Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays: Lester W. Schmerr JR

Lester W. Schmerr Jr.
Fundamentals of Ultrasonic
Phased Arrays
1 3
Lester W. Schmerr Jr.
Iowa State University
Center for Nondestructive Evaluation
and the Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
Ames
Iowa
USA
The online version of this chapter (doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_14) contains supple-

mentary material, which is available to authorized users.
ISSN 0925-0042 ISSN 2214-7764 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-319-07271-5 ISBN 978-3-319-07272-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2
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Preface
This is the third book I have written on ultrasonic waves and their applications to
the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials and structures. The first book
(Schmerr, L.W., Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation—A Mod-
eling Approach, Plenum Press, New York, N.Y., 1998) covered the behavior of
elastic waves (primarily bulk waves) in terms of their generation, propagation,
scattering, and reception in an NDE system and described the use of models in
applications such as flaw classification and sizing. The second book, with Prof.
Sung-Jin Song, (Schmerr, L.W. and S-J. Song, Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evalua-
tion Systems—Models and Measurements, Springer, New York, N.Y., 2007) was a
more complete systems-level effort to use a combination of models and measure-
ments to describe in detail all the elements that go into forming the signals that we
measure in an ultrasonic NDE test. In both of those books the primary focus was on
ultrasonic measurements with single element piezoelectric transducers. The present
book arose out of a realization that ultrasonic phased array systems, which are now
starting to see significant NDE applications in industry, have many unique charac-
teristics and issues that have not been adequately described except in journal papers
and conference proceedings.
In organizing the structure of this book and writing it I have had three purposes
in mind. First, while I did not want to generate a textbook I did want to introduce
some of the basic physics behind ultrasonic phased arrays in a simple context so that
the important aspects these systems could be readily accessible to students, engi-
neers, and technical workers. Thus, many of the initial discussions of phased array
topics such as beam steering, delay laws, apodization, etc. are in terms of 1-D array
elements radiating waves in two dimensions. Second, I wanted to follow the basic
philosophy of the previous books by showing how all the components of an ultra-
sonic phased array system can either be measured or modeled, using a combination
of reciprocity relations, linear systems theory, and wave propagation and scattering
theory. This approach allows one to develop ultrasonic measurement models for
NDE phased array systems in the same fashion as done previously for inspections
with single element transducers. These measurement models demonstrate explicitly
how signals are produced in ultrasonic phased array systems and in particular how
the responses of flaws are contained in those signals, so that those flaw responses

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Lester W. Schmerr Jr.

The online version of this chapter (doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07272-2_14) contains supple-

ISSN 0925-0042 ISSN 2214-7764 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014942865

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

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