Intro To Philosophy-Module 2
Intro To Philosophy-Module 2
Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020
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Senior High School
Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
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Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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What I Need to Know
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What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
4. What do you call the statements that assume the claim to be true and
provide reasons why the statement is true?
a. argument
b. belief
c. explanation
d. opinion
5. Which of the following is the scientific study of the essential structures of the
consciousness?
a. empiricism
b. epistemology
c. logic
d. phenomenology
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7. Which method of philosophizing distinguishes opinion from facts or from
personal feelings or emotions?
a. bias elimination
b. critical thinking
c. reduction criticism
d. wishful thinking
8. What do we call the tendencies and influences that affect our views of
people?
a. Bias
b. Claims
c. Explanations
d. Fallacies
9. What fallacy assumes that what is true for the whole is true for the parts?
a. Ad hominem
b. Appeal to emotion
c. Appeal to force
d. Fallacy of division
10. What do we call the fallacy where in the idea is acceptable because it
has been true for a long time?
a. Appeal to force
b. Appeal to tradition
c. Appeal to emotion
d. Ad hominem
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Lesson
Distinguish Opinion from
1 Truth
What’s In
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What’s New
In today’s society we encounter a lot of information from various sources such as the
media and our interactions with our friends, family, and members of the community.
Most of the information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or may even
be utterly false.
Every day we are confronted with news, claims and announcements from our peers,
family members, figures of authority the government and media. How do we know if
they are telling the truth?
ACTIVITY 1
List 5 some “controversial” or doubtful claims that encountered in media or social
media. Please use separate sheet of paper.
What is It
Truth
Philosophers often grapple with the concept
of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any
inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified.
Knowledge
Before we discuss truth, it is important to
clarify knowledge, since it through knowing
that we are able to determine what is true.
Knowledge is the clear awareness and
understanding of something.
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Philosophy has various views which can help us tackle the concepts of knowing the
truth, and arrive at a reasonable assessment if a statement, idea, or event is
believable.
ACTIVITY 2
Give at least 5 examples of statement that are facts and 5 statements that are
claim. Please use separate sheet of paper.
3 Theories of Truth
The Correspondence Theory states that a proposition is true if it is corresponding to
the facts.
The Coherence Theory states that if a proposition coheres with all the other
propositions taken to be true, then it is true
The Pragmatic Theory states that a proposition is true is true if it is useful to believe.
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3 Perspectives regarding truth:
There are several views regarding truth. But what kind of belief is truthful? How do
we know that what we believe is true?
We assume that everything we know about this world is true. But philosophers who
pondered upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything that there is to know
about themselves and the world. It is said that there are instances when we have to
unlearn something so that we may learn anew.
Using doubt as our starting point, Let’s rewrite the statements as questions so
we can review and examine them further.
Am I alive?
Do I have a body?
Can I breathe?
Now, how will you figure out the answers to these questions? The obvious answer
would be to examine yourself to determine if indeed you are alive, that you have
a body, and you can breathe. Do you have a pulse? Can you feel your heartbeat?
Do you have hands, arms, legs, feet, and a head? Try to take a deep breathe, then
exhale. Were you able to do it? If you answered “yes” to all these questions, then
you can conclude with certainty that the previous statements about yourself are
true. You can now say:
I am alive!
I have a body!
I can breathe!
I am a Filipino.
Am I a Filipino?
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We can use facts to guide us in our search for truth. If you look up the word
“Filipino” in a dictionary, you will come across the following definitions:
Filipino (noun)
1. a native of the Philippine Islands
2. a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines
3. the Tagalog-based official language of the Republic of the Philippines.
We applied this perspective when we looked up the meaning of the word “Filipino”
in a dictionary. We assumed that what is stated in the definition is the actual
meaning of the word.
When you asked your peer, family, relatives and friends regarding your question,
all of them have the same answer then it is true. But this approach has certain
limitations.
ACTIVITY 3
Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the following statements. Describe how you
will determine their truthfulness. Please use separate sheet of paper.
ACTIVITY 4
Let us take a look at the following statements and determine which one states
Fact or Opinion. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
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5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in
handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an
example of the brutality that characterizes our police force.
Analyzing these statements, you will be able to identify statements that are similar.
Which statements that are more factual? If you answered the first
column,then you are correct.We can confidently say that they fit into the
category of facts since they contain ideas or information that are easily
verifiable.
The second column, on the other hand, has statements that could be
considered opinions.
Opinion
These statements go beyond providing facts.They also provide conclusions or
perspectives regarding certain situations.
Conclusion
It is a judgment based on certain facts.
Beliefs
These are statements that express convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by facts.
Explanations
These are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide
reasons why the statement is true.
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What’s More
ACTIVITY 5
Give a reaction to the article below. Describe how you will determine the truth of
the claims given. Please use separate sheet of paper.
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Discovering truths about oneself is merely the first step toward exploring knowledge
and truth. As we encounter varied ideas and knowledge in our everyday interactions,
philosophy can help us determine which information we encounter is believable and
acceptable, and which needs to be examined more closely to determine its truth.
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What I Have Learned
1. Philosophy is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any
inquiry.
2. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where
philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and ways of knowing.
3. Facts are statements that are observed to be real of truthful. Claims are statement
that require further examination to determine their truthfulness.
4. Philosophers consider something as truthful if it is corresponding with an
observable fact or reality. Something is also true if it can be justified through
experience and the use of one’s senses. Another view believes that truth is a
product of agreement or consensus.
5. Opinions are comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide
conclusions or perspective regarding certain situations.
What I Can Do
Additional Activities
1. What are the things that you considered real, true, and unchanging in your life?
2. Have you experienced a situation where what you believed to be true turned out
to be untrue? How did this experience affect you?
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Lesson
Methods of Philosophy that
2 Lead to Wisdom and Truth
What’s In
What’s New
In your science class, you already know that when salt and sugar are dissolved in
water, they form a homogenous solution. On the other hand, sand combined with
water forms a heterogenous mixture. What process led you to know that?
A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing
conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods.
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ACTIVITY 1
Which of the following statements are TRUE? Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. The sun is the center of the solar system.
2. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
3. God made the world in seven days.
4. Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
5. A person must always consider the interest of his or her family before his or her
own happiness.
1. Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statement? Why?
2. Which of the statements are obviously true? Which ones required more
thought to determine their truthfulness?
What is It
Doing experiments are standard in science classes. In the previous example, knowing
whether a mixture is heterogenous or homogenous can easily be done just
performing a simple test. This lesson involves the process of experimentation and
observation referred to as the scientific method of philosophizing.
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The Socratic method
Also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more
people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish
the truth through reasoned methods of argumentation. Dialectic resembles debate,
but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the
modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.
Methods ask, find or use Ask, clarify, reject Define the question,
examples, reject form a hypothesis
ask again. perform an
experiment, collect
data, draw
conclusions, publish
result.
Both the Socratic and Dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or
more people who carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an
agreement with one another. Meanwhile, scientific method is a process of
determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, and inductive or deductive
reasoning.
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ACTIVITY 2
Read the following statements carefully. Identify whether it is Scientific Method,
Dialectic Method or Socratic Method. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. I want to know if water freezes faster on its own or with added to.
2. What do you mean when you say I’m okay?
3. Can you provide an example that supports what you are saying?
4. Can you clarify your response?
5. How you define love between two people?
The scientific method leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence – based
approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by
facts that can be easily tested or proven again through experiments, logical
reasoning, or observation. The knowledge and truth gained from the scientific
method are assured to come directly from valid conclusions.
What’s More
Let us explore one of the branches of Philosophy, logic. As what we have discussed
in our previous lesson, this is a branch of Philosophy which deals with correct
reasoning. And it has two major type; the Inductive Reasoning and the Deductive
Reasoning.
ACTIVITY 3
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Identify the following statement. Tell whether Inductive or Deductive? Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
3. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining is red. The chair in
the bedroom is red. Therefore, All the chairs in the house is red.
4. Bob is taller than his wife, and his wife is taller than his son. So, Bob is taller
than his son.
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What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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5. How do you differentiate the scientific method in philosophy and science?
a. The scientific method in philosophy is limited only in response to
questions about human existence while the scientific method in
science encompasses all questions about matter.
b. The scientific method in philosophy is more inclined to answering
questions of logic while the scientific method in science is more
inclined to answering questions about the physical environment.
c. There is no difference between the scientific method in philosophy
and science.
Additional Activities
Based on the picture presented, as one of the social issues that we are currently
facing today, formulate questions using the philosophical methods, choose one from
Scientific, Socratic, and Dialectic Method, and try to generate an answer.
Please use a separate sheet of paper.
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Lesson
Evaluating truth from
opinions using the methods
3 of philosophizing.
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to;
1. Determine truth from opinion;
2. Evaluate arguments and ways of expressing one’s beliefs, emotions and
opinion and;
3. Illustrate methods or ways of looking at truth and considered as mere opinion.
What’s In
What’s New
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claims and arguments are given by persons who have ill intentions and wish to twist
or manipulate facts to suit their own purposes. As we analyze what is presented to
us, we must always keep in mind the standards of critical thinking.
ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions. Please use separate sheet of paper.
What is It
Critical Thinking
What separates mere thinking from critical thinking? Critical is
a Greek word “kritikos” (to separate) and analysis “ana”
(throughout) “lusis” (to loosen) so, critical thinking mean
thinking analytically.
Arguments
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The following are examples of fallacies:
Bias
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When we are looking for opinion be aware of bias. These are the personal views of
the person presenting it. They are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to
tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.
Example of Bias:
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ACTIVITY 2
Read the article carefully. Identify any fallacies or bias that the speakers make in
their arguments. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
MANILA, Philippines — About P10.2 billion from the Philippine Health Insurance
Corp.’s (PhilHealth) budget was “potentially lost” to fraudulent transactions and
schemes in 2019.
This loss could balloon to P18 billion by next year if not addressed properly,
PhilHealth president Ricardo Morales revealed on Tuesday during a Senate inquiry
on the alleged corruption in the agency. Morales, citing a study in December last
year, said the state insurer’s fraud index rate was at 7.5%, while the global average
is at 10% to 20%. “In other words, of the 176 billion spent by PhilHealth last year of
benefit payments, P10.2 billion was potentially lost to fraud,” he said. “Next year, if
the right thing is not done, of the P240 billion planned benefit expenditure, this
potential loss could balloon to P18 billion,” the PhilHealth president added. The
“systematic” fraud plaguing the agency will only be stemmed by a “robust, integrated,
and harmonized information management system” that could run a membership
database, Morales claimed. He added that the current information management
system of PhilHealth is “fragmented, aging and overextended ministered by
overworked IT professionals.” However, the IT project of PhilHealth, which is
supposedly designed to stop fraud and scams within the agency, was flagged as
“overpriced” by government auditors.
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On Consciousness. Phenomenology was founded by Edmund Husserl. A method for
finding and guaranteeing the truth that focuses on careful inspection and
description of phenomena or appearances. It comes from the Greek word
phainómenon meaning “appearance.” It is the scientific study of the essential
structures of consciousness.
The first and best known is the epoche or “suspension” that “brackets” all questions
of truth or reality and simply describes the contents of consciousness. The second
reduction eliminates the merely empirical contents of consciousness and focuses
instead on the essential features, the meanings of consciousness.
What’s More
Understanding of opinions and facts and the means to distinguish one from the other
can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas.
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and
enables us to make wiser decision, especially in choosing the ideas and views which
we find acceptable.
An individual cannot live his or her life just agreeing with everybody he or she
meets. A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us our form our own personal
point of view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when faced with a
problem.
Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable which we
can then use to form our own views regarding certain matter.
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ACTIVITY 3
Read the article and evaluate the following opinions regarding the issue discussed.
The tribunal also said that China has violated Philipines sovereign rights.”
Having found that certain areas are within the exclusive zone of the
Philippines, the Tribunal found that China had violated the Philippines’
sovereign rights in its exclusive economic zone by ( a) interfering with
Philippine fishing and petroleum exploration (b) constructing artificial
islands, and (c) failing to prevent Chinese fishermen from fishing in the
zone,” the Tribunal statement said.
“The tribunal further held that Chinese law enforcement vessels had
unlawfuly created a serious risk of collision when they physically obstructed
Philippine vessels,” it said.
The Spratly Islands and its many reefs are being claimed by China under its
“nine- dash line” claim that covers nearly the entire South China Sea
including parts of the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). China
insists it has “historic rights” in asserting its ownership of the region
believed to be rich in natural gas resources and also a vital trade route for
international cargo ships.
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The Philippines filed its case in January 2013 following a tense standoff
between Chinese and Philippines ships at Scarborough shoal in April 2012.
Since the initation of the arbitration case, China has conducted several
massive reclamation projects to turn submerged reefs into artificial islands
capable of hosting military structures and equipment.
Opinion 1:
Filipinos should rejoice that the UN Tribunal has upheld their right to the islands
and waters of the Spratlys. It is but right that the Philippines has gained this victory
over a known super power not through force of arms, but by engaging the global
community and appealing to the rule of law. The Tribunal’s decision both upholds
the UNCLOS as the primary basis for determining matters related to territorial waters
and provides nations an example of how the rule of law and due process, when
properly observed, can bring about a fair resolution.
With this victory, the Philippines can now confidently face China in negotiating the
rights to the territorial waters in the Spratlys. Armed with the conviction that the
Filipino people and its government are in the right; Filipino negotiators will now be
able to ask for more equitable terms regarding access to and use of resources in the
disputed area. International opinion can also be used to convince China to scale back
on its activities in the Spratlys islands, and this hopefully will put a stop to the
construction of facilities and their increasing military presence in the disputed
islands. The decision has made diplomacy the only option to resolve the issue
regarding the Spratlys. The region and the world will not benefit if the Philippines
and China, along with the other claimant countries, abandon dialogue and resort to
force to push their respective claims. With the support of its international partners,
the Philippines can now justly assert its rights and enjoin all involved parties to
uphold respect for international law.
Opinion 2:
China will never recognize the UN Tribunal decision and will continue its activities
in the disputed Spratly islands. Ever since the Philippines filed its cases against
China at the United Nations, the Chines government has dismissed the proceeding
and has not participated in any of the hearings of the Tribunal. This shows China’s
utter disregard for international rule of law and its lack of respect for the UNCLOS,
a document to which China is a signing party. The military and economic ambitions
of China will continue to fuel its desire to occupy more territory. If China does not
give way despite the decision and the overwhelming international pressure, what will
stop it from occupying islands that actually belong to the Philippines?
The continued presence of Chinese forces in the islands is a disaster waiting to
happen. Given that they have control over many islands and have been harassing
Filipino fishermen who go into its nearby waters, what will stop the Chinese from
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using destructive and deadly force on any other ship that dares to trespass in their
so-called territories? Nothing short of a war will convince China that its territorial
ambitions have already exceeded the tolerance of the world.
Which among these is most acceptable? How will these opinions guide your views
and actions as citizens of the Philippines? Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
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What I Can Do
Match Column A with the correct answer on Column B. Write your answer on a
sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
Additional Activities
1. Copy an article from the Internet, a newspaper or a magazine. Identify the facts
and opinions presented in the article. Determine how you will verify the facts
and opinions stated. Please use a separate sheet of paper.
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Assessment
Identify the following. Please write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. These are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by
facts.
2. These are statements that assume claim is true and provide reasons to support
them.
3. This is a series of statements that provide reasons to convince a person that a
claim or opinion is truthful.
4. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
5. These are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people.
6. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.
7. These are statements which need to be examined to determine whether they
are true or false.
8. These are statement which are observed to be real or truthful.
9. This is a judgment based on certain facts,
10. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter.
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ANSWER KEY
10. Conclusion
9. Opinions
8. Claims
7. Facts
10.b
6. Knowledge 9.d
8.a
5. Biases
7.b
4. Fallacies 6.c
5.d
3. Argument 4.c
3.a
2. Explanations
2.c
1. Beliefs 1.a
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References
2019. www.globaltimes.cn. Accessed July 20, 2020.
http://www.globaltimes.cn/daily-specials/South-China-Sea-arbitration-
case/Comments3.html.
n.d. Accessed July 18, 2020. https://www.slideshare.net/jeromecastelo/methods-
of-philosophizing-152689719.
Hospers, J. 1997. An introduction to Philosophical Analysis.2nd ed.,Routledge:.
London.
n.d. www.cartoonstock.com. Accessed July 20, 2020.
https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/philosophizes.asp.
n.d. www.slideshare.net. Accessed July 28, 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/arielgilbuena7/intro-to-the-philosophy-of-the-
human-person-ch-23-scientific-method-of-philosophizing.
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