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    Alkalinity of Water

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    Zeel Patel
    This document provides a procedure for determining the alkalinity of a water sample. Alkalinity is a measure of the sample's ability to neutralize acids and is caused by hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The procedure involves titrating the sample with a standard acid solution using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators to determine phenolphthalein and total (methyl orange) alkalinity. The alkalinity is calculated based on the titration volumes and expressed in parts per million as calcium carbonate. The results provide the alkalinity levels for evaluation against drinking water standards.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Alkalinity of Water

    Uploaded by

    Zeel Patel
    72 views3 pages
    This document provides a procedure for determining the alkalinity of a water sample. Alkalinity is a measure of the sample's ability to neutralize acids and is caused by hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The procedure involves titrating the sample with a standard acid solution using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators to determine phenolphthalein and total (methyl orange) alkalinity. The alkalinity is calculated based on the titration volumes and expressed in parts per million as calcium carbonate. The results provide the alkalinity levels for evaluation against drinking water standards.

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    This document provides a procedure for determining the alkalinity of a water sample. Alkalinity is a measure of the sample's ability to neutralize acids and is caused by hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The procedure involves titrating the sample with a standard acid solution using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators to determine phenolphthalein and total (methyl orange) alkalinity. The alkalinity is calculated based on the titration volumes and expressed in parts per million as calcium carbonate. The results provide the alkalinity levels for evaluation against drinking water standards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views3 pages

    Alkalinity of Water

    Uploaded by

    Zeel Patel
    This document provides a procedure for determining the alkalinity of a water sample. Alkalinity is a measure of the sample's ability to neutralize acids and is caused by hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions. The procedure involves titrating the sample with a standard acid solution using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators to determine phenolphthalein and total (methyl orange) alkalinity. The alkalinity is calculated based on the titration volumes and expressed in parts per million as calcium carbonate. The results provide the alkalinity levels for evaluation against drinking water standards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Chemical Engineering Department M S University, Baroda

    ALKALINITY OF WATER
    Safety, health and Environment

    Aim: - To determine alkalinity of water sample.


    Apparatus: - Burette with stand, Conical flask, Pipette, Beaker, Measuring flask,
    Funnel, pH strips, Dropper.
    Chemicals: - Standard Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) solution (N/50), Methyl orange
    indicator, Phenolphthalein indicator, Sample water.
    Significance: -
    The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids.
    Alkalinity is measure of the ability of water to absorb H + without significance pH
    change. The major portion of alkalinity in natural water is caused hydroxide,
    carbonate and bicarbonate. The water with less than 100 mg/l are desirable for
    domestic use. In large quantities it gives bitter taste of water.
    Theory: -
    The alkalinity of water sample may be determined volumetrically by titrating
    with a standard acid to an arbitrary pH using an indicator. When the pH of the sample
    is above 8.3, titration is first carried out using Phenolphthalein indicator. At the end
    point, when the indicator changes from pink to colourless, the pH is lowered to about
    8.3. The volume of the acid (A ml) used up to this point corresponds to the complete
    neutralization of hydroxide and conversion of the carbonate in to bicarbonate:
    𝑂𝐻− + 𝐻 + → 𝐻2 𝑂
    𝐶𝑂3−2 + 𝐻 + → 𝐻𝐶𝑂3− (𝐴 𝑚𝑙)
    The alkalinity measured up to this point is called Phenolphthalein Alkalinity.
    Beyond the Phenolphthalein end-point, titration is continued using methyl orange
    indicator. The colour change from yellow to red occurs at a Ph of about 4.5 and the
    additional volume of acid (B ml) used corresponds to the complete neutralization of
    all the bicarbonate whether present originally or obtained from CO3-2.
    𝐻𝐶𝑂3− + 𝐻 + → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝐵 𝑚𝑙)

    1|Page
    Chemical Engineering Department M S University, Baroda

    The total volume of acid [(A + B) ml] used in the two titrations, therefore
    corresponds to the neutralization of hydroxide, carbonates and bicarbonates and is
    thus, a measure of total alkalinity, also called Methyl orange Alkalinity. Alkalinity
    is expressed as parts of equivalent CaCO3 per million parts of water.
    Procedure: -
    With a pipette, transfer 100 ml of the water sample in to a titration flask. Add 2 drops
    of Phenolphthalein indicator and titrate against N/50 H2SO4 until the pink colour just
    disappears. Record the volume of acid consumed as A ml. To this add 2-3 drops of
    methyl orange indicator and titrate further until the colour changes from yellow to
    red. Record the additional volume of acid consumed as B ml. Repeat the whole
    process a number of times to get concordant readings.
    Observations: -
    1) Volume of water sample taken for titration = 100 ml
    2) Volume of N/50 H2SO4 used in presence of Phenolphthalein indicator (A):
    ______ml
    3) Volume of N/50 H2SO4 used in presence of Methyl orange indicator (B):
    ______ml
    Calculations: -
    1) Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
    N1V1 (Sample) = N2V2 (N/50 H2SO4)
    N1*100 = (1/50) *A
    N1 = A / (50 *100)

    Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (as CaCO3) = A * 50 / 50 *100 (gm/lit)


    = A * 50 * 1000 / 50 * 100 (ppm)
    = A * 10 ppm
    2) Methyl orange Alkalinity
    N1V1 (Sample) = N2V2 (N/50 H2SO4)
    N1*100 = (1/50) (A+B)
    N1 = (A+B) / (50 *100)

    Methyl orange Alkalinity (as CaCO3) = (A+B) * 50 / 50 *100 (gm/lit)


    = (A+B) * 50 * 1000 / 50 * 100 (ppm)
    = (A+B) * 10 ppm

    2|Page
    Chemical Engineering Department M S University, Baroda

    Result: -
    1) Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (ppm): - ___________
    2) Methyl orange Alkalinity (ppm): - ___________
    Conclusion: -

    3|Page

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