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Lecture No. 2: Stagnation Properties

The document discusses stagnation properties of fluids, including stagnation enthalpy, temperature, and pressure. It defines these properties and explains how they relate to the static properties of fluids in motion. Stagnation properties represent the state variables that would exist if the fluid were brought to a complete stop adiabatically. The document provides examples of calculating stagnation temperature and pressure for various fluids and flow conditions. It also includes example problems at the end related to determining stagnation properties.

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Kurdish Ali
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59 views

Lecture No. 2: Stagnation Properties

The document discusses stagnation properties of fluids, including stagnation enthalpy, temperature, and pressure. It defines these properties and explains how they relate to the static properties of fluids in motion. Stagnation properties represent the state variables that would exist if the fluid were brought to a complete stop adiabatically. The document provides examples of calculating stagnation temperature and pressure for various fluids and flow conditions. It also includes example problems at the end related to determining stagnation properties.

Uploaded by

Kurdish Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture No.

Stagnation Properties

Compressible Flow of 3th Grade, Semester 6

The Lecturer: Mr. Veyan A. Musa


College of Engineering/Department of Mechanical Engineering/ University of Zakho
Sources:
1- Fluid MechanicsFundamentals and Applications, Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Chapter 12
2- Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Bruce R. Munson and Donald F. Young, Chapter 11
Stagnation Properties:

The combining of the internal energy and the flow energy


of a fluid, enthalpy:
h=u+pv

When a fluid in motion, the combine of the enthalpy and


the kinetic energy of the fluid into a single term called
stagnation (or total) enthalpy h0, defined per unit mass.
Consider the steady flow of a fluid adiabatically and with no
shaft or electrical work flows through a duct such as a nozzle,
diffuser, or some other flow. The energy balance relation:

Ein – Eout = 0

Steady flow of a fluid


or through an adiabatic duct

That is, in the absence of any heat and work interactions and any changes in potential energy, the
stagnation enthalpy of a fluid remains constant during a steady-flow process.

If the fluid were brought to a complete stop (stagnation point),


then the velocity at state 2 would be zero

Thus the stagnation enthalpy represents the enthalpy of a fluid when


it is brought to rest adiabatically.
Isentropic stagnation state:

when the stagnation process is reversible as well as adiabatic


(isentropic). The entropy of a fluid remains constant during an
isentropic stagnation process.
The actual and isentropic stagnation processes are shown on an h-
s diagram in the figure. The actual stagnation pressure is lower
than the isentropic stagnation pressure (due to fluid friction) since
entropy increases during the actual stagnation process as a result
of.
The stagnation processes are often approximated to be isentropic,
and isentropic stagnation properties are simply referred to as
stagnation properties
When the fluid is approximated as an ideal gas with constant
The actual (irreversible) state, actual
specific heats, its enthalpy can be replaced by (cp T) as: stagnation state, and isentropic
stagnation state of a fluid on an h-s
diagram
or
Here T0 is called the stagnation or total temperature, and the term V 2/2Cp corresponds to the
temperature rise during such a process and is called the dynamic temperature.

For example, the dynamic temperature of air flowing at 100 m/s is


(100 m/s)2/(2*1.005 kJ/kg · K) = 5.0 K. Therefore, when air at
300 K and 100 m/s is brought to rest adiabatically (at the tip of a
temperature probe, for example), its temperature rises to the
stagnation value of 305 K. Note that for low-speed flows, the
stagnation and static (or ordinary) temperatures are practically the
same. But for high-speed flows, the temperature measured by a
stationary probe placed in the fluid (the stagnation temperature)
may be significantly higher than the static temperature of the
fluid.
The pressure a fluid attains when brought to rest isentropically is
called the stagnation pressure P0. For ideal gases with constant
specific heats, P0 is related to the static pressure of the fluid by

When stagnation enthalpies are used, there is no need to refer


explicitly to kinetic energy. Then the energy balance E in = E out
for a single-stream, steady-flow device can be expressed as
The pressure a fluid attains when brought to rest isentropically is
called the stagnation pressure P0. For ideal gases with constant
specific heats, P0 is related to the static pressure of the fluid by

When stagnation enthalpies are used, there is no need to refer


explicitly to kinetic energy. Then the energy balance E in = E out
for a single-stream, steady-flow device can be expressed as
Ex: An aircraft is flying at a cruising speed of 250 m/s at an
altitude of 5000 m where the atmospheric pressure is 54.05
kPa and the ambient air temperature is 255.7 K. The ambient
air is first decelerated in a diffuser before it enters the
compressor. Assuming both the diffuser and the compressor to
be isentropic, determine (a) the stagnation pressure at the
compressor inlet and (b) the required compressor work per
unit mass if the stagnation pressure ratio of the compressor is 8
Requested questions:

1- Determine the stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure of air that is flowing at 44 kPa, 245.9 K,
and 470 m/s.
2- Calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure for the following substances flowing through a duct:
(a) helium at 0.25 MPa, 50°C, and 240 m/s; (b) nitrogen at 0.15 MPa, 50°C, and 300 m/s.
3- Products of combustion enter a gas turbine with a stagnation pressure of 1.0 MPa and a stagnation
temperature of 750°C, and they expand to a stagnation pressure of 100 kPa. Taking k ! 1.33 and R ! 0.287 kJ/kg
· K for the products of combustion, and assuming the expansion process to be isentropic, determine the power
output of the turbine per unit mass flow
4- Air flows through a device such that the stagnation pressure is 0.6 MPa, the stagnation temperature is
400C, and the velocity is 570 m/s. Determine the static pressure and temperature of the air at this state.
5- Air at 320 K is flowing in a duct at a velocity of (a) 1, (b) 10, (c) 100, and (d) 1000 m/s. Determine the
temperature that a stationary probe inserted into the duct will read for each case.
6- Calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure for the following substances flowing
through a duct: (a) helium with cp = 5.1926 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.667 at 0.25 MPa, 50 ℃, and 240
m/s; (b) nitrogen with with cp = 1.039 kJ/kg·K and k =1.4 at 0.15 MPa, 50 ℃, and 300 m/s; and
(c) steam gas with cp = 1.865 kJ/kg·K and k =1.329 at 0.1 MPa, 350℃, and 480 m/s.

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