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5.1 Loops (general)

Loop concept
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People who have children may be familiar with looping around the block until a baby falls asleep.
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.1.1:
Loop concept: Driving a baby around the block.

Animation captions:

1. Parents may be familiar with this scenario: Driving home, baby is awake. Parents circle the
block, hoping the baby will fall asleep.
2. After first loop, baby is still awake, so parents loop again.
3. After second loop, baby is asleep, so parents head home for a peaceful evening.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.1.2:
Loop concept.

Consider the example above.

1) When the parents first checked, was

the baby awake?
Yes
No

2) After the first loop, was the baby

awake?
Yes
No

3) After the second loop, was the baby

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

awake?
Bharathi Byreddy

Yes LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

No

4) How many loops around the block did

the parents make?
2

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5) Where was the decision point for

whether to loop: At the top of the street
or bottom?
Top
Bottom ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Loop basics

A loop is a program construct that repeatedly executes the loop's statements (known as the loop
body) while the loop's expression is true; when false, execution proceeds past the loop. Each time
through a loop's statements is called an iteration.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.1.3:
A simple loop: Summing the input values.

Animation captions:

1. A loop is like a branch, but jumping back to the expression when done. Thus, the loop's
statements may execute multiple times, before execution proceeds past the loop.
2. This program gets an input value. If the value > -1, the program adds the value to a sum, gets
another input, and repeats. val is 2, so the loop's statements execute, making sum 2.
3. The loop's statements ended by getting the next input, which is 4. The loop's expression 4 > -1
is true, so the loop's statements execute again, making sum 2 + 4 or 6.
4. The loop's statements got the next input of 1. The loop's expression 1 > -1 is true, so the loop's
statements execute a third time, making sum 6 + 1 or 7.
5. The next input is -1. This time, -1 > -1 is false, so the loop is not entered. Instead, execution
proceeds past the loop, where a statement puts sum, which is 7, to the output.

Loop example: Computing an average

A loop can be used to compute the average of a list of numbers.

PARTICIPATION ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

ACTIVITY
5.1.4:
Loop example: Computing an average. Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Animation captions:

1. The program computes an average of a list of numbers (a negative ends the list). The first
input is 2, so the loop is entered. Sum becomes 2, and num is incremented to 1.

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2. The next input is 4. The loop is entered, so sum becomes 2 + 4 or 6, and num is incremented
to 2.
3. The next input is 9, so the loop is entered. Sum becomes 6 + 9 or 15, and num is incremented
to 3.
4. The next input is -1, so the loop is not entered. 15 / 3 or 5 is output.

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ACTIVITY
5.1.5:
Loop example: Average. Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Consider the computing an average example above.

1) In the example above, the first value

gotten from input was 2. That caused
the loop body to be _____.
executed
not executed

2) At the end of the loop body, the _____.

next input is gotten

loop is exited
average is computed

3) With what value was sum initialized?

-1
0

4) Each time through the loop, the sum

variable is increased by _____.
0
1
the current input value

5) What was variable num's value after

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the loop was done iterating? Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
1
2
3

6) Before the loop, the first input value is

gotten. If that input was negative

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(unlike the data in the example above),

the loop's body would _____.
be executed
not be executed

Example: Counting specific values in a list ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Programs execute one statement at a time. Thus, using a loop to examine a list of values one value at
a time and updating variables along the way, as in the above examples, is a common programming
task.

Below is a task to help a person get accustomed to examining a list of values one value at a time. The
task asks a person to count the number of negative values, incrementing a variable to keep count.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.1.6:
Counting negative values in a list of values.

Click "Increment" if a negative value is seen.

Start

Counter

X X X X X X X 0

Next value Increment

Time - Best time -

Clear best

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.1.7:
Counting negative values.

Complete the program such that variable count ends having the number01/03/22
©zyBooks of negative
22:04values
1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

in an input list of values (the list ends with 0). So if the input is -1 -5 9 3 0, then count should
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
end with 2.

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count = 0

val = Get next input

While val is not 0

if __(A)__

__(B)__

val = Get next input

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1) What should expression (A) be? Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
val > 0
val < 0
val is 0

2) What should statement (B) be?

val = val + 1
count = count + 1
count = val

3) If the input value is 0, does the loop

body execute?
Yes
No

Example: Finding the max value

Examining items one at a time and updating a variable can achieve some interesting computations.
The task below is to find the maximum value in a list of positive values. A variable stores the max
value seen so far. Each input value is compared with that max, and if greater, that value replaces that
max. The max value is initialized with -1 so that such comparison works even for the first input value.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.1.8:
Find the maximum value in the list of values.

Click "Store value" if a new maximum value is seen.

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Bharathi Byreddy

Start LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

max

X X X X X X X

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Next value Store value

Time - Best time -

Clear best

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PARTICIPATION Bharathi Byreddy

ACTIVITY 5.1.9:
Determining the max value. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Complete the program such that variable max ends having the maximum value in an input
list of positive values (the list ends with 0). So if the input is 22 5 99 3 0, then max should end
as 99.

max = -1

val = Get next input

while val is not 0

If __(A)__

__(B)__

val = Get next input

1) What should expression (A) be?

max > 0
max > val
val > max

2) What should statement (B) be?

max = val
val = max
max = max + 1

3) Does the final value of max depend on

the order of inputs? In particular, would
max be different for inputs 22 5 99 3 0
versus inputs 99 3 5 22 0? ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

Yes LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
No

4) For inputs 5 10 7 20 8 0, with what

values should max be assigned?
-1, 20
-1, 5, 10, 20
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-1, 5, 10, 7, 20

5.2 While loops

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Bharathi Byreddy

While loop: Basics LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

A while loop is a construct that repeatedly executes an indented block of code (known as the loop
body) as long as the loop's expression is True. At the end of the loop body, execution goes back to the
while loop statement and the loop expression is evaluated again. If the loop expression is True, the
loop body is executed again. But, if the expression evaluates to False, then execution instead proceeds
to below the loop body. Each execution of the loop body is called an iteration, and looping is also
called iterating.

Construct 5.2.1: While loop.

while expression: # Loop expression

# Loop body: Sub-statements to execute

# if the loop expression evaluates to True

# Statements to execute after the expression evaluates to False

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.2.1:
While loop.

Animation content:

undefined

Animation captions:
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1. When encountered, a while loop's expression is evaluated. If true,Bharathi

the loop's body
is entered.
Byreddy
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Here, user_char was initialized with 'y', so user_char == 'y' is true.
2. Thus, the loop body is executed, which outputs curr_power's current value of 2, doubles
curr_power, and gets the next input.
3. Execution jumps back to the while part. user_char is 'y' (the first input), so user_char == 'y' is
true, and the loop body executes (again), outputting 4.
4. user_char is 'y' (the second user input), so user_char == 'y' is true, and the loop body executes
(a third time), outputting 8.
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5. user_char is now 'n', so user_char == 'y' is false. Thus, execution jumps to after the loop, which
outputs "Done".

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.2.2:
Basic while loops.

For each question, indicate how many times will the loop body©zyBooks
execute?01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

1) x = 3
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
while x >= 1:

# Do something

x = x - 1

Check Show answer

2) Assume user would enter 'n', then

'n', then 'y'.

# Get character from user here

while user_char != 'n':

# Do something

# Get character from user

here

Check Show answer

3) Assume user would enter 'a', then

'b', then 'n'.

# Get character from user here

while user_char != 'n':

# Do something

# Get character from user

here

Check Show answer ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Example: While loop with a sentinel value

The following example uses the statement while user_value != 'q': to allow a user to end a
face-drawing program by entering the character 'q'. The letter 'q' in this case is a sentinel value, a value
that when evaluated by the loop expression causes the loop to terminate.

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The code print(user_value*5) produces a new string, which repeats the value of user_value 5
times. In this case, the value of user_value may be "-", thus the result of the multiplication is "-----".
Another valid (but long and visually unappealing) method is the statement
print(f'{user_value}{user_value}{user_value}{user_value}{user_value}').

Note that input may read in a multi-character string from the user, so only the first character is
extracted from user_input with user_value = user_input[0].
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Once execution enters the loop body, execution continues to the body's end evenByreddy
Bharathi if the expression

becomes False midway through. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Figure 5.2.1: While loop example: Face-printing program that ends when
user enters 'q'.

 - -

nose = '0' # Looks a little like a nose

0

user_value = '-'
-----

while user_value != 'q':

Enter a character ('q' for
quit): x

print(f' {user_value} {user_value} ') # Print x x

eyes
0

print(f' {nose} ') # Print nose

xxxxx

print(user_value*5) # Print mouth

print('\n')

Enter a character ('q' for

quit): @

# Get new character for eyes and mouth

@ @

user_input = input("Enter a character ('q' for 0

quit): \n")
@@@@@

user_value = user_input[0]

print('Goodbye.\n')
Enter a character ('q' for
quit): q

Goodbye.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.2.3:
Loop expressions.

Complete the loop expressions, using a single operator in your expression. Use the most
straightforward translation of English to an expression. ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
1) Iterate while x is less than 100.
while :

# Loop body statements go

here

Check Show answer

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2) Iterate while x is greater than or

equal to 0.
while :

# Loop body statements go

here

Check Show answer

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Bharathi Byreddy

3) Iterate while c equals 'g'. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

while :

# Loop body statements go

here

Check Show answer

4) Iterate until c equals 'z'.

while :

# Loop body statements go

here

Check Show answer

Stepping through a while loop

The following program animation provides another loop example. First, the user enters an integer.
Then, the loop prints each digit one at a time starting from the right, using "% 10" to get the rightmost
digit and "// 10" to remove that digit. The loop is only entered while num is greater than 0; once num
reaches 0, the loop will have printed all digits.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.2.4:
While loop step-by-step.

Animation content:

undefined
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Bharathi Byreddy

Animation captions: LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

1. User enters the number 902. The first iteration prints "2".
2. The second iteration prints "0".
3. The third iteration prints "9", so every digit has been printed. The loop condition is checked one
more time, and since num is 0, the loop stops.

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Example: While loop: Iterations

Each iteration of the program below prints one line with the year and the number of ancestors in that
year. (Note: the program's output numbers are largely due to not considering breeding among distant
relatives, but nevertheless, a person has many ancestors.)
The program checks for year_considered >= user_year rather than for
year_considered != user_year, because year_considered might be reduced
©zyBooks 01/03/22past user_year
22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

without equaling it, causing an infinite loop. An infinite loop is a loop that will always execute because
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
the loop's expression is always True. A common error is to accidentally create an infinite loop by
assuming equality will be reached. Good practice is to include greater than or less than along with
equality in a loop expression to help avoid infinite loops.

A program with an infinite loop may print output excessively, or just seem to stall (if the loop contains
no printing). A user can halt a program by pressing Control-C in the command prompt running the
Python program. Alternatively, some IDEs have a "Stop" button.

zyDE 5.2.1: While loop example: Ancestors printing program.

Run the program below.

Load default template...

1 year_considered = 2020 # Year being considered

2 num_ancestors = 2 # Approx. ancestors in considered year
3 years_per_generation = 20 # Approx. years per generation
4
5 user_year = int(input('Enter a past year (neg. for B.C.): '
6 print()
7
8 while year_considered >= user_year:
9 print(f'Ancestors in {year_considered}: {num_ancestors}
10
11 num_ancestors = num_ancestors * 2
12 year_considered = year_considered - years_per_generatio
13

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

1945 Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Run

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1/3/22, 10:06 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.2.5:
While loop iterations.

What is the output of the following code? (Use "IL" for infinite loops.)

1) x = 0
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

while x > 0:
Bharathi Byreddy

print(x, end=' ')

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
x = x - 1

print('Bye')

Check Show answer

2) x = 5

y = 18

while y >= x:

print(y, end=' ')

y = y - x

Check Show answer

3) x = 10

while x != 3:

print(x, end=' ')

x = x / 2

Check Show answer

4) x = 1

y = 3

z = 5

while not (y < x < z):

print(x, end=' ')

x = x + 1
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Check Show answer

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.2.1:
Enter the output of the while loop.

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368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

Start

Type the program's output

g = 0
0

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

while g <= 1:
1
Bharathi Byreddy

print(g)
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
g += 1

1 2 3 4

Check Next

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 5.2.2:
Basic while loop with user input.

Write an expression that executes the loop body as long as the user enters a non-negative
number.

Note: If the submitted code has an infinite loop, the system will stop running the code after a
few seconds and report "Program end never reached." The system doesn't print the test case
that caused the reported message.

Sample outputs with inputs: 9 5 2 -1

Body

Body

Body

Done.

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7 Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
1 user_num = int(input())
2 while ''' Your solution goes here ''':
3 print('Body')
4 user_num = int(input())
5
6 print('Done.')

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©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Run Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.2.3:
Basic while loop expression.

Write a while loop that repeats while user_num ≥ 1. In each loop iteration, divide user_num by
2, then print user_num.

Sample output with input: 20

10.0

5.0

2.5

1.25

0.625

Note: If the submitted code has an infinite loop, the system will stop running the code after a
few seconds and report "Program end never reached." The system doesn't print the test case
that caused the reported message.

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 user_num = int(input())
2
3 ''' Your solution goes here '''
4
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

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Run

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

5.3 More while examples Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Example: GCD

The following is an example of using a loop to compute a mathematical quantity. The program
computes the greatest common divisor (GCD) among two user-entered integers num_a and num_b,
using Euclid's algorithm: If num_a > num_b, set num_a to num_a - num_b, else set num_b to
num_b - num_a. Repeat until num_a equals num_b, at which point num_a and num_b both equal the
GCD.

zyDE 5.3.1: While loop example: GCD program.

Try running the program below that calculates the greatest common
divisor (GCD) of two positive integers.

20

Load default template...

15

1 num_a = int(input('Enter fir

2 print()
Run
3
4 num_b = int(input('Enter sec
5 print()
6
7 while num_a != num_b:
8 if num_a > num_b:
9 num_a = num_a - num_
10 else:
11 num_b = num_b - num_
12
13 print(f'GCD is {num_a}') ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

14 Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.3.1:
Loop example: Greatest common divisor.

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Use input values of num_a = 15 and num_b = 10 in the above GCD program. Try to answer
the questions by mentally executing the statements. If stuck, consider adding additional print
statements to the program.

1) What is the value of num_a before

the first loop iteration?

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Bharathi Byreddy

Check Show answer LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

2) What is num_a after the first and

before the second iteration?

Check Show answer

3) What is num_b after the second

and before the third iteration?

Check Show answer

4) How many loop iterations will the

algorithm execute?

Check Show answer

Example: Conversation

Below is a program that has a "conversation" with the user. The program asks the user to type
something and then randomly prints one of four possible responses until the user enters "Goodbye".
Note that the first few lines of the program represent a docstring: a multi-line string literal delimited at
the beginning and end by triple-quotes. Either single ' or double "©zyBooks
quotes can01/03/22 22:04 1172417

be used.
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

zyDE 5.3.2: While loop example: Conversation.

Run the program below. Try adding additional conditions to leave the
conversation, such as "See you later". Program input must end with the
string 'Goodbye'.

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Load default template...

 
1 '''
2 Program that has a conversation with the user.
3 Uses elif branching and a random number to mix up the pro
4 '''
5 import random # Import a library to generate random numb
6
7 print('Tell me something about yourself.')©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

8 print('You can type \'Goodbye\' at anytime to quit.\n')

Bharathi Byreddy

9 LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
10 user_text = input()
11
12 while user_text != 'Goodbye':
13 random_num = random.randint(0, 2) # Gives a random i
14 if random_num == 0:
15 print('\nPlease explain further.\n')
16 elif random_num == 1:
17 print(f"\nWhy do you say: '{user_text}'?\n")

Thank you very much, Mr. Robot.

Goodbye

Run

Each time through the while loop, the program will check if the user-entered string user_text is equal
to the string literal "Goodbye". If the two strings are not equal, the while loop body executes. Within the
while loop body, the program obtains a random number between 0 and 2 by using the random library.
The randint() function provides a new random number each time the function is called. The
arguments to randint(), 0 and 2, provide the minimum and maximum values that the function may
return. Using the number given by randint(), the program's elif statements branch to a particular
response.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.3.2:
Conversation program.

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Refer to the above conversation program. If appropriate, type: unknown

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
1) Which if-else branch will execute if
the user types "Goodbye"?

Valid answers are branch 0, 1, 2 or

none.

Check Show answer

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Check Show answer

2) How many times does the loop

iterate in the program?

Check Show answer

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Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
3) Write an expression using
random.randint() that returns a
number between 0 and 5, inclusive.

Check Show answer

Example: Getting input until a sentinel is seen

Loops are commonly used to process a series of input values. A sentinel value is used to terminate a
loop's processing. The example below computes the average of an input list of positive integers,
ending with 0. The 0 is not included in the average.

zyDE 5.3.3: Computing average of a list with a sentinel.

Load default template...

 
1 '''
2 Outputs average of list of positive integers
3 List ends with 0 (sentinel)
4 Ex: 10 1 6 3 0 yields (10 + 1 + 6 + 3) / 4, or 5
5 '''
6
7 values_sum = 0
8 num_values = 0
9
10 curr_value = int(input())
11 ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

12 while curr_value > 0: # Get values until 0 (or less)

Bharathi Byreddy

13 values_sum += curr_value LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

14 num_values += 1
15 curr_value = int(input())
16
17 print(f'Average: {values_sum / num_values:.0f}\n')

10

3
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Run

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

PARTICIPATION Bharathi Byreddy

ACTIVITY
5.3.3:
Average example with a sentinel.
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Consider the example above and the given example input sequence 10 1 6 3 0.

1) How many actual (non-sentinel) values

are given in the first input sequence?
1
4
5

2) For the given input sequence, what is

the final value of num_values?
0
4
5

3) Suppose the first input was 0. Would

values_sum / num_values be 0?
Yes
No

4) What would happen if the following list

was input: 10 1 6 3 -1?
Output would be 5
Output would be 4
Error ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.3.1:
While loop with sentinel.

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

Start

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Type the program's output

Input
user_value = int(input())
2

minimum_value = user_value

34

12

while user_value > 0:

0
if user_value < minimum_value:
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

minimum_value = user_value
Bharathi Byreddy

user_value = int(input())
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Output
print('Min value:', minimum_value, end='')

Min value: 2

1 2

Check Next

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 5.3.2:
Bidding example.

Write an expression that continues to bid until the user enters 'n'.

Sample output with inputs: 'y' 'y' 'n'

I'll bid $7!

Continue bidding? I'll bid $15!

Continue bidding? I'll bid $23!

Continue bidding?

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 import random
2 random.seed(5)
3 ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

4 keep_bidding = '-' Bharathi Byreddy

5 next_bid = 0 LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
6
7 while ''' Your solution goes here ''':
8 next_bid = next_bid + random.randint(1, 10)
9 print(f'I\'ll bid ${next_bid}!')
10 print('Continue bidding?', end=' ')
11 keep_bidding = input()

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Run

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

CHALLENGE Bharathi Byreddy

ACTIVITY
5.3.3:
While loop: Insect growth. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Given positive integer num_insects, write a while loop that prints, then doubles, num_insects
each iteration. Print values ≤ 100. Follow each number with a space.

Sample output with input: 8

8 16 32 64

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 num_insects = int(input()) # Must be >= 1

2
3 ''' Your solution goes here '''
4

Run
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

5.4 Counting

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Counting with a while loop

Commonly, a loop should iterate a specific number of times, such as 10 times. The programmer can
use a variable to count the number of iterations, called a loop variable. To iterate N times using an
integer loop variable i, a loop1 with the following form is used:

Construct 5.4.1: Counting while loop form. ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

# Iterating N times using a loop variable

i = 1

while i <= N:
# Loop body statements go here

i = i + 1

A common error is to forget to include the loop variable update (e.g., i = i +1) at the end of the loop,
causing an unintended infinite loop.
The following program outputs the amount of money in a savings account each year for the user-
entered number of years, with $10,000 initial savings and 5% yearly interest:

zyDE 5.4.1: While loop that counts iterations: Savings interest program.

Load default template...

 
1 '''Program that calculates savings and interest'''
2
3 initial_savings = 10000
4 interest_rate = 0.05
5
6 print(f'Initial savings of ${initial_savings}')
7 print(f'at {interest_rate*100:.0f}% yearly interest.\n')
8
9 years = int(input('Enter years: '))
10 print()
11
12 savings = initial_savings
13 i = 1 # Loop variable ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

14 while i <= years: # Loop condition Bharathi Byreddy

15 LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
print(f' Savings at beginning of year {i}: ${savings:
16 savings = savings + (savings*interest_rate)
17 i = i + 1 # Increment loop variable

10

Run
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PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.4.1:
Savings interest program. ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Refer to the program above.

1) With an initial savings of $10000

and interest rate of 0.05, what's the
amount of savings at the beginning
of year 4? Ignore cents and do not
include the dollar sign ($).

Check Show answer

2) If interest_rate is 3% and
initial_savings are $5000, savings
will be greater than $7500 after
how many loop iterations?

Check Show answer

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.4.2:
Basic counting with while loops.

Use <= in each answer.

1) Loop iterates 10 times.

i = 1

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

while :
Bharathi Byreddy

# Loop body statements go LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

here

i = i + 1

Check Show answer

2) Loop iterates 99 times.

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i = 1

while :

# Loop body statements go

here

i = i + 1

Check Show answer

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

3) Loop iterates 2 times. Bharathi Byreddy

i = 1
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
while :

# Loop body statements go

here

i = i + 1

Check Show answer

Other forms of counting

Counting down is also common, as in counting down from 5 to 1. The loop body executes when i is 5,
4, 3, 2, and 1, but does not execute when i reaches 0.

Figure 5.4.1: While loop with loop variable that

counts down.

i = 5

while i >= 1:

# Loop body statements go here

i = i - 1

The loop body executes when i is 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, but does not execute when i reaches 0.

Counting sometimes occurs by steps greater than 1. Ex: A loop that prints even values from 0 to 100
(i.e., counts from 0 to 100 by 2s) is:
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

Figure 5.4.2: Loop variable increased by 2 per LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

iteration.

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i = 0

while i <= 100:

# Loop body statements go here

i = i + 2

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

zyDE 5.4.2: Loop over presidential election years. Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Write a program that prints the U.S. presidential election years from
1792 to present day, knowing that such elections occur every 4 years.

Hint: Initialize your loop variable to 1792. Don't forget to use <= rather
than == to help avoid an infinite loop.

Load default template... Run

1 year = 1792
2 current_year = ?
3
4 while year ? ??:
5 # Print the election year
6 year = year + ?
7

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.4.3:
Forms of counting.

Complete the missing parts of the code.

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

1) Loop iterates over the odd integers

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
from 1 to 9 (inclusive).
i = 1

while i <= 9:

# Loop body statements go

here

Check Show answer

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2) Loop iterates over multiples of 5

from 0 to 1000 (inclusive).
i = 0

while :

# Loop body statements go

here

i = i + 5
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Check Show answer

3) Loop iterates over the odd integers

from 211 down to 31 (inclusive).
i = 211

while i >= 31:

# Loop body statements go

here

Check Show answer

4) Loop iterates from -100 to 65.

while i <= 65:

# Loop body statements go

here

i = i + 1

Check Show answer

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.4.4:
Counting in a loop simulator.

The following tool allows you to enter values for a loop's parts,
and then executes the loop. Using the tool, try to solve each
listed problem individually.

The tool can use any relational or equality operator, such as <, ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

<=, >, >=, ==, etc. Identity and membership operators like "is" or
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
"in" will not work.

1. 0 to 10,000 by 500s (0, 500, 1000, ...)

2. -19 to 19 by 1s
3. 10 to -10 by 1s
4. Multiples of 3 between 0 and 100

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5. Powers of 2 from 1 to 256 (1, 2, 4, 8, ...)

6. Come up with your own challenges

i =

while i :

Run code
print(i, end=' ')
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

i = i
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Output is: Awaiting your input...

zyDE 5.4.3: Calculate a factorial.

Write a program that lets a user enter N and that outputs N! (N factorial,
meaning N*(N-1)*(N-2)*...*2*1). Hint:Use a loop variable i that counts
from total-1 down to 1. Compare your output with some of these
answers: 1:1, 2:2, 3:6, 4:24, 5:120, 8:40320.

5
Load default template...

1 N = int(input()) # Read use

2 total = N
Run
3 # Initialize the loop variab
4
5 while i ? ??:
6 # Set total to total * (
7 # Decrement i
8
9 print(total)
10

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Shorthand operators

Because assignments such as i = i + 1 are so common in programs, the programming language

provides a shorthand version: i += 1. Similar operators include +=, -=, *=, and /=. For example,
num *= x is shorthand for num = num * x. The item on the right can be an expression, so

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num *= x + y is shorthand for num = num * (x + y). Usage of such operators is common in
loops.

Construct 5.4.2: Operators like += are common

in loops.
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
i = 0

while i < N:

# Loop body statements go here

i += 1

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.4.5:
Shorthand operators.

Answer each question using the operators of the form +=, *=, /=, -=, etc.

1) Write a statement using *= that

doubles the value of a variable
my_var.

Check Show answer

2) Write a statement using += that is

equivalent to

my_var = my_var + my_var /

2

Check Show answer

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

CHALLENGE Bharathi Byreddy

ACTIVITY 5.4.1:
Loops with variables that count. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

Start

Type the program's output

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n = 1

while n <= 4:
3

print(n + 2)

n = n + 1
4

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

1 2 LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
3

Check Next

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.4.2:
While loop: Print 1 to N.

Write a while loop that prints from 1 to user_num, increasing by 1 each time.

Sample output with input: 4

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 i = 1
2
3 user_num = int(input()) # Assume positive
4
5 ''' Your solution goes here '''
6

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Run
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Run

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 5.4.3:
Printing output using a counter.

Retype or copy, and then run the following code; note incorrect behavior. Then fix errors in
the code, which should print num_stars asterisks. ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
while num_printed != num_stars:

print('*')

Sample output with input: 3

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 num_printed = 0
2
3 num_stars = int(input())
4
5 ''' Your solution goes here '''
6

Run
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
(*1) Focus is placed on mastering basic looping using while loops, before introducing for loops and
range().

5.5 For loops

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Survey

The following questions are part of a zyBooks survey to help us improve our content so
we can offer the best experience for students. The survey can be taken anonymously
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

and takes just 3-5 minutes. Please take a short moment to answer by clicking
Bharathi the

Byreddy
following link. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Link: Student survey

Basics

A common programming task is to access all of the elements in a container. Ex: Printing every item in
a list. A for loop statement loops over each element in a container one at a time, assigning a variable
with the next element that can then be used in the loop body.
The container in the for loop statement
is typically a list, tuple, or string. Each iteration of the loop assigns the name given in the for loop
statement with the next element in the container.

Construct 5.5.1

for variable in container:

# Loop body: Sub-statements to execute

# for each item in the container

# Statements to execute after the for loop is complete

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.5.1:
Iterating over a list using a for loop.

Animation content: ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
undefined

Animation captions:

1. The first iteration assigns the variable name with 'Bill' and prints 'Hi Bill!' to the screen.
2. The second iteration assigns the variable name with 'Nicole' and prints 'Hi Nicole!'.
3. The third iteration assigns the variable name with 'John' and prints 'Hi John!'.
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The for loop above iterates over the list ['Bill', 'Nicole', 'John']. The first iteration assigns
the variable name with 'Bill', the second iteration assigns name with 'Nicole', and the final iteration
assigns name with 'John'. For sequence types like lists and tuples, the assignment order follows the
position of the elements in the container, starting with position 0 (the leftmost element) and
continuing until the last element is reached.
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Iterating over a dictionary using a for loop assigns the loop variable withBharathi
the keysByreddy
of the
dictionary.
The values can then be accessed using the key. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Figure 5.5.1: A for loop assigns the loop variable with a dictionary's keys.

channels = {

'MTV': 35,

'CNN': 28,

'FOX': 11,
MTV is on channel 35

'NBC': 4, CNN is on channel 28

'CBS': 12
FOX is on channel 11

NBC is on channel 4

CBS is on channel 12

for c in channels:

print(f'{c} is on channel {channels[c]}')

A for loop can also iterate over a string. Each iteration assigns the loop variable with the next
character of the string. Strings are sequence types just like lists, so the behavior is identical (leftmost
character first, then each following character).

Figure 5.5.2: Using a for loop to access each character of a string.

my_str = ''

for character in "Take me to the moon.":

my_str += character + '_'

T_a_k_e_ _m_e_ _t_o_ _t_h_e_ _m_o_o_n_._
print(my_str)

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.5.2:
Creating for loops.

Complete the for loop statement by giving the loop variable and container.

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1) Iterate over the given list using a

variable called my_pet.
for in ['Scooter',
'Kobe', 'Bella']:

# Loop body statements

Check Show answer

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

2) Iterate over the list my_prices LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

using a variable called price.
for :

# Loop body statements

Check Show answer

3) Iterate the string '911' using a

variable called number.
for :

# Loop body statements

Check Show answer

For loop examples

For loops can be used to perform some action during each loop iteration. A simple example would be
printing the value, as above examples demonstrated. The program below uses an additional variable
to sum list elements to calculate weekly revenue and an average daily revenue.

Figure 5.5.3: For loop example: Calculating shop revenue.

Weekly revenue: $13888.69

Daily average revenue: $1984.10

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

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daily_revenues = [

2356.23, # Monday

1800.12, # Tuesday

1792.50, # Wednesday

2058.10, # Thursday

1988.00, # Friday

2002.99, # Saturday

1890.75 # Sunday

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

total = 0
Bharathi Byreddy

for day in daily_revenues:

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
total += day

average = total / len(daily_revenues)

print(f'Weekly revenue: ${total:.2f}')

print(f'Daily average revenue: ${average:.2f}')

A for loop may also iterate backwards over a sequence, starting at the last element and ending with
the first element, by using the reversed() function to reverse the order of the elements.

Figure 5.5.4: For loop example: Looping over a sequence in reverse.

The following program first prints a list that is ordered alphabetically, then prints the same
list in reverse order.

names = [

'Biffle',

'Bowyer',

'Busch',

'Gordon',

'Patrick'

]
Biffle | Bowyer | Busch | Gordon | Patrick |

Printing in reverse:

Patrick | Gordon | Busch | Bowyer | Biffle |

for name in names:

print(name, '|', end=' ')

print('\nPrinting in reverse:')
for name in reversed(names):
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

print(name, '|', end=' ')

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.5.3:
For loops.

Fill in the missing code to perform the desired calculation.

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1) Compute the average number of

kids.
# Each list item is the number
of kids in a family.

num_kids = [1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 4,
3, 1]

total = 0

for num in num_kids:

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

total += Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

average = total / len(num_kids)

Check Show answer

2) Assign num_neg with the number

of below-freezing Celsius
temperatures in the list.
temperatures = [30, 20, 2, -5,
-15, -8, -1, 0, 5, 35]

num_neg = 0

for temp in temperatures:

if temp < 0:

Check Show answer

3) Print scores in order from highest

to lowest. Note: List is pre-sorted
from lowest to highest.
scores = [75, 77, 80, 85, 90,
95, 99]

for scr in :

print(scr, end=' ')

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Check Show answer Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.5.1:
Looping over strings, lists, and dictionaries.

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

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Start
Type the program's output

grey

colors = ['grey', 'pink', 'blue', 'red']

pink

for color in colors:

blue

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

print(color)
red

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

1 2 3 4

Check Next

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.5.2:
For loop: Printing a list

Write an expression to print each price in stock_prices.

Sample output with inputs: 34.62 76.30 85.05

$ 34.62

$ 76.30

$ 85.05

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 # NOTE: The following statement converts the input into a list container
2 stock_prices = input().split()
3
4 for ''' Your solution goes here ''':
5 print('$', price)
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

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Run

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.5.3:
For loop: Printing a dictionary
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

Write a for loop to print each contact in contact_emails.

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Sample output with inputs: 'Alf' '[email protected]'

[email protected] is Mike Filt

[email protected] is Sue Reyn

[email protected] is Nate Arty

[email protected] is Alf

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 contact_emails = {
2 'Sue Reyn' : '[email protected]',
3 'Mike Filt': '[email protected]',
4 'Nate Arty': '[email protected]'
5 }
6
7 new_contact = input()
8 new_email = input()
9 contact_emails[new_contact] = new_email
10
11 ''' Your solution goes here '''
12

Run
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

5.6 Counting using the range() function

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The range() function

While loops are commonly used for counting a specific number of iterations, and for loops are
commonly used to iterate over all elements of a container. The range() function allows counting in for
loops as well. range() generates a sequence of integers between a starting integer that is included in
the range, an ending integer that is not included in the range, and an integer step value. The sequence
is generated by starting at the start integer and incrementing by the step value until the ending integer
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

is reached or surpassed. Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
The range() function can take up to three integer arguments.

range(Y) generates a sequence of all non-negative integers less than Y.

Ex: range(3) creates the sequence 0, 1, 2.

range(X, Y) generates a sequence of all integers >= X and < Y.

Ex: range(-7, -3) creates the sequence -7, -6, -5, -4.
range(X, Y, Z), where Z is positive, generates a sequence of all integers >= X and < Y,
incrementing by Z.

Ex: range(0, 50, 10) creates the sequence 0, 10, 20, 30, 40.
range(X, Y, Z), where Z is negative, generates a sequence of all integers <= X and > Y,
incrementing by Z.

Ex: range(3, -1, -1) creates the sequence 3, 2, 1, 0.

Table 5.6.1: Using the range() function.

Range Generated sequence Explanation

range(5) 0 1 2 3 4 Every integer from 0 to 4.

range(0, 5) 0 1 2 3 4 Every integer from 0 to 4.

range(3, 7) 3 4 5 6 Every integer from 3 to 6.

range(10, 13) 10 11 12 Every integer from 10 to 12.

range(0, 5, 1) 0 1 2 3 4 Every 1 integer from 0 to 4.

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

range(0, 5, 2) 0 2 4 Bharathi
Every 2nd integer from 0Byreddy
to 4.

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

range(5, 0, -1) 5 4 3 2 1 Every 1 integer from 5 down to 1

range(5, 0, -2) 5 3 1 Every 2nd integer from 5 down to 1

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Evaluating the range() function creates a new "range" type object. Ranges represent an arithmetic
progression, i.e., some sequence of integers with a start, end, and step between integers. The range
type is a sequence type like lists and tuples, but is immutable. In general, range objects are only used
as a part of a for loop statement.

zyDE 5.6.1: For loop example: Calculating yearly savings.

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

The below program uses a for loop to calculate savings andBharathi

interest.Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Try changing the range() function to print every three years instead,
using the three-argument alternate version of range(). Modify the
interest calculation inside the loop to compute three years worth of
savings instead of one.

8
Load default template...

1 '''Program that calculates s

2 Run
3 initial_savings = 10000
4 interest_rate = 0.05
5
6 years = int(input('Enter yea
7 print()
8
9 savings = initial_savings
10 for i in range(years):
11 print(f' Savings in year
12 savings = savings + (sav
13
14 print('\n')
15

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.6.1:
The range() function.

1) What sequence is generated by

range(7)? ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

01234567
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
123456
0123456

2) What sequence is generated by

range(2, 5)?
234
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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

2345
01234

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.6.2:
The range() function.

©zyBooks
Write the simplest range() function that generates the appropriate 01/03/22
sequence 22:04 1172417

of integers.
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
1) Every integer from 0 to 500.

Check Show answer

2) Every integer from 10 to 20

Check Show answer

3) Every 2nd integer from 10 to 20

Check Show answer

4) Every integer from 5 down to -5

Check Show answer

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 5.6.1:
Enter the for loop's output.

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

Start ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Type the program's output

for i in range(4):

print(i, end=' ')

0 1 2 3

1 2

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Check Next

5.7 While vs. for loops ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

While loop and for loop correspondence

Both for loops and while loops can be used to count a specific number of loop iterations. A for loop
combined with range() is generally preferred over while loops, since for loops are less likely to become
stuck in an infinite loop situation. A programmer may easily forget to increment a while loop's variable
(causing an infinite loop), but for loops iterate over a finite number of elements in a container and are
thus guaranteed to complete.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.7.1:
While/for loop correspondence.

Animation captions:

1. A for loop and range function can replace a while loop.

2. A more concise for loop uses a single argument for range().

As a general rule:

1. Use a for loop when the number of iterations is computable before entering the loop, as when
counting down from X to 0, printing a string N times, etc.
2. Use a for loop when accessing the elements of a container, as when adding 1 to every element
in a list, or printing the key of every entry in a dict, etc.
3. Use a while loop when the number of iterations is not computable before entering the loop, as
when iterating until a user enters a particular character.

These are not hard rules, just general guidelines. ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.7.2:
While loops and for loops.

Indicate whether a while loop or for loop should be used in the following scenarios:

1) Iterate as long as the user-entered

string c is not q.
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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

while
for

2) Iterate until the values of x and y are

equal, where x and y are changed in the
loop body.
while ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

for LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
3) Iterate 1500 times
while
for

5.8 Nested loops

Nested loops

A nested loop is a loop that appears as part of the body of another loop. The nested loops are
commonly referred to as the outer loop and inner loop.

Nested loops have various uses. One use is to generate all combinations of some items. Ex: The
following program generates all two letter .com Internet domain names. Recall that ord() converts a
1-character string into an integer, and chr() converts an integer into a character. Thus,
chr(ord('a') + 1) results in 'b'.

Figure 5.8.1: Nested loops example: Two-letter domain name printing

program.

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

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"""
Two-letter domain
Program to print all 2-letter domain names.
names:

aa.com
ab.com
Note that ord() and chr() convert between text and the ASCII ac.com
or Unicode encoding:
ad.com
- ord('a') yields the encoded value of 'a', the number 97.
ae.com
- ord('a')+1 adds 1 to the encoded value of 'a', giving 98.
af.com
- chr(ord('a')+1) converts 98 back into a letter, producing ag.com
'b'
ah.com
"""
©zyBooks 01/03/22
ai.com22:04 1172417

aj.com
Bharathi Byreddy

print('Two-letter domain names:')

ak.com

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
al.com
letter1 = 'a'
am.com
letter2 = '?'
an.com
while letter1 <= 'z': # Outer loop
ao.com
ap.com
letter2 = 'a'

aq.com
while letter2 <= 'z': # Inner loop
ar.com
print(f'{letter1}{letter2}.com')
as.com
letter2 = chr(ord(letter2) + 1)
at.com
letter1 = chr(ord(letter1) + 1)
au.com
av.com
aw.com
ax.com
ay.com
az.com
ba.com
bb.com
...

zy.com
zz.com

(Forget about buying a two-letter domain name: They are all taken, and each sells for several hundred
thousand or millions of dollars. Source: dnjournal.com, 2012.)

zyDE 5.8.1: Two character dotcom domain names.

Modify the program to include two-character .com names, where the
second character can be a letter or a number, e.g., a2.com. Hint: Add a
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

second while loop nested in the outer loop, but following theBharathi
first inner
Byreddy

loop, that iterates through the numbers 0-9. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Load default template... Run

 
1 '''
2 Program to print all 2-let
3 Note that ord() and chr()
4 ord('a') is 97. ord('b') i
5 '''
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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home
5 '''
6 print('Two-letter domain n
7
8 letter1 = 'a'
9 letter2 = '?'
10 while letter1 <= 'z': # O
11 letter2 = 'a'
12 while letter2 <= 'z':
13 print(f'{letter1}{
14 letter2 = chr(ord( ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

15 letter1 = chr(ord(lett Bharathi Byreddy

16 LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
17

zyDE 5.8.2: Nested loop example: Histogram.

Here is a nested loop example that graphically depicts an integer's
magnitude by using asterisks, creating what is commonly called a
histogram:

Run the program below and observe the output. Modify the program to
print one asterisk per 5 units. So if the user enters 40, print 8 asterisks.

Load default template...

10

-1

1 num = 0
2 while num >= 0: Run
3 num = int(input('Enter a
4
5 if num >= 0:
6 print('Depicted grap
7 for i in range(num):
8 print('*', end='
9 print('\n')
10
11 print('Goodbye.')
12

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.8.1:
Nested loops.

1) Given the following code, how

many times will the inner loop
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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

body execute?

for i in range(2):

for j in range(3):

# Inner loop body

Check Show answer

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

2) Given the following code, how LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

many times will the print
statement execute?

for i in range(5):

for j in range(10, 12):

print(f'{i}{j}')

Check Show answer

3) What is the output of the following

code?

c1 = 'a'

while c1 < 'b':

c2 = 'a'

while c2 <= 'c':

print(f'{c1}{c2}', end
= ' ')

c2 = chr(ord(c2) + 1)

c1 = chr(ord(c1) + 1)

Check Show answer

4) What is the output of the following

code?

i1 = 1

while i1 < 19:

i2 = 3

while i2 <= 9:
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

print(f'{i1}{i2}', Bharathi Byreddy

end=' ')
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
i2 = i2 + 3

i1 = i1 + 10

Check Show answer

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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.8.1:
Nested loops.

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

Start

Type the program's output 22:04 1172417

©zyBooks 01/03/22
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
count = 0

for i in range(2):
2

for j in range(1):

count = count + 1

print(count)

1 2 3 4

Check Next

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 5.8.2:
Nested loops: Print rectangle

Given the number of rows and the number of columns, write nested loops to print a
rectangle.

Sample output with inputs: 2 3

* * *

* * *

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 num_rows = int(input())
2 num_cols = int(input())
3
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

4 ''' Your solution goes here '''

Bharathi Byreddy

5
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
6 print('*', end=' ')
7 print()

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Run

CHALLENGE ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

ACTIVITY 5.8.3:
Nested loops: Print seats. Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Given num_rows and num_cols, print a list of all seats in a theater. Rows are numbered,
columns lettered, as in 1A or 3E. Print a space after each seat.

Sample output with inputs: 2 3

1A 1B 1C 2A 2B 2C

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

1 num_rows = int(input())
2 num_cols = int(input())
3
4 # Note 1: You will need to declare more variables
5 # Note 2: Place end=' ' at the end of your print statement to separate seats by spac
6
7 ''' Your solution goes here '''
8
9 print()

Run
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

5.9 Developing programs incrementally

Incremental programming
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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

As programs increase in complexity, a programmer's development process

becomes more important. A programmer should not write the entire program
and then run the program—hoping the program works. If, as is often the case,
the program does not work on the first try, debugging at that point can be
extra difficult because the program may have many distinct bugs.

Experienced programmers practice incremental programming, starting with a

simple version of the program, and then growing the program little-by-little into 22:04 1172417

©zyBooks 01/03/22
Bharathi Byreddy

a complete version.
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Example: Phone number program

The following program allows the user to enter a phone number that includes letters, which appear on
phone keypads along with numbers and are commonly used by companies as a marketing tactic (e.g.,
1-555-HOLIDAY). The program then outputs the phone number using numbers only.
The first program version simply prints each element of the string to ensure the loop iterates properly
through each string element.

Figure 5.9.1: First version echoes input phone number string.

Enter phone number: 1-555-HOLIDAY

Element 0 is: 1

Element 1 is: -

user_input = input('Enter phone number: ')

Element 2 is: 5

Element 3 is: 5

Element 4 is: 5

index = 0
Element 5 is: -

for character in user_input:

Element 6 is: H

print(f'Element {index} is: {character}')

Element 7 is: O

index += 1
Element 8 is: L

Element 9 is: I

Element 10 is: D

Element 11 is: A

Element 12 is: Y

The second program version outputs the numbers (0 - 9) of the phone number and outputs a '?' for all
other characters. A FIXME comment attracts attention to code that needs to be fixed in the future.
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Many editors automatically highlight FIXME comments. Large projects with multiple
Bharathi programmers
Byreddy

might also include a username and date, as in FIXME(01/22/2018, John).

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Figure 5.9.2: Second version echoes numbers, and has FIXME comment.

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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

user_input = input('Enter phone number: ')

Enter phone number: 1-555-
phone_number = ''
HOLIDAY

Numbers only: 1?555????????
for character in user_input:

if '0' <= character <= '9':

phone_number += character

else:

#FIXME: Add elif branches for letters and

hyphen

phone_number += '?'
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
print(f'Numbers only: {phone_number}')

The third version completes the elif branch for the letters A-C (lowercase and uppercase, per a
standard phone keypad). The code also modifies the if branch to echo a hyphen in addition to
numbers. The third version adds the elif branch for the letters A-C (lowercase and uppercase, per a
standard phone keypad).

Figure 5.9.3: Third version echoes hyphens too, and handles first three
letters.

user_input = input('Enter phone number: ')

phone_number = ''

for character in user_input:

if ('0' <= character <= '9') or (character == '-

'):

phone_number += character
Enter phone number: 1-555-
elif ('a' <= character <= 'c') or ('A' <= HOLIDAY

character <= 'C'):

Numbers only: 1-555-?????2?
phone_number += '2'

#FIXME: Add remaining elif branches

else:

phone_number += '?'

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

print(f'Numbers only: {phone_number}')

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

The fourth version can be created by filling in the elif branches similarly for other letters and adding
more instructions for handling unexpected characters. The code is not shown below, but sample
input/output is provided.

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Figure 5.9.4: Fourth and final version sample

input/output.

Enter phone number (letters/- OK, no spaces): 1-555-HOLIDAY

Numbers only: 1-555-4654329

...

Enter phone number (letters/- OK, no spaces): 1-555-holiday

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Numbers only: 1-555-4654329

Bharathi Byreddy

...
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Enter phone number (letters/- OK, no spaces): 999-9999

Numbers only: 999-9999

...

Enter phone number (letters/- OK, no spaces): 9876zywx%$#@

Numbers only: 98769999????

zyDE 5.9.1: Complete the phone number program.

Complete the program by providing the additional branches for
decoding other letters in a phone number. Try incrementally writing the
program by adding one elif branch at a time, testing that each added
branch works as intended.

1-555-HOLIDAY
Load default template...

1 user_input = input('Enter ph
2 phone_number = ''
Run
3
4 for character in user_input:
5 if ('0' <= character <=
6 phone_number += char
7 elif ('a' <= character <
8 phone_number += '2'
9 #FIXME: Add remaining el
10 else:
11 phone_number += '?'
12
13 print(f'Numbers only: {phone
14
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.9.1:
Incremental programming.

1) Incremental programming may help

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reduce the number of errors in a

program.
True
False

2) FIXME comments provide a way for a

programmer to remember what needs ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

to be added. Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
True
False

3) Once a program is complete, one

would expect to see several FIXME
comments.
True
False

5.10 Break and continue

Break statements

A break statement in a loop causes the loop to exit immediately. A break statement can sometimes
yield a loop that is easier to understand.

In the example below, the nested for loops generate possible meal options for the number of
empanadas and tacos that can be purchased. The inner loop body calculates the cost of the current
meal option. If the meal cost is equal to the user's amount of money, the search is over, so the break
statement immediately exits the inner loop. The outer loop body also checks if the meal cost and the
user's amount of money are equal, and if so, that break statement exits the outer loop.

The program could be written without break statements, but the loops' condition expressions would
be more complex and the program would require additional code, perhaps01/03/22
©zyBooks being harder to
22:04 1172417

understand. Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Figure 5.10.1: Break statement.

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empanada_cost = 3

taco_cost = 4

user_money = int(input('Enter money for meal: '))

max_empanadas = user_money // empanada_cost

max_tacos = user_money // taco_cost

meal_cost = 0

for num_tacos in range(max_tacos + 1):

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

for num_empanadas in range(max_empanadas + 1):

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
meal_cost = (num_empanadas * empanada_cost) + (num_tacos * taco_cost)

# Find first meal option that exactly matches user money

if meal_cost == user_money:

break

# Find first meal option that exactly matches user money

if meal_cost == user_money:

break

if meal_cost == user_money:

print(f'${meal_cost} buys {num_empanadas} empanadas and {num_tacos} tacos

without change.')

else:

print('You cannot buy a meal without having change left over.')

Enter money for meal: 20

$20 buys 4 empanadas and 2 tacos without change.

...

Enter money for meal: 31

$31 buys 9 empanadas and 1 tacos without change.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.10.1:
Break statements.

Given the following while loop, what is the value variable z is assigned with for the given
values of variables a, b and c?
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

mult = 0

Bharathi Byreddy

while a < 10:

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
mult = b * a

if mult > c:

break

a = a + 1

z = a

1) a = 1, b = 1, c = 0

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Check Show answer

2) a = 4, b = 5, c = 20

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Check Show answer Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Continue statements

A continue statement in a loop causes an immediate jump to the while or for loop header statement.
A continue statement can improve the readability of a loop. The example below extends the previous
meal finder program to find meal options for which the total number of items purchased is evenly
divisible by the number of diners. In addition, the following program will output all possible meal
options, instead of reporting the first meal option found.

The program uses two nested for loops to try all possible combinations of tacos and empanadas. If
the total number of tacos and empanadas is not exactly divisible by the number of diners (e.g.,
num_tacos + num_empanadas) % num_diners != 0, the continue statement will immediately
proceed to the next iteration of the for loop.

Break and continue statements can be helpful to avoid excessive indenting/nesting within a loop.
However, because someone reading a program could easily overlook a break or continue statement,
such statements should be used only when their use is clear to the reader.

Figure 5.10.2: Continue statement.

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Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

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empanada_cost = 3

taco_cost = 4

user_money = int(input('Enter money for meal: '))

num_diners = int(input('How many people are eating: '))

max_empanadas = user_money // empanada_cost

max_tacos = user_money // taco_cost

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meal_cost = 0
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
num_options = 0

for num_tacos in range(max_tacos + 1):

for num_empanadas in range(max_empanadas + 1):

# Total items purchased must be equally divisible by number of diners

if (num_tacos + num_empanadas) % num_diners != 0:

continue

meal_cost = (num_empanadas * empanada_cost) + (num_tacos * taco_cost)

if meal_cost == user_money:

print(f'${meal_cost} buys {num_empanadas} empanadas and {num_tacos}

tacos without change.')

num_options += 1

if num_options == 0:

print('You cannot buy a meal without having change left over.')

Enter money for meal: 60

How many people are eating: 3

$60 buys 12 empanadas and 6 tacos without change.

$60 buys 0 empanadas and 15 tacos without change.

...

Enter money for meal: 54

How many people are eating: 2

$54 buys 18 empanadas and 0 tacos without change.

$54 buys 10 empanadas and 6 tacos without change.

$54 buys 2 empanadas and 12 tacos without change.

PARTICIPATION
5.10.2:
Continue statements. ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

ACTIVITY
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Given:

for i in range(5):

if i < 10:

continue

print(i)

1) The loop will print at least some

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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

output.
True
False

2) The loop will iterate only once.

True
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False Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY
5.10.1:
Enter the output of break and continue.

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

Start

Type the program's output

Input
8

stop = int(input())
Output
result = 0

for n in range(10):

result += n * 2
0

if result > stop:

break
1

print(n)

print(result) 2

12

1 2 3 4

Check Next

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

CHALLENGE LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
ACTIVITY
5.10.2:
Simon says.

"Simon Says" is a memory game where "Simon" outputs a sequence of 10 characters (R, G,
B, Y) and the user must repeat the sequence. Create a for loop that compares each character
of the two strings. For each matching character, add one point to user_score. Upon a
mismatch, end the loop.

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Sample output with inputs: 'RRGBRYYBGY' 'RRGBBRYBGY'

User score: 4

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368708.2344834.qx3zqy7
Bharathi Byreddy

1 user_score = 0 LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
2 simon_pattern = input()
3 user_pattern = input()
4
5 ''' Your solution goes here '''
6
7 print('User score:', user_score)

Run

5.11 Loop else

info This section has been set as optional by your instructor.

Loop else construct

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Bharathi
A loop may optionally include an else clause that executes only if the loop Byreddy
terminates

normally, not
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
using a break statement. Thus, the complete forms of while and for loops are:

Construct 5.11.1: While loop else.

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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

while expression: # Loop expression

# Loop body: Sub-statements to execute if

# the expression evaluated to True

else:

# Else body: Sub-statements to execute once

# if the expression evaluated to False

# Statements to execute after the loop

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Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Construct 5.11.2: For loop else.

for name in iterable:

# Loop body: Sub-statements to execute

# for each item in iterable

else:

# Else body: Sub-statements to execute

# once when loop completes

# Statements to execute after the loop

The loop else construct executes if the loop completes normally. In the following example, a special
message "All names printed" is displayed if the entire list of names is completely iterated through.

Figure 5.11.1: Loop else branch taken if loop completes normally.

names = ['Janice', 'Clarice', 'Martin',

'Veronica', 'Jason']

Enter number of names to
num = int(input('Enter number of names to print: print: 2

Janice Clarice

'))
...

for i in range(len(names)):
Enter number of names to
if i == num:
©zyBooks
print: 8
01/03/22 22:04 1172417

break
BharathiMartin
Janice Clarice Byreddy

Veronica
print(names[i], end= ' ')
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Jason
All names printed.
else:

print('All names printed.')

DE 5 11 1 L l l Fi di l
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zyDE 5.11.1: Loop else example: Finding a legal baby name.
The country of Denmark allows parents to pick from around 7,000
names for newborn infants. Names not on the list must receive special
approval from the Names Investigation Department of Copenhagen
University. (Surprisingly, many countries have naming laws, probably to
avoid names like "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116",
pronounced "Albin".)
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Bharathi Byreddy

The program below checks if a user-entered name is an appropriate

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Danish name. If the name is not found in the list of legal names, then a
suggestion is made to a close match. If no close matches are found,
the loop else clause informs the user. Note that the program uses a
function called edit_distance, which calculates string edit distance, or
how many characters are different between two strings. For example,
the edit distance of "DOG" and "DIG" is 1, because changing the middle
character would make the strings equivalent.

Run the program below.

1. Enter the acceptable name "Bjork".

2. Try the name "Michaal", which is not an acceptable name – the
program will suggest a replacement based on the edit distance.
3. Try the name "Zoidberg", which is not close at all to any
acceptable Danish names – the program will print a special
message and terminate.

Current
main.py arrow_drop_down Load default template...
file:
 
1 import edit_distance
2
3 #A few legal, acceptable Danish names
4 legal_names = ['Thor', 'Bjork', 'Bailey', 'Anders', 'Be
5 'Claus', 'Emil', 'Finn', 'Jakob', 'Karen', 'Julie',
6 'Bente', 'Eva', 'Helene', 'Ida', 'Inge', 'Susanne',
7 'Torben', 'Soren', 'Rune', 'Rasmus', 'Per', 'Michae
8 'Dorte'
9 ]
10
11 user_name = input('Enter desired name:\n')©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

12 if user_name in legal_names: Bharathi Byreddy

13 LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
print(f'{user_name} is an acceptable Danish name. C
14 else:
15 print(f'{user_name} is not acceptable.')
16 for name in legal_names:
17 if edit_distance.distance(name, user_name) < 2

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Bjork

Run

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Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY 5.11.1:
Loop else.

x = 0

y = 5

z = ?

while x < y:

if x == z:

print('x == z')

break

x += 1

else:

print('x == y')

1) What is the output of the code if z is 3?

x == z
x == y

2) What is the output of the code if z is

10?
x == z
x == y

CHALLENGE
ACTIVITY 5.11.1:
Loop else.

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Bharathi Byreddy

Start LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Type the program's output

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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

result = 0

n = 2

while n < 5:

print(n, end=' ')

result -= 4

n += 1

else:

print(f'/ {result}')

print('done')

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

1 2 3
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Check Next

5.12 Getting both index and value when looping:

enumerate()

info This section has been set as optional by your instructor.

The enumerate() function

A programmer commonly requires both the current position index and corresponding element value
when iterating over a sequence. The example below demonstrates how using a for loop with range()
and len() to iterate over a sequence generates a position index but requires extra code to retrieve a
value.

Figure 5.12.1: Using range() and len() to iterate over a sequence.

origins = [4, 8, 10]

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Element 0: 4

for index in range(len(origins)):

Bharathi Byreddy

Element 1: 8

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
value = origins[index] # Retrieve value of element in list.
Element 2: 10
print(f'Element {index}: {value}')

Similarly, a for loop that iterates over a container obtains the value directly, but must look up the index
with a function call.
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Figure 5.12.2: Using list.index() to find the index of each element.

origins = [4, 8, 10]

Element 0: 4

for value in origins:

Element 1: 8

index = origins.index(value) # Retrieve index of©zyBooks

value in list
Element
01/03/22 22:04 2: 10
1172417

print(f'Element {index}: {value}')

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

The enumerate() function retrieves both the index and corresponding element value at the same time,
providing a cleaner and more readable solution.

Figure 5.12.3: The enumerate() function.

origins = [4, 8, 10]

Element 0: 4

for (index, value) in enumerate(origins):

Element 1: 8

print(f'Element {index}: {value}')

Element 2: 10

The enumerate() function yields a new tuple each iteration of the loop, with the tuple containing the
current index and corresponding element value. In the example above, the for loop unpacks the tuple
yielded by each iteration of enumerate(origins) into two new variables: "index" and "value".
Unpacking is a process that performs multiple assignments at once, binding comma-separated
names on the left to the elements of a sequence on the right. Ex: num1, num2 = [350, 400] is
equivalent to the statements num1 = 350 and num2 = 400.

PARTICIPATION
ACTIVITY
5.12.1:
enumerate().

Use the following code to answer the question below:

for (index, value) in enumerate(my_list):

print(index, value)
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Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
1) If my_list = ['Greek', 'Nordic',
'Mayan'], what is the output of the
program?
Greek

Nordic

Mayan
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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

0 Greek

1 Nordic

2 Mayan
1 Greek

2 Nordic

3 Mayan
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Bharathi Byreddy

CHALLENGE LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
ACTIVITY 5.12.1:
Using enumerate in for loops.

368708.2344834.qx3zqy7

Start

Type the program's output

seasons = ['winter', 'spring', 'summer', 'fall']

for (position, season) in enumerate(seasons):

print(season, position)

1 2

Check Next

5.13 Additional practice: Dice statistics

info This section has been set as optional by your instructor.

The following is a sample programming lab activity; not all classes using a zyBook require students to
fully complete this activity. No auto-checking is performed. Users planning to fully complete this
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

program may consider first developing their code in a separate programming environment.
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
Analyzing dice rolls is a common example in understanding probability and statistics. The following
program calculates the number of times the sum of two dice (randomly rolled) is equal to six or seven.

zyDE 5.13.1: Dice statistics.

Load default template...

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p
6

1 import random
2
3 num_sixes = 0
4 num_sevens = 0 Run
5 num_rolls = int(input('En
6
7 if num_rolls >= 1:
8 for i in range(num_ro ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

9 die1 = random.ran Bharathi Byreddy

10 die2 = random.ran LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

11 roll_total = die1
12
13 #Count number of
14 if roll_total ==
15 num_sixes = n
16 if roll_total ==
17 num_sevens =

Create a different version of the program that:

1. Calculates the number of times the sum of the randomly rolled dice equals each possible value
from 2 to 12.
2. Repeatedly asks the user for the number of times to roll the dice, quitting only when the user-
entered number is less than 1. Hint: Use a while loop that will execute as long as num_rolls is
greater than 1.
3. Prints a histogram in which the total number of times the dice rolls equals each possible value is
displayed by printing a character, such as *, that number of times. The following provides an
example:

Dice roll histogram:

2s: **

3s: ****

4s: ***

5s: ********

6s: *************

7s: *****************

8s: *************

9s: *********

10s: **********

11s: *****

12s: **
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

5.14 LAB: Warm up: Drawing a right triangle

This program will output a right triangle based on user specified height triangle_height and symbol
triangle_char.

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(1) The given program outputs a fixed-height triangle using a * character. Modify the given program to
output a right triangle that instead uses the user-specified triangle_char character. (1 pt)

(2) Modify the program to use a loop to output a right triangle of height triangle_height. The first line
will have one user-specified character, such as % or *. Each subsequent line will have one additional
user-specified character until the number in the triangle's base reaches triangle_height. Output a
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

space after each user-specified character, including a line's last user-specified

Bharathicharacter.
Byreddy
(2 pts)
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Example output for triangle_char = % and triangle_height = 5:

Enter a character:

Enter triangle height:

%
% %

% % %

% % % %

% % % % %

NaN.2344834.qx3zqy7

LAB
ACTIVITY 5.14.1:
LAB: Warm up: Drawing a right triangle 0/3

main.py Load default template...

1 triangle_char = input('Enter a character:\n')

2 triangle_height = int(input('Enter triangle height:\n'))
3 print('')
4
5 print ('* ')
6 print ('* * ')
7 print ('* * * ')
8
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Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

Develop mode Submit mode Run your program as often as you'd like, before submitting
for grading. Below, type any needed input values in the first
box, then click Run program and observe the program's
output in the second box.
Enter program input (optional)
If your code requires input values, provide them here.
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

trending_flat trending_flat
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
main.py
Run program Input (from above) Outp
(Your program)

Program output displayed here

Coding trail of your work What is this?

History of your effort will appear here once you begin working
on this zyLab.

5.15 LAB: Output range with increment of 5

Write a program whose input is two integers. Output the first integer and subsequent increments of 5
as long as the value is less than or equal to the second integer.
Ex: If the input is:

-15

10

the output is:

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Ex: If the second integer is less than the first as in:

20
5

the output is:

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Second integer can't be less than the first.

For coding simplicity, output a space after every integer, including the last.
NaN.2344834.qx3zqy7

LAB
ACTIVITY
5.15.1:
LAB: Output range with increment of 5 0 / 10
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
main.py Load default template...

1 ''' Type your code here. '''

Run your program as often as you'd like, before submitting

Develop mode Submit mode
for grading. Below, type any needed input values in the first
box, then click Run program and observe the program's
output in the second box.
Enter program input (optional)
If your code requires input values, provide them here.

trending_flat trending_flat
main.py
Run program Input (from above) Outp
(Your program)

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Program output displayed here Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Coding trail of your work What is this?

History of your effort will appear here once you begin working
on this zyLab.
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5.16 LAB: Smallest and largest numbers in a list

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Write a program that reads a list of integers into a list as long as the integers areByreddy
Bharathi greater
than zero,
then outputs the smallest and largest integers in the list. LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Ex: If the input is:

10
5

21
2

-6

the output is:

2 and 21

You can assume that the list of integers will have at least 2 values.
NaN.2344834.qx3zqy7

LAB
ACTIVITY
5.16.1:
LAB: Smallest and largest numbers in a list 0 / 10

main.py Load default template...

1 ''' Type your code here. '''

2

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Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home

Run your program as often as you'd like, before submitting

Develop mode Submit mode
for grading. Below, type any needed input values in the first
box, then click Run program and observe the program's
output in the second box.
Enter program input (optional)
If your code requires input values, provide them here.
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

trending_flat trending_flat
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
main.py
Run program Input (from above) Outp
(Your program)

Program output displayed here

Coding trail of your work What is this?

History of your effort will appear here once you begin working
on this zyLab.

5.17 LAB: Output values in a list below a user

defined amount
Write a program that first gets a list of integers from input. The input begins with an integer indicating
the number of integers that follow. Then, get the last value from the input, which indicates a threshold.
Output all integers less than or equal to that last threshold value.
Ex: If the input is:

50 ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

60 Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
140

200

75
100

the output is:

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50,60,75,

The 5 indicates that there are five integers in the list, namely 50, 60, 140, 200, and 75. The 100
indicates that the program should output all integers less than or equal to 100, so the program
outputs 50, 60, and 75.

For coding simplicity, follow every output value by a comma, including the last one.
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Such functionality is common on sites like Amazon, where a user can filter results.
Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
NaN.2344834.qx3zqy7

LAB
ACTIVITY 5.17.1:
LAB: Output values in a list below a user defined amount 0 / 10

main.py Load default template...

1 ''' Type your code here. '''

2

Run your program as often as you'd like, before submitting

Develop mode Submit mode
for grading. Below, type any needed input values in the first
box, then click Run program and observe the program's
output in the second box.
Enter program input (optional)
If your code requires input values, provide them here. ©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

trending_flat trending_flat
main.py
Run program Input (from above) Outp
(Your program)

Program output displayed here

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Coding trail of your work What is this?

History of your effort will appear here once you begin working
on this zyLab.

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

5.18 LAB: Adjust values in a list by normalizing

When analyzing data sets, such as data for human heights or for human weights, a common step is
to adjust the data. This adjustment can be done by normalizing to values between 0 and 1, or
throwing away outliers.

For this program, adjust the values by dividing all values by the largest value. The input begins with an
integer indicating the number of floating-point values that follow.
Output each floating-point value with two digits after the decimal point, which can be achieved as
follows:

print(f'{your_value:.2f}')

Ex: If the input is:

30.0

50.0

10.0

100.0

65.0

the output is:

0.30

0.50

0.10

1.00
©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

0.65
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

The 5 indicates that there are five floating-point values in the list, namely 30.0, 50.0, 10.0, 100.0, and
65.0. 100.0 is the largest value in the list, so each value is divided by 100.0.
NaN.2344834.qx3zqy7

LAB
5 18 1: LAB: Adjust values in a list by normalizing
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1/3/22, 10:07 PM MSBA Prep 2: Python Prep home
ACTIVITY
5.18.1:
LAB: Adjust values in a list by normalizing
0 / 10

main.py Load default template...

1 ''' Type your code here. '''

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

Bharathi Byreddy

LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022

Run your program as often as you'd like, before submitting

Develop mode Submit mode
for grading. Below, type any needed input values in the first
box, then click Run program and observe the program's
output in the second box.
Enter program input (optional)
If your code requires input values, provide them here.

trending_flat trending_flat
main.py
Run program Input (from above) Outp
(Your program)

Program output displayed here

Coding trail of your work What is this?

©zyBooks 01/03/22 22:04 1172417

History of your effort will appear here onceBharathi

you Byreddy
begin
working
LOUISVILLEMSBAPrep2DaviesWinter2022
on this zyLab.

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