Scribd
Upload
109 views

Advanced Structural Analysis Introduction

Structural analysis is the process of predicting how a structure will perform under loads. It determines stresses, deflections, and support reactions. Two foundational methods are Maxwell's method of consistent deformations and Maney's slope-deflection method. Classical methods include moment distribution, slope-deflection, double integration, and method of joints/sections. Matrix methods were developed specifically for computer implementation and can analyze various structure types with relative ease. Finite element analysis can model structures of any shape but provides approximate results. Structures are classified as plane/space trusses, beams, planes/space frames, grids, and space frames. Fundamental relationships include equilibrium equations, compatibility conditions, and constitutive relations. The principle of virtual

Uploaded by

Jasmine Pagligaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
109 views

Advanced Structural Analysis Introduction

Structural analysis is the process of predicting how a structure will perform under loads. It determines stresses, deflections, and support reactions. Two foundational methods are Maxwell's method of consistent deformations and Maney's slope-deflection method. Classical methods include moment distribution, slope-deflection, double integration, and method of joints/sections. Matrix methods were developed specifically for computer implementation and can analyze various structure types with relative ease. Finite element analysis can model structures of any shape but provides approximate results. Structures are classified as plane/space trusses, beams, planes/space frames, grids, and space frames. Fundamental relationships include equilibrium equations, compatibility conditions, and constitutive relations. The principle of virtual

Uploaded by

Jasmine Pagligaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

ADVANCED

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
WHAT IS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS?
 Structural analysis, which is an integral part of any structural
engineering project, is the process of predicting the performance of
a given structure under a prescribed loading condition.

 : (a) stresses or stress resultants (i.e., axial forces, shears, and bending
moments); (b) deflections; and (c) support reactions
 determination of these quantities caused by given loads or other
external effects
 Two people who laid down the theoretical foundation for matrix
methods of structural analysis
 James C. Maxwell - Method of consistent deformations (1864)
 George A. Maney - Slope-deflection method (1915)
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
 CLASSICAL METHOD

 Moment Distribution Method


 Slope-deflection Method
 Double Intergation
 Method of Joint
 Method of Section
 CLASSICAL METHOD VS MATRIX METHOD

 Both matrix and classical methods are based on the same fundamental
principles—fundamental relationships of equilibrium, compatibility, and
member stiffness
 Most classical methods were developed to analyze particular types of
structures, and since they were intended for hand calculations, they often
involve certain assumptions (that are unnecessary in matrix methods) to
reduce the amount of computational effort required for analysis
 While assumption significantly reduces the computational effort, it
complicates the analysis by requiring the analyst to draw a deflected shape
of the frame corresponding to each degree of freedom of sidesway
(independent joint translation), to estimate the relative magnitudes of
member fixed-end moments: a difficult task even in the case of a few
degrees of freedom of sidesway if the frame has inclined members. Because
of their specialized and intricate nature, classical methods are generally not
considered suitable for computer programming.
 CLASSICAL METHOD VS MATRIX METHOD

 In contrast to classical methods, matrix methods were specifically


developed for computer implementation; they are systematic (so that
they can be conveniently programmed), and general (in the sense that
the same overall format of the analytical procedure can be applied to
the various types of framed structures). It will become clear as we study
matrix methods that, because of the latter characteristic, a computer
program developed to analyze one type of structure (e.g., plane
trusses) can be modified with relative ease to analyze another type of
structure (e.g., space trusses or frames).
 MATRIX VS FINITE ELEMENTS

 Matrix methods can be used to analyze framed structures only.


 Finite-element analysis, which originated as an extension of matrix
analysis to surface structures (e.g., plates and shells), has now
developed to the extent that it can be applied to structures and solids
of practically any shape or form.
 From a theoretical viewpoint, the basic difference between the two is
that, in matrix methods, the member force–displacement relationships
are based on the exact solutions of the underlying differential
equations, whereas in finite-element methods, such relations are
generally derived by work-energy principles from assumed
displacement or stress functions. Because of the approximate nature of
its force–displacement relations, finite-element analysis generally yields
approximate results.
 FLEXIBILITY AND STIFFNESS METHOD

 The flexibility method, which is also referred to as the force or


compatibility method, is essentially a generalization in matrix form of the
classical method of consistent deformations
 The stiffness method, which originated from the classical slope-
deflection method, is also called the displacement or equilibrium
method. In this approach, the primary unknowns are the joint
displacements, which are determined first by solving the structure’s
equations of equilibrium
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
 Plane Trusses
 A truss is defined as an assemblage of straight members connected at
their ends by flexible connections, and subjected to loads and reactions
only at the joints (connections).
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
 BEAMS
 A beam is defined as a long straight structure that is loaded
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis . Loads are usually applied in a
plane of symmetry of the beam’s cross-section, causing its members to
be subjected only to bending moments and shear forces.
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
 Plane Frames
 Frames, also referred to as rigid frames, are
composed of straight members connected by
rigid (moment resisting) and/or flexible
connections .
 Unlike trusses, which are subjected to external
loads only at the joints, loads on frames may be
applied on the joints as well as on the members
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
 SPACE TRUSSES
 Such trusses, referred to as space trusses, are
analyzed as three-dimensional structures
subjected to three dimensional force systems.
The members of space trusses are assumed to
be connected by frictionless ball-and-socket
joints, and the trusses are subjected to loads
and reactions only at the joints. Like plane
trusses, the members of space trusses develop
only axial forces.
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
 GRIDS
 A grid, like a plane frame, is composed of straight members connected
together by rigid and/or flexible connections to form a plane framework
 The main difference between the two types of structures is that plane
frames are loaded in the plane of the structure, whereas the loads on
grids are applied in the direction perpendicular to the structure’s plane
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMED
STRUCTURES
 SPACE FRAMES
 Space frames constitute the most
general category of framed
structures. Members of space frames
may be arranged in any arbitrary
directions, and connected by rigid
and/or flexible connections
 The members of a space frame may,
in general, be subjected to bending
moments about both principal axes,
shears in both principal directions,
torsional moments, and axial forces
FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
 EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
 A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains
at rest when subjected to a system of forces and couples
 TWO DIMENSIONAL

 THREE DIMENSIONAL
FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
 COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS
 The compatibility conditions relate the deformations of a structure so that its
various parts (members, joints, and supports) fit together without any gaps or
overlaps. These conditions (also referred to as the continuity conditions)
ensure that the deformed shape of the structure is continuous (except at the
locations of any internal hinges or rollers), and is consistent with the support
conditions.

 CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS
 The constitutive relations (also referred to as the stress-strain relations)
describe the relationships between the stresses and strains of a structure in
accordance with the stress-strain properties of the structural material. As
discussed previously, the equilibrium equations provide relationships
between the forces, whereas the compatibility conditions involve only
deformations. The constitutive relations provide the link between the
equilibrium equations and compatibility conditions that is necessary to
establish the load-deformation relationships for a structure or a member
PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR
RIGID BODIES
 If a rigid body, which is in equilibrium
under a system of forces (and
couples), is subjected to any small
virtual rigid-body displacement, the
virtual work done by the external
forces (and couples) is zero.
PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR
RIGID BODIES

 Since the beam is in equilibrium:

 The equation becomes:


Principle:

“If a rigid body, which is in equilibrium under a system of forces (and couples),
is subjected to any small virtual rigid-body displacement, the virtual work done
by the external forces (and couples) is zero.”
PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR
DEFORMABLE BODIES
 If a deformable structure, which is in
equilibrium under a system of forces (and
couples), is subjected to any small virtual
displacement consistent with the support
and continuity conditions of the
structure, then the virtual external work
done by the real external forces (and
couples) acting through the virtual
external displacements (and rotations) is
equal to the virtual strain energy stored in
the structure.
PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR
DEFORMABLE BODIES
LINEAR ANALYSIS
FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS:
1. The structures are composed of linearly elastic material; that is, the
stress-strain relationship for the structural material follows Hooke’s
law
2. The deformations of the structures are so small that the squares and
higher powers of member slopes, (chord) rotations, and axial strains
are negligible in comparison with unity, and the equations of
equilibrium can be based on the undeformed geometry of the
structure

The reason for making these assumptions is to obtain linear relationships


between applied loads and the resulting structural deformations. An important
advantage of linear force-deformation relations is that the principle of
superposition can be used in the analysis. This principle states essentially that
the combined effect of several loads acting simultaneously on a structure
equals the algebraic sum of the effects of each load acting individually on the
structure.

You might also like