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PHP Introduction2

The document discusses PHP variables. Some key points covered include: - In PHP, variables are declared with a $ sign followed by the variable name. PHP is loosely typed so the data type does not need to be declared. - Variables can store different data types like strings, integers, and floats. - Variables are case-sensitive. - Variables can have local, global, or static scope. Local variables are only accessible within the function they are declared, while global variables can be accessed anywhere and static variables retain their value between function calls. - PHP also supports reference variables declared with $$ which reference the variable name inside them.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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PHP Introduction2

Uploaded by

BHAVESH G 19BCE0219

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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PHP VARIABLES

 In PHP, a variable is declared using a $ sign followed by the variable name. Here, some important
points to know about variables:
 As PHP is a loosely typed language, so we do not need to declare the data types of the variables. It
automatically analyzes the values and makes conversions to its correct datatype.
 After declaring a variable, it can be reused throughout the code.
 Assignment Operator (=) is used to assign the value to a variable.

Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:

RULES FOR DECLARING PHP VARIABLE:

 A variable must start with a dollar ($) sign, followed by the variable name.
 It can only contain alpha-numeric character and underscore (A-z, 0-9, _).
 A variable name must start with a letter or underscore (_) character.
 A PHP variable name cannot contain spaces.
 One thing to be kept in mind that the variable name cannot start with a number or special symbols.
 PHP variables are case-sensitive, so $name and $NAME both are treated as different variable.

PHP VARIABLE: DECLARING STRING, INTEGER, AND FLOAT

Let's see the example to store string, integer, and float values in PHP variables.

FILE: VARIABLE1.PHP

<?php

$str="hello string";

$x=200;

$y=44.6;

echo "string is: $str ";

echo "integer is: $x ";

echo "float is: $y ";

Output:

string is: hello string

integer is: 200

float is: 44.6

PHP VARIABLE: SUM OF TWO VARIABLES

File: variable2.php

<?php

$x=5;

$y=6;
$z=$x+$y;

echo $z;

Output:

PHP VARIABLE: CASE SENSITIVE

In PHP, variable names are case sensitive. So variable name "color" is different from Color, COLOR, COLor etc.

File: variable3.php

<?php

$color="red";

echo "My car is " . $color . " ";

echo "My house is " . $COLOR . " ";

echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . " ";

Output:

My car is red

Notice: Undefined variable: COLOR in C:\wamp\www\variable.php on line 4

My house is

Notice: Undefined variable: coLOR in C:\wamp\www\variable.php on line 5

My boat is

PHP VARIABLE: RULES

 PHP variables must start with letter or underscore only.

 PHP variable can't be start with numbers and special symbols.

File: variablevalid.php

<?php

$a="hello";//letter (valid)

$_b="hello";//underscore (valid)

echo "$a $_b";

Output:

File: variableinvalid.php

<?php
$4c="hello";//number (invalid)

$*d="hello";//special symbol (invalid)

echo "$4c $*d";

Output:

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '4' (T_LNUMBER), expecting variable (T_VARIABLE)

or '$' in C:\wamp\www\variableinvalid.php on line 2

PHP: LOOSELY TYPED LANGUAGE

PHP is a loosely typed language, it means PHP automatically converts the variable to its correct data type.

PHP VARIABLE SCOPE -

The scope of a variable is defined as its range in the program under which it can be accessed. In other words,
"The scope of a variable is the portion of the program within which it is defined and can be accessed."

PHP has three types of variable scopes:

 Local variable
 Global variable
 Static variable

LOCAL VARIABLE

 The variables that are declared within a function are called local variables for that function. These
local variables have their scope only in that particular function in which they are declared. This means
that these variables cannot be accessed outside the function, as they have local scope.
 A variable declaration outside the function with the same name is completely different from the
variable declared inside the function. Let's understand the local variables with the help of an example:

FILE: LOCAL_VARIABLE1.PHP

<?php

function local_var()

{

$num = 45;

echo "Local variable declared inside the function is: ". $num;

}

local_var();

Output:

Local variable declared inside the function is: 45

FILE: LOCAL_VARIABLE2.PHP

<?php

function mytest()

{

$lang = "PHP";

echo "Web development language: " .$lang;

}

mytest();

echo $lang;

Output:

Web development language: PHP

Notice: Undefined variable: lang in D:\xampp\htdocs\program\p3.php on line 28

GLOBAL VARIABLE

The global variables are the variables that are declared outside the function. These variables can be accessed
anywhere in the program. To access the global variable within a function, use the GLOBAL keyword before the
variable. However, these variables can be directly accessed or used outside the function without any keyword.
Therefore there is no need to use any keyword to access a global variable outside the function.

Let's understand the global variables with the help of an example:

Example:

FILE: GLOBAL_VARIABLE1.PHP

<?php

$name = "Sanaya Sharma";

function global_var()

{

global $name;

echo "Variable inside the function: ". $name;

echo "";

}

global_var();

echo "Variable outside the function: ". $name;

Output:
Variable inside the function: Sanaya Sharma

Variable outside the function: Sanaya Sharma

Note: Without using the global keyword, if you try to access a global variable inside the function, it will
generate an error that the variable is undefined.

FILE: GLOBAL_VARIABLE2.PHP

<?php

$name = "Sanaya Sharma";

function global_var()

{

echo "Variable inside the function: ". $name;

echo "";

}

global_var();

Output:

Notice: Undefined variable: name in D:\xampp\htdocs\program\p3.php on line 6

VARIABLE INSIDE THE FUNCTION:

 Using $GLOBALS instead of global

 Another way to use the global variable inside the function is predefined $GLOBALS array.

Example:

File: global_variable3.php

<?php

$num1 = 5;

$num2 = 13;

function global_var()

{

$sum = $GLOBALS['num1'] + $GLOBALS['num2'];

echo "Sum of global variables is: " .$sum;

}

global_var();

Output:
Sum of global variables is: 18

 If two variables, local and global, have the same name, then the local variable has higher priority than
the global variable inside the function.

Example:

FILE: GLOBAL_VARIABLE2.PHP

<?php

$x = 5;

function mytest()

{

$x = 7;

echo "value of x: " .$x;

}

mytest();

Output:

Note: local variable has higher priority than the global variable.

STATIC VARIABLE

 It is a feature of PHP to delete the variable, once it completes its execution and memory is freed.
Sometimes we need to store a variable even after completion of function execution. Therefore,
another important feature of variable scoping is static variable. We use the static keyword before the
variable to define a variable, and this variable is called as static variable.
 Static variables exist only in a local function, but it does not free its memory after the program
execution leaves the scope. Understand it with the help of an example:

Example:

File: static_variable.php

<?php

function static_var()

{

static $num1 = 3;

$num2 = 6;

$num1++;

$num2++;
echo "Static: " .$num1 ."";

echo "Non-static: " .$num2 ."";

}

static_var();

Output:

Static: 4

Non-static: 7

Static: 5

Non-static: 7

You have to notice that $num1 regularly increments after each function call, whereas $num2 does not. This is
why because $num1 is not a static variable, so it freed its memory after the execution of each function call.

PHP $ AND $$ -

The $var (single dollar) is a normal variable with the name var that stores any value like string, integer, float,
etc.

The $$var (double dollar) is a reference variable that stores the value of the $variable inside it.

To understand the difference better, let's see some examples.

Example 1

<?php

$x = "abc";

$$x = 200;

echo $x." ";

echo $$x." ";

echo $abc;

Output:
In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable x as abc. Value of reference variable $$x is
assigned as 200.

Now we have printed the values $x, $$x and $abc.

Example2

<?php

$x="U.P";

$$x="Lucknow";

echo $x. " ";

echo $$x. " ";

echo "Capital of $x is " . $$x;

Output:

In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable x as U.P. Value of reference variable $$x is
assigned as Lucknow.

Now we have printed the values $x, $$x and a string.

Example3

<?php

$name="Cat";

${$name}="Dog";

${${$name}}="Monkey";

echo $name. " ";
echo ${$name}. " ";

echo $Cat. " ";

echo ${${$name}}. " ";

echo $Dog. " ";

Output:

In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable name Cat. Value of reference variable $
{$name} is assigned as Dog and ${${$name}} as Monkey.

PHP CONSTANTS -

PHP constants are name or identifier that can't be changed during the execution of the script except for magic
constants, which are not really constants. PHP constants can be defined by 2 ways:

 Using define() function

 Using const keyword

Constants are similar to the variable except once they defined, they can never be undefined or changed. They
remain constant across the entire program. PHP constants follow the same PHP variable rules. For example, it
can be started with a letter or underscore only.

Conventionally, PHP constants should be defined in uppercase letters.

Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically global throughout the script.

PHP CONSTANT: DEFINE()

Use the define() function to create a constant. It defines constant at run time. Let's see the syntax of define()
function in PHP.

define(name, value, case-insensitive)

name: It specifies the constant name.

value: It specifies the constant value.

case-insensitive: Specifies whether a constant is case-insensitive. Default value is false. It means it is case
sensitive by default.

Let's see the example to define PHP constant using define().

FILE: CONSTANT1.PHP
<?php

define("MESSAGE","Hello PHP");

echo MESSAGE;

Output:

Hello PHP

Create a constant with case-insensitive name:

FILE: CONSTANT2.PHP
<?php

define("MESSAGE","Hello PHP",true);//not case sensitive

echo MESSAGE, "";

echo message;

Output:

Hello PHP

FILE: CONSTANT3.PHP
<?php

define("MESSAGE","Hello PHP",false);//case sensitive

echo MESSAGE;

echo message;

Output:

Hello PHP

Notice: Use of undefined constant message - assumed 'message'

in C:\wamp\www\vconstant3.php on line 4

message

PHP CONSTANT: CONST KEYWORD

PHP introduced a keyword const to create a constant. The const keyword defines constants at compile time. It
is a language construct, not a function. The constant defined using const keyword are case-sensitive.

FILE: CONSTANT4.PHP
<?php
const MESSAGE="Hello const by PHP";

echo MESSAGE;

Output:

Hello const by PHP

CONSTANT() FUNCTION

There is another way to print the value of constants using constant() function instead of using the echo
statement.

Syntax

The syntax for the following constant function:

constant (name)

FILE: CONSTANT5.PHP
<?php

define("MSG", "");

echo MSG, "";

echo constant("MSG");

//both are similar

Output:

CONSTANT VS VARIABLES

Constant Variables
Once the constant is defined, it can never be redefined. A variable can be undefined as well as redefined
easily.
A constant can only be defined using define() function. A variable can be defined by simple assignment
It cannot be defined by any simple assignment. (=) operator.
There is no need to use the dollar ($) sign before To declare a variable, always use the dollar ($)
constant during the assignment. sign before the variable.
Constants do not follow any variable scoping rules, and Variables can be declared anywhere in the
they can be defined and accessed anywhere. program, but they follow variable scoping rules.
Constants are the variables whose values can't be The value of the variable can be changed.
changed throughout the program.
By default, constants are global. Variables can be local, global, or static.

PHP DATA TYPES -

PHP data types are used to hold different types of data or values. PHP supports 8 primitive data types that can
be categorized further in 3 types:

 Scalar Types (predefined)

 Compound Types (user-defined)
 Special Types

PHP DATA TYPES: SCALAR TYPES

It holds only single value. There are 4 scalar data types in PHP.

 boolean
 integer
 float
 string

PHP DATA TYPES: COMPOUND TYPES

It can hold multiple values. There are 2 compound data types in PHP.

 array
 object

PHP DATA TYPES: SPECIAL TYPES

There are 2 special data types in PHP.

 resource
 NULL

PHP BOOLEAN

Booleans are the simplest data type works like switch. It holds only two values: TRUE (1) or FALSE (0). It is often
used with conditional statements. If the condition is correct, it returns TRUE otherwise FALSE.

Example:

<?php

if (TRUE)

echo "This condition is TRUE.";

if (FALSE)

echo "This condition is FALSE.";

Output:

PHP INTEGER

Integer means numeric data with a negative or positive sign. It holds only whole numbers, i.e., numbers
without fractional part or decimal points.

RULES FOR INTEGER:

 An integer can be either positive or negative.

 An integer must not contain decimal point.
 Integer can be decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), or hexadecimal (base 16).
 The range of an integer must be lie between 2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 i.e., -2^31 to 2^31.

EXAMPLE:
<?php

$dec1 = 34;

$oct1 = 0243;

$hexa1 = 0x45;

echo "Decimal number: " .$dec1. "";

echo "Octal number: " .$oct1. "";

echo "HexaDecimal number: " .$hexa1. "";

Output:

Decimal number: 34

Octal number: 163

HexaDecimal number: 69

PHP FLOAT

A floating-point number is a number with a decimal point. Unlike integer, it can hold numbers with a fractional
or decimal point, including a negative or positive sign.

Example:

<?php

$n1 = 19.34;

$n2 = 54.472;

$sum = $n1 + $n2;

echo "Addition of floating numbers: " .$sum;

Output:

Addition of floating numbers: 73.812

PHP STRING

A string is a non-numeric data type. It holds letters or any alphabets, numbers, and even special characters.

String values must be enclosed either within single quotes or in double quotes. But both are treated
differently. To clarify this, see the example below:

Example:

<?php
$company = "";

echo "Hello $company";

echo "";

echo 'Hello $company';

Output:

Hello

Hello $company

PHP ARRAY

An array is a compound data type. It can store multiple values of same data type in a single variable.

Example:

<?php

$bikes = array ("Royal Enfield", "Yamaha", "KTM");

var_dump($bikes);

echo "";

echo "Array Element1: $bikes[0] ";

echo "Array Element2: $bikes[1] ";

echo "Array Element3: $bikes[2] ";

Output:

array(3) { [0]=> string(13) "Royal Enfield" [1]=> string(6) "Yamaha" [2]=> string(3) "KTM" }

Array Element1: Royal Enfield

Array Element2: Yamaha

Array Element3: KTM

You will learn more about array in later chapters of this tutorial.

PHP OBJECT

Objects are the instances of user-defined classes that can store both values and functions. They must be
explicitly declared.

Example:

<?php

class bike {
function model() {

$model_name = "Royal Enfield";

echo "Bike Model: " .$model_name;

}

$obj = new bike();

$obj -> model();

Output:

Bike Model: Royal Enfield

This is an advanced topic of PHP, which we will discuss later in detail.

PHP RESOURCE

Resources are not the exact data type in PHP. Basically, these are used to store some function calls or
references to external PHP resources. For example - a database call. It is an external resource.

This is an advanced topic of PHP, so we will discuss it later in detail with examples.

PHP NULL

Null is a special data type that has only one value: NULL. There is a convention of writing it in capital letters as
it is case sensitive.

The special type of data type NULL defined a variable with no value.

Example:

<?php

$nl = NULL;

echo $nl;

PHP OPERATORS -

PHP Operator is a symbol i.e used to perform operations on operands. In simple words, operators are used to
perform operations on variables or values. For example:

$num=10+20;

In the above example, + is the binary + operator, 10 and 20 are operands and $num is variable.

PHP Operators can be categorized in following forms:

 Arithmetic Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Comparison Operators
 Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
 Logical Operators
 String Operators
 Array Operators
 Type Operators
 Execution Operators
 Error Control Operators

We can also categorize operators on behalf of operands. They can be categorized in 3 forms:

Unary Operators: works on single operands such as ++, -- etc.

Binary Operators: works on two operands such as binary +, -, *, / etc.

Ternary Operators: works on three operands such as "?:".

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

The PHP arithmetic operators are used to perform common arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, etc. with numeric values.

Operator Name Example Explanation

+ Addition $a + $b Sum of operands
- Subtraction $a - $b Difference of operands
* Multiplication $a * $b Product of operands
/ Division $a / $b Quotient of operands
% Modulus $a % $b Remainder of operands
** Exponentiation $a ** $b $a raised to the power $b
The exponentiation (**) operator has been introduced in PHP 5.6.

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

The assignment operators are used to assign value to different variables. The basic assignment operator is "=".

Operato Name Example Explanation

r
= Assign $a = $b The value of right operand is assigned to the left operand.
+= Add then Assign $a += $b Addition same as $a = $a + $b
-= Subtract then Assign $a -= $b Subtraction same as $a = $a - $b
*= Multiply then Assign $a *= $b Multiplication same as $a = $a * $b
/= Divide then Assign $a /= $b Find quotient same as $a = $a / $b
(quotient)
%= Divide then Assign $a %= $b Find remainder same as $a = $a % $b
(remainder)

BITWISE OPERATORS

The bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations on operands. These operators allow the
evaluation and manipulation of specific bits within the integer.

Operator Name Example Explanation

& And $a & $b Bits that are 1 in both $a and $b are set to 1, otherwise 0.
| Or (Inclusive or) $a | $b Bits that are 1 in either $a or $b are set to 1
^ Xor (Exclusive or) $a ^ $b Bits that are 1 in either $a or $b are set to 0.
~ Not ~$a Bits that are 1 set to 0 and bits that are 0 are set to 1
<< Shift left $a << $b Left shift the bits of operand $a $b steps
>> Shift right $a >> $b Right shift the bits of $a operand by $b number of places

COMPARISON OPERATORS

Comparison operators allow comparing two values, such as number or string. Below the list of comparison
operators are given:

Operator Name Example Explanation

== Equal $a == $b Return TRUE if $a is equal to $b
=== Identical $a === Return TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of same data
$b type
!== Not identical $a !== $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b, and they are not of
same data type
!= Not equal $a != $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b
<> Not equal $a <> $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b
< Less than $a < $b Return TRUE if $a is less than $b
> Greater than $a > $b Return TRUE if $a is greater than $b
<= Less than or equal to $a <= $b Return TRUE if $a is less than or equal $b
>= Greater than or $a >= $b Return TRUE if $a is greater than or equal $b
equal to
<=> Spaceship $a <=>$b Return -1 if $a is less than $b
Return 0 if $a is equal $b
Return 1 if $a is greater than $b

INCREMENTING/DECREMENTING OPERATORS

The increment and decrement operators are used to increase and decrease the value of a variable.

Operator Name Example Explanation

++ Increment ++$a Increment the value of $a by one, then return $a
$a++ Return $a, then increment the value of $a by one
-- decremen --$a Decrement the value of $a by one, then return $a
t
$a-- Return $a, then decrement the value of $a by one

LOGICAL OPERATORS

The logical operators are used to perform bit-level operations on operands. These operators allow the
evaluation and manipulation of specific bits within the integer.

Operator Nam Example Explanation

e
and And $a and $b Return TRUE if both $a and $b are true
Or Or $a or $b Return TRUE if either $a or $b is true
xor Xor $a xor $b Return TRUE if either $ or $b is true but not both
! Not ! $a Return TRUE if $a is not true
&& And $a && $b Return TRUE if either $a and $b are true
|| Or $a || $b Return TRUE if either $a or $b is true

STRING OPERATORS

The string operators are used to perform the operation on strings. There are two string operators in PHP,
which are given below:

Operator Name Example Explanation

. Concatenation $a . $b Concatenate both $a and $b
.= Concatenation and $a .= $b First concatenate $a and $b, then assign the
Assignment concatenated string to $a, e.g. $a = $a . $b

ARRAY OPERATORS

The array operators are used in case of array. Basically, these operators are used to compare the values of
arrays.

Operator Name Example Explanation

+ Union $a + $y Union of $a and $b
== Equality $a == $b Return TRUE if $a and $b have same key/value pair
!= Inequality $a != $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b
=== Identity $a === Return TRUE if $a and $b have same key/value pair of same type in
$b same order
!== Non- $a !== $b Return TRUE if $a is not identical to $b
Identity
<> Inequality $a <> $b Return TRUE if $a is not equal to $b

TYPE OPERATORS

The type operator instanceof is used to determine whether an object, its parent and its derived class are the
same type or not. Basically, this operator determines which certain class the object belongs to. It is used in
object-oriented programming.

<?php

//class declaration

class Developer

{}

class Programmer

{}
//creating an object of type Developer

$charu = new Developer();

//testing the type of object

if( $charu instanceof Developer)

{

echo "Charu is a developer.";

}

else

{

echo "Charu is a programmer.";

}

echo "";

var_dump($charu instanceof Developer); //It will return true.

var_dump($charu instanceof Programmer); //It will return false.

Output:

Charu is a developer.

bool(true) bool(false)

EXECUTION OPERATORS

PHP has an execution operator backticks (``). PHP executes the content of backticks as a shell command.
Execution operator and shell_exec() give the same result.

Operato Name Example Explanation

r
`` backticks echo `dir`; Execute the shell command and return the result.
Here, it will show the directories available in current folder.
Note: Note that backticks (``) are not single-quotes.

ERROR CONTROL OPERATORS

PHP has one error control operator, i.e., at (@) symbol. Whenever it is used with an expression, any error
message will be ignored that might be generated by that expression.

Operator Name Example Explanation

@ at @file ('non_existent_file') Intentional file error
PHP OPERATORS PRECEDENCE

Let's see the precedence of PHP operators with associativity.

Operators Additional Information Associativity

clone new clone and new non-associative
[ array() left
** arithmetic right
++ -- ~ (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) (bool) @ increment/decrement and types right
instanceof types non-associative
! logical (negation) right
*/% arithmetic left
+-. arithmetic and string concatenation left
<< >> bitwise (shift) left
< <= > >= comparison non-associative
== != === !== <> comparison non-associative
& bitwise AND left
^ bitwise XOR left
| bitwise OR left
&& logical AND left
|| logical OR left
?: ternary left
= += -= *= **= /= .= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= => assignment right
and logical left
xor logical left
or logical left
, many uses (comma) left

PHP COMMENTS -

 PHP comments can be used to describe any line of code so that other developer can understand the
code easily. It can also be used to hide any code.
 PHP supports single line and multi line comments. These comments are similar to C/C++ and Perl style
(Unix shell style) comments.

PHP SINGLE LINE COMMENTS

There are two ways to use single line comments in PHP.

// (C++ style single line comment)

# (Unix Shell style single line comment)

<?php

# this is Unix Shell style single line comment

echo "Welcome to PHP single line comments";

Output:

Welcome to PHP single line comments

PHP MULTI LINE COMMENTS

In PHP, we can comments multiple lines also. To do so, we need to enclose all lines within /* */. Let's see a
simple example of PHP multiple line comment.

<?php

echo "Welcome to PHP multi line comment";

Output:

Welcome to PHP multi line comment

PHP IF ELSE -

PHP if else statement is used to test condition. There are various ways to use if statement in PHP.

 if
 if-else
 if-else-if
 nested if

PHP IF STATEMENT

PHP if statement allows conditional execution of code. It is executed if condition is true.

If statement is used to executes the block of code exist inside the if statement only if the specified condition is
true.

Syntax

Flowchart
EXAMPLE
<?php

$num=12;

if($num<100){

echo "$num is less than 100";

}

Output:

PHP IF-ELSE STATEMENT

PHP if-else statement is executed whether condition is true or false.

If-else statement is slightly different from if statement. It executes one block of code if the specified condition
is true and another block of code if the condition is false.

Syntax

Flowchart

EXAMPLE
<?php
$num=12;

if($num%2==0){

echo "$num is even number";

}else{

echo "$num is odd number";

}

PHP IF-ELSE-IF STATEMENT

The PHP if-else-if is a special statement used to combine multiple if?.else statements. So, we can check
multiple conditions using this statement.

Syntax

if (condition1){

} elseif (condition2){

} elseif (condition3){

....

} else{

}

Flowchart

EXAMPLE
<?php

$marks=69;
if ($marks<33){

echo "fail";

}

else if ($marks>=34 && $marks<50) {

echo "D grade";

}

else if ($marks>=50 && $marks<65) {

echo "C grade";

}

else if ($marks>=65 && $marks<80) {

echo "B grade";

}

else if ($marks>=80 && $marks<90) {

echo "A grade";

}

else if ($marks>=90 && $marks<100) {

echo "A+ grade";

}

else {

echo "Invalid input";

}

PHP NESTED IF STATEMENT

The nested if statement contains the if block inside another if block. The inner if statement executes only when
specified condition in outer if statement is true.

Syntax

if (condition) {

}

}
Flowchart

EXAMPLE
<?php

$age = 23;

$nationality = "Indian";

if ($nationality == "Indian")

{

if ($age >= 18) {

echo "Eligible to give vote";

}

else {

echo "Not eligible to give vote";

}

Output:

PHP SWITCH EXAMPLE

<?php

$a = 34; $b = 56; $c = 45;

if ($a < $b) {

if ($a < $c) {
echo "$a is smaller than $b and $c";

}

Output:

34 is smaller than 56 and 45

PHP SWITCH -

PHP switch statement is used to execute one statement from multiple conditions. It works like PHP if-else-if
statement.

Syntax

switch(expression){

case value1:

break;

case value2:

break;

......

default:

code to be executed if all cases are not matched;

}

IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE NOTICED ABOUT SWITCH CASE:

 The default is an optional statement. Even it is not important, that default must always be the last
statement.
 There can be only one default in a switch statement. More than one default may lead to a Fatal error.
 Each case can have a break statement, which is used to terminate the sequence of statement.
 The break statement is optional to use in switch. If break is not used, all the statements will execute
after finding matched case value.
 PHP allows you to use number, character, string, as well as functions in switch expression.
 Nesting of switch statements is allowed, but it makes the program more complex and less readable.
 You can use semicolon (;) instead of colon (:). It will not generate any error.

PHP SWITCH FLOWCHART

PHP SWITCH EXAMPLE
<?php

$num=20;

switch($num){

case 10:

echo("number is equals to 10");

break;

case 20:

echo("number is equal to 20");

break;

case 30:

echo("number is equal to 30");

break;

default:

echo("number is not equal to 10, 20 or 30");

}

Output:

PHP switch statement with character

PROGRAM TO CHECK VOWEL AND CONSONANT
We will pass a character in switch expression to check whether it is vowel or constant. If the passed character
is A, E, I, O, or U, it will be vowel otherwise consonant.

<?php

$ch = 'U';

switch ($ch)

{

case 'a':