Glass Transition-(change)
Temperature-Tg of
Polymers(rubber/plastic/fabric)
Shoe????????
Can go up-40/-50 degree Celsius
Glass-brittle (powder)
Pure NR-Tg=-72 degree
mean by transition-change of temperature
transition temperature- the temperature at which a sudden
change of physical properties—colour, abrasion, flexibility,
shape, tensile strength, modulus, elongation occurs, such as
a change of phase or crystalline structure, or at which a
substance becomes superconducting.
modulus of rubber
The moduli of rubber samples are typically expressed as the stress (force) needed to
strain(deform)) a rubber sample for 25%, 50%, 100%, 200% and 300%. This is reported as
Modulus 25%, Modulus 50% etc. The higher these percentages are, the stiffer the material is.
modulus in rubber
Modulus is the force at a specific elongation value, ie 100% or 300% elongation.
Expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa), modulus is most
widely used for testing and comparison purposes at 100% elongation. This is referred to
as “M100” or modulus 100.
T.S
The tensile strength of rubber indicates how much force or stress a rubber material can
withstand before breaking. The tensile strength of rubber is typically expressed as the amount
of force in megapascals (10-25 MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi). During this test we pull
the material up to the point of failure.
tensile strength means
Tensile strength, maximum load that a material can support without fracture/failure
when being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material. ...
When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material returns either
completely or partially to its original shape and size.
elongation mean in rubber
Elongation is measured by applying tensile force, or stretching the material in the same
manner as described previously, and determining the change in length from original.
Elongation is expressed as a percentage of the original length.
Elongation is the percentage increase of the original length of a rubber sample, as
a result of tensile force being applied to the sample itself. Elongation is inversely
proportional to hardness, tensile strength, and modulus. ... Natural rubber can often
stretch up to 700% before breaking.
What happens at Tg
There is a certain temperature (different for each polymer) called
the glass transition temperature, or Tg for short. When the
polymer is cooled below this temperature, it becomes hard
and brittle, like glass. Some polymers are used above their glass
transition temperatures, and some are used below.
The glass transition temperature, often called Tg, is an important
property when considering polymers for a particular end-use.
Glass transition temperature is the temperature, below which the
physical properties of plastics change to those of a glassy or
crystalline-crystal/ breakable solid state. Above Tg they
behave like rubbery materials.
significance of Tg
Tg is an important parameters for determining the optimum
/suitable processing conditions of dried products. Thus, it is
used in designing drying equipment to meet the purpose. In
general, Tg affects the physical properties of food such as
stickiness, caking and agglomeration.
PLASTIC-PET-POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE-WATER
BOTTLES –BISLERI, SPICES CONTAINER
temperature(different for each polymer) called the glass transition
temperature, or Tg for short. When the polymer is cooled below
this temperature, it becomes hard and brittle, like glass.
Some polymers are used above their glass transition
temperatures, and some are used below. Hard plastics
PS-CONTER STIFFNER, TOE PUFF, SEFTY SHOE, FIRE
FIGHTING, INDUSTRIAL, MINING, LADIES SANDEL HEEL –
V.V. V HARD-IMPECT RESISTANCE
HIPS-HIGH IMPECT PS
polystyrene are used below their glass transition temperatures;
that is in their glassy state. Their Tg's are well above room
temperature, both at around +100 oC.
Rubber elastomers like polyisoprene and polyisobutylene, are
used above their Tg's, that is, in the rubbery state, where they are
soft and flexible.
Rubber-SBR-Tg=-100degree
Polystyrene-PS,Tg =+100 DEGREE
Amorphous(powder) and Crystalline(solid crystal) Polymers
We have to make something clear at this point. The glass
transition is not the same thing as melting. Melting is a transition
which occurs in crystalline polymers. Melting happens when the
polymer chains fall out of their crystal structures, and become a
disordered liquid. The glass transition is a different kind of
transition which happens to amorphous (powder)s polymers; that
is, polymers whose chains are not arranged in ordered crystals,
but are just strewn around in any old fashion, even though they
are in the solid state.
But even crystalline polymers will have some amorphous portions.
These usually makes up 40-70% of the polymer sample. This is
why the same sample of a polymer can have both a glass
transition temperature and a melting temperature. But you should
know that the amorphous portion undergoes the glass
transition only, and the crystalline portion undergoes
melting only. In fact, most so-called "crystalline polymers"
are actually mostly amorphous which means they will have
both.
And you might ask, is there any relationship between Tm(melting
point) and Tg? Great question! And the answer is "yes!" Here's a
plot of a few common polymers showing how Tg and Tm (in
degrees Kelvin) both increase together. There are good reasons
for this all based on molecular composition of the chains,the
stiffer the backbone, the higher the Tg and Tm. Of course, that's
in general with lots of exceptions: isn't science wonderful?
glass transition temperature and its significance
The glass transition temperature is the temperature below
which the physical properties of plastics change in a manner
similar to those of a glassy or crystalline state, and above
which they behave like rubbery materials. A plastic's Tg, is the
temperature below which molecules have little relative mobility.
What happens at glass transition temperature
The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and
reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous
regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and
relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubbery state
as the temperature is increased.
higher Tg mean
The temperature point is called the glass transition temperature
(Tg). The higher Tg point means higher temperature
requirement during lamination. ... The higher of Tg, the better
performance of heat resistance, moisture resistance, chemical
resistance, stability and other characteristics
difference between glass transition and melting temperature
The main difference between glass transition temperature and
melting temperature is that glass transition temperature
describes the transition of a glass state into a rubbery state
whereas melting temperature describes the transition of a
solid phase into a liquid phase
Which should have the higher Tg
The lower slope below the Tg is due to the lower heat capacity for
the amorphous polymer. Above the Tg, the rubbery, flexible
polymer has a higher heat capacity. Rubbery, flexible materials
at ambient temperature typically have a Tg in the 0°C to -150°C
range.
glass transition temperature determination
The glass transition temperature is indicated where there is a
significant drop off in material strength. The most standard
thermal methods for determining transition temperature are
Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), Dynamic Mechanical
Analysis (DMA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC),
FTIR, TGA,
Thermoplastics-(all plastics are thermoplastic) have a glass
transition temperature
In this way, thermoplastics differ from thermosetting (all rubbers
are thermosets) polymers, which form irreversible chemical bonds
during the curing process. ... Above its glass
transition temperature, Tg, and below its melting point, Tm, the
physical properties of a thermoplastic change drastically without
an associated phase change
