SHS

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Quarter 3 - Module 5C
Electricity
General Physics 2

Grade 11/12 Quarter 3 - Module 5C: Electricity

First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: FRANKLIN L. PADILLA, MT-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen,
 Target

Electricity supplies the energy needed to operate your household appliances,

calculator and radio. You know that electrons at rest produce static electricity.
Module 5B introduces the Current, Resistance, Resistivity and Voltage. You have
learned that Voltage is the difference in charge between two points, Current is the
rate at which charge is flowing and Resistance is a material's tendency to resist the
flow of charge (current).

Moreover, factors that affect resistance were also discussed in the previous
module. You have solved problems involving resistance, current and voltage.
Now, this module is a continuation of the previous module and will discuss
the following topics such as Ohm’s Law, Simple circuit, the principle involving Series
and Parallel circuit. You will also study and solve problems involving Power, draw
circuit diagram and electrical safety precaution.

After studying this Self-Learning Module in General Physics 2, you are

expected to:

1. Given an emf source connected to a resistor, determine the power supplied or

dissipated by each element in a circuit (STEM_GP12EMIIIe-42);
2. Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance, and Ohm’s law in a
contexts such as, but not limited to, batteries and bulbs, household wiring,
and selection of fuses (STEM_GP12EMIIIe-44);
3. Operate devices for measuring currents and voltages (STEM_GP12EMIIIe-
45); and
4. Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches, lamps,
resistors (fixed and variable) fuses, ammeters and voltmeters
(STEM_GP12EMIIIe-47)

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.
 LESSON
OHM’S LAW
3
Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1: WORD HUNT

Direction: Given the puzzle, find and circle the list of words below. Words appear
straight across, backword straight across, up and down, down and up, and
diagonally. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

O G H P A C T I C L E E E U Y
H O L I D U L I O P E E N L U
M E S F T R V J X T J L Y I L
G D E N S R E S I S T A N C E
H C K R G E J I O H F C R O Q
P P L M A N T E R K X E O P U
A J N I E T T R N D G L U Q I
R S M J G G D X D R X O T A D
A S P S H S F T E D I M E F T
L S R F K S A G G G G I U X S
L A E G W S F W A T T U G G E
E N E R G Y D X T O O G D X I
L G W L Y G G D L E T G W I R
G J H Q O E R P O W E R W G E
B K V O L U M E V F T J T R S

OHM VOLTAGE SERIES

CURRENT POWER PARALLEL

RESISTANCE WATT ENERGY

 Discover

Understanding OHM’s Law

Although the three quantities, current, voltage and resistance, are used
differently, they are related to each other. A German physicist named George Simon
Ohm (1787-1854) discovered this relationship and it was named in his honor. The
relationship is known as Ohm’s Law. In this law it is stated that current is directly
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.
𝑉
In equation, 𝐼=
𝑅

From this equation we can derive V = IR and R = V/I. We can use these
equations when we calculate the current, voltage and resistance. There are devices
which we can use to measure the three quantities in a circuit. These three devices
are the ammeter, which measures current in amperes (or milliamperes), the
ohmmeter which measures the resistance in ohms and the voltmeter which
measures voltage in volts.

Let us take some examples to show how Ohm’s Law is applied to simple
circuit.

Sample Problem 1

How much current flows through a lamp with resistance 90 ohms when it is
connected to a 220-V outlet?

Given:
R = 90 ohms
V = 220 volts

Unknown:
I =?

Solution:
V 220 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
I= ; = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆
R 90 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
Sample Problem 2

What is the resistance of a lamp which allows 0.8 A current when 110 V is
applied to it?

Given:

I = 0.8 ampere

V = 110 volts

Unknown:
R =?

Solution:
V 110 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
R= ; = = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
I 0.8 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒

Simple Circuit
The knowledge of the different electrical quantities and units, even the most
common one is important in analyzing electrical circuits. This module represents
application of Ohm’s Law and devices that are used to relate and measure these
different quantities and units.
An electric circuit is a conducting loop in which a current can transfer
electrical energy from a suitable source to a useful load. It has the following essential
parts:
1. Source or Supply – it provides the voltage needed to force current through the
circuit (example: battery)
2. Conductors – it is where the current travels (example: Copper, Gold, Silver
wire)
3. Load – It is a device that converts elevtrical energy into some useful form
(electric motor, light bulb)
4. Control device or switch – opens or closes the circuit
5. Protection device – it interrupts the circuit in case of malfunction (fuse, circuit
breaker)

A simple circuit can be drawn using

symbols. Common symbols can be used to
draw schematic diagram. The diagram
however does not indicate the physical size
and mechanical arrangement of the parts.

Image taken from

https://franzcalvo.wordpress.com/201
5/11/02/models-and-modeling-are-
basic-to-human-play/
Symbols used in Schematic diagram

Here is an example of a schematic diagram:

Series and Parallel Circuit

a) Series Configuration Circuit

Here, we have three resistors (labeled R1, R2, and
R3) connected in a long chain from one terminal of
the battery to the other. (It should be noted that the
subscript labeling—those little numbers to the
lower-right of the letter “R”—are unrelated to the
resistor values in ohms. They serve only to identify
one resistor from another.) The defining
characteristic of a series circuit is that there is only
one path for current to flow. In this circuit, the
current flows in a clockwise direction, from point 1 to point 2 to point 3 to point 4
and back around to 1.

The basic idea of a “series” connection is that components are connected end-
to-end in a line to form a single path through which current can flow:

b) Parallel Circuit Configuration

In this circuit, we have two loops for

the current to flow through: one from 1 to
2 to 5 to 6 and back to 1 again, and another
from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 6 and back to
1 again. Notice how both current paths
pass through R1 (from point 1 to point 2).
In this configuration, we will say that R2
and R3 are in parallel with each other,
while R1 is in series with the parallel
combination of R2 and R3.

The basic idea of a “parallel” connection, on the other hand, is that all
components are connected across each other’s leads. In a purely parallel circuit,
there are never more than two sets of electrically common points, no matter how
many components are connected. There are many paths for current flow, but only
one voltage across all components:

Series and parallel resistor configurations have very different electrical properties.
Principles of series and parallel circuits:

Image taken from from https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/series-

parallel-dc-circuits/

Learning to mathematically analyze circuits requires much study and

practice. Typically, students practice by working through lots of sample problems
and checking their answers against those provided by the textbook or the instructor.
While this is good, there is a much better way.

You will learn much more by actually building and analyzing real circuits,
letting your test equipment provide the “answers” instead of a book or another
person. For successful circuit-building exercises, follow these steps:

a) Carefully measure and record all component values prior to circuit

construction.
b) Draw the schematic diagram for the circuit to be analyzed.
c) Carefully build this circuit on a breadboard or other convenient medium.
d) Check the accuracy of the circuit’s construction, following each wire to each
connection point, and verifying these elements one-by-one on the diagram.
e) Mathematically analyze the circuit, solving for all values of voltage, current,
etc.
 f) Carefully measure those quantities, to verify the accuracy of your analysis.
g) If there are any substantial errors (greater than a few percent), carefully check
your circuit’s construction against the diagram, then carefully re-calculate the
values and re-measure.

Power in a Circuit

Power is the rate of energy transfer. It is equal to the product of current and
voltage. In equation from, it is given as

𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉

and its unit is the watt (W) when voltage is in volts and current is in amperes. If
you express the previous formula in terms of I and V, the formula for the current
and voltage respectively, will be

𝑃 𝑃
𝐼= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 =
𝑉 𝐼
If we combine Ohm’s Law and the formula of Power, it will result in another
variation of the power formula.

Let us substitute I = V/R in P = IV. It will yield

V V2
𝑃 = ( )V simplified as P=
R R
On the other hand, if we substitute V = IR in P = IV, it will yield

𝑃 = 𝐼(𝐼𝑅) 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑃 = I2R

This tells us that given any two of the three quantities (current, voltage,
resistance) we can solve for the Power.

Let us take a look at the following examples.

Sample 1

What is the power input to an electric heater that draws 3 A from a 220 V
outlet?

Given:
I=3A
V = 220 V
Find:
P =?
Solution:
P = IV
P = 3 A x 220 V
P = 660 W
Sample 2
The heating element in clothes dryer is rated at 5 Kw AND 220 V. How much
current does it draw?

Given:
P = 5 kW = 5000 W
V = 220 V
Unknown:
I =?
Solution:
I = P/V
I = 5000W/220V
I = 22.73 A

Electrical Energy and its Cost

You have learned that energy is equal to power times time and we know that
power is a product of voltage and current. Therefore, energy can also be expressed
using current, voltage and time.

In equation form, this is given as

𝑊 = 𝑃𝛥𝑡

Electric power is the rate of energy transfer. Electric companies like LUELCO
in La Union charge us not the power but for energy. The unit for energy used by
companies to calculate our consumption is the kilowatt-hour (kWh). This is the
energy delivered in one hour at the constant rate of 1kW. We are usually billed for a
given period, and an electric meter is used to determine how much energy is
consumed over a period of time.
While the power rating of most of the appliances we have at home remains
constant, the amount of energy used depends on the number of hours these
appliances are actually operated. But if you try to observe your electric bill, you will
notice that there is fluctuation in the basic charge and rate of currency adjustment.

Let us try to calculate the cost to operate appliances.

Sample problem

How much does it cost to operate 20” desk fan for 12 hours if the electrical
energy costs P4.57/kWh and wattage of desk fan of 79W?

Given:
Cost of energy = P 4.57/kWh
P = 79W = 0.079kW
𝛥𝑡 = 12ℎ
 Unknown:
Cost to operate the fan for 12 hrs

Solution:
First, solve the electrical energy
W=𝑃𝛥𝑡
= (0.079kW)(12h)
= 0.948kWh
Then solve for the cost
Cost = 0.948kWh (P 4.57/kWh)
Cost = P 4.33

The cost of electricity is really increasing every year. As a learner like you
engaged in this subject, what tips can you give on the wise use of electricity?

Operating devices for measuring currents and voltages

1. Voltmeters

A voltmeter is an instrument that measures the difference in electrical

potential between two points in an electric circuit. An analog voltmeter moves a
pointer across a scale in proportion to the circuit’s voltage; a digital voltmeter
provides a numerical display. Any measurement that can be converted to voltage can
be displayed on a meter that is properly calibrated; such measurements include
pressure, temperature, and flow.

In order for a voltmeter to measure a device’s voltage, it must be connected in

parallel to that device. This is necessary because objects in parallel experience the
same potential difference.
 Voltmeter in Parallel: (a) To measure the potential difference in this series
circuit, the voltmeter (V) is placed in parallel with the voltage source or either of the
resistors. Note that terminal voltage is measured between points a and b. It is not
possible to connect the voltmeter directly across the EMF without including its
internal resistance, r. (b) A digital voltmeter (DVM) measures an unknown input
voltage by converting the voltage to a digital value and then displays the voltage in
numeric form. DVMs are usually designed around a special type of analog-to-digital
converter called an integrating converter.

2. Ammeters

An ammeter measures the electric current in a circuit. The name is derived

from the name for the SI unit for electric current, amperes (A).
In order for an ammeter to measure a device’s current; it must be connected
in series to that device. This is necessary because objects in series experience the
same current. They must not be connected to a voltage source — ammeters are
designed to work under a minimal burden, (which refers to the voltage drop across
the ammeter, typically a small fraction of a volt).

Ammeter in Series: An ammeter (A) is placed in series to measure current. All

of the current in this circuit flows through the meter. The ammeter would have the
same reading if located between points d and e or between points f and a, as it does
in the position shown. (Note that the script capital E stands for EMF, and r stands
for the internal resistance of the source of potential difference.)
 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1: COMPLETE ME!

Directions: In a series circuit, certain general rules may be stated with regard to
quantities of voltage, current, resistance, and power. Express these rules, using your
own words. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. “In a series circuit, voltage . . .”
2. “In a series circuit, current . . .”
3. “In a series circuit, resistance . . .”
4. “In a series circuit, power . . .”
5. “In a parallel circuit, voltage . . .”
6. “In a parallel circuit, current . . .”
7. “In a parallel circuit, resistance . . .”
8. “In a parallel circuit, power . . .”

Activity 2: DON’T JUST SIT THERE! BUILD SOMETHING!!

Direction: Draw a schematic diagram of the following:

1.

2.
3. A single cell, light bulb and switch are placed together in a circuit such that
the switch can be opened and closed to turn the light bulb on.

4.

5.

6. Schematic diagram on how to use ammeter in a given circuit.

 7. Schematic diagram on how to use voltmeter in a given circuit

Activity 3: DRAWING THE PATH OF ELECTRONS

Directions: Draw a picture of the circuit. Label the light bulb, switch and battery.
Use arrows to show the conventional direction the flow of current. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.

Activity 4: SOLVE ME!

Directions: Read and analyze the given problem solvings below. Show your solutions
correctly. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. If a blender is plugged into a 110 V outlet that supplies 2.7 A of current, what
amount of power is used by the blender?
2. If a clock expends 2 W of power from a 1.5 V battery, what amount of current
is supplying the clock?

3. Tommy runs his juicer every morning. The juicer uses 90 W of Power and the
current supplied is 4.5 A. How many volts are necessary to run the juicer?

4. Calculate the amount of power dissipated by this electric heating element, if

the generator's output voltage is 110 volts and the heater's resistance is 2.5
ohms: ( P = V2/ R )

5. A circuit consists of a 12 V battery connected across a single resistor. If the

current in the circuit is 3 A, calculate the size of the resistor.

Deepen
 At this point you are now ready for your last activity. Remember the things
that you learned in this lesson. Good luck!!!

What you need: Pen and Paper

What to do: Answer the last wave of activities on this part of module. This activity
shall be the basis of how you have learned in this module. Good luck!

Enrichment Activity

1. Should the voltmeter be connected in series or parallel with lamp in order to

measure the voltage? What will happen if the meter is connected the wrong
way?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What tips can you give on the wise use of the following appliances?
a. Lightings
b. Flat iron
c. Refrigerator
d. Air conditioner
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. The wall charger for an iPhone is 900mA. If you have it plugged into the wall
for 2 hours, how much power have you consumed?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Find the cost to run a 1200-watt microwave oven, if you make microwave
popcorn in 5 minutes. (price per kWh is 13.267 cents)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 Gauge
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The statement which correctly represents Ohm’s law:

A. V = IR C. R = VI
B. V = R/I D. I = R/V

2. A 10 ohms resistor is powered by a 5-V battery. The current flowing through

the source is:
A. 10 A C. 2 A
B. 50 A D. 0.5 A

3. An electric kettle with 50-Ω heat element is powered by a 230-V wall outlet.
The current flowing through kettle is:
A. 0.217 A C. 10.86 A
B. 4.6 A D. 11500 A

4. If doubling the voltage across a resistor doubles the current through the
resistor, then
A. The resistor value decreased
B. The resistor value did not change
C. The resistor value increased
D. It is impossible to determine the change in the resistor value

5. If the voltage across a fixed value of resistance is increased five times, what
does the current do?
A. It increases by a factor of five. C. It stays the same.
B. It decreases by a factor of five. D. Not enough information

6. If the resistance in a circuit with constant voltage increases, the current will
A. Increase C. Its stays the same
B. Decrease D. Not eneough information

7. In a _________ circuit, the total resistance is greater than the largest

resistance in the circuit.
A. Series C. Either series or paralle
B. Parallel D. Neither series nor paralle
8. Are the resistors shown connected in parallel or in series?

A. The resistors are connected in parallel because the same current flows
through all three resistors.
B. The resistors are connected in parallel because different current flows
through all three resistors.
C. The resistors are connected in series because the same current flows
through all three resistors.
D. The resistors are connected in series because different current flows
through all three resistors.

9. Give a verbal expression for Ohm’s law.

A. Ohm’s law says that the current through a resistor equals the voltage
across the resistor multiplied by the resistance of the resistor.
B. Ohm’s law says that the voltage across a resistor equals the current
through the resistor multiplied by the resistance of the resistor.
C. Ohm’s law says that the resistance of the resistor equals the current
through the resistor multiplied by the voltage across a resistor.
D. Ohm’s law says that the voltage across a resistor equals the square of the
current through the resistor multiplied by the resistance of the resistor.

10. Two identical resistors are connected in parallel across the terminals of a
battery. If you increase the resistance of one of the resistors, what happens to
the current through and the voltage across the other resistor?
A. The current and the voltage remain the same.
B. The current decreases and the voltage remains the same.
C. The current and the voltage increases.
D. The current increases and the voltage remains the same.

11-15. Complete the table below.

Unit used to Devise used

Electrical
Symbol used Description express to measure
Quantity
quantity quantity

Electric
current

Voltage

Resistance
Key to Answers
Activity 1: WORD HUNT

Parallel Circuit
HINT: Principles of Series and
*Answer may vary

Activity 2: DON’T JUST SIT THERE! BUILD SOMETHING!!

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
 1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. B
10.B
11-15
Unit
Devise used
Electrical Symbol used to
Description to measure
Quantity used express
quantity
quantity
The
movement of
Ampere
charge
Electric current I (A) Ammeter
particles in a
A=C/s
specific
direction
Causes
Volts(V)
Voltage V current to Voltmeter
V=J/C
flow
Opposition
material Ohmmeter
Resistance R Ohm
offers to
current
Gauge
*Answer may vary
Deepen
1. 297 W
2. 1.33A
3. 20V
4. 4.84kW
5. 4Ω
Activity 4: SOLVE ME!
Activity 3: DRAWING THE PATH OF ELECTRONS
References
Printed Material

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Senior High School – Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) specialized subject. General Physics 1.
List of Learning Competencies

General Physics 2. , March 2, 2015 Open Stax College. Vibal Interactive e-Book.
Philippine Edition

Science Learner’s Material, Grade 10. Department of Education. Republic of the

Philippines.K-12 Curriculum

Website

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-2/Electric-Current

https://www.thomas.k12.ga.us/userfiles/438/Classes/41454/electricy%20study
%20guide%20answer%20key.pdf

http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~traylor/ece112/beamer_lectures/elect_flow_vs_c
onv_I.pdf

https://www.georgetownisd.org/Page/21329

https://www.teachengineering.org/content/cub_/activities/cub_energy2/cub_ener
gy2_lesson04_activity1_worksheet_new.pdf