Term paper

Submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor’s of Computer Science (Honours in Information
Technology)
To
Amity University, Tashkent

Faculty Guide: Submitted By:

Name – Mr. Rajan Prasad Tripathi Name – Shakhzod Khudoykulov
Department – Information Technology Enrolment No: A85204919002
Programme/Sem: B.Sc(IT)/3 Batch: 2019/2022

Amity University, Tashkent

 Candidate’s Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Term
paper , entitle “Web development” in partial fulfilment for the award of
Degree of (Bachelor Science of Information Technology) “ submitted to
the Amity University, Tashkent is a record of my own investigations
carried under the Guidance of Mr. Rajan Prasad Tripathi of Amity
University Tashkent. I have not submitted the matter presented in this
report anywhere for the award of any other Degree.

(Signature of Candidate)
Name of Candidate: Shakhzod Khudoykulov
Enrolment No.: A85204919002
Programme/Semester: B.Sc(IT) /3
Batch: 2019/2022

(Counter Signed by)

Name of Faculty Guide:
Department-
 Amity University Tashkent

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Student Shakhzod Khudoykulov B.Sc IT
325/2019-2020 Semester 3, has presented an “Web Development” in
partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor Science of
Information Technology, under Amity University Tashkent.

Date: 12/12/2020

Faculty Guide: Mr. Rajan Prasad Tripathi

Amity University Tashkent

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude

and deep regard to my Research Guide Mr. Rajan Prasad Tripathi for his
exemplary guidance, valuable feedback and constant encouragement
throughout the duration of the project. His valuable suggestions were of
immense help throughout my research work. His perceptive criticism
kept me working to make this research paper in a much better way.
Working under his was an extremely knowledgeable experience for me. 

I would also like to give my sincere gratitude to all the friends and
colleagues who filled in the survey, without which this research would
be incomplete.

Table of content:
No. Title: Page:
1 1. Introduction to Web Development 6 – 11
1.1 A Complicated Ecosystem 6–7
1.2 A short history of the Internet 7–8
1.3 The birth of Web 8–9
1.4 Static and Dynamic Websites 9 – 10
1.5 Sociotechnological Integration – 10 – 11
Web Science
2 2. The Client Server Model: 11 – 17
2.1 The Client 11 – 12
2.2 The Server 12 – 13
2.3 The Request-Response loop 14 – 15
2.4 Server Types 15 – 17
3 3. Working in Web Development: 17 – 22
3.1 Roles and Skills 17 – 18
3.2 Types of jobs in Web 18 – 20
3.3 Types of web Development 20 – 22
Companies
4 4. Conclusion: 23 – 24
4.1 Key Terms 23
4.2 References 24

1. Introduction to Web Development

1.1 A Complicated Ecosystem
From our elementary school, we can recall that nature may be defined as an ecosystem, a
dynamic inter-relationship structure between living and non-living elements of the world. As
Figure 1.1 shows, Web development can be understood as an Eco-System, based on current
technologies (URL, DNS, Internet), and providing new protocols and standards to allow client-
server interactions (HTTP, HTML, and JavaScript). New client and server technologies,
frameworks, and platforms are being further built to support the Web as this ecosystem matures
(PHP, jQuery, Bootstrap, etc.).
The rich ecosystem of web creation has created completely new interest areas for research and
companies, such as search engines, social networks, electronic commerce, content management
systems and more.

Figure 1.1 depicts the web construction as a three-story building that

incorporates some odd items.
What we have attempted to capture in this picture is the concept that web development can be
interpreted as a three-tier operation. In the basement, basic components are required to make it
work, but they work out of sight more or less. HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and certain forms of a
server-side programming language such as PHP can typically be found on the main floors of the
platform.
At the top level, the most sophisticated themes lie, whether they are searching for algorithms,
security threats, or advanced preparation.

1.2 Definitions and History

WWW is definitely the World Wide Web (WWW or just the Web). When people see the term
"internet," people think of it.
But the WWW is only a subset of the Internet, as illustrated in Figure 1.2 . Whilst this term
paper focuses on the Web, a broad understanding of a large circle called the Internet also is part
of this portion.

Figure 1.2 The web as a subset of the Internet.

1.3 A Short History of the Internet
Instant digital communication is not only supported by the Internet. Previous technologies such
as radio, telegraph, and phone, albeit in analog form, offered equivalent speed of
communication.
In particular, telecommunications networks are a good starting point for learning about modern
digital communications. Calls were routed via operators in the telephone networks of the old
ones who linked the caller and receiver to a switchboard by attaching the cable to complete a
circuit board. These operators had been around for about a hundred years in some areas before
being replaced by mechanical automatic switches which did the same job: to connect the caller
and the recipient.
 Figure 1.3 Telephone network as example of circuit switching.
The problem with circuit shift is that multiple conversations can be difficult to have
simultaneously (which a computer might want to do). More bandwidth is needed since silence is
passed on (that is, unused capacity in the network is not being used efficiently). Bandwidth is a
calculation of the (maximum) volume of data
Sent along a line of contact. This measurement is typically calculated in bits per second (bps),
depending on the type of Internet access technology you use. A 56 Kbps dial-up modem has
slightly less bandwidth than a 10 Gbps fiber optic.

1.4 The Birth of the Web

There was an explosion in the number of users in the next decade, but the Web was not like the
Internet that we know today in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the early years, the internet was
a source of experience for e-mail and text-based systems.
It is because of the invention and the massive growth of the Web that the transition from the old
terminal and the texts of the 1980s alone to today's internet. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee (now Sir
Tim Berners-Lee) published a proposal to create a hypertext system alongside Robert Cailliau, a
Belgian company, both working at CERN in Switzerland. The invention was generally a
consequence of this. Soon afterward Berners-Lee created the website's main features.
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to locate a resource on the WWW. This early web
introduced the following main elements now fundamental to the Web. The Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) explains how requests and answers work. A software program that can respond to HTTP
requests (later known as web server software). Markup Language hypertext (HTML) for the
publishing papers. A software that can create URLs for HTTP requests and view the H TML got.
A program (later called a browser).
Berners-Lee helped create the World Wide Web in late 1994 too.
The Consortium (W3C), which will soon be an organization that governs the development of the
Internet, will become universal standards. The CERN decision not to patent its employee's work
and opinions and instead, leave network protocols and code-base royalty-free made this increase
very simpler.
Figure 1.4 displays the number of host networks from 1990 to 2015 in order to demonstrate the
development of the internet. In particular, you can see that over the last decade social
networking, internet services, asynchronous applications, the semantic web, and more have
evolved tremendously (they are listed in full in this textbook).

Figure 1.4 Growth in Internethosts/servers based on data from the Internet

Systems Consortium

1.5 Web Applications in Comparison to Desktop Applications

Unlike conventional desktop applications, the user interface for a website is different. Some of
the discrepancies are data stock position, user interface restrictions, and restricted access to
functions of the operating system. However as mobile apps become more complex, the
distinction between desktop and web applications in the user interface is becoming increasingly
blurred. There are a range of web-based advantages and inconveniences compared to desktop
apps, applications.
Web apps have several advantages: they are accessible from any Internet-internet-enabled
device. It can be used for various browsers and operating systems. Updates are simpler to
enforce because only software on the cloud has to be modified with software compared to
another device in the company. Centralized server storage leads to less local storage security
issues (which are critical for sensitive information such as health).
Unfortunately, there is also a corresponding downside in the field of IT for every benefit; this
applies to web applications as well. Some of these drawbacks are: The need for an active Internet
service (the Internet is not available). Still accessible at all times everywhere).
Protection issues about the transfer of confidential private data over the Internet. Store, license,
and use issues of uploaded data. Concerns. Problems that do not appear in all browsers for such
websites. Restrictions on access to OS resources can prevent the installation of additional
software and access to the hardware (like Adobe Flash on iOS). Additionals may also be applied
to their browsers by customers or their IT workers that have additional control over their
browsing. Experience but can interfere with JavaScript, cookies, or other details publishing
commercials.
The word "intranet" (intranet), which refers to an internal network using Internet protocols that is
located at the company or company, is among the most common terms in web creation. Intranet
resources are often private, which means that these resources are only open to staff (or approved
third-party parties, such as customers or service providers). Therefore the word "Internet" (with
an "e") includes both the private (Intranet) and public networks.
Usually, intranets are shielded from unauthorized external access protection features are shown
in Figure 1.5, such as firewalls or private IP ranges. As search engines such as Google are
private, they have limited or no access to content. Because of this private existence, the number
of Web pages in the intranet and which technologies are more popular is hard to quantify
accurately, for example. Some particularly expansive figures believe that nearly half of all
websites are hidden in private intranets.

Figure 1.5
1.6 Static Websites versus Dynamic Websites
In the early days of the web, a webmaster published web pages and regularly updated them (a
term common in the 1990s for the person responsible for developing and supplying a site). Pages
can be read by users but feedback can not be provided. At the beginning of the Web, there were
several encyclopedia-style pages with plenty of material for reading.
At that time, it was very important to know how to create a website: one needed to know HTML
and maybe to know how to edit and create photos. This type of website is generally called a
static website, as it only contains HTML pages which are always the same for all users. The
interaction between the user and the static website is shown in Figure 1.6 in a simplified way.

Figure 1.6
Within a few years of the website invention, sites became more popular.
It was complicated as more and more sites started using web server programs to dynamically
produce content. These server-based programs read the information from the databases, interface
with existing business computer systems, interacted with financial institutions, and then returned
HTML to the browsers of the user. This type of website is referred to as a website on the
dynamic server-side as the page content is generated by a programmer's software, which may
differ from user to user. Figure 1.7 represents the interaction between a user and a complex
website, which has been quite simplified.
 Figure 1.7

1.7 Sociotechnological Integration —Web Science

Researchers in non-computing areas have started in recent years to research the web's social
effect. Take a moment to remember how we treat our images, videos, and texts, and exchange
them with one another; it's a huge change from what we did a decade or two ago. These
improvements to our social structures (both big and small) were the product of Web advances
and are warranty studies themselves.

2. The Client Server Model

2.1 The Client-Server Model
The last area used "customer" and "server," which are the words that must now be identified. The
Web is sometimes referred to as a contact client-server model. Two types of actors occur in the
client-server model: clients and servers. The server is usually a 24/7 machine agent who listens
to client requests. A client is a computer agent who requests and receives server responses in the
form of response codes, images, text files, and other data (you can learn about them in chapter
2).
2.2 The Client
Customer computers are everywhere you look in everyday life: workstations, laptops, mobile
phones, and tablets. They have a wide variety of operating systems, processing speed, screen
size, memory, and storage requirements. The main feature of the client is that it can request
specific resource servers via URLs and then wait for the answer. The server handles these
requests in some way. Customer demands for web pages come from a web browser in the best-
known example.
But a client may be more than just a web browser. When it comes to the support framework for
word processors accesses online services and is a customer, like an iOS game connecting to a
game server using HTTP. Often a web server may also be a client. For example, our PHP sample
websites later in Chapter 19 will consume web services from the service providers, including
Flickr and Microsoft, and will then serve as clients for our PHP app.

2.3 The Server

The server of this model is the central repository, the command center, and the center hub of the
client-server model. Hosts web applications, stores user and program data, and performs security
authorization tasks. Because one server can serve several thousands or millions, of client
requests, server demands can be high. For example, a site that stores image or video data requires
several terabytes of storage to satisfy the needs of users. For example, a site with several scripts
that measure flight values would take more CPU and RAM to process those requests in a
reasonable amount of time. The main feature of a server is that it listens to requests and responds
with a message when you get one. The exchange of information between the client and the server
is summarized in the request-response loop.

2.4 The Request-Response Loop

Under the client-server model, the request-response loop is the most basic mechanism on the
server to accept requests and to transfer data in response. The client initiates a server request and
receives a response that may include a resource such as an HTML file, an image, or any other
data, as shown in Figure 1.8. This response may also contain additional information about the
request or the resource given, such as response codes, cookies, and other details.

Figure 1.8 Request-response loop

2.4 The Peer-to-Peer Alternative
It can improve your understanding to compare a client-server model with a different network
topology. In the peer-to-peer model shown in Figure 1.9, where each computer is functionally
similar, each node (i.e. the computer) will send and receive data directly from each other. In such
a model, each peer acts as both a client and a server capable of uploading and downloading
information. It is not necessary to be connected 24/7, and each device is functionally identical.
The client-server model, on the other hand, specifies specific and distinct functions for the
server. Video chat and torrent bit protocols are examples of a peer-to-peer model.

Figure 1.9
2.5 Server Types
Figure 1.9 shows the server as a single computer, which is perfect from a logical point of view.
Clients make requests for services from the URL; the server is a single computer for the client.
However, most real-world websites are not usually supported by a single server machine, but by
several server machines. It is normal to divide the functionality of a website between a variety of
different server types, as shown in Figure 1.10.
 Figure 1.10 Different types of server
These include the following:
Web servers. A web server is an HTTP request server. This usually applies to computers
running web server applications, such as Apache or Microsoft IIS (Internet Information
Services).
Application servers. An application server is a device that hosts and executes web applications
that can be generated in PHP, ASP.NET, Ruby on Rails, or some other web development
technology.
Database servers. The database server is a computer dedicated to running the Database
Management System (DBMS), such as MySQL, Oracle, or MongoDB, which is used for web
applications.
Mail servers. A mail server is a device that generates and fulfills mail requests, usually using the
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
Media servers. A media server (also known as a streaming server) is a special type of server
dedicated to processing requests for images and videos. Special software that allows video
content to be streamed to clients may be run.
Authentication servers. The authentication server is responsible for the most basic security
needs of web applications. This can include contact with local networking services, such as
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) or Active Directory.
 2.6 Across the Oceans
The amount of underwater fiber optic cable is very astounding and rising every year. As can be
seen in Figure 1.11, over 250 underwater fiber optic cable systems operated by a wide range of
companies across the globe. Internet access is provided by orbiting satellites for areas not
covered by underwater cable (such as Antarctica, many of the Canadian Arctic Islands, and other
small islands around the world). It is worth noting that satellite connections (which have a lower
bandwidth relative to fiber optic) account for an extremely small percentage of oversea Internet
contact.

Figure 1.11 Undersea fiber optic cables

3. Working in Web Development

Fifteen years ago, this segment would have been a much simpler one. There were web
developers, web designers, and webmasters back then. However as the web has grown and
increased in scope, the variety of functions (and names used to identify them) has also expanded.
In addition, the language used to define web development activities continues to evolve. Ten
years ago, a web programmer was someone who did server-side development, maybe in PHP or
ASP.NET. As JavaScript became more important for web development, a distinction was made
between front-end development (JavaScript) and back-end development (PHP/ASP.NET/etc)
into high-tech job advertising. As you can see in the following list, there are many more
distinctions in the field of career creation on the web today.
With so many distinct fields that one can become an expert, it's reassuring to know that web
creation is a team effort. Building and sustaining a presence on the web requires more than
technological skills, and many brilliant developers are not equally brilliant artists, designers,
managers and marketing experts. Working in the field of web development therefore typically
involves a team of people with a range of complementary abilities, as well as certain areas of
overlap and collaboration.

3.1 Roles and Skills

As a web development student, you might want to know which jobs are out there and which
skills are needed for them. This list of work titles (illustrated slightly frantically in Figure 1.12)
offers a summary of the positions usually available in a web development company as part of a
team. The type and culture of the organization, outlined in the next section, is a key factor
beyond the job description.

Figure 1.12 Web development roles and skills

Hardware Architect/Network Architect/Systems Engineer
People who design requirements for servers in a data center, and design and maintain the
architecture of a physical and logical network, are important somewhere along the way, whether
at your company or your host. Usually, these positions include knowledge of networking and
operating systems that is typically covered in other courses in computing outside of web
creation.

System Administrator
When the system is installed and connected to the network, the system administrators will be the
next people needed to get things up and running. They also select and install a network operating
system, and then manage shared operating system environments for other users. This role is also
paired with the hardware architect in smaller companies, and is on call, as a broken hard drive on
Saturday morning cannot wait for two days to be repaired.

Database Administrator/Data Architect

The Database Administrator (sometimes abbreviated as DBA) has a role to play in larger
organizations. There are many databases in these organizations, mostly from many branches, all
of which need to be handled, secured and backed up. Database administrators can maintain
databases as well as handle access to user and software accounts. They also write triggers and
advanced questions for users as well as handle them on request.
Indexes of databases. The data architect has some overlap with the database administrator, but
the job is more focused on data design and integration. In recent years, the management and use
of vast collections of sometimes unrelated data has become increasingly important for web
companies. In smaller businesses, these different positions in data. They are also combined with
system managers and/or developers.

Security Specialist/Consultant/Expert
There is no question that a strong system administrator and network architect would have
awareness of protection as they conduct their duties. However since security is so essential to
web creation in general, and because the expertise required to conduct security work is
complicated and ever-changing, it is not unusual for organizations to outsource their security
needs to security specialists. These specialists will test vulnerabilities, enforce best-practice
protection, and upgrade and adjust the programming code or hardware infrastructure to protect
the site from well-known or emerging (called zero-hour) attacks.

Developer/Programmer
A large variety of tasks can be delegated to programmers apart from simply coding. Writing
strong papers, using version control tools, carrying out code reviews, running test cases, and
more may be standard jobs, depending on company experience. Programmer roles frequently
start at the entry level, with higher-level design decisions left to software engineers and senior
developers. In terms of the world of web development, the terms programmers or developers are
very broad; generally, however, this term is used to denote a work more concentrated on server-
side development using languages such as PHP.

Front-End Developer/UX Developer

More and more complex front-end architecture includes software developers with a graphical
user interface design skill and a knowledge of HCI concepts, which is generally known as UIs or
UX design. This generally includes a deep knowledge of JavaScript and strong CSS capabilities.
A second synonym for front end developers, which is increasingly being used is UX. The key
difference between a UX developer and a UX/UI developer (described below) is that the
developer primarily contributes to the user interface implementation and not to the actual design.

Software Engineer
A programmer is a software engineer who knows the language of analysis and design and uses
proven best practice for software development. In some cases a programmer and software
engineer's position is used interchangeably, but a software engineer has a better understanding of
the period of software development and can meet specifications efficiently and address technical
and business matters with customers.

UX Designer/UI Designer/Information Architect

These are names that are used in interchange with work based on a website's layout, architecture,
and usability. Formerly known as the user interface, the term UX becomes the preferred term
because it is equally necessary today to improve the way a website is used (or more specifically,
to improve how it appears). Although coding skills can be useful, this form of work includes
prototype creation, makeup design, and user experience data analysis more often. This form of
work quite frequently needs the collaboration of creative people in the art department in larger
Web development companies.

Tester/Quality Assurance
Testers are the people who attempt to detect software bugs before they are released. This type of
work is also referred to as quality management (QA). Although some test functions are for non-
experts, many testers will schedule and write automated tests and create requirements test plans.
Although these jobs are mostly integrated with developers, they may build a job for themselves.

SEO Specialist
SEO refers to the process of improving web content discovery through search engines. search
engine optimisation. The above-mentioned strategies for enhancing SEO outcomes cover
Chapter 23, as well as the underhanded. Such methods, observations and research approaches,
social networking APIs and even content development strategies should be familiar to an SEO
expert.

Content Strategists/Marketing Technologist

In the end, websites thrive, regardless of technical features, due to the quality of their content. A
content manager (also called a marketing technologist sometimes) is someone who uses his
understanding with current and evolving web technology to create engaging web-based content
in combination with public information. An SEO expert or an information architect may also
perform this type of work. For this job it is essential to write and market skills as well as
knowledge of content management systems, email services and social networking interfaces.

Project Manager/Product Manager

Websites are dynamic ventures, frequently involving people with various abilities and attitudes.
All those people need dedicated effort and experience by project managers (also known as
product managers) to work together in a timely and productive manner. Awareness of
methodologies of planning and calculation as well as general skills in management is helpful.

Business Analyst
While an analytical software engineer will talk to customers and have needs, this position is
often given a different name and delegated to someone with exceptionally strong communication
skills. The interface between different divisions of the organization and the website is a market
analyst (and IT in general). These people will talk easily to the human resources, marketing and
legal departments and then convert the specifications into software engineers' tasks.

3.2 Types of Web Development Companies

When thinking of a web development job, a big factor to consider is what kind of organization
you want to be working with. Of course everyone wants a website, but several businesses work
jointly to make that possible (illustrated in Figure 1.13 ).

Figure 1.13 Web development companies

Hosting Companies
These hosters or data centers provide a wide variety of services. Opportunities of jobs,
particularly related to roles in hardware, networking and system management.

Design Companies
Design firms with few professional roles are at the other end of the spectrum. These businesses
will offer professional services in art and design, which may go beyond the internet, including
logos and branding in general. In Photoshop, for example, some companies create mockups that
a web developer (at another company) can turn into a website.

Website Solution Companies

Companies of website solutions concentrate on website programming and implementation for
consumers. The current sites (working in collaboration with hosts) as well as the production of
the new custom site are provided with technical positions. There are also development jobs.

Vertically Integrated Companies

Vertically integrated enterprises are gradually becoming web development one-stop-shop. These
companies are called vertically integrated, as hosting, design, and implementation solutions are
merged into a single organization. This enables them to achieve economies of scale and to draw
non-technical consumers who can take advantage of their site needs, small and large.

Start-Up Companies
Web development startups have become one of the world's greatest success stories. Increased
productivity of qualified applicant(s) and potentially several positions from developers to
designers and systems administrators are also enticing places for new graduates to work. Smaller
start-ups also need completely stacked developers who can play any role from system
administrator to lead developer.

Internal Web Development

Although certain businesses externalize their internet presence, some delegate their work to an
internal division, which is usually under the IT or marketing umbrella. While many of the roles
are simple managers, others can be very exciting and require real experience in programming.
Many organizations do not share many internal data with externals, and so choose internal
knowledge to handle and view sensitive data in order to build web interfaces and systems. These
websites are also only available with an Intranet organization is not like public Internet websites.
It can be difficult to compete on the web job market when you start out as a web developer.
While a good resume will benefit you, the creation of an online portfolio is perhaps the most
important phase in successfully reaching web growth.
Portfolios are an integral tool for showing the skill of a student to potential employers in graphic
design fields. Portfolios are also an effective way to market yourself and your skills in the world
of web creation. There is possibly a much more important appealing, persuasive online portfolio
than a written overview.
We encourage you to create a personal website that can be a resume as well as a portfolio. What
other things should you place in your portfolio apart from the normal biographical information?
As a student, you typically don't show a potential employer for many or any) real-world
ventures. However, you do have student projects, careers, and seminars. Show screenshots of
your work and the techniques that you learned when you built your portfolio. Be prepared to
improve these works (and you in your spare time to make them more spectacular.
 You may wish to give prospective employers access to your programming code if you
concentrate more on the programming side (that is, that you have fewer visuals that you can
display). This is done in different ways. Perhaps the most relevant is the website of Github,
shown in figure 1.14 and further discussed later in the book. In today's web development
workflow, Github has become an important feature, so we highly suggest that you take the time
to learn and use it.

Fi
gure 1.14 The Github website
 4.1 Key Terms
application server
authentication server
bandwidth
broadband modem
circuit switching
client
client-server model
data center
database server
DevOps dynamic website
fiber optic cable
full-stack developer
HTTP
intranet
mail server
media server
packet switching
peer Request for Comments (RFC)
request-response loop
response
router
server
server farm
static website
user experience
4.2 References

1. 1. J. Postel, “Internet Protocol,” September 1981. [Online]. http://

www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc791.txt.
2. 2. J. Postel, “Transmission Control Protocol,” September 1981.
[Online]. http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc793.txt.
3. 3. T. Berners-Lee, “The World Wide Web Project,” December 1992.
[Online]. http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/
WWW/TheProject.html.
4. 4. Internet Systems Consortium, “Internet host count history,” July
2012. [Online]. http://www.isc.org/solutions/survey/history.
5. 5. P. S. Ryan and G. Jason, “A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for
Policymakers and Non-Engineers,” August 2012. http://ssrn.com/
abstract=2128103 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2128103.
6. 6. S. Wainford, “What Skills Gap Exists in Web & Mobile
Development?” 2015. [Online]. http://firebuilder.com/research/.
7. 7. C. Coyier. “Job Titles in the Web Industry,” 2013. [Online]. https://
css-tricks.com/job-titles-in-the-web-industry/.
8. 8. M. Loukides, What is DevOps: Infrastructure as Code. O'Reilly
Media. 2012