassion. सहानुभू त.
symptom —( सम् टम) n. indication. ल ण, चन् ह.
synonym —( सनॉ नम) n. a word having the same meaning and
signification as another. पयाय.
synopsis —( सनॉ सस) n. a summary. सं ह, सार.
syrup —( सरप) n. a saturated solution of sugar. the juice of fruits boiled
with sugar. शबत.
systematic —( स टे मै टक) adj. methodical. मक, यथा म.
syntax —( सन् टैक् स) n. the grammatical and due arrangement of words in
a sentence. वाक् य रचना.
synthesis —( सन् थे स स) n. a building up. संयोग समन् वय.
syringe —( स रन् ज) n. a pipe furnished with a piston. पचकारी; v. t. to spray
with a syringe. पचकारी दे ना.

T
tab —(टै ब) n. a tag. फ ता.
tabby —(टै बी) adj. of different colours. व च रंग, चतकबरा.
table —(टे बल) n. a flat smooth surface, a flat surface supported on legs.
चौक , मेज़; v. t. to form into a list. सूचीप बनाना.
tablet —(टै ब् लेट) n. a small table, pills of medicine. छोट मेज़, दवाई क गोली.
taboo —(टै बू) n. something prohibited. नषेध; v. t. to prohibit by authority.
नषेध करना.
tackle —(टै कल) n. an appliance for lifting or lowering heavy weights. भारी
पदाथ को चढ़ाने या उतारने का यं ; v. t. to seize. पकड़ना.
tact —(टै क् ट) n. adroitness, cleverness. कुशलता.
tactics —(टै क टक् स) n. manner of proceeding. यु .
tale —(टे ल) n. a story. कहानी.
talent —(टै लेण् ट) n. high mental ability. असाधारण बु , योग् यता.
talkative —(टॉके टव) adj. loquacious. बकंवाद .
tamper —(टै म् पर) v. t. & i. to meddle. वघ् न डालना, गुप् त व् यवहार करना.
tamperer —(टै म् परर) n. one who tampers. गुप् त व् यवहार करने वाला.
tangle —(टगल) n. complication. उलझन; v. t. to knit together confusedly.
उलझन.
tape —(टे प) n. a narrow band. फ ता; v. t. to bind with tape. फ ते से बांधना.
tardiness —(टा डनेस) n. sluggishness. धीमापन.
tax —(टै क् स) n. a charge made by government on property. कर; v. t. to
impose a tax. कर लगाना.
taxation —(टै क् सेशन) n. the act of taxing. कर नधारण.
taxi —(टै क् सी) n. a motor-car plying on hire. भाड़े क मोटर.
teaching —(ट चग) n. instruction. श ा.
tearless —( टयरलेस) adj. without tars, easy. अ ुहीन, सरल.
technique —(टे क नक) n. mechanical art or skill. यं कला.
technology —(टे कनॉलॉजी) n. the science of industrial arts. शल् पकला व ान.
tedious —(ट डअस) adj. wearisome, irksome. खदायी, कष् टकारक, क ठन,
थकाने वाला.
temper —(टे म् पर) n. temperament, passion. स् वभाव, कृ त.
temperance —(टे म् परेन स ् ) n. self restraint. संयम.
tempest —(टे म् पेस् ट) n. tumult, a violent storm. हलचल, आंधी.
temporary —(टै म् पररी) adj. lasting for a short time only. अस् थाई.
tempt —(टे म् प् ट) v. t. to try, to allure. यत् न करना, ललचाना.
tenacity —(ट नै सट ) n. obstinacy. हठ, ढ़ता.
tenant —(टे नेण् ट) n. one who occupies a house on rent. करायेदार.
tendency —(टे ण् डेन स ् ी) n. direction. वृ , झुकाव.
tenor —(टे नर) n. a course, direction. म, तात् पय.
tension —(टे न श ् न) n. state of being stretched. तनाव.
tentative —(टे नटे टव) adj. made or done as an experiment. योग स ब धी.
terminate —(टर मनेट) v. t. & i. to put to end. समाप् त करना.
terrible —(टे रीबल) adj. frightful. भयानक.
terrify —(टे रीफ़ाई) v. t. to alarm, to frighten. डराना.
territory —(टे रीटरी) n. a region. दे श, भू म.
testament —(टे स् टामेण् ट) n. a will. मृत् यु लेख, वसीयतनामा.
textual —(टे क् सचुअल) adj. pertaining to text. मौ लक.
texture —(टे क् सचर) n. tissue, a web. रचना बनावट.
thankless —(थक् लेस) adj. ungrateful. कृतघ् न.
thanks —(थक् स) n. an expression of gratitude. धन् यवाद.
theft —(थे ट) n. stealing a thing. चोरी.
theist —(थीइस् ट) n. a believer in existence of God. आ तक.
theme —(थीम) n. topic, subject. वषय, करण, संग.
therefore —(दे अरफ़ोर) adv. इस लए.
thermometer —(थमामीटर) n. an instrument for measuring temperature.
तापमापक यं .
thesis —(थी सस) n. an essay. लेख, वषय.
thief —(थीफ़) n. one who steals. चोर.
thirst —(थस् ट) n. desire for drink. प् यास, तृष् णा; v. i. to have desire for drink.
प् यास लगना.
thither —( ददर) adv. to that place. वहां, उस स् थान पर.
thoroughfare —(थरोफेअर) n. a public road. सड़क, राजमाग.
though —(दो) adv. & conj. notwithstanding. य प.
thousand —(थाउजैण् ड) n. the number of ten hundred. हजार.
threat —( ैट) n. declaration of an intention to punish. धमक .
threaten —( ैटन) v. t. to menace. धमकाना.
thrice —( ाइस) adv. three times. तीन बार.
thrift —( ट) n. frugality. मतव् य यता.
throat —( ोट) n. the gullet. गला, गरेठ .
through —( ू) prep. from one end to the other. आरपार.
throughout —( ूआउट) adv. & prep. in every part. त् येक भाग म.
Thursday —(थसडे) n. the fifth day of week. गु वार.
tighten —(टाइटे न) v. t. to draw tight. कसा, कसना.
timely —(टाइमली) adj. & adv. early. शी , समय पर.
timid —( ट मड) adj. fearful. कायर.
title —(टाइ टल) n. a name of distinction. पदवी, अ धकार.
toady —(टोडी) n. a mean, flatterer. नीच, मथ् या शंसक; v. t. to flatter meanly.
नीचता से शंसा करना.
tobacco —(टु बैको) n. a plant whose leaves are used in eating and
chewing. तम् बाकू.
toe —(टो) n. a digit of the foot. पैर क उंगली, अ भाग.
tolerance —(टॉलेरै स) n. patience. धैय.
toil —(टॉवल) n. hard labour. प र म; v. i. to labour. प र म करना.
tolerable —(टॉलरेबल) adj. endurable. काम चलाऊ.
tomorrow —(टु मॉरो) n. & adv. the following day. कल, आने वाला दन.
tongue —(टं ग) n. the organ of speech, taste and language. जीभ.
tonsil —(टॉ सल) n. one of the two glands at the root of the tongue. गल् ट .
tooth —(टू थ) n. the hard substance in the jaws used for chewing. दांत; v. t.
to indent. दांतेदार बनाना.
topaz —(टोपाज़) n. a gem. एक रत् न, पोखराज.
torpedo —(टॉरपीडो) n. a submarine weapon. पानी के अंदर छोड़ा जाने वाला
गोला.
tortoise —(टॉरटॉएज़) n. a kind of turtle. कछु आ.
torture —(टॉरचर) n. extreme pain of mind or body. कष् ट, पीड़ा; v. t. to vex,
to inflict, pain. कष् ट दे ना.
totality —(टोटै लट ) n. the whole sum. पूण संख् या.
touching —(ट चग) adj. moving. क णात् मक.
tough —(टफ) adj. strong, hard. difficult to break: क ठन, कठोर, सख् त.
tourist —(टू रस् ट) n. one who travels for sightseeing. दशनीय स् थान को दे खने
वाला या ी.
towel —(टॉवल) n. a cloth used for drying the body. तौ लया.
traceable —(ट् ◌ेसेबल) adj. that may be traced. पता लगाने योग् य.
tradition —( ै डीशन) n. unwritten body of beliefs. परम् परा.
traditional —( ै डशनल) adj. according to old custom or practice. परम् परागत.
training —( े नग) n. act of educating. श ण.
traitor —( े टर) n. a deceiver. छली.
traitorous —( टे रस) adj. guilty of treason. कपट .
transferable —( ानसफ़ेरेबल) adj. negotiable, that which can be transferred.
बदलने योग् य.
transform —( ान् सफॉम) v. t. to change the form. प बदलना.
transformation —( ान् सफॉरमेशन) n. change from one form to another.
पान् तर.
transition —( ा सशन) n. a change from one place to another. प रवतन.
travel —( ै वेल) v. t. to go from one place to another. या ा करना.
travelling —( ै वे लग) n. a journey. या ा.
treacherous —( ै चरस) adj. violating. not to be trusted. वश् वासघाती.
treachery —( े चरी) n. breach of trust. वश् वासघात.
treasure —( े ज़र) n. great wealth. कोष, खज़ाना; v. t. to store up. बटोरना, इक ा
करना.
treasury —( ै ज़री) n. place where. treasure is kept. खजाना.
treaty —( ट ) n. signed contract. agreement. सं ध, सुलह.
tremble —( े म् बल) v. i . to shake. कांपना.
tribute —( ब् यूट) n. praise, acknowledgement, gift. शंसा, उपहार, भट, नज़र,
अंशदान.
trifle —( ाइफ़ल) n. a thing of small value. तुच् छ, v. t. to waste time. समय नष् ट
करना.
trifling —( ाइफ़ लग) adj. of little value. तुच् छ.
trim —( म) adj. neat. स् वच् छ; v. t . & i . to decorate. सजाना.
triple —( पल) adj. threefold. तगुना.
triplicate —( प् लीकेट) adj. made three at a time. तगुना; v. i. to make three
copies. तीन तयां बनाना.
triumph —( ाइम् फ़) n. a great victory. वजय; v. t. to gain a victory. वजयी
होना.
trivial —( वयल) adj. of little worth. अधम.
troublesome —( बलसम) adj. annoying. :खदायी.
trustworthy —( स् टवद ) adj. reliable. वश् वास योग् य.
tuberculosis —( ूबरकुलो सस) n. consumption. यरोग.
Tuesday —( ूज़डे) n. the third day of the week. मंगल वार.
tuitional —(टु इशनल) adj. pertaining to tuition. अध् यापन सम् बन् धी.
tumidity —( ू म डट ) n. the state of being swollen. सूजन.
tumour —( ूमर) n. morbid growth or swelling. ण, गल् ट .
turbine —(टरबाइन) n. a water wheel जल चक् क .
tutor —( ूटर) n. private teacher. घर पर पढ़ाने वाला अध् यापक.
tutorial —( ूटो रयल) adj. pertaining to teaching. श ा सम् बन् धी.
twain —(ट् वेन) n. two, a pair. दो, जोड़ा; adv. twice. गुना, दो बार.
twelve —(ट् वेल् व) n . & adj. two and ten. बारह.
twelfth —(ट् वेल् थ) adj. next in order of eleventh. बारहवां.
twentieth —(ट् वट एथ) adj. the ordinal of twenty. बीसवां.
twenty —(ट् वेण् ट ) n . & adj. twice ten. बीस.
twice —(ट् वाइस) adv. two times. दोबारा.
twin —(ट् वन) n. one of two born at the same time. जुड़वां.
twinkle —(ट् वन् कल) v. i. to shine with spark light. चमकना.
twofold —(टू फ़ोल् ड) adj. double. ना.
tying —(टाइंग) n. knot, string, ribbon. गांठ, रस् सी, फ ता.
type —(टाइप) n. symbol, specimen, letter used in printing. चन् ह, नमूना, छापे
के अ र
typhoid —(टाइफॉइड) n . &. adj. a type of fever सं ामक ज् वर.
typical —( ट पकल) adj. symbolical. आदशभूत.
tyranny —( टरेनी) n. severity. नदयता.
tyrant —(टायरण् ट) n. an oppressive ruler. नष् ठुर, शासक.
tyre—(tire ) —(टायर) n. a band of iron or rubber which encircles a wheel.
टायर.
tyro —(टायरो) n. beginner. नव स खया.

U
udal —(यूडैल) n. a free hold state. कर र हत भू म
udder —(अडर) n. one of the mammary gland of animals. थन.
ugly —(अग् ली) adj. not good looking. hateful. कु प, घृ णत.
ulcer —(अलसर) n. a painful sore from which matter flows. फोड़ा, नासूर.
ultimate —(अल् ट मेट) adj. farthest, last. अ तम.
ultra —(अल् ा) in the sense of beyond. अ तशय का उपसग.
un —(अन) pfx. used before nouns, pronouns, adjectives signifying a
negative meaning. “र हत” या “हीन” का उपसग.
unanimous —(यूनैनीमस) adj. agreeing. एकमत.
unaware —(अनअवेयर) adj. ignorant. बेखबर, अ भ .
unclose —(अनक् लोज़) v. t. to open. खोलना.
unclothe —(अनक् लोद) v. t. to make naked. नंगा करना.
undergo —(अण् डरगो) v. t. to bear, to endure. सहना, बदाश् त करना.
underrate —(अण् डररेट) v. t. to value below the true worth. कम मूल् य लगाना.
understand —(अण् डरस् टैड) v. t . & i . to know the meaning of. समझना.
undertake —(अण् डरटे क) v. t . &. i. to attempt, to take upon oneself, to be
bound. यत् न करना, अपनी जम् मेदारी पर काम आरम् भ करना, वचन दे ना.
undo —(अण् डू) v. t. to ruin, to repeal. नष् ट करना, र करना.
undoing —(अण् डूइंग) n. ruin. नाश.
uneven —(अनईवन) adj. odd, not smooth. असमान, असमतल.
unfair —(अनफ़ेयर) adj. unjust. अन् यायपूण.
unfold —(अनफ़ोल् ड) v. t. to disclose. खोलना, रहस् यो ाटन करना.
uniform —(यूनीफॉम) adj. distinctive dress, regular. वद , अ भन् न, एक समान,
एक प.
uniformity —(यूनीफ़ॉ मट ) n. similiarity. समानता.
unimportant —(अनइम् पॉटण् ट) adj. not important, unessential. अनावश् यक.
unique —(यूनीक) adj. without an equal. असमान, अनोखा.
unite —(यूनाइट) v. t . & i . to join together. मलाना.
unity —(यू नट ) n. the state of being one. मेल, ऐक् य.
universality —(यू नवस लट ) n. the state of being universal. वश् वव् यापकता
सावभौमता.
unmoved —(अनमूव् ड) adj. calm, firm. शान् त, अटल.
unrest —(अन् रेस् ट) n. uneasiness. अशां त, बेचैनी.
until —(अ टल) prep. & conj . till such time. जब तक.
unto —(अन् टू) prep. to. को.
unwell —(अन् वेल) adj. indisposed. अस् वस् थ, रोगी.
up —(अप) adv . aloft, on high. ऊंचा.
uphold —(अपहोल् ड) v. t. to devote, to support, to approve or confirm.
समथन करना, पुष् ट करना, उठाना, सही मानना.
uplift —(अप ल ट) v. t. to raise, to exalt. उठाना, उ ार करना.
upon —(अपॉन) prep. on the surface of. ऊपर क ओर.
upset —(अपसेट) v. t. to disturb, to overthrow. परेशान करना, उलटना.
urgent —(अरजेण् ट) adj. important. अ त आवश् यक.
use —(यूज़) n. profit, custom, utility, employment, using. उपयोग, योग, री त,
आवश् य कता; v. t . & i . to employ for a purpose, to be accustomed, to
consume. खच करना, योग करना, अभ् यस् त होना, लाभ उठाना, व् यवहार म लाना.
usual —(यूजुअल) adj. common. सामान् य प से.
usually —(यूजुअली) adj. ordinarily. साधारण री त से.
utter —(अटर) adj. complete, total. पूण; v. t. to speak, to pronounce. कहना,
उच् चारण करना.
utterance —(अटरेन स ् ) n. the act of uttering. उच् चारण, कथन.

V
vacancy —(वेकेन् सी) n. the state of being vacant. खाली.
vacant —(वेकेण् ट) adj. empty. शून य
् , खाली.
vacation —(वेकेशन) n. the period of rest. छु .
vacationist —(वकेश नस् ट) n. one who enjoys holiday. छु बताने वाला.
vaccination —(वैक् सीनेशन) n. injection. ट का.
vaccinator —(वैक् सीनेटर) n. one who vaccinates. ट का लगाने वाला.
vacuum —(वैक् युम) n. empty space. शून य ् स् थान, रक् तता.
vagabond —(वैगाबॉण् ड) n. one who wanders. स् वेच् छाचारी; adj. wandering.
आवारा.
vague —(वेग) adj. uncertain. अस् पष् ट.
vain —(वेन) adj. empty, showy. व् यथ, नस् सार.
valid —(वै लड) adj. legal, strong. बल, वैध, कानूनी.
validity —(वैली डट ) n. justness. बलता, मान् यता.
valuable —(वैल् यूब् ल) adj. costly. ब मूल् य.
valuation —(वैलुएशन) n. the act of valuing. दाम लगाना.
value —(वैल् यू) n. worth, importance. महत् त् व, उपयो गता; v. t. to estimate. दाम
आंकना.
vanish —(वै नश) v. i . to pass away, to disappear. नष् ट होना, गायब होना.
vanishing —(वै न शग) adj. passing from sight. अ श् य होता आ.
vanity —(वै नट ) n. empty pride. अहंकार.
vapour —(वेपर) n. gas, steam. वाष् प, भाप.
variable —(वै रएबल) adj. fickle, changeable. चंचल, प रवतनशील.
variety —(वैराइट ) n. change, difference. प रवतन, व वधता.
various —(वे रयस) adj. different. भन् न.
vary —(वैरी) v. t . & i . to make different, to diversify, to express variously,
to alter. भन् न- भन् न करना, बदलना, अलग करना.
vegetable —(वेजीटे बल) n. a plant used for food. शाक, वनस् प त.
vegetarian —(वेजीटे रयन) n. one who eats only vegetable. शाकाहारी
valiantly —(वै लयण् टली) adv. bravely. बहा री से.
vehicle —(वे ह कल) n. a carriage, medium. गाड़ी.
veil —(वेल) n. a curtain. घूंघट; v. t. to hide. छपाना, परदा करना.
vender, vendor —(वेण् डर) n. one who sells. बेचने वाला, व े ता.
venerable —(वेनरेबल) adj. worthy of reverence. पूज् य.
venerate —(वेनरेट) v . to pay great respect, to revere. सम् मान करना.
ventilator —(वे टलेटर) n. a contrivance to let in fresh air. रोशनदान.
venture —(वेनचर) n. chance, risk. साहस; v. t . & i. to dare to a risk. साहस
करना.
venturous —(वेनचरस) adj. bold. साहसी.
verbose —(वरबोस) adj. containing too many words. अनेक शब् द का योग
verbosity —(वबौ सट ) n. the quality of being verbose. वाक पंच.
verse —(वस) n. a line of poetry. प .
version —(वज़न) n. translation, account.
via —(वाया) n. a way, by way of. माग से.
vertical —(व टकल) adj. upright, perpendicular. लम् ब प, खड़े प का.
veteran —(वेटेरन) n. old and of long experience, adj . वृ तथा अनुभवी.
veto —(वीटो) n. an authoritative prohibition, the power of prohibiting. रोक,
नषेधा धकार; v. t. to forbid. नषेध करना. नषेध करना.
vex —(वेक् स) v. t. to annoy, to tease, to harass, to distress. :खी करना,
पी ड़ त करना, सताना.
vibration —(वाइ ेशन) n. oscillation. quivering. कंप-कंपी, थरथरी.
vice —(वाइस) n. fault, evil practice. दोष, बुराई; prefix . in place of. त न ध,
स् थान पर.
vicious —( वशस) adj. corrupt, wicked. राचारी, पापी.
viciousness — ( वशसनेस) n. wickedness. ष् टता.
victim —( वक टम) n. a sufferer.
victor —( वक् टर) n. a conqueror, one who wins in a contest. वजयी, यु म
जीतने वाला.
victory —( वक् टरी) n. triumph, conquest. वजय, जीत.
vigour —( वगर) n. strength, force. श , ताकत.
vigorous —( वगरस) adj. strong, energetic. बलवान, बल.
villain —( वलेन) n. a very wicked person. ष् ट मनुष् य.
vim —( वम) n. energy. बल, श .
vindicate —( व डकेट) v. t. to defend, to support, to justify. मा णत करना,
समथन करना, थर करना.
vindication —( व डकेशन) n. defence, justification. र ा, पु .
vine —(वाइन) n. the creeper which bears grapes. अंगरू क लता.
vineyard —(वाइनयाड) n. plantation of vine. अंगरू का बाग़.
violate —(वाएलेट) v. t. to use violence, to break. बल का योग करना, भंग करना.
violation —(वायलेशन) n. act of violating. नयम का उल् लंघन.
violence —(वायलेन स
् ) n. injury, outrage. आघात, अपराध.
violet —(वाइलेट) n. a plant with purple flowers. बनफशा, बगनी रंग; adj. dark
blue. गहरा नीला रंग.
virgin —(व जन) n. a maiden. कुमारी, कन् या; adj. maidenly, pure, chaste.
कन् या, प व .
virtue —(वचू) n. moral, worth, excellence, chastity. धम, सदाचार, नै तक गुण.
virtuous —(वचुअस) adj. morally good. सच् च र , धा मक.
vision —( वज़न) n. sight, dream, imagination. श् य, स् वप् न, कल् पना.
visitor —( व ज़ टर) n. one who visits. आग तुक.
vital —(वाइटल) adj. essential, affecting life, animated. आवश् यक, जीवन
सम् बन् धी, जोशपूण.
vitality —(वाइटै लट ) n. principle of life. चेतना, ाण, जीवन श .
vitalize —(वाइटलाइज) v. t. to put life into. जीवन दान करना.
vitamin —( वटा मन) n. any of numerous organic substances, accessory
food factors, present in nutritive foods and essential for the health of
animal organism. वटा मन, पौ क तत् त् व.
viva-voce —(वाइवा-वोसी) adv . orally, by word of mouth. मौ खक, सम् भाषण
ारा.
vivid —( व वड) adj. full of life, lively, active, clear. सजीव, स् पष् ट, ती .
viz —( वज़) n. (contraction of videlicet) that is, namely. अथात्.
vocabulary —(वोकेब् यूलरी) n. a collection of words arranged in
alphabetical order and en plained, dictionary. शब् दकोश.
vocal —(वोकल) adj. relating to voice. वा चक, वाणी स ब धी.
vocation —(वोकेशन) n. calling in life, profession. पुकार, व् यवसाय, पेशा.
volume —(वॉल् यूम) n. a book, space occupied, size, bulk. पुस् तक, थ,
वस् तार, प रमाण, घनफल.
voluminous —(वॉल् यू मनस) adj. consisting of many volumes, lengthy,
bulky. अनेक थ का, वस् तृत, भारी.
voluntary —(वॉलण् टरी) adj. of one's own free will. spontanecus. इच् छापूवक.
volunteer —(वॉलं टयर) n. one who oins to serve with one's free will. स् वयं
सेवक; v. t. to offer oneself. स् वयं सेवक बनाना.
vomit —(वॉ मट) n. to throw up from the stomach. वमन; v. i . & i वमन (कैय)
करना.
votary —(वोटरी) n. one devoted to any cause or vow. समथक, अनुगामी, भक् त,
उपासक.
vowel —(वॉवेल) n. a letter which can be sounded by itself. स् वर.
voyage —(वॉएज) n. a long journey by water. समु या ा.
vulgar —(वल् गर) adj. mean, low. नीच, अधम.
vulgarity —(वल् गै रट ) n. vulgar manner. अ श ष् टता.
vulnerable —(वलनरेब् ल) adj. able to be damaged. नष् ट करने योग् य.
vulture —(वल् चर) n. a large bird of prey. ग .

W
wabble —(वॉब् ल) v. t. to wobble, to move to and fro. इधर-उधर घूमना.
wafer —(वेफ़र) n. a small thin sweet cake. पतला ब कट, वेफर, माल पुआ,पतली
रोट .
wages —(वेजेज़) n. sum paid for work done. वेतन.
wagon —(वैगन) n. a railway truck. रेल का डब् बा.
wail —(वेल) v. i. to lament. रोना, वलाप करना; n. lament. वलाप, शोक.
waist —(वेस् ट) n. part of the human body between ribs and hips. कमर.
waistcoat —(वेस् टकोट) n. a short, tight, sleeveless coat. वासकट, सदरी, कुत .
wait —(वेट) v. t. & i . to stay. ती ा करना.
waiter —(वेटर) n. a servant. दास, बैरा.
wake —(वेक) v. t. & i . to arouse. जागना, जगाना.
walk —(वॉक) n. manner of walking. चाल v. i. to go on foot.
wander —(वॉण् डर) v. i. to roam. घूमना.
wanderer —(वॉण् डरर) n. a walker. घूमने वाला.
want —(वॉण् ट) n. need, poverty. अभाव, गरीबी: v. t. & i. to need. कमी होना.
wantage —(वॉण् टेज) n. deficiency. अभाव.
wanton —(वॉण् टन) adj. playful, irresponsible, wild. चंचल, अ नयं त, उत् ते जत.
warden —(वॉडन) n. a guardian. र क.
wardrobe —(वॉडरोब) n. a cupboard where clothes are kept. अलमारी.
warfare —(वॉरफ़ेयर) n. engaging in war, armed contest. लड़ाई.
warm —(वॉम) adj. ardent, zealous, earnest. गरम, ती .
warmth —(वॉम् थ) adj. zeal. उत् साह.
warning —(वॉ नग) n. caution. चेतावनी.
warrior —(वॉ रयर) n. a champion, a fighter. यो ा, वीर.
washable —(वॉशेबल) adj. able to be washed. धोने योग् य.
washerman —(वॉशरमैन) n. one who washes clothes. धोबी.
wasp —(वॉस् प) n. a stinging winged insect. बर, ततैया.
wastage —(वेस् टेज) n. loss by waste. य.
waste —(वेस् ट) n. spoil, refuse. तलछट, बेकार; adj. useless, wild. नरथक,
बेकार; v. t . & i . to damage, to spoil. उड़ाना, नाश करना.
waterman —(वॉटरमैन) n . a boat man. मांझी.
waterproof —(वॉटर ूफ़) n. & adj. impervious to water. जल के भाव वं चत, जल
से मुक् त.
watt —(वॉट) n. an electrical unit of power. बजली क इकाई.
wave —(वेव) n. a vibration of water. लहर, तरंग; v. t . & i. to make wave.
लहराना.
wavy —(वेवी) adj. full of waves. लहरदार.
wax —(वैक् स) n. sealing wax, honey शहद, मधु, मोम;v. t . & i. to rub with wax.
मोम रगड़ना.
we —(वी) pron. हम, हम लोग.
weakly —(वीकली) adj. infirm. बल.
weakness —(वीकनेस) n. feebleness. बलता.
wealthy —(वेल् थी) adj. rich. धनी.
weapon —(वेपन) n. an instrument of offence or defence. ह थयार.
weather —(वे र) n. the state of atmosphere. मौसम; v. t. to expose to the
air. वायु के सम् मुख करना.
web —(वेब) n. that which is woven. जाला.
wedding —(वे डग) n. marriage. ववाह.
wedlock —(वेडलॉक) n. marriage. ववा हत अवस् था.
week —(वीक) n. a period of seven days. सप् ताह.
weekly —(वीकली) n., adj . & adv . happening once a week. साप् ता हक.
weep —(वीप) v. i . to lament. रोना, आंसू बहाना.
weeping —(वी पग) n. lamentation. वलाप.
weigh —(वे) v. t . & i. to measure. मापना, तौलना.
weight —(वेट) n. heaviness, burden. तौल, वजन; v. t. to load with a weight.
बोझ लादना.
welcome —(वेलकम) adj. received with gladness. स् वागत; v. t. to receive
with gladness. स् वागत करना.
welfare —(वेलफ़ेयर) n. well being. राजी खुशी, कुशल मंगल.
westward —(वेस् टवाड) adv. towards the west. प म क ओर.
wheat —(व् हीट) n. a plant with edible seeds. गे ं.
wheel —(व् हील) n. circular frame. प हया, घेरा, चाक; v. i . to revolve. घूमना-
फरना, चक् क् र काटना.
whence —(व् हेन स ् ) adv. from what place. कैसे.
whenever —(व् हेनएवर) adv. at whatever time. जस कसी समय.
whensoever —(व् हेनसोएवर) adv. at whatever time. कभी भी.
whipping —( ह पग) n. the act of beating with whip. चाबुक से मारने क या.
whispering —( हस् प रग) n. speaking secretly. कानाफूसी.
white —(व् हाइट) n. anything white. सफेद पदाथ; adj. pure, spotless, of the
colour of snow. साफ, सफेद; v. t. to make white. सफेद करना.
whitewash —(व् हाइटवॉश) n. & v. t. to put whitewash on. पुताई करना, सफेद
करना.
whither —( हदर) adv. to what or which place. जधर, जहां.
whole —(होल) adj. complete, entire. पूण, सब; n. complete thing. सब भाग,
सम् पूणता.
wholesale —(होलसेल) n. sale of goods in large quantities. थोक ब ; adj. in
large quantities. थोक.
wholly —(होली) adv. entirely. पूण प से.
width —( वड् थ) n. extent from one side to the other. चौड़ाई.
widow —( वडो) n. a woman whose husband is dead. वधवा.
widower —( वडोअर) n. a man whose wife is dead. रंडुआ.
wild —(वाइल् ड) adj. savage, untamed. जंगली, अ श त, ोधी.
wilful —( वलफुल) adj. obstinate. ज़ .
will —( वल) n. wish, the faculty of deciding. च; v. t. to order, to resolve.
संकल् प करना.
window —( वण् डो) n. an opening in a wall to admit air and light खड़क .
wireless —(वायरलेस) n. communication through electromagnetic waves
without wire. बेतार.
wisdom —( वज़डम) n. prudence. चतुराई, बु मानी.
wishful —( वशफुल) adj. desirous. इच् छुक.
witch —( वच) n. a woman having magical power. जा गरनी; v. t. to enchant.
जा करना.
withdraw —( वद ॉ) v. t . & i . to retire. वापस लेना.
withdrawal —( वद ॉअल) n. act of withdrawing. वापसी.
withhold —( वदहोल् ड) v. t . & i . to hold back, to stay back. रोकना, थामना, दबा
दे ना.
witness —( वटनेस) n. testimony. सा ी, माण; v. t . & i. to attest. मा णत
करना.
woeful —(वोफुल) adj. sorrowful. :खमय, दयनीय.
wolf —(वुल् फ़) n. a wild animal. भे ड़या.
womanhood —(वुमन ड) n. the state of being a woman. त् व.
wonder —(वण् डर) n. a miracle. आश् चय, वस् मय; v. t. to marvel. च कत होना.
wonderful —(वण् डरफुल) adj. strange. अजीब.
work —(वक). n. labour, effort employment. काय, प र म, उ ोग.
workmanship —(वकमैन शप) n. skill, quality. कारीगरी, दस् तकारी.
worry —(वरी) n. anxiety. च ता, परेशानी; v. t. to trouble, to harass. कष् ट दे ना,
परेशान करना.
worship —(व र शप) n. devotion, reverence पूजा, आराधना v. t. to adore. आदर
करना, पूजा करना।.
worshipper —(वर शपर) n. a devotee. पूजक.
worth —(वथ) n. value, merit. मूल् य, क मत, गुण.
worthwhile —(वथव् हाइल) adj. suitable. योग् य, उ चत.
worthless —(वथलेस) adj. of no value.
wound —(वूण् ड) n. injury, hurt by cut. घाव, जख् म; v. t. to injure, to inflict
wound on. घाव करना, घायल करना.
wounded —(वूण् डेड) adj. iniured. घायल.
wrap —(रैप) v. t. to cover, to fold together. तह करना, लपेटना.
wreath —(रीथ) n. garland. हार, माला.
wrestle —(रेस् ल) v. t . & i . to struggle. मल् ल यु करना.
wrestling —(रेस लग) n. a struggle. मल् ल यु .
wrinkle —( रन् कल) n. slight ridge on surface. झुर , शकन; v. i . to become
wrinkled. झुर डालना.
writ —( रट) n. a. writing, legal documents. लेख, आ ा प .
wrong —(र ग) n. harm, an injury. अधम, अपराध; adj. not right. अशु v. t. to
treat unjustly. अपराध करना.

X
X-rays —(एक् सरेज) the invisible rays emitted by an electric current by
means of which the interior of solids are photographed. - करण.
xylography —( ज़लो ाफ ) n. art of engraving on wood. लकड़ी पर नक् काशी
करने क कला.

Y
yean —(यीन) v. t. to bring forth young. बच् चा जनना.
year —(ईअर) n. time of twelve months. साल, वष.
yearn —(यन) v. t. to have an eager desire of. उत् सुक होना.
yeast —(ईस् ट) n. the froth consisting of fungi used in making beer. म फेन,
खमीर, झाग.
yellowish —(यैलोइश) adj. somewhat yellow. कुछ पीला.
yester —(यस् टर) adj. last. बीता आ.
yesterday —(यस् टरडे) n. the day before today. गत दवस.
yet —(यैट) adv. still, besides afterall. तो भी, तथा प.
yielding —(यी डंग) adj. giving way, inclined to submit. सीधा, न .
yoke —(योक) n. frame of wood placed on oxen, subject, bond. जुआ, बंधन,
दासता.
young —(यंग) adj. not yet old, not far advanced. inexperienced. नौजवान,
नवयुवक, अनुभवहीन.
youngster —(यंगस् टर) n. a lad, a young boy. बच् चा, लड़का.
youthful —(यूथफुल) adj. young. युवा मनुष् य.

Z
zealous —(ज़ेलस) adj. fervent. उत् साही, लवलीन.
zest —(ज़ेस् ट) n. a relish, flavour. स् वाद, अ भ च; v. t. to give relish to.
स् वा दष् ट बनाना.
zigzag —( ज़गज़ैग) n. something that has a sharp turn. टे ढ़ा-मेढ़ा, v. i . to turn
smartly. शी ता से आगे बढ़ना.
zink —( ज़क) n. a white metal. जस् ता.
zoo —(जू) n. a zoological garden. पशु-वा टका.
zoology —(जूलॉजी) n. the science of animal life. ाणी- व ान.
 Some Difficult Words Commonly Misspelt
कुछ क ठन शब् द, जनके लखने म ाय: भूल हो जाती है
 प -लेखन

( LETTER WRITING )
5 . प का मुख् य भाग ( Body of the letter )
इसे मोटे प से तीन भाग म बांटा जा सकता है। सबसे पहले संदभ द जए अथात आप
प क् य लख रहे ह। इसके बाद संदेश द जए या जस बात का उ र मांगा गया है,
ल खए। अंत म बड़ -छोट को यथायोग् य अ भवादन दे ते ए प के मुख् य भाग को
समाप् त क जए। तीन का एक-एक उदाहरण नीचे दया जा रहा है।
• संदभ (Reference ):
I have just received your letter.
• संदेश ( Message ):
Meet Mr. Gajraj and give him the money.
• अंत ( End ):
Please give my best regards/love/wishes to…..
6 . प का समापन कैसे कर? ( How to close a letter ?)
प के समापन का ढं ग भी इस बात पर नभर करता है क आप कसे प लख रहे ह।
इसे हस् ता रकरण (subscription) कहते ह। प कसे लखा जा रहा है उसके अनुसार
अलग-अलग subscription होते ह। इसम प -लेखक के हस् ता र भी स म लत रहते
ह।
• माता- पता व रश् ते म बड़े संबं धय को —
Affectionately yours.
Yours affectionately.
Your affectionate son/daughter/nephew/niece.
• माता- पता, चाचा, चाची आ द ारा बच् च को —
Affectionately yours.
Yours affectionately.
Your affectionate father/uncle/mother/auntie.
• म को—
Sincerely yours.
Yours sincerely.
Yours very sincerely.
• अपने से बड़े अ धका रय को तथा व् यवसा यक फम के मा लक को—
Yours faithfully,
• भाई-बहन म प -व् यवहार—
Your loving brother.
Your loving sister.
7 . य द प -समापन के बाद कोई बात लखने से छू ट जाए तो प के नीचे P.S. (Post-
Script ) लख कर अपनी बात लख।
8 . कुल मला कर प कसा आ, अपना संदेश स् पष् टत: अ भव् यक् त करने वाला एवं
 ऐसी भाषा म होना चा हए, जो प पाने वाले के स् तर के अनु प हो। अनावश् यक
वस् तार भी प को उबाऊ बना दे ता है— इस लए भावा भव् य म सं प् त रहने क
चेष् टा क जए। यथा-समय प भेजने का भी बड़ा महत् व होता है- सदा चेष् टा
क जए क आपका प समय पर प ंच जाये और उसम सभी अपे त सूचनाए दे द
गयी ह ।
1 . शुभकामना-प ( Letters of Greetings )

शुभकामना व् यक् त करने वाले प का मुख् य योजन होता है— सरे क खुशी बांटना,
अपनी सन् नता सर तक प ंचाना, अपनी याद दलाना और इस कार प के माध् यम
से व् य गत/सामा जक बन् धन को उ रोत् तर मधुरतर बनाना। य प ये प औपचा रक
व छोटे होते है कन् तु इनम जतनी आत् मीयता क छाप रहेगी, प उतना ही भावशाली
होगा। इन प क भाषा कताबी न होकर बोल-चाल क भाषा होती है। प , पाठक को
ऐसा तीत हो मानो प का लेखक उसके सामने बैठा सहज भाव से अपनी सन् नता
व् यक् त कर रहा है। ऐसे प नव-वष, होली, द वाली, ईद, दशहरा, समस, जन् म दन
आ द जैसे शुभ अवसर पर े षत कए जाते ह।

सन् नता क् त करने वाले वाक् य से प शु क जये :

1. I was pleasantly surprised to know …….
2. Please accept my heartiest greetings on the eve of ………..
3. Please accept my best wishes on this happy occasion .
4. My wife and kids join me in expressing our warmest greetings on
the occasion of ……….
बधाई दे ने के पश् चात् सुखी भ वष् य के लये शुभकामनाएं व् यक् त क जये :
5. May this occasion bring you all happiness and prosperity !
6. May every day of your future be as pleasant and auspicious as
this day !
7. May God grant you every success in the coming years !
8. I wish this day to be as happy and gay as lily in May !
स् वयं उप त न हो पाने क मजबूरी कट क जये:
9. I would have joined you so happily in the celebrations but for my
visit on urgent official business .
10. I regret my absence on this happy day owing to my illness .
11. How eager I am to be with you but my family occupation prevents
me from doing so .
कोई उपहार/भट दे ने के बारे म इशारा क जये:
 12. But you will soon receive a gift as a token of my affection for you
on this happy occasion .
13. I hope you like the small gift/bouquet I sent to you today to
convey my warm feelings .
पुन: शुभकामनाएं कट करते ए प समा त क जये:
14. Once again I convey my sincerest greetings on this auspicious
occasion .
15. Wishing you all the best in life .
16. Looking forward to hearing more from you .
______________________________________ Sample Letter

My dear……..,
Please accept my heartiest greetings on your birthday. (2) May this
occasion bring you perfect happiness and prosperity in the coming years!
(7) I regret my absence on this happy day owing to my illness. (10) But
you will soon receive a gift as a token of my affection for you on this
happy occasion. (12).
Yours sincerely,
2 . बधाई-प (Letters of Congratulations )

बधाई-प आमतौर से शुभकामना व् यक् त करने वाले प क तुलना म अ धक भावपूण

होते ह और इनम वैय क उत् साह अ धक झलकता है। ऐसे प के ारा कसी क
व् य गत उपल ध क सराहना करते ए गमजोशी से अपनी खुशी को व् यक् त कया
जाता है और प पाने वाले के भ वष् य के त शुभकामनाएं भी व् यक् त क जाती ह। ये प
शुभकामना के प क तुलना म कुछ अ धक लंबे होते ह। इन् ह परी ा म सफलता,
व् यापार म उन् न त, पु तक के वमोचन या ऐसे ही अन् य खुशी के अवसर पर भेजा जाता
है।

प का आरम् भ स ता व् यक् त करते ए कर:

1. I am so happy to know ……….
2. We are thrilled to hear from our mutual friend .
3. My heart is filled with joy to learn about …….
4. My happiness knew no bound the other day when I came to know
about ……..
5. I was beside myself with joy the other day when I came to know
about ……….
 मधुर शब् द म बधाई द :
6. Please accept my heartiest congratulations on ……..
7. My wife joins me in congratulating you/your son …….. on your/your
son’s grand success .
8. It is really a splendid achievement and we are all proud of you .
9. I am delighted to learn that you have realized your cherished
ambition .
उ जवल भ वष् य के लए अपनी शुभकामनाएं कट क जये :
10. Your grand success will make you bask in the glory of good
fortune all through your life .
11. May God continue to grant you similar successes all through your
life .
12. I am sure you would bring great laurels to your profession and the
organization you joined .
13. Having attained a firm footing in your life, I am sure you would go
very far on the path of achievements .
भावी काय म के बारे म पूछने से सम् बन् ध म आत् मीयता कट होगी :
14. Do you plan to celebrate the occasion ?
15. When are you intending to join ………?
16. Do you plan to go abroad for higher studies ?
प क समा त दोबारा अपना शुभकामनाएं/बधाइयां दे ते ए और सफलता के
कारण क ओर इं गत करते ए कर:
17. Once again I congratulate you on your well deserved success .
18. Your success is a fitting reward of your merit/painstaking labour .
19. God has duly rewarded your sincere efforts .
20. Accept once again my felicitations on this grand occasion .
______________________________________ Sample Letter

My dear……..,
I was beside myself with joy the other day when I came to know
about your topping the list of the successful candidates in the Civil
Services Examination. (5) It is really a splendid achievement and we are
all proud of you. (8) May God continue to grant you similar successes all
through your life. (11) Do you plan to celebrate the occasion? (14) Your
success is a fitting reward of your merit/painstaking labour. (18)
Yours sincerely,
 3 . सहानुभू त-प ( Letters of Sympathy )

खद अवसर पर लखे जाने वाले सहानुभू त के प मोटे प से चार वग म बांटे जा

सकते ह: आ थक हा न, घटना, बीमारी, परी ा या नौकरी म असफलता। सहानुभू त के
प म संवेदना-प क अपे ा भावुकता का अंश स् वाभा वक प से कम ही होता है,
क् य क संप -हा न, ाण-हा न क तुलना म कम महत् त् वपूण है। फर भी पाठक को प -
लेखक क सच् ची सहानुभू त मलनी चा हए।

अपना प समाचार मलने पर खेद से ारम् भ कर :

1. I am extremely sorry to hear of the fire that ravaged your factory
on 10th Sept .
2. I was much distressed to learn about the theft committed in your
house last Monday .
3. I was extremely worried to know about your illness the other day
by our mutual friend .
4. It was with profound shock that I learnt about your car accident
from the newspaper .
5. I was quite disturbed to know about your supercession in service .
6. It was with great sadness that I learnt from the newspaper about
your failure in the examination .
अ धक हा न न होने पर संतोष व् यक् त कर:
7. However, it is a matter of great relief that the damage caused was
not major .
8. At the same time I am quite relieved to know that the loss is not
much .
9. But I am sure the regular treatment will make you get rid of it in no
time .
10. But I feel greatly relieved to know that you are physically safe .
11. Do not worry, if you could not get your promotion this time you
may get it next year .
12. Success and failure are a part of life and should be taken in stride
.
प -पाठक का दोष न होने का वश् वास कट कर और कोई उल् लेखनीय बात हो
तो लख :
13. Do not get upset about it as I am told it was insured .
14. I am glad that the police is hotly pursuing the case with some
 useful clues .
15. Take full rest and follow the doctor’s instruction. You will get well
soon .
16. Success or failure are a matter of luck. Do not lose your heart and
work hard with redoubled vigour. Success shall be yours .
अपनी ओर से सहायता का स् ताव रख:
17. I know some important personnel in the Insurance company. I will
speak to them .
18. Please do not hesitate in asking any financial help from me in
case you need .
19. Why do not you come to my place for the convalescence. We’ll
have good time .
20. Henceforth be careful in driving and, also get your car brakes
thoroughly checked .
21. Sincere efforts always bring reward, so continue trying .
पुन: संवेदना व् यक् त कर :
22. You have all my sympathies on this unfortunate incident .
23. I feel greatly concerned about your loss .
24. Please convey my heart-felt sympathies to your entire family .
25. May you recover speedily .
26. May God grant you your well-deserved success next time .
______________________________________ Sample Letter

My dear……….,
I was extremely sorry to hear of the fire that ravaged your factory on
10th Sept.(1) However, it is a matter of great relief that the damage
caused was not major.(7) Do not get upset about it as I am told it was
insured.(13) I know some important personnel in the Insurance company.
I will speak to them. (17) You have all my sympathies on this unfortunate
incident. (22)
Yours sincerely.
4 . खेद कट करने के प ( Letters of Regret )

नमं ण क अस् वीकृ त भेजने या कसी वजह से नमं त अवसर पर न प ंच पाने का

संदेश दे ने वाले प इस ेणी म आंते ह। अनुप थत होने क सूचना दे ने वाले प थोड़े बड़े
हो जाते ह, क् य क इनम न आ पाने का कारण भी बताया जाता है।
 ार भ म नमन् ण के लये धन् यवाद द:
1. Thanks a lot for your kind invitation to attend ……..
2. I was extremely happy to receive your letter of invitation to attend
……….
3. It was so kind of you to have remembered me on the occasion of
……….
4. It was an honour to have received your courteous invitation letter .
इसके पश् चात् नमं ण क अस् वीकृ त के लये खेद कट कर :
5. I would have been so much delighted to be with you but ………
6. I was thrilled to receive your invitation and was looking forward to
meeting you all but owing to ………..
7. I regret to inform you that in spite of my ardent wish I would not be
able to make it for reasons beyond my control .
8. We were all very keen to participate in…………..but ………..
9. I have much pleasure in accepting your invitation but deeply regret
having to refuse owing to a previous engagement .
नम् नां कत वाक् यांश म से उ चत अंश उपयुक् त वाक् य म जोड़ कर वाक् य पूरा
कर :
10. Unfortunately I am not well .
11. Owing to my urgent business trip abroad, I would not be able to
attend it .
12 . …………. but I am preoccupied with the arrival of guests on the
same dates .
13 . …………. but I am going out on the same dates to attend my
sister’s wedding .
शुभ अवसर के लये अपनी शुभकामनाएं कट कर:
14. Nevertheless I convey my heartiest good wishes for the happy
occasion .
15. All the same, let me congratulate you most heartily on this happy
event of your life .
16. My family joins me in wishing you all the best .
17. Best wishes for this grand event of your life .
अन् त म अनुप थ त के लये पुन: मा- ाथना कर:
18. How I wish I would have reached there. I hope you would
appreciate my position .
19. I do hope you would accept my sincere apologies for my absence
 .
20. You can’t imagine how perturbed I am at not being able to make
it .
21. I sincerely regret the disappointment I am causing to you .
______________________________________ Sample Letter

My dear……….
It was an honour to have recieved your courteous invitation letter. (4)
I would have been so much delighted to be with you. (5) but unfortunately
I am not well. (10) I sincerely regret the disappointment I am causing to
you. (21) Nevertheless I convey my heartiest good wishes for the happy
occasion. (14)
Sincerely yours,
5 . अवकाश-आवेदन प ( Leave Applications )

इस कार के प , छोटे परन् तु मन् तव् य स् पष् ट करने वाले होते ह। चाहे स् कूल से छु लेनी
हो या ऑ फस से, ऐसे आवेदन प का इस् तेमाल सब को ही करना पड़ता है। ऐसे प म
संबं धत अ धकारी को उ चत सम् मान दे ते ए अवकाश लेने का कारण स् पष् ट करते ए,
अवकाश दान करने के लए ाथना क जाती है।

पहले कारण स् पष् ट क जये:

1. Respectfully I beg to state that I have been suffering from fever
since ……..
2. With due respect I wish to bring to your kind notice that my niece is
getting married on ……..
3. I submit that I have to attend an interview at……..on ……
4. I have to state that I am having a very important work to do on
…………
फर छु क ाथना क जये:
5. Therefore, I request you to grant me leave for…….days .
6. Hence you are requested to grant me leave of absence for ……….
7. I, therefore, request you to grant me leave for………. to enable me
to attend to this work .
अन् त म धन् यवाद दे ते ए प समाप् त क जये :
8. I shall be highly grateful .
9. I shall be much obliged to you .
______________________________________ Sample Letter

Sir,
Respectfully I beg to state that I have been suffering from fever since
last night. (1) Therefore, I request you to grant me leave for three days.
(5) I shall be much obliged to you. (9)
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully.
6 . ध यवाद के प ( Letters of Thanks )

धन् यवाद के प म मूल भाव कृत ता ापन का होता है। कसी अवसर वशेष पर कसी
के ारा याद कए जाने अथवा उपहार इत् या द दए जाने के त् युत् तर म इन् ह लखा जाता
है। य प ये प भी औपचा रक प क ेणी म आते ह, परन् तु ध् यान रहे कृत -भाव क
अ भव् य करते समय औपचा रकता कट नह होनी चा हए। ये प छोटे कन् तु ब त
आवश् यक होते ह क् य क आगामी संबंध क मधुरता ब त कुछ ऐसे प पर ही नभर
करती है।

प का आरम् भ धन् यवाद दे ते ए कृत ता- ापन से कर:

1. I thank you from the core of my heart for your letter/sending me
the gift etc .
2. I express my profound gratitude for your having cared to
remember me/send me the beautiful gift etc .
3. It was very kind of you to have …….
4. Thanks a lot for……….. (your letter/beautiful gift etc.). Indeed I am
grateful .
उपहार/प के वषय और उसके मह ् व क चचा क जए :
5. Your letter/gift is the most precious possession that I have .
6. Your sentiments expressed through the letter/gift has really
boosted my morale .
7. Your letter/gift has really strengthened our bonds of affection .
8. The exquisite gift/warm feelingful letter was most befitting the
occasion .
पुन: धन् यवाद दे ते ए प समाप् त क जए :
9. Thank you once again for your kind letter/gift .
10. Very any thanks for caring to remember me .
 11. Thanks a lot for the letter/gift, although your personal presence
would have made quite a difference .
12. Thanks again. We are looking forward to meeting you soon .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

My dear………,
I thank you from the core of my heart for your letter/sending me the
gift. (1) Your letter/gift is the most precious possession that I have. (5)
Very many thanks for caring to remember me. (10)
Yours sincerely,
7 . संवेदना के प ( Letters of Condolence )

संवेदना का प कसी प र चत को ाय: उसके घर म कसी अ य घटना होने पर लखा

जाता है। इन प का मूल भाव संवेदना का ही होता है। ऐेसे प छोटे होते ह और अ य
समाचार सुनते ही तुरन् त भेजे जाते ह। ऐसे प मा औपचा रक न होकर भावना धान होने
चा हए। इनम मृतक के स ण का उल् ल् ◌ेाख ा या स् नेह (प -लेखक से छोटा या बड़ा
जैसा भी हो) के साथ करना चा हए। य द प -लेखक मृतक के रश् तेदार या संबंधी
( जसको प लख रहा है) क उसके खद काल म कुछ सहायता करने म स म ह तो
उसका भी ज होना चा हए।

समाचार मलने पर शोक कट कर:

1. It was with deep regret that we learnt the shocking news of the
passing away of ………..
2. I was greatly saddened to know about……from the
newspaper/telephone call/letter .
3. I was rudely shocked to know about the sudden demise…….. from
……..
4. I was deeply distressed to learn about the sudden demise of ……..
मृतक के स ण का उल् लेख कर:
5. He was such a lovable person .
6. In his death in the prime of life God has snatched a bright jewel
from our midst .
7. His sociable nature and cultural refinement would keep him alive
in the hearts of his admirers .
8. His death has caused a grievous loss not only to your family but to
all of us .
 9. He was a source of strength and inspiration to many of his
fellowbeings .
10. His remarkable achievements would transcend his memory
beyond his physical death .
11. Some of his pioneering work will go a long way to benefit many
future generations .
अंत म पुन: संवेदना व् यक् त कर:
12. Please accept my sincerest condolences on this sad occasion .
13. May God grant you enough courage and forbearance to
withstand this shock .
14. May his soul rest in peace in heaven and guide you for years to
come .
15. We express our most sincere sympathy to you in your great
bereavement .
16. We hope that the tree he has planted thrives well to provide
protection to his family .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter
My dear…….,
It was with deep regret that we learnt the shocking news of the
passing away of your father. (1) His death has caused a grievous loss not
only to your family but to all of us. (8) We express our sincerest sympathy
to you in your great bereavement. (15) May God grant you enough
courage and forbearance to withstand this shock. (13)
Yours sincerely,
8 . ेम-प ( Love Letters )

े -प मुख् यत: दो कार के होते ह — प त-पत् नी के बीच के ेम-प एवं ेमी- े मका
म
के बीच के ेम-प । पहली ेणी के ेम-प म ेम के साथ-साथ घर- प रवार क
समस् या का भी ज होता है, जब क सरी ेणी के प म ेम, भावना और
कल् पनालोक क बात अ धक होती ह। इन प क सीमा का कोई नधारण नह हो सकता,
अत: इन् ह कसी न त परेखा या नयम म नह बांधा जा सकता।

प का ारंभ प् यार भरी बात से कर:

1. Your loving letter this morning has come like a ray of sun-shine .
2. Your sweet letter has enveloped me in the sweet fragrance of our
love .
 3. Your letter has flooded me with sheer happiness .
4. Your affectionate letter has dispelled the depression that
surrounded me earlier .
फर ासं गक बात पर आ जाय:
5. Everything is fine here except that I miss you so badly .
6. Has our little daughter (write her name) recovered from flu .
7. Nights really seem unending in your absence .
8. Is all well at home ?
पुन: प् यार भरी बात कर:
9. I am longing/dying to meet you .
10. Once again I must tell you how deeply do I love you .
11. Write back soon as your letters provide me a great emotional
support .
12. I am counting the days when I will meet you .
पुन: शंसा भरे वाक् य से प समाप् त कर :
13. You are the sweetest dream of my life .
14. Your memory keeps me radiant .
15. I am desperately waiting to meet you my sweetheart !
16. You are the greatest thing that happened to my life .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Dearest…….,
Your sweet letter has enveloped me in the sweet fragrance of our
love. (2) Everything is fine here except that I miss you so badly. (5) Write
back soon as your letters provide me a great emotional support. (11) You
are the greatest thing that happened to my life. (16)
Love,
Yours ever
9 . आमं ण-प ( Letters of Invitation )

इन प के मूल म उत् साह, खुशी और सम् मान का भाव न हत होता है। प ाप् त करने
वाले को यह महसूस होना चा हए क ब त जोर दे कर और अतीव सम् मान के साथ उसे
आमं त कया जा रहा है। यह प पूरे ववरण के साथ लखा जाना चा हए जैसे कहां का
आमं ण है और कब जाना है आ द। ऐसे प ववाह, जन् म- दन, गृह- वेश आ द के
अवसर पर लखे जाते है।
 ारंभ म आमं ण का अवसर, तारीख, समय और जगह का ववरण द जये:
1. It is with great pleasure that I inform you that (l am/myson is,
getting engaged on 16th February, 1986 at Taj Palace’s Crystal
Room at 6 p.m .)
2. This is to bring to your kind notice that ………..
3. Most respectfully I inform you that ………..
4. I am pleased to inform you that ………..
अब व् य गत प से आमं त कर:
5. I request you to kindly come with your family to grace the occasion
.
6. I would be delighted if you could spare some time from your busy
schedule to attend the above mentioned function/celebration .
7. It would be a great pleasure to have you among the guests .
8. Please do come with your family at the appointed place and time .
एक बार पुन: अवश् य पधारने का आ ह कर:
9. You know how important is your presence on this occasion for us.
So please do come .
10. I am sure you would not disappoint us .
11. I would be greatly honoured if you could come on this occasion .
12. My whole family is very eagerly awaiting your arrival .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

My dear…….,
It is with great pleasure I inform you that my son is getting engaged
on 16th Feb. 1986 at Taj Palace’s Crystal Room at 6 p.m. (1) I request
you to kindly come with your family to grace the occasion. (5) My whole
family is very eagerly awaiting your arrival. (12)
Yours sincerely,
10 . श ा-संबंधी प / ाथना-प
( Letters and Applications on Educational Matters )

माता- पता तथा अध् यापक के बीच प -व् यवहार के अवसर ाय: उप थत होते रहते ह।
अ धकतर ऐसे प श ा-संबंधी ही होते ह जैसे माण-प ाप् त करने के लए लखे गए
प , बच् चे क पढ़ाई से संबं धत श् न पूछने वाले प इत् या द। इनक भाषा औपचा रक
होती है और प म सीधे-सीधे मूल मु े पर बात क जाती है।
 प के आरंभ म प लखने का कारण स् पष् ट करे:
1. This is to bring to your kind notice that I am leaving the town and I
want to have my son’s transfer certificate from your reputed
school/college etc .
2. I have been watching my son’s studies and find him to be still
quite weak in mathematics .
3. I am deeply pained to learn from my son about the callous attitude
of some of the teachers towards the students .
4. Since my daughter …… a student of your school, class……. wishes
to compete for the science talent competition, I should be grateful
if you could issue the relevant certificates .
अन् त म धन् यवाद व् यक् त करते ए ाथना-प समाप् त कर:
5. Kindly arrange to issue the certificate at your earliest. Thank you .
6. I would be grateful if some special attention is given to my son
…….
7. You are requested to send the relevant certificates by……. (give
date )
8. I again request to get the needful done at your end .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Dear Sir (or Madam),

Since my daughter Neeta, a student of Class XI in your school,
wishes to compete for the science talent competition, I should be grateful
if you could issue relevant certificates.(4) I again request you to get the
needful done at your end. (8)
Yours sincerely,
11 . वैवा हक व ापन के उ र
( Replies to Matrimonial Advertisements )

आजकल, वशेषकर बड़े शहर म, वैवा हक संबंध अखबारी व ापन के माध् यम से भी

होते ह। ऐसे व ापन ध् यान से पढ़े जाते ह। इनके ारा अनेक ववाह संपन् न होते ह। उन
व ापन के जवाब म प इस कार लखने चा हए, जनम व ापन का पूरा हवाला हो,
वर/वधू के बारे म पूरा ब् यौरा हो, प रवार का ब् यौरा हो, पूरी आ थक- थ त का खुलासा
हो, फोटो भेजने का आ ह हो, त् युत् तर क आशा हो इत् या द। यह प यथाथपरक होते ह
इस लए ब् यौरे अ धक से अ धक स् पष् ट होने चा हए।
 ारंभ म व ापन पढ़ने क जानकारी द:
1. In response to your matrimonial advertisement published in the
(newspaper’s name and date) I furnish hereunder the relevant
particulars about my daughter/son .
2. This is in reference to your matrimonial advertisement published in
(name of the newspaper) on………(date) that I give below the
details of my daughter/son and my family .
3. I have seen your recent advertisement for a suitable
bridegroom/bride for your daughter/son and would like to furnish
the following particulars about myself/my son .
उसके बाद लड़के/लड़क का ब् यौरा द:
4. Name, age, education, appearance and earnings .
5. Brothers, sisters and their description .
6. Parents and their description .
7. Caste/sub-caste or community details .
प का अंत ऐसे कर:
8. In case you are interested, please send to me more details about
the boy/girl along with his/her one recent photograph .
9. If you require more information, I would be pleased to furnish it .
10. If you have belief in astrology we will send the horoscope also .
11. Since we want marriage at the earliest, a prompt reply will be
highly appreciated .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter
Dear Sir………,
In response to your matrimonial advertisement published in The
Hindustan Times on 20th Sept. 1986, I furnish here the relevant
particulars of my daughter (give the relevant details). (1) If you have belief
in astrology, we will send the horoscope also. (10) Since we want
marriage at the earliest, a prompt reply will be highly appreciated. (11)
Yours sincerely,
12 . वैवा हक व ापन ारा ाप् त प का उ र
( Letter to the responses received from Matrimonial Ads )

इन प का उ र एकदम संयत भाषा म होना चा हए क् य क ये प आपक इच् छा-पू त

क दशा म उठा आ पहला कदम होते ह। जो भी ब् यौरा मांगा जाए, उसका सही-सही
 बयान होना चा हए। एक कार से इन प क भाषा व् यावसा यक प क भां त होती है,
अत: ये तथ् यपरक और छोटे होते ह।

पहले प - ा त क स् वीकृ त दे ते ए सन् नता व् यक् त क जए:

1. I was delighted to receive your letter in response to our ad in the
newspaper .
2. Received your letter soliciting further enquiry into our likely
matrimonial alliance .
उसके बाद जो पूछा गया है, उसका पूरा ब् यौरा द जए:
3. My sister is a post graduate in Economics from Allahabad
University .
4. At present my daughter is teaching in Cannosa convent school .
5. Enclosed photograph is a recent shot of…….. (name) my sister .
आगे भी और ब् यौरा दे ने के लए आश् वासन दे ते ए अपनी जानकारी हेतु कुछ
श् न पू छए:
6. Should you have any further query, I would be most willing to
satisfy it. When is Amit coming for holidays ?
7. I hope this satisfies your query. Kindly care to send a recently shot
photograph of Amit too .
8. If you need ask anything still, we can meet at Lodhi Hotel between
14th to 16th instt. where I shall be staying during my next visit to
Delhi .
आगामी सम् बन् ध क मधुरता के त आश् वस् त होने का भाव दशाते ए प
समाप् त क जए:
9. Hope to see our proposal to fruition soon .
10. Expecting to hear from you soon .
11. Looking forward to our coming meeting .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Dear Mr………,
I was delighted to receive your letter in reply to our ad in the
newspaper. (1) At present my daughter is teaching in Cannosa convent
school. (2) I hope this satisfies your query. Kindly care to send a recently
shot photograph of Amit too. (7) Looking forward to our coming meeting.
(11)
Yours truly,
 13 . पा रवा रक प : बराबर वाल के बीच
(Family Letters: Between Equals )

पा रवा रक प को भी कसी न त म म नह बांटा जा सकता, न उनक कोई सीमा ही

नधा रत क जा सकती है। इन प के वषय अनन् त हो सकते ह—व् य गत समस् या
से लेकर साधारण संग तक। फर भी इन प का एक वशेष गुम होता है—स् नेहयुक् त
अनौपचा रकता। साधारणतया यह प लंबे होते ह और बोलचाल क भाषा म लखे जाते
ह। बराबर वाल के प का लहजा ज़रा दोस् ताना होता है, जसम थोड़ी आपसी छ टाकशी
भी चलती है, जो पारस् प रक स् नेह को ढ़तर करती है।

सन् नता दशाते ए प लखने के कारण का उल् लेख कर:

1. It was indeed a great pleasure to receive your letter .
2. I received your letter and was delighted to go through its contents .
3. Received your letter after ages .
4. So, at long last you cared to remember me !
फर व् य गत/प रवा रक सूचनाएं द:
5. Of late I have not been keeping in good health .
6. Father is now better but his movements are somewhat restricted .
7. After the cataract operation, mother’s eyesight has improved
considerably .
8. Pappoo secured 86% marks and IVth rank in his annual exams .
9. The other day my wife met your cousin at Sheela’s marriage .
फर कुछ उलांहना और आ मीयता दशन करने वाली बात का उल् लेख कर:
10. What about your tea-addiction, still going 20 cups strong a day ?
11. How are you getting along in your new affair. Any help needed ?
12. Are you really so busy as not to be able to correspond frequently
?
13. When are you going to marry-in old age?
पुन: मलने क आकां ा कट करते ए प समाप् त कर:
14. Hoping to meet you in the Dussera vacation .
15. I hope you would be coming over to this side at Rahul’s marriage.
Then we will meet .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Dear Ramesh,
So, at long last you cared to remember me! (4) Of late I have not
been keeping in good health. (5) What about your tea-addiction, still going
20 cups strong a day?(10) I hope you would be coming over to this side at
Rahul’s marriage. Then we will meet.(15)
With loving regards,
Yours affectionately.
14 . पा रवा रक प : बड़े और छोटे के बीच
( Family Letters: From Elder to Younger )

बड़ के छोट के त प म स् नेह के साथ-साथ थोड़ी अनुशासनात् मक ढ़ता भी झलकती

है और उनके भ वष् य-जीवन के त उत् सुकता भी। ऐसे प का भी कोई सीमा- नधारण
नह हो सकता, यह व् य गत आवश् यकता पर ही नभर करता है।

सन् नता दशाते ए प लखने के कारण का उल् लेख कर:

1. I was happy to receive your letter the other day .
2. It is surprising that since last one month you haven’t cared to drop
even a single letter to us .
3. The photographs sent by you are really marvellous. We were
delighted to see them .
4. Mr. Saxena met me yesterday and told me about his meeting you
on 10th instant .
फर व् य गत/पा रवा रक सूचना द:
5. Ramesh’s competitive exams would start from 21st Oct .
6. Your Sushma auntie expired on September 9 last. She was unwell
for some time .
7. Since Reeta ’ s marriage has been fixed on 9th January. I expect
you to be here at least a week earlier to help me in the
arrangements .
8. Your nephew Bittoo is unhappy as you did’nt send him the
promised watch .
अब प -पाठक के हाल-चाल पूछ:
9. How are you doing in your new assignment? Is it really
taxing?/Hope it is exciting .
10. I hope you are taking proper care of your health .
11. Tell Asha that I miss the delicious dosas prepared by her .
12. How is Pintoo in his studies ?
 पुन: मलने क आकां ा /आदे श कट करते ए प समाप् त कर:
13. I hope you would be punctual in your letter-writing to us and
would come on Dussera .
14. Be careful about your health in this rainy season and continue
writing letters .
15. Apply for your leave well in advance so that you are in time for
Reeta’s marriage .
16. More when we meet .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

My dear Ram,
It is surprising that since last one month you haven’t cared to drop
even a single letter to us. (2) Since Reeta’s marriage has been fixed on
9th January, I expect you to be here at least a week earlier to help me in
the arrangements. (7) I hope you are taking proper care of your health.
(10) More when we meet. (16)
With love,
Yours affectionately,
15 . पा रवा रक प : छोटे और बड़े के बीच
( Family Letters: From Younger to Elder )

छोट ारा बड़ के त लखे गए प म स् नेह के साथ सम् मान अ धक झलकता है। ये प

भी अनौपचा रक होते ह और इनक कोई सीमा नधा रत नह हो सकती। ये प थोड़े
भावुकता भरे भी होते ह।

सन् नता दशाते ए प लखने के कारण का उल् लेख कर:

1. I was very happy to receive your letter after a long while .
2. I was thrilled to receive the sweets sent by mummy through Mrs.
Jindal .
3. Have you people completely forgotten me? No letters !
4. I am writing this letter to ask you to send Rs. 250/ - for my fees at
your earliest .
फर व् य गत/पा रवा रक सूचनाएं दे :
5. You will be glad to know that I have been selected in the debating
group going to U.S.A. for one month .
6. This year owing to extra-classes in Dussera holidays I won’t be
 able to come .
7. Tell Mohan Dada that I need a tennis racket as I have been
selected in the college Tennis team .
8. Asha wants to go to her parents place at Diwali. She will go only if
you permit .
अब प -पाठक का कुशल- ेम पूछ:
9. Is Mummy O.K.? How is her arthritis ?
10. I hope your blood-pressure must now be under control .
11. Has Sarla auntie returned from Hardwar ?
12. Would Munna be going to watch the cricket test match at Kotla
ground ?
पुन: मलने क आकां ा/इच् छा कट करते ए प समाप् त कर:
13. I hope to come for 10 days in Christmas vacation .
14. I might come there during this month for a day .
15. Hope to talk to you over phone when I go to chacha ji’s place .
16. More when we meet .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Respected Brother,
I was very happy to receive your letter after a long while. (1) You will
be glad to know that I have been selected in the debating group going to
U.S.A. for one month. (5) Is Mummy O.K.? How is her arthritis? (9) More
when we meet. (16)
With regards to elders and love to youngers,
Yours affectionately,
16 . नयु /इंटरव् यू इत् या द से संबं धत ा त प का पूरक प
( Letters supplementing the queries arising out of your
receiving of the Appointment/Interview Letters )

यह प ाय: छोटे होते ह क् य क यह पूरक प है और पछले प क अपे ा म कम

वषय से संबं धत होते ह। यह प भी तथ् यपरक और छोटे होते ह। ऐसे प का उ र
जल् दबाजी म नह दया जाना चा हए। भाषा पूरी तरह संयत और सधी ई होनी चा हए।
अंत म थोड़ा भावुकता दशन भी उ चत रहता है।

प ारंभ अपने ाथना-प का उ र आने क सन् नता कट करते ए क जए:

1. I was glad to receive your query in response to my application .
 2. Delighted to receive the questionnaire sent by your office .
3. Extremely pleased to get a favourable response from your side .
अब मुख् य बात को स् पष् ट करते ए अपनी समस् या या उलझन बताइये:
4. But your letter does not mention anything about the T.A. I am
entitled to receive for travelling to attend the interview .
5. There appears to be some discrepancy between the grade given
in the ad and the one given in your letter .
6. Owing to my illness I won’t be able to attend the interview on the
scheduled date. Could I get a date fifteen days later than the
scheduled one .
अन् त म उस कम् पनी म काम करने क उत् सुकता व् यक् त करते ए, पूरा सम् मान
दशाते ए प का समापन क जए:
7. Avidly awaiting the interview date/answer to my query .
8. Looking forward to a bright future in your esteemed organisation .
9. I hope you would kindly care to send the required clarifications on
the mentioned points to enable me to attend the interview/or, join
the concern .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Sir,
I was glad to receive your query in response to my application. (1)
But your letter does not mention anything about the travelling allowance I
am entitled to receive for travelling to attend the interview. (4) Avidly
awaiting the interview date. (7)
Yours faithfully,
17 . नौकरी हेतु ाथन-प ( Job Applications )

नौकरी इत् या द के लए लखे गए आवेदन-प म भाषा क संयतता और मूल उ े श् य क

स् पष् टता का ब त महत् व होता है क् य क ऐसे प का पाठक ाय: एक अप र चत व् य
होता है। आपक सफलता ब त कुछ उसक कृपा और सहानुभू त पर नभर करती है। ऐसे
प वैसे तो छोटे व औपचा रक होते ह परंतु वैय क ब् यौर के कारण इनक भी सीमा का
नधारण नह कया जा सकता।

प का ारंभ उस हवाले से क जये, जससे आपको इस नौकरी के बारे म ात

आ हो:
1. I have come to know through some reliable sources that you have
 a vacancy for the post of……in your renowned organisation .
2. I come to know from your advertisement published in the
Hindustan Times on……that you have vacancy for the post of…….
in your esteemed organisation .
3. Being given to understand by your advertisement in ………
अब अपने आवेदन क शु आत क जये:
4. Since I meet all the required qualifications and experience
conditions, I wish to offer my candidature for the same and supply
hereunder my details relevant to the job .
5. In response to the aforementioned advertisement I wish to offer
my candidature for the same and supply hereunder my particulars
relevant to the job .
6. As I possess the requisite qualification so I beg to offer my
services for the same .
अब अपनी योग् यता का वश् वास दलाते ए कसी नौकरी वशेष के लये चुने
जाने क ाथना क जये:
7. I assure you, sir, that if selected I shall do my work most
conscientiously .
8. In case you select me I assure you that I will do my work very
sincerely .
9. If given the appointment I am sure I will prove an asset for your
organisation .
10. If you favour me with an appointment I shall do my best to work to
the entire satisfaction of my superiors .
अब अपना पूरा उपयुक् त ब् यौरा द जये:
Name, Address, Date of Birth, Educational qualification, Experience,
Extra-curricular activities etc.
___________________________________________________ Sample Application

Sir,
I came to know from your advertisement published in the Hindustan
Times of 8th August, 1986 that you have a vacancy for the post of
Administrative Officer in your esteemed organisation. (2) Since I meet all
the required qualifications and experience conditions. I wish to offer my
candidature for the same and supply hereunder my details relevant to the
job. (4) I assure you, sir, that if selected I shall do my work most
 needful .
प का समापन शकायत के शी र हो जाने क संभावना के साथ क जए:
9. I am quite hopeful that you will take a prompt action and oblige .
10. I feel confident of receiving a favourable and helpful reply .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Dear Sir,
It is with great agony that I wish to bring to your kind notice the
callousness shown by your Deptt’s personnel. (1) For the last fifteen days
my phone is lying dead and in spite of several reminders no action has
yet been taken by your men. (3) It is really surprising that such an efficient
Deptt. as that of yours is not heeding to our complaints. Please get the
needful done without any further loss of time. (6).
Yours faithfully,
19 . होटल म आवास-उपल ध से संबं धत प
( Letters of Enquiry regarding Hotel Accommodation )

यह प वशु व् यावसा यक होते ह क् य क आप प -पाठक को व् य गत प से नह

जानते। इस लए ये तथ् यपरक और छोटे होने चा हए ले कन ठहरने क अव ध, प ंचने का
समय इत् या द का ब् यौरा बल् कुल स् पष् ट होना चा हए। य द होटल के संबं धत अ धकारी
का पद न मालूम हो तो उसी तरह संबो धत कया जाना चा हए जैसे कसी फम को लखते
समय कया जाता है।

पहले अपने काय म इत् या द क पूरी सूचना द जये:

1. I shall be coming by the Delhi Express and arrive at your hotel
around 5.30 A.M.
2. I want you to book an A.C. room for me from 17th Oct to 20th, both
inclusive .
3. Book a single bedded and sea facing room in your hotel betweem
17th Oct. to 20th Oct. from your time of check in and check out .
अब अगर कोई आपक खास हदायत हो तो उसका भी नदश द जये:
4. Please collect all my mail reaching your hotel before my arrival on
17th Oct. morning .
5. Please make sure I get an air conditioned room .
6. Please arrange a taxi to take me out around 10.30 A.M. the same
day i.e. 17th October .
 अब उस होटल क थोड़ी तारीफ करते ए प समाप् त क जये:
7. I am sure this visit shall also be as comfortable as it was the last
time .
8. You are an added attraction for me to visit your city .
9. Looking forward to a comfortable stay in your hotel .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter

Maurya Sheraton.
New Delhi.

Dear Sirs,
I want to book an A.C. room for me from 17th to 20th Oct, both
inclusive. (2) Please collect all my mail reaching your hotel before my
arrival on 17th Oct. morning. (4) Please arrange a taxi to take me out
around 10.30 A.M. the same day i.e. 17th October. (6)
Looking forward to a comfortable stay in your hotel. (9)
Yours truly,
20 . बक से प -व् यवहार ( Letters to Banks )

बक आजकल हमारे जीवन का अ भन् न अंग बन चुके ह। जन कारण से बको को

प लखे जाते ह, उनम मुख् य ह — नया खाता खोलने का अनुरोध करना,
ओवर ा ट क सु वधा दे ने के लए ाथना करना, कसी चेक के खो जाने क
सूचना दे ना, आ द। ये प ु टहीन, साथक व शष् ट होने चा हए व इनको लखते
समय जरा भी लापरवाही नह बरती जानी चा हए।

प का ारम् भ उस उ े श् य को स् पष् ट करते ए कर, जसके लए आप को प

लखना पड़ा है:
1. I have recently moved into this town and opened a general store at
the address given above. On the recommendation of my friend
Vijay I wish to open a current account with your bank .
2. I have been recently posted to (……) from (……). I am interested in
opening a savings account in your bank .
3. With the approach of Diwali we expect a big increase in the sales
of our shop/company. As we have just entered this field the
wholesale dealers are unwilling to give us the credit facility.
Therefore we have to request for overdraft for Rs ……
 4. I wish to inform you that I have been transferred to (……) This
being the case it will not be possible for me to continue my
account with your bank in future. Hence I request you to close my
account .
5. This is with reference to my personal discussion with you
regarding overdraft. I, therefore, now request for allowing me to
overdraw on my account (No……) up to Rs. 3000/- between 1st
January, 1987 to 1st July 1987 .
6. I am writing to ask you to stop the payment of cheque (No……
amount……) drawn payable to M/s Karan & Karan, Delhi as this
cheque has been lost in the post .
अब य द रेफरी ( Referee ) या जमानती ( guarantor ) क आवश् यकता हो तो
उनके वषय म जानकारी ाप् त क जए या उनके वषय म ल खए:
7. Please send me the necessary form and also let me know if any
referee is required for opening a new account .
8. I will provide references should you require them .
9. We have debentures worth Rs………which we are prepared to
deposit as security .
10. As I have no investments to offer as security, I should be grateful
if you could make an advance against my personal security .
11. As our past commitments regarding overdrafts have always been
honoured hence we find no reason for you to turn down our
proposal .
अब आशाजनक उ र क उम् मीद कट क जए:
12. I shall be grateful for an early reply .
13. Hoping for a favourable reply .
14. We shall highly appreciate a sympathetic response to our above
request .
15. We shall be grateful if you could grant the overdraft asked for .
16. We should be highly thankful, if you could accede to our request .
___________________________________________________ Sample letter
Dear Sir,
I have recently moved into this town and opened a general store at
the address given above. On the recommendation of my friend Vijay I
wish to open a current account with your bank. (1) Please send me the
necessary form and also let me know if any referee is required for
opening a new account. (7) I shall be grateful for an early reply. (12)
 Yours faithfully,
21 . बीमा कंपनी को भेजे जाने वाले प
( Letters to an Insurance Company )

ये प व् यावसा यक प क ेणी म आते ह और इनक भाषा वशु प से औपचा रक

होती है। चूं क आजकल बीमा कंप नय क अ धकता के कारण उनक पारस् प रक
तस् पधा बड़े जोर-शोर से चलती है, इस लए हर कंपनी अपनी दत् त सु वधा को थोड़ा
बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर व ा पत करने को तैयार रहती है और इस लए ऐसे प का बड़ा मह व है।
इस कार के प लेखन म ब् यौरा हमेशा पूरा दे ना चा हए।

ारम् भ म बीमा- वषय क स् पष् टता से बात शु क जए, अथात बीमा कसका
कराना है इत् या द :
1. I want to have my life insurance policy for the sum of Rs ……
2. I want to get my car insured by your company for Rs. 1 lakh .
3. I wish to have the house-holder’s insurance policy covering both
building and contents in the sums of (give the cost of the building)
and (the cost of the contents) respectively .
अब उनके ारा दत् त सु वधा क जानकारी ली जये:
4. We wish to take out insurance cover against loss of cash on our
factory/shop premises by fire, theft or burglary .
5. What rebate or concession you offer on an insurance policy for Rs.
2 lakhs ?
6. Is there any loan-facility after a fixed period in the policy you offer
?
7. What modes of premium payments you offer ?
Claim के वषय म लख:
8. I am sorry to report an accident to (mention the property insured).
We estimate replacement cost of the damaged property at (give
the amount ).
9. I regret to report that a fire broke out in our factory stores last
night. We estimate the damage to the stores at about (give the
amount ).
10. We regret to report that our employee (give name of the
employee) has sustained serious injuries while doing his work.
Doctors estimate that it will take him about a month to be fit to
work again .
 अब आगे क कारवाई के वषय म लख:
11. Please arrange for your representative to call at our factory
premises and let me know your instructions regarding the claim .
12. Should your representative visit to inspect the damaged property,
please let me know the day of his visit .
13. We, therefore, wish to make a claim under the policy (give the
name of the policy) and shall be glad if you send us the
necessary claim form .
प ोत् तर क शी कामना करते ए प समाप् त क जए:
14. I hope you would care to send to me an early reply .
15. Please answer this letter as soon as possible .
16. An early reply to my query shall be greatly appreciated .
17. Please send me particulars of your terms and conditions for the
policy along with a proposal form, if required .
18. Please quote your terms and conditions for providing the required
cover .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter
Dear Sir,
I want to get my car insured by your company, for Rs. 1 lakh. (2)
What modes of premium payments you offer? (7) Please send me
particulars of your terms and conditions for the policy along with a
proposal form, if required.(17) An early reply to my query shall be greatly
appreciated. (16)
Yours faithfully
22 . शकायत-प : व् यापा रक
( Letters of Complaints: Business )

यह प आमतौर पर कसी ऐसी संस् था या कंपनी को े षत कए जाते ह जसक बनाई ई

कोई वस् तु आपने खरीद है और वह ठ क काम नह कर रही। इन प म खरीद क तारीख,
जगह और कान इत् या द का नाम वस् तार से दे ने के बाद अपनी शकायत का पूरा
उल् लेख कया जाता है। यह प वशु औपचा रक ेणी के होते ह ले कन शकायत का
पूरा ब् यौरा दे ने के कारण लंबे भी हो सकते ह।

प क शु आत प -पाठक ारा न मत वस् तु क खरीद के ब् यौरे से क जये:

1. On……(date) I bought from……(place) an instant geyser
manufactured by your renowned concern .
 2. Your salesmen delivered the (name the product) on……(date) one
instant geyser we had ordered .
3. I was shocked to find the instant geyser purchased……on (date) at
(place) by us did not function well .
अब उस कम् पनी क साख का हवाला दे ते ए अपनी शकायत बताइये:
4. It is a matter of shame for your esteemed organisation to have
brought out such products in the maket without proper quality
control .
5. It is shocking to find the appliance having faulty wiring system .
6. I am sorry to point out the defect in the geyser……(write your
complaint )
इस आशा के साथ क आपक शकायत शी र क जायेगी, प समाप् त
क जये:
7. I am confident that a reputed concern like that of yours can ill
afford to lose your reputation and shall get the needful done at the
earliest .
8. I hope you would send your salesman/woman to replace the
mentioned product of yours .
9. Need I remind you that such product should be lifted/replaced
without much fuss .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter
(Name of the concern and its concerned officer)
Dear Sir,
On 10.9.86 I bought from the Diplomatic store an instant geyser
manufactured by your reputed concern. (1) It is shocking to find the
appliance having faulty wiring system. (5) I am confident that a reputed
concern like that of yours can ill afford to lose your reputation and shall
get the needful done at the earliest. (7)
Yours faithfully,
23 . मा याचना के प ( Letters of Apology )

हम सभी अक् सर कोई न कोई गलती करते ह। सभ् य नाग रक होने का माण है अपनी
गलती स् वीकारना। मा-याचना के प ारा ऐसा कया जा सकता है। य प गलती जान-
बूझ कर नह क गई, फर भी य द कसी सरे को कष् ट आ है तो स् पष् ट करण दे ना
आवश् यक हो जाता है। ऐसे प नष् कपट भाव से तुरंत भेजे जाने चा हए, अन् यथा इन प
को भेजने का मूल उ े श् य ही वफल हो जाता है।
 पहले मा-याचना करने का कारण ल खये:
1. My son informed me that my cat had eaten away your chickens .
2. My wife told me about our driver’s ramming my car into your
boundary wall .
फर मा-याचना क जये:
3. I am extremely sorry to know about it and render my sincere
apologies .
4. I apologise deeply for the inconvenience caused to you .
5. My sincere apologies .
त परान् त अपनी नष् कपटता कट कर और भूल-सुधार के लए स् वयं को स् तुत
कर:
6. Although it happened inadvertently yet I am prepared to
compensate for your loss .
7. I wish I were there to prevent it. Any way you can penalize me as
you want .
8. Kindly care to inform me the loss you have incurred owing to
(name the culprit)……..this negligence .
पुन: ऐसी गलती न होने का वश् वास दलाय:
9. I promise that in future I shall be extra-vigilant to see it does not
happen again .
10. I have admonished my …….. and he will be careful in future .
11. I assure you that such things will never happen in future .
अन् त म पुन: मा याचना करते ए प समाप् त कर:
12. In the end I again ask for your forgiveness .
13. Once again with profound apologies .
14. Repeatedly I express my profuse apologies .

______________________________________ Sample Letter

Dear Sir,
My wife told me about our driver’s ramming my car into your
boundary wall. (2) My sincere apologies. (5) Although it happened
inadvertently yet I am prepared to compensate for your loss. (6) I assure
you that such things will never happen in future. (11) Once again with
profound apologies. (13)
Yours faithfully,
 24 . कायालय संबंधी प ( Letters on Official Matters )

अपने द तर /कायालय म काम करते ए कई ऐसे अवसर आते ह, जब हम अपने

कायालय को प लखने होते ह। वषय पदोन् न त के लए ाथना से लेकर व् य गत
असु वधा तक कुछ भी हो सकता है। ऐसे प छोटे , स् पष् ट और क चत भाव-पूण भी हो
सकते ह।

प का आरम् भ अपने काय नष् पादन एवं अपनी थ त से कर:

1. As your honoured self must be aware that I am working in …….
Deptt. in the capacity of a Junior clerk .
2. For the last twenty years I am the ….. ( position) in the factory .
3. I am Officiating in the capacity of …….. for last two years .
अब प लखने का कारण बताय:
4. Now I have been transferred to ………
5. Owing to my domestic problems. I request you to change ………
6. On account of my health problems I would not be able to ………
7. Owing to my ……..( reason) I can not function in the same position
any more .
8. On health grounds I have been advised to leave this city .
9. My family duties have constrained me to seek my transfer .
त परान् त अपने सुझाव दे ते ए मुख् य बात पर आय:
10. Looking at such a changed situation I won’t be able to work in the
present position .
11. As such I request you to change my working/shift hours .
12. In the light of the above I request you to transfer me to …….(
section) or place .
अन् त म अपने सुझाव/परेशानी पर सहानुभू तपूवक वचार करने क ाथना से प
समाप् त कर:
13. Hence I request you to expedite/order my desired transfer to
………
14. You are, therefore, requested to release me at the earliest .
15. I pray you to consider my case sympathetically .
16. In view of my loyalty and past performance I am sure you would
condescend to grant me the desired wish .
17. I am sure to get a sympathetic response from your side to my
genuine problem .
 18. With earnest hope I crave your special sympathy in my case .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter
Sir,
As your honoured self must be aware I am working in Sales Deptt. in
the capacity of a Junior Clerk. (1) Owing to my domestic problems I
request you to change my place of work. (5) In the light of the above facts
I pray you to transfer me to Purchase Deptt. (12) In view of my loyalty and
past performance I am sure you would condescend to grant me the
desired wish. (16)
Yours faithfully,
25 . मकान मा लक का प कराएदार को
( Letters from a Landlord to a Tenant )

आज के शहरी जीवन म कराएदार व मकान मा लक के बीच ाय: ऐसे अवसर आते रहते
ह, जब दोन के बीच प का आदान- दान आवश् यक हो जाता है। चूं क ऐसे प म
वशेष प से दोन ओर से कसी समस् या का उल् लेख होता है, अत: उनक भाषा संयत
होनी चा हए। इन प क भाषा ऐसी होनी चा हए, जससे ये मुक मेबाजी क थ त म
दस् तावेज न बन सक।

पहले आप अपनी कसी शकायत का संदभ अथवा करायेदार से जो प ाप् त

आ है उसका संदभ द:
1. I feel constrained to inform you that due to recent increase in the
house-tax, I have been left with no alternative but to increase the
house rent by Rs. 50/-per month w.e.f. first of next month .
2. It has come to my notice that your children make so much noise
when they play that it causes disturbance to other tenants
3. I am in receipt of your letter regarding the leaking of the roof of
your house .
4. I have noted your complaint about the rent payment receipts .
अब शकायत के नवारण के लए ल खए अ थवा करायेदार के प का उ र
द जए
5. I hope you will not mind this increase in rent as I have retired from
service recently and my only source of income is the house rent
received from you .
6. I am sure you will give the necessary instructions to your children
in this connection .
 7. I like to assure you that we are arranging for the necessary repairs
at the earliest .
8. The receipts in question will be issued on coming Monday .
प क समा त करायेदार से सहयोग क आशा गट करते ए क जए:
9. I hope you won’t find this increase burdensome .
10. I hope you will be able to understand and appreciate my point of
view .
11. I expect you to bear with me for a few days only .
12. I am sure you will extend your co-operation as always .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter
Dear Sir,
I am in receipt of your letter regarding the leaking of the roof of your
house. (3) I like to assure you that we are arranging for the necessary
repairs at the earliest. (7) I expect you to bear with me for a few days only.
(11)
Yours sincerely,
26 . कराएदार क ओर से मकान मा लक को प
( Letters from the Tenant to the Landlord )
प का ारम् भ अपनी शकायत अथवा मकानमा लक क ओर से य द कोई प
मला है तो उसके संदभ से क जए:
1. I have to inform you that the roof of the house we are occupying
leaks during rains causing great inconvenience to our family .
2. I am sorry to point out that despite several reminders you haven’t
issued the rent payment receipts for the last three months .
3. Please refer to your letter regarding increase in the rent of the
house we are occupying .
4. We have noted your complaint regarding our carelessness in
switching off the light at the main gate .
अब अपनी शकायत के नवारण के लए या मकान मा लक के प के जवाब म
ल खए:
5. Hence you are requested to get the necessary repairs done at the
earliest .
6. I, therefore, request you to issue the above mentioned receipts
without any further delay .
7. I regret to write that whatever cogent reason you may have for
 increasing the house rent but my financial means don’t permit me
to pay a higher rent .
8. Rest assured that we will be careful in future regarding switching
off the light at the main gate .
अंत म मकान मा लक से मधुर संबंध बनाए रखने पर जोर द:
9. I hope you will understand our problem and cooperate .
10. Hoping for a favourable reply .
11. I am sure you will appreciate my financial problem and withdraw
your rent increase proposal .
12. We are sure that this assurance is enough to set to rest all your
doubts in this regard .
___________________________________________________ Sample Letter
Dear Sir,
I am sorry to point out that despite several reminders you haven’t
issued the rent payment receipts for the last three months. (2) I, therefore,
request you to issue the above mentioned receipts without any further
delay. (6) Hoping for a favourable reply. (10).
Yours sincerely,