HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Early Calculators
Abacus
2000 – 500 BC
Invented by the Chinese
Use beads and rods to count numbers
Mechanical Calculators
1614
John Napier, Napier’s Rods - multiply, divide, square roots
1623
Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock reconstructed in 1960
1630
William Oughtred, invted the Oughtred’s Slide Rule that consistsof
two movable rules placed side by side
1642
Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, the first “digital calulator”
1673,
Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz, invented the Leibniz CalculatorLeibniz
Calculator, a mechanical device used to add, subtract, multiply and
divide

INDUSTRIAL AGE
Joseph-Marie Jacquard
- invented the Jacquard’s Loom, an automatic loom
using punched cards to control patterns in the fabrics
-Lead to riots against people being replaced by machines.

CHARLES BABBAGE
FATHER OF COMPUTER
DIFFERENCE ENGINE-1822 computing navigational tables. It was designed to
solve differential equations
 1847-1849 – Work on Difference Machine but technology too primitive to build
it. In 1991 the Science Museum in London built it
ANALYTICAL ENGINE -1833 It provided for printed date, a control unit, an
information storage unit
Cambridge mathematics professor; wanted to create a machine that would
perform error-proof calculations.
Ada Augusta King, Countess of Loveless
WORLDS FIRST PROGRAMMER
Added notes and documentation to Babbage’s Analytical Engine
She wrote the first program
Has a Programming Language named after her.

ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE
Herman Hollerith 1890
won competition for developing data processing equipment for the US Census
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine is the first punch card tabulating machine that
stores data.
Founded Hollerith Tabulating Company which became IBM in 1924
Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University
Mark I - Paper tape stored data and program instructions.
Built the Mark I
Completed January 1942
8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts

ELECTONIC AGE
5 GENERATION OF COMPUTER
First Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1951-1958)- Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
Punch cards to input and externally store data.
Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data and programs
Programs written in :
o Machine language
o Assembly language
 o Requires a compiler.
John Vincent Atanasoff and John Berry -1939 built ABC computer for
solving linear systems in Physics. Introduced ALU and rewriting memory.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr.; John Grist
Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender;
Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
1946. Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do its calculations.
Hence, first electronic computer.
Developers
John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert-an electrical engineer at the
Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania
Funded by the U.S. Army.
But it could not store its programs (its set of instructions)
Early 1940s,
Mauchly and Eckert began to design the EDVAC –the Electronic Discreet Variable
Computer.
John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945:
"The Report on the EDVAC"
British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans.
Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University
Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the
first stored-program computer.
Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years
before EDVAC was finished.
Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (i.e., not
a prototype).
Late 1940s,
Eckert and Mauchly began the development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer)
But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into action a few
months before UNIVAC and became the world's first commercial computer.

SECOND GENERATION
Transistors (1959-1963)Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic
element.
William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain-invent the transistor
AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design
of a device called a transistor
Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage
devices.
Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in
one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer
became the primary internal storage technology.
High-level programming languages
E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL
1959 - 1964
Based on transistors and printed circuits
Much smaller and less power consumption

Third Generation
IC (1965-1970) Invented by
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments1958
Integrates the functions of many transistors into one physical
component
o IC has the following characteristic
o It is highly reliable
o It is compact
o It is expensive
o It reduces power requirement using computers
With the use of IC’s arithmetic and logical operation could be
performed in microsecond or less.

The Third Generation of Computers

Fourth Generation
Microprocessor (1971-1979)
1972 -
Based on microprocessors
Utilize LSI (Large Scale Integration), and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
Smaller, faster, and more complex than 3rd Generation
The Fourth Generation of Computers
Microprocessor Chip
o Central Processing Unit
Altair
o Personal computer
o MBASIC – computer language created by Paul Allen and Bill Gates
Apple
o Steven Wozniak and Steve Jobs
1980
Bill Gates,
Microsoft’s co-founder, was offered the chance to develop the operating system
for IBM computers
1981
IBM PC entered the personal computer field and became popular in business

Fifth Generation
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence,
are still in development, though there are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to
come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices
that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.