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CE 010 Module 1.2-1.3

This document discusses fundamental concepts in surveying measurements including types of measurements, units of measurement, field notes, errors and mistakes in data, accuracy, probable error, weighted observations, and error propagation. Key points include: direct and indirect measurements are taken of distance, angles, elevations and other quantities; common angle units include degrees-minutes-seconds, grads, and mils; field notes should be accurate, clear, and organized; errors are from measurement flaws while mistakes come from human error; weighted observations give more weight to more precise measurements; and errors propagate and accumulate in summed, multiplied, or repeated measurements.

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NIÑO LEANDRO LEYES
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959 views29 pages

CE 010 Module 1.2-1.3

This document discusses fundamental concepts in surveying measurements including types of measurements, units of measurement, field notes, errors and mistakes in data, accuracy, probable error, weighted observations, and error propagation. Key points include: direct and indirect measurements are taken of distance, angles, elevations and other quantities; common angle units include degrees-minutes-seconds, grads, and mils; field notes should be accurate, clear, and organized; errors are from measurement flaws while mistakes come from human error; weighted observations give more weight to more precise measurements; and errors propagate and accumulate in summed, multiplied, or repeated measurements.

Uploaded by

NIÑO LEANDRO LEYES
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE 010

Fundamentals
of Surveying
JOSEPH ANGELO R. SABIO
Instructor
Technological Institute of the
Philippines - Quezon City
Module 1.2-3:
Errors and
Mistakes;
Weighted
Observations
Survey Mesurement
Surveying measurements are usually Types of Measurement:
concentrated on:
Direct
Distance/Lines
Indirect
Angles
Elevations
Time
Area
Volume
Units of Measurements
03
01
02 Radians
Degrees, Minutes,
and Seconds Grads 2π rad= 360°
1 ° = 0.01745 radians
1 rev = 360 degrees (°) centesimal system
1 ° = 60 minutes (’) 1 right angle is divided into
04
1 ’ = 60 seconds (”) 100 equal parts
Mills
35°20'15'' 1 grad = 0.9°
35 degrees, 20 minutes, and 1 rev = 400 grads astronomy, navigation, and
15 seconds military applications
1 rev = 6400 mils
Field Notes
are the records of work done in the
field. They typically contain
measurements, sketches, descriptions, and
many other items of miscellaneous
information.
Field Notes Four types of notes are
Requirements kept in practice:

What you should remember? sketches


Accuracy tabulations
Integrity descriptions
Legibility combinations of these
Arrangement
Clarity
Errors vs Mistakes in Data
Errors are difference between a measured quantity
and its true value, caused by imperfection in the
measuring instrument, by the method of
measurement, by natural factors such as
temperature, or by random variations in human
observation.

Systematic Errors
Accidental Errors or Random Error
Mistakes are caused by Human Error. It can also
be due to the carelessness of the surveyor and
lack of judgment or knowledge.
Differences of Errors and Mistakes
in Data Surveyed
Error
Tape does not have standard length
Imperfect alignment of tape
Tape is not horizontal or not stretched right
Imperfection of observation
Variations in temperature and tension
Mistakes
Recording wrong observed value
Reading wrong meter mark
Accuracy of Data
Discrepancy

is the difference between two observed values of the same quantity.

Precision

consistency of a group of
observations and is evaluated on
the basis of discrepancy size.

Accuracy

nearness of observed
quantities to their true values
Most Probable Value
If two or more measurements of the same quantity are
made, usually different values are obtained due to
random errors, the average value of the different
measurements is taken to be the true or most probable
value

Example 1: A distance was measured four times,


resulting in values of 55.63, 55.78, 55.55, and 55.81 m.

MPV = (55.63 + 55.78 +55.55 + 55.81) / 4 = 55.69 m


Probable Error
The most probable error is that which has an
equal chance (50 percent) is E50.
90 and 95 percent error, or E90 and E95

E50 use 0.6745


E90 use 1.6499
E95 use 1.9599

v = delta, the difference between each individual


measurement and the average of n measurements
n = the number of measurements
Example
A distance was measured five times (by pacing) as follows: 75.3, 76.2, 75.7, 75.5, and 75.8 m.
Compute the most probable distance and the 95 percent error of that procedure.
Example
A distance was measured five times (by pacing) as follows: 75.3, 76.2, 75.7, 75.5, and 75.8 m.
Compute the most probable distance and the 95 percent error of that procedure.

E50 use 0.6745


E90 use 1.6499
E95 use 1.9599
Error of Closure Example 3: A distance of
577.80 ft is measured by a

and Relative surveying crew. The true


distance is later found to be

Accuracy 577.98 ft from another source.


What is the relative accuracy
of the measurement?

Error of Closure or Closure


577.80−577.98=−0.18ft
difference between a measured
quantity and its actual value
577.80 / 0.18 = 3210

Relative Accuracy
Relative Accuracy is 1:3210
ratio between distance
measured and error of closure
Sum of Errors
Assume that the sum of independently observed observations is Z

Z = a+b+c+...
Sum of Errors
Example 4: Assume that a line is observed in three sections, with
the individual parts equal to 753.81, ±0.012, 1238.40, ±0.028, and
1062.95, ±0.020 respectively. The unit of observed length are in
ft. Determine the line’s total length and its anticipated standard
deviation.
Series of Error
If the same error E in each observation is assumed and the sum of
errors equation is applied
Series of Errors
Example 5: Assume that any distance of 100 ft can be taped with an
error of ±0.02ft if certain techniques are employed. Determine the
error in taping 5000 ft using these skills.
Product of Error
The illustration and equation for propagated A and B, where Ea and
Eb are the respective errors in A and B, is
Product of Error
Example 6: For a rectangular lot, observations of sides A and B
with their 95% errors are 252.46, ±0.053 and 605.08, ±0.072
respectively. Calculate the parcel area and the expected 95% error
in the area.
Weights of Observation
if an observation is very precise, it will have a small standard
deviation or variance, and thus should be weighed more heavily

1. Weights are inversely proportional to the


square of the corresponding probable errors.
2. Weights are also proportional to the number
of observations.
3. Errors are directly proportional to the
square roots of distances.
Example 7: Suppose four observations of a distance
are recorded as 482.16, 482.17, 482.20, and 482.18
and given weights of 1, 2, 2, and 4, respectively,
by the surveyor. Determine the weighted mean.
Example 8: Assume the observed angles of a
certain plane triangle, and their relative
weights, are A = 49˚51’15’’, Wa=1; B =
60˚32’08’’, Wb=2; and C = 69˚36’33’’, Wc=3.
Determine the adjusted angle.
Thank you
for Listening!
Are there any clarifications?

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