7

Expansion of Functions

7.1. Infinite series. We have seen that the ordinary processes of

rearrangement of terms,
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
differentiation, etc., though
raising to a given power, taking limits,
break down for an
applicable to the of a finite number of terms, may
sum

infinite series. The expansions in the form

of infinite series obtained by
formal
be regarded merely as
the methods given below are therefore to
cases. That is why
the
which may not be true in exceptional
expansions,
obtained in $ 7.8
in the form of sum of a finite number ofterms
expansion
is generally preferred.
be a function of x
7.2. Maclaurin's Theorem. Let f(x)
which can be expanded in powers
of x and let the expansion
number of times.
be differentiable term by term any
Suppose S(x)= 4, + A,x+ ,x*+ A,*+...
have
Then by successive differentiation we
S'x)= 4, +24,x+3A,x* +44,x'+.
f"x) =2.1 A +3.2 A,x+ 4.3 A,x°+...,
f"(x) =3.2.14, +4. 3.24,x +.;etc.
Putting r =0 in each of these, we get

f0)=Apf'(0) =A1. f"(0) =2!A, f"(0) =3!A4,...

Hence flx)= f(0)+ f (0)+ "0)
x
f"(0)+...+ n
0)+..

141
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

142
Maclaurin's Theorem*
known as
This result is generally theorem.
Maclaurin's
Ex. 1. Expand sin x by
99, 01,02, Gujarat 051
[Ravishankar98, 99, Kanpur 01, Manipur
S(0) =0,
then
Let f (x) =sin x

f'(x)= cos x,
f'0)=1,
f"(0) =0,
f'(x)=-Sin x,
f"(0)=-1,
f"'(x) -cOS x,
etc.
etc.
1
f (x)=sin (x +nm), f (0)=sinnt
2
= 0 if n = 2m,

and =(-1)" if n =2 m +1
Hençe 2m +1
sin x =0+x.1+0+(-1)+0+... +0 +(-1)" 2m4-1)! +..
3! (2 m+1)!
2 m +1

x
- 3! .. +(- T..

5! (2m+1)!
Ex. 2. Apply Maclaurin's theorem to obtain the expansion of
log(1+sinx)
Indore 96,01, Bilaspur98,01, MDU Rohtak 01, Devi Ahilya 04]
Let
y=log(1+sin x)
then y 0) =0
COSX
1+ sinx
(0)=1
(1)
_-sin x)(1 +sin x)-cos* x
(+sin x)
Colin Maclaurin
University of (1698-1746) was professor of
Stirling (1717)Edinburgh.
and
The Maclaurin's mathematics
theorem was
at the
published by Maclaurin (1742) in his discovered by
Fluxions.
 EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONs 143

sinx- (sin x +cos x)_(1+sin x )

(1+sin r) (1+sinr)
or y
1sinr
,(0)=- (2)
+inx).0+ +cosx cosx

(1+sinx) (1+sinx)
or.
y,-
y,(0) =1 [Using (1) and (2)] (3)

Using (l), (2) and (3), we get

y-V,V, -y,y, =-Y,-Y,

y,(0) = -2 (4)
Using (1). (2). (3) and (4), we get
y, = - 2 y , y , - y,V, - y , y , - 3 y , y , - y , y .

V's (0) =5
Hence by Maclaurin's theorem,

log(1+sinx)-0+x.I+-)+1+-2)
3! 5!
S+..
or log (1 + sin x)=x- f..

Ex. 3. Expand tan x in ascending powers of x by Maclaurin's

theorem.
[Mysore 2004]
Let y = tan r
then y (0) =0
), = sec'r y, (0)=1
y, =2sec x tan x = 2yy, y,(0) =0
2y,y, +2,
=2y, +2y,
y, (0) =2
V, 4y, +2y, y, +2,
-
DIFFERENTIAL CAL ULUSS

144
y,(0) =0
=6y, y, +2)v,
+2y, V,
+ 21V
Vs =6)',}y, +6r, y,
y,(0) =16
+21y.
=6,+8y,y,
Maclaurin's theorem,
we get
Using 3
4

t a n r= 0 + r . l + * . 0 + . 2 + . 0 + . 1 6 + 0+.16+...
4! 5!
2! 3!

t a nr = r + r ' + r
Or
15
function cannot
When the nth differential coefticient ofthe
NOTE.
cannot be ascertained. Itis
be found, the nth term of the expansion
differential coeft+cient be
known for r=0
possible, however, that the nth
(see $ 5.41).
EXAMPLES

Maclaurin's theorem
Expand the following functions by
1. cosX [Kanpur 06] 2. (1+x" [Delhi 93]
3. log (1+x). [Delhi 93, Indore 99, Sagar 95, 2000)
4. e 5. sin 'x.
6. e Sin 7. a Sagar 1998]
8. tanx [Rohilkhand 94, Devi Ahilya 06]
e Cos r

9 10. sec x.
11. ecos -
[Bundelkhand 1995]
12. e sec x or. Lucknow 95, Kumaon 2000, 02]
COS X
13. elog (1+x).
14. sin x sinh x.
15. log (1+sin* x).
16. Prove that

e cos x =1+x-
3! 4!
-22 5! 7!
t....

[Kanpur 94, Jabalpur 96, 98, Bhopal 98,

Kumaon 98, Vikram
 EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS 145

17. Apply Maclaurin's theorem to prove that

logsec x =x x+ +

[Meerut 95, Garhwal 98. Kumaon 99, Devi Ahilya 07]

18. Use Maclaurin's theorem to find the
expansion in ascending
powers of xof log,(+e" ) to the term containing x.
[Lucknow 94, Vikram 97, Sagar 98, Garhwal 02]
19 Expand e in powers of x by Maclaurin's theorem and
find the general term. Meerut 1995]
Hence obtain the value of e". Kumaon 2003]
20. Apply Maclaurin's theorem to obtain the expansion of the
function eax cos bx in an infinite series of powers of x, giving the general
term.

ANSWERS
1. 1-x*/2!+x*/4!-x/6!+.+ (-1)"x"/ (2m)!+...
2. 1+ mx + {m (m - 1)/2!} x + {m (m -1) (m-2)/3!} x+ . X

3. x-x/2+x° /3-.+(-1)" 'x"/n+..

4. 1+x+x/2!+x°/3! +....+x"/n!+...
5. x+1.s'/3!+3. F.x'S!+5.3.1.x7+. ...
6. 1+x+**/2-x*/8+....
7. 1+xlog a +x* /2!(log a)+... +x" /n! (log a)"

8. -x3+x°/5-x /7+.(-1)"x/(2n-1)+..
9. 1+x+x*/2-x'/3-1lr'/24 -x'/5+..
10. 1+x/2!+5x/4!+6lx°/6!+..
11. -ax+ a'x* /2!- a (1+ a) x*/3!+(2 +a)dr'/4!+..
12. 1+x+x* +2x /3 +..
13. x+x/2!+2 /3!+9x/ 5!+....
14. x-8x°/6!+.

15.-5x/6+32r/45+
18. log, 2+x+ix*
/2!-x*/4!+..
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

146
19. 1+a r a + 0 + a * ) a + 2 + a * ) a ' +
4!
2! 3!
6 9sin
=I+ sine+Sin2! 3!

)x*/3!t.
-b2)x3/2!+ a (a2 -3b
20. 1+ a r + (a2 tan "(b/a)}t...
/n!}r" cos {n
+{(a +b3a be a function of
Let f(a h)
+
Theorem*. and let the
7.3. Taylor's in of h, powers
h which can be expanded number oftimeswith respect
any
differentiable
expansion be
to h. + A,h'+..
A, + 4,h+ A,h*
Suppose f(a h)
=
+ have
with respect
to h, we

differentiation
successive
By +3 A,h* + 4A,h° +
T..

+2A,h
S'(a+h)= A,
dt where=a+ h,
since (a+h)= /0
=f'(1).1=f'(a+ h;
4, h+ 4.3A, h
+...

f"(a+ h)=2.14, +3.2 etc.

+ 4.3.2Aht...
f"(a+ h) =3.2.1.4,
have
h =0 in each ofthese, we
Putting
=2!4,.f"" (a) =3!4,.
f (a) =4,.f'(a) =4,f"(a)
Hence
'(a)+f"(a)+,S"(a)
Sla+h)=fla)+lhf 2!
h"
a)+.
This is known as Taylor's Theorem.
* Named after the English mathematician and philosopher, Brook
in his
Taylor (1685-1731). The formal result was first published by him
Methodus Incrementorum (1715). A real proofwas first given a centur
later by Cauchy.
 EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS 147

If we put a = 0, and h = x, we get, the particular case

known as Maclaurin's Theorem. For this reason the latter

theorem also is very often referred to by the name ofTaylor's
Theorem.
Taylor's theorem is generally quoted as
h
Sx+ h) =fx)+ hf'(x)+s"(x)+
2! 3! "(x)

++ S(x)+...
n!
which is obtained at once from the above on replacing a by
X.

A moreuseful form is obtained on replacing h by (r-a)

Thus
Sx)= fa) + (x-a)f'"(a)+ s"(a)
2!

-af(a)t..
3! n
a) +...
which is an expansion in powers of (x-a)
Ex. 1. Expand log sin x in powers of(x -2).
[Bhopal96, Garhwal96,01, Kumaon 01, Poorvanchal 04]
Let fx)= log sin x. (1)
This can be written as

S(2+x -2)= logsin(2+x -2)

since (1) is to be expanded in powers of (x -2).
Then f(2) logsin2
=

f'(x)=cot x, f '(2) =
cot 2

S"(x)=-cOsec x, S'(2) = -cosec 2

S"(x)=2cosec x.cotx, f"" (2)=2cosec*2 cot 2, etc.
Hence by Taylor's theorem, we have
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
148

fx) =S(2+r -2) =f(2) +(x -2)f "(2)

- 2 "(2)+ 3!
f"(2)+.
2!

or
logsin x = logsin 2 +(x -2)cot2 +(-2) (-cosec*2)
2!

-2)(2cos
3!
ec 2cot 2)+..
Ex.2. Expand sin X in powers of

Bilaspur 95, 99, Jabalpur 98, 99, Indore.2000,. Jiwaji 2000, 01,
Gorakhpur 01, Sagar 02]
Let f(x) = sinr then

S'(x)=cosx

f"(x)= -sin x

S"(x)=-cosx S

f"(x)=sin x =1 etc.

By applying Taylor's theorem, we get

1
sinx =f(t /2) +(x -n /2)f '(T /2)+(-T/2 f "(T/2)
2!

+-T/2)'f"(T /2)+x-z/2)'
3 4!
S"(7 /2)+..
or sin x =1-x-T/2)+x
2! -T/2)*-.
4! .

Ex. 3. Expand 2x+7x* +x -6 in powers of x -2.

[Kumaon 97, Vikram 98, Rewa 2000, Bilaspur 2000,
abalpur 01, Sagar 03, Devi Ahilya 05]
 EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS 149

Let f(x)=f(2+x -2) =2x +7x2 +x -6

Then f(2) =22 +722 +2-6=40
S'(x)=6x* +14x +1f'(2) =53
f"(x)=12x +14, f"(2)=38
S"(x)=12 f"(2)=12
and f",f",.. are all zero. Hence by Taylor's theorem,
f(x)=f (2) +(x -2)f'(2)+(x-2) f "(2)
2!

+-2
3!
f"(2)+
40+53 (x -2) +19 (x -2) +2(x -2).
EXAMPLES
1. Expand log (x+ a) in powers of x by Taylor's theorem.

[ Sagar 98, Bhopal 98, 01, Rewa 2000, Indore 02, Avadh 05]
2. Expand sin" (x+h) in powers of x as far as the term in x
[Garhwal 2003]
Expand the following in powers of the quantity indicated.
3. tan (r +h) in powers of h up to h".
4. loge cos (x + h) in powers of h.

5. tan x in powers of (x-t).

Sagar 97, Indore 97, Vikram 99, Ravishankar 98, 01,
Bhopal 02, Devi Ahilya 04]
6. sin (t+6) in powers of 6. [Bhopal 96, Rohilkhand 01]
7. Prove that

fmx)= fx)+ (m-1x. S°x)+(m-1x.f"a)

+m-1'x'.f"xt...
3!

Rohilkhand 93, Jiwaji 98]

Hint: Write fmx) as fr+ (m-1)x}and apply Taylor's Theorem.]
 3 4
0.2 I.0 1.3 1.9 1.8
Compute f' and /'' at x =2.
4. The distance s travelled by a car in time 1S given below

(sec): 0 2 4 6 8

s (metres) 24 36
10 52
Calculate the speed ofthe car at =2. 4,6 seconds. Caleulate the
specd at r - 4 by the lormula of Ex. 2 and compare with the earlier

answer.

5. The population of a certain town (as obtained from census

data) is shown in the following table

Year 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961

19.96 39.65 58.81 77.21 94.61

Population
(in thousands)
Find the rate of growth of population in 1961, using (i) 3-point, and
(ii) 5-point formulac.
6. Expand in ascending powers of x
1/3
(1)
eOs

(ii) (tan x)"

ANSWERS
. 4.95977. 2. |16(, +S,)-/+S,)-30/,1/12
3. 0.467, 0.450 4. 6, 6.5, 7 m./sec.; 6.5 m./sec.
5. (i) 1690 per year
ii) 1682 per year.
6. i) e(-4x* +/*"..);
(i) ( + x*/9+13x/405+.)
7.6. Rolle's Theorem.* Ifa function fr) which is
continuous in the closed interval [a, b/ and differentiable
in the open interval (a, b), be zero at x = a a n d also a t x =F

b, then f'(x) is zero for at least one value of x between a

and b.
[Kumaon 02, 04, Garhwal 04, 05, Himachal 05, 07,
Avadh 08]
*Called after the French mathematician Michel Rolle (1652-1719), who
first gave it in his book Me'thode pour re'soudre les egalites (1691)
 EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS 155

The truth of this theorem is obvious from geometrical

intuition; for, i f f ( a ) = 0 and

f (b) 0, there must be at

=
R
least one point like P where
f'(r) is zero, i.e., where the
tangent is parallel to the
x-axis. There might be three X
Oa b
such points (as in the figure),
or even more.

and b, or if
If f(x) is discontinuous at any point between a

f'(x) does not exist at some point, the theorem may not be true.

Thus, in the figures given below, f '"(x) does not exist at

point between and b where the
X=c. In these cases there is no a

to the curve is parallel to the x-axis.

tangent

LA. 1A.
Oa
X

We give below the analytical proof of Rolle's theorem.

Any of the following four cases can arise

) Sx) = 0 for every value of x in [a, b];

(ii) x ) is positive for some values in la, b];

ii) f(x) is negative for some values in [a, b];
(iv) Sx) is positive for some values and negative
for some other values.
For Case (i), f'(x)=0 at every x.
Case (ii). Since f(x) is continuous in the closed interval
a, b], its values in this interval are all finite. One of these is
the greatest value. Let this be f(x,) where a<x <b. Then
156 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

value of fx),
f'a,) =0. For if f' (x, ) #0,there will be a
on one side of x, or the other, which is greater
than f(x, ).
that we consider
proof for case (ii) is similar, except is the same
The
case (iv) as
the least value of f(x). The proof for
for (ii).
to the following function
Ex. 1. Is Rolle's theorem applicable

fr)=(r -1)(r -4)e',

xe
[1, 4]
Give reasons.
all continuous in the interval
Since (r -

1).(x -

4) and e are

[1, 4]. f(a) is continuous in [1, 4]. Also0,

e"*
-(x -1)(x -4)
'

S(x)=(x -4) e"* +(x -1) e"

factor in
So f(x) is differentiable in (1, 4) since each
f(x) is differentiable in (1, 4).
S0)=0 = J4)
Also
function.
Hence Rolle's theorem is applicable to the given
-7x +9)e" =0 is satisfied by
Therefore f'x)=-(x*
between 1 and 4.
x =(7 W13)/2 lying
-

theorem to the
Ex. 2. Discuss the applicability of Rolle's

functionf(x) =|x|in -1,1].

We have S0)=|1|=1 and f(-1)=-1|=1.
i.e. S)=f-)=1
We can see that f(x) is continuous for all values of x in [-1,1]|
except maybe at x
=
0.

Here lim,, f(0+h) =lim,h-00+h=0

and limS(0-h) =lim,-00-h=0
Also f0)=|0=0
Therefore limS(O+h)=lim,-o f(0-h)=f(0)
in
Hence f(x) is continuous at x =0 and thus at every point
-1, 1
To test if S(x) is derivable at x = 0, we see that
 EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS 157

f(h)=h if h>0 and f(h)= -h if h<0.

Dependng on whether h is positive or negative, the derivative
off ( ) at x =0
f(0+ h)- f(0)
1.e. lim
h
= lim
fh)1or
h
-1.
1.e f '(0+0) = 1 andf (0 0)-1

Since f'(0+0)-f(0-0). thefunction isnot differentiableat

=0 and henee in the open interval (1, 1). Therefore, Rolle's
theorem is not applicable to f (x) =| xin [-1. 1].
7.7. La"ange's Mean Value Theorem. If f (x) is
continuous in the closed intlerval Sa. b] and differentiable in
the open interval (a. b). then there must be a value of x, say
cE (a. b), such that
f(b)- f(a)f '(c)
b-a
[Manipur 99, 2000. Kanpur 01, Kumaon 01, 03, 05.
Himachal 04, 06, Avadh 01, 09
Consider the function F (x) defined in such a manner that
it satisfies the conditions of Rolle's theorem.

Let F(x) = f(b) - f(x) - fb)-J@ (b- x).

b-a
Putting x = a and x = b by turns, we see that F (a) = 0.

and F (b) = 0. Also by supposition f ' ( x ) exists for every

value of x from a to b; so F'(r) also exists, its value being

given by
F'(x)= -f'(x)+ f (b)-f (a) (1)
b-a
Therefore, applying Rolle's theorem, F'(x) = 0 for at
least one valuc (say c) of x between a and b. Substituting this
value of x in (1), we have
0=-f'lc)+ J6)-Sa)
b-a
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
158
is called tha
the proposition. This theorem
which proves
theorem of Differential Calcuius.
mean value

Ex. 1. Obtain c
1) where rE| 1.2]
iff (x) =x(r
-

=2.
(0) =0, f(b) =f (2)
Here S (a) =f
f ' ( x ) =2r -l.
and
f '(c)
Therefore f tb)-f (a) =(b -a)
2-0 (2-1)(2c -1)

c=(2+1)/2=
i.e.
continuous on [a- h, a +
h] and
Ex. 2. Let f be defined and
is real number 0
Prove that there
a
h,a + h).
derivable on (a -

between 0 and I for which

'(a +0h) +f '(a-0h)}.
S(a+h) -f (a-h)=h{f
[0. 1] such that
function defined on
Consider the
hx) where r e [0, 1]
(1)
F(x) =f(a + hx) -f(a-
derivable on (0. 1). Hence
continuous on [0, 1] and
Then Fis there exists a number 6
Mean Value Theorem,
by Lagrange's
between 0 and I such that

F()- F(0) =(1 -0)F (0)

i.e. f(a+h) -f(a-h) =h {f '"(a +Oh) +f '(a -0h)}
using (1)D
since F(0) =0 and F(1) =
fla+ h)-fla- h).
that
Ex. 3. Using Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem, show
<log (1+x)< X, x>0 [Delhi 05, 07)
1+X
Hence show that
O< log(1+x) -x<1, x>0 [Kanpur 93, Delhi 08)
Let S(r)= log(1+*) in [0, x]
Now fx) is continuous on [0, x] and derivable on (0, X)
hence by Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem, there exists a numbe
e between 0 and I such that
 EXPANSIONOF FUNCTIONSs 159

f ) - f (0) f'(e r)
0

()
log(x)
Now 0<0<1and r0Or<r

So 1+0r<1+x
1+0r 1+x
X
(2)
I+0x +X 1+X 1+Ox
Again 00<1 and x>0 0<0xl<1+0x
So -<l 3)
+Ox 1+0x

From (2) and (3).

1+X +0x
X
1.e.
1+X
-<log(1+x)< x
using(1)
Or
1+X
log(1+x)
Or I
Xlog(1+x) x

0
log(1+ x)
0<log(l+x) - <l for x>0.
7.71. Geometrical Meaning of Lagrange's Mean Value
Theorem. Let P and Qbe two points on
the curve f (). Further. let the
abscissae of P and be a and b
respectively. Then if PQ makes with the
-aNis an
angle y, we havc, by geometry
tany
f(b)-f (a)
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
160

R
Also, ifthe tangent to the curve at (r1,
)yi) makes an
gle
angle y,

with the x- axis, we have, by § 4.6,

tany,=f '(x,).
asserts that there is
the mean value theorem merely
tience
is parallel to PO
between P and O where the tangent
some point between P and ).
the curve has a tangent at every
point
provided

This is geometrically obvious.

Theorem. Ifwe put
of the Mean Value
7.72. Another form is equal to b if
0 0, and
if
=

b-a= h, then a +0h, is equal to a

1. value between a
means some
Hence a +Oh, where 0 <0<1, as
be writen
and b. So the above theoreih
can

Sa+ h) - f(a) hf '(a +Oh)

=

where 0<0<1.
or f(a +
h) =f(a) + hf '(a +0h)
Value Theorem
Generalised Mean
7.73. The
extension of the mean
An important
(Cauchy's Theorem).
value theorem is the following:
are both continuous in [a. b]
f(i) ¢(x) and y(r)
exist in (a, b)
(ii) o'(x) and y' (r)
in (a. b).
and (iii) y'(x) * 0 anywhere
a and b, such that
is value of x (say c) between
then there a

o (b) o (a) '(c)

y (b) - y (a) y'(¢))

2000, Gorakhpur 02, Manipur 02, Himanchal

[Kumaon
05, Delhi 05, 07]
Consider the function F(x) defined by the equation

F(x) =
¢(r)-¢ (a) -
96)-6(a)
y (x)-y (a)}. (1)
y (6)-y (a)
We notice that v (b) - y (a) # 0; for if y (b) = y (a),
then y (x)- v (6) will be zero when x = a and also when
 EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS 161

=b; so Rolle's theorem (d/ dr) {w (x) -y (b)}, i.e.

that by
vanish for some value of r between a and b,
y '(r), nmust
and
which is contrary to hypothesis. Thus F(x) is finite
continuous for every value ofx in the closed interval [a, b].
Differentiation shows that

F'(x)= ¢"(x)-(6)-(aw'(*).
y (b)-y (a)
(2)

d' (x) and y' (r) exist in (a, b), we

see
Therefore, since
that
that F'(x)exists in (a, b). Putting x= a in (1). we find
is also zero.
F(a) 0; next putting x = b, we see that F(6)
=

Therefore by Rolle's theorem, there is a value c between

a

and b such that F'(c) = 0. For this value of x. (2) gives

(b)-¢(a) (3)
0= '(c)--(b) -y (a) y'(c)

Also, by supposition. y'(x) * 0 anywhere in a < x <b.

Therefore w'(c)*0. So we can divide (3) by y'(c). WVe
thus get
0=(c) (b)-¢(a)
w'(c) y (b)- v (a)
which proves the proposition.
EXAMPLES

1. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function:

f(x)=x(r+ 3)e""*, xe [-3, 0]. [Poorvanchal 1995]

2.
2. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function fx) =x* -12:, in
the interval 0srs23. [Bundelkhand 1995]
3. Verify Rolle's theorem in case of the function
Sr)=2x +x -4x-2 [Kanpur 1995]
Ls)=0 at x=- and x = /2, f' (x) = 0 at x=;]|

4. 1f
n+1
,
n n-1
+..+ a, =0,

prove that the equation

 DIERNILALCAICULUS

162

0and
Delhi 199
root between
as at least one
ble n (a,
un 4. | and deriv able b)
$I1. A y arecontinuous
such that
exists some
cin (a. b)
prove that there
u ) a) ylu
/(6)o(h) y(h)-0 Banaras 19951
/c) (c) y'(«)
tor the function
theorem in the nterval (0, 2)
. Verify Rolle's
Osmania 20041
()-2+( )
7. Writing the mean value thcorem as

b)-(a)= (b-a) /'(¬), d <E <b,

finde if f(t)=x(r-D(r-2), a 0,h=IKanpur 1995S

8. If f(a)=r(r-1Dr-20* 3); a 0,b= 4; lind the value

of cofthe mean value theorem. Rohilkhand 19951

9 Verify the mean value theorem tor

(i) f() log v in l.el Manipur 02, Kanpur 03

(ii) so)rin a, b Aanpur 2001)
10. ith the help of the inean value theorem, show that if x> 0,

logo(r + 1)= X1Og 10 where 0<0 <L

1+Or

1. If f(a)= Vx, g(r)= 1/ Vx are defined in the interval [1, 2,

show that the value of xj satisfying Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem is
givenby =v2. [Lucknow 1993]
ANSWERS
7. 1-7/12. 8. 3.55 approximately

7.8. Taylor's Theorem. Finite Form. A

more general
theorem than the one of Mean
Valåe is Taylor's theorem.
The method of proof is similar to that
of § 7.7. The theorem
is as follows