RM 3 - Mock Test

MOCK TEST
TEST 01
1. For each question, choose the correct answer and write your answer (A, B, C, or D) in
the following table.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?

A. The studies are difficult to replicate
B. There is a lack of transparency
C. The approach is too rigid and inflexible
D. The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic
2. What is the name of the role adopted by an ethnogrpher who joins in with the group’s
activities but admits to being a researcher?
A. Complete participant
B. Participant-as-observer
C. Observer-as-participant
D. Complete observer
3. Why do qualitative researchers like to give detailed descriptions of social settings?
A. To provide a contextual understanding of social behaviour
B. Because once they have left the field, it is difficult to remember what happened
C. So that they can compare their observations as a test of reliability
D. Because they do not believe in going beyond the level of description
4. What is meant be the term “going native”?
A. Doing ethnography as a participant observer
B. Accepting a job in an organisation previously studied by the ethnographer
C. Trying to learn to speak a foreign language as well as a native speaker
D. Over identifying with the group and losing research perspective
5. Why should you start coding your data as soon as possible?
A. To sharpen your focus and help with theoretical sampling
B. Because researchers always run out of time at the end of a project
C. Because it is the easiest task to do
D. To make sure that your initial theoretical ideas are imposed on the data
6. What is meant by the term "grounded theory"?
A. Theories should be tested by rigorous scientific experiments
B. As a social researcher, it is important to keep your feet on the ground
C. Theories should be grounded in political values and biases
D. Theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge from the data
7. Why is an ethnographic study unlikely to use a probability sample?
A. Because the aim of understanding is more important than that of generalisation
B. Because the researcher cannot control who is willing to talk to them
C. Because it is difficult to identify a sampling frame
D. All of the above
8. Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:
Ngo Thuan Anh.2021 1

A. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
B. it relies on the collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures
C. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
D. it uses the inductive scientific method
9. The key advantage of structured observation over survey research is that:
A. It does not rely on the researcher’s ability to take notes
B. The researcher is immersed as a participant in the field they are studying
C. It does not impose any expectations of behaviour on the respondents
D. It allows you to observe people’s behaviour directly
10. Because of the number of things that can go wrong in research there is a need for:
A. Flexibility and perseverance
B. Sympathetic supervisors
C. An emergency source of finance
D. Wisdom to know the right time to quit
2. Revise or rewrite the following reference entries in the APA style where necessary.
Works cited:
1. Frodesen, J. (2001). Grammar in Writing (pp. 233-248). In Munica, M.C. (ed). Teaching
English as a Second or Foreign Language. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publisher.
2. Logan Fiorella. (2013). The Relative Benefits of Learning by Teaching and Teaching
Expectancy. Contemporary Educational Psychology 38 (2013) 281–288
3. Martin, P. (2008). Learning by Teaching. [Online]. Retrieved 12th 2013 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org//wiki/learningbyteaching.
4. Morrow, K. (1981). Communication in the Classroom: Applications and Methods for
Communicative Approach. Essex: Longman.
5. Nunan, D. (2006). Task-based language teaching in the Asia context: Defining ‘task’. Asian
EFL journal, 8(3), Article 1. Retrieved on July 19th 2013 from: http://www.asian-efl-
journal.com/Sept_06_dn.php.
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3. With this set of data – 21, 28, 42, 31, 24, 26, 24, 23, 29, 32, 33, 24 – find the mean, mode and
median. What are the range, variance and standard deviation?
Mean : .............................................................................................................................................
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Mode: .......................................................................................................................................................
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Median: .....................................................................................................................................................
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4. The researcher wanted to answer the following research question: “To what extent can the process-
genre approach affect students’ writing?” Data were collected and analyzed with SPSS 16.0. From the
SPSS output below, write a report.
Group N Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation
Control 25 1.4 8.6 6.712 1.4330
Experimental 34 4.6 9.0 7.706 0.8183
Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
Sig. 95% Confidence

(2- Mean Std. Error Interval of the
taile Differe Differenc Difference
F Sig. t df d) nce e Lower Upper
Post-test Equal
3.37
score variances 2.990 .089 57 .001 .9939 .2948 1.5843 .4035
1
assumed
Equal
3.11 35.40
variances not .004 .9939 .3191 1.6415 .3463
4 8
assumed
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5. In a questionnaire, English department and ESL department were asked to select the best and worst
features from among the six possibilities after they had read and rated each of a series of compositions
written by English department and ESL department students. The table below shows the frequencies
of times the raters in each department selected two features of the six as the compositions’ best
features. Are the differences you see in this table chance fluctuations or interesting patterns worth
interpreting?
Overall best features identified by English and

(ENG) and ESL faculties
Best feature ENG Raters ESL Raters
Cohesion 58 24
Mechanics 19 23
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6. The student researcher wanted to find out if his grading of students’ writing correlated with his
supervisor’s grading or not. Use Pearson Product Moment Correlation to check and write a report.
Researcher Supervisor
13 7
12 11
10 3
8 7
7 2
6 12
3 9
1 6
N (å XY ) - (å X )(å Y )
r =
[ N å X 2 - (å X ) 2 ][ N å Y 2 - (å Y ) 2 ]

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TEST 02
PART A (2 marks): Multiple choice

1. __________are the basic building blocks of qualitative data
A. Categories
B. Units
C. Individuals
D. None of the above
2. When each member of population has an equal chance of being selected, this is
called_________________.
A. A nonrandom sampling method
B. A quota samples
C. A snowball samples
D. An equal probability selection method
3. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
A. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
B. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each
ethnic group at random.
C. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number
table to pick cases from the table.
D. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
A. Design flexibility
B. Inductive analysis
C. Context sensitivity
D. All of the above
5. A researcher wants to study the relationship of family size to income. He classifies his
population into different income slabs and then takes a random sample from each slab in order.
Which technique of sampling is he working with?
a. Cluster sampling
b. Random sampling
c. Stratified random sampling
d. Systematic sampling
6. Random sampling is helpful as it is __________.

a. An economical method of data collection
b. Free from personal biases
c. Reasonably accurate
d. All the above
7. _________ is a preferred sampling method for the population with finite size.
a. Area sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Purposive sampling
8. What is a research design?

a. A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory

b. The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
c. The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
d. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data
9. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is
called:
a. A nonrandom sampling method
b. A quota sample
c. A snowball sample
d. An Equal probability selection method

a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic
group at random.
c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick
cases from the table.
PART B (1.5 marks): Revise and rewrite the following reference entries in the APA style
where necessary.
Work cited
1. Diana Larsen -Freeman and Lynne Cameron. (2008). Complex Systems cand Applied
Linguistics. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
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2. Logan Fiorella. (2013). The Relative Benefits of Learning by Teaching and Teaching
Expectancy. Contemporary Educational Psychology 38 (2013) 281–288.
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3. Buton, A. (2005). Task Based Language Learning: For the state secondary FL classroom?
Language Learning Journal, No 31, 55-68.
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4. Asifa Sultana. (2009). Peer correction in ESL classrooms. BRAC University Journal, vol.1,
No.1, 2009, Pp. 11-19.
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5. Williams, J. (1995). Focus on form in communicative language teaching: research findings

and the classroom teacher. TESOL Journal volume 4, issue 4, pages 12-16.
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PART C (1 mark): The ages of students enrolled in on Detroit Community Adult School ESL class
are: 21, 28, 42, 31, 24, 26,24 ,23, 29, 32, 33,41, 37, 22, 24, 21, 21. Find MEAN, MODE, MEDIAN
for age. What are the RANGE, VARIANCE and STANDARD DEVIATION for age?
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PART D (1.5 marks): The researcher wanted to answer the main research question about the
educational value of applying rhetorical schema into improving learners' listening comprehension in
academic situations. The results of the pre-test for the two groups are presented in the following
tables. Is the disparity in the means statistically significant? What inferential conclusion can you make
at the start of research? Write a report.
Std.
Class N Mean Std. Error Mean
Deviation
Pre-test
EG 21 5.095 1.5217 .3321
CG 19 5.184 1.4739 .3381
Levene’s Test for Equality

t-Test for Equality of Means
of Variances
Sig. Mean Std. Error

F Sig. t df
(2- tailed) difference Difference
Pre-test Equal
variances .000 .983 .187 38 .852 .0890 .4747
assumed
Equal
variances
.188 37.81 .852 .0890 .4739
not
assumed
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PART E (2.0 marks): Children in an elementary school were tested for speech and hearing
disabilities. Is there a difference in frequency related to gender? Write a report.
Boys Girls
Normal 250 264
Disorder 19 7

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PART F (2.0 marks): The researcher wants to find out if there is any correlation between aptitude
and achievement in language leaming. Use Pearson Product Moment Correlation to check and
write a report.
Aptitude Achievement
10 20
25 10
20 30
30 30
10 80
40 80
50 50
60 30

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Multiple Choices
Set 1
1) Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other
professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems?
a. Action research
b. Basic research
c. Predictive research
d. Orientational research
2) How much confidence should we place in a single research study?

a. We should completely trust a single research study.
b. We should trust research findings after different
researchers have found the same findings
c. Neither a nor b
d. Both a and b
3) Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?
a. Rationalism
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Inductive reasoning
d. Probabilistic
4) Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the “same variables but
different people” is which of the following?
a. Exploration
b. Hypothesis
c. Replication
d. Empiricism
5) ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.

a. Rationalism
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Logic
d. Empiricism
6) According to the text, what are the five key objectives of science?
a. Prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation,
description
b. Influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers
c. Exploration, description, explanation, prediction,
influence
d. Questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary
7) A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children
learn spelling words. In this case, the main purpose of the study was:
a. Explanation
b. Description

c. Influence
d. Prediction
8) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory or explanation?

a. It is parsimonious
b. It is testable
c. It is general enough to apply to more than one place,
situation, or person
d. All of the above are characteristics of good theories
9) Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science?

a. Science cannot provide answers to all questions
b. It is possible to distinguish between more and less
plausible claims
c. Researchers should follow certain agreed upon norms
and practices
d. Science is best at solving value conflicts, such as
whether abortion is immoral
10) What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a researcher advance
an ideological or political position?
a. Evaluation research
b. Basic research
c. Action research
d. Orientational research
11) Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) theory?
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. Inductive
d. Top down
12) Rene Descartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge generation?
a. Empiricism
b. Rationalism
c. Expert opinion
d. None of the above
13) Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method
14) Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?

a. Deductive method

b. Inductive method
d. Pattern method
15) Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
d. Pattern method
16) Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
d. Pattern method
17) Which of the following statements is true of a theory?

a. It most simply means “explanation”
b. It answers the “how” and “why” questions
c. It can be a well developed explanatory system
d. All of the above are correct
18) Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

a. The collection of nonnumerical data
b. An attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
c. Research that is exploratory
d. Research that attempts to generate a new theory
19) A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___.
a. A constant
b. A variable
c. A cause-and-effect relationship
d. A descriptive relationship
20) A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
a. Categorical variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Independent variable
d. Intervening variable
21) All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a. It relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b. It can produce important knowledge about cause and
effect
c. It uses the deductive scientific method
d. It rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or
environment

a. It is typically used when a great deal is already known
about the topic of interest
b. It relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as
words and pictures
c. It is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory
about phenomena in the world
d. It uses the inductive scientific method
23) What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?

a. Extraneous variables are never present
b. A positive correlation usually exists
c. A negative correlation usually exists
d. Manipulation of the independent variable
24) In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the
independent variable.
a. Basic research
b. Quantitative research
c. Experimental research
d. Causal-comparative and correlational research
25)What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

a. Resistance to manipulation
b. Manipulation of the independent variable
c. The use of open-ended questions
d. Focuses only on local problems
26)__________are the basic building blocks of qualitative data
A. Categories
B. Units
C. Individuals
D. None of the above
27) When each member of population has an equal chance of being selected, this is
called_________________.
A. A nonrandom sampling method
B. A quota samples
C. A snowball samples
D. An equal probability selection method
28) Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

A. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
B. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group
at random.
C. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick
D. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school
29) Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

A. Design flexibility
B. Inductive analysis
C. Context sensitivity
D. All of the above
Answer:
1. a 2.b 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.c 7.a 8.d 9.d 10.d 11.a 12.b 13.a
14.b 15.a 16.b 17.d 18.b 19.b 20.c 21.d 22.a 23.d 24.d
25.b 26.a 27.d 28.c 29. d
Set 2
1. Research is
a. Searching again and again
b. Finding solution to any problem
c. Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
2. The essential qualities of a researcher are

a. Spirit of free enquiry
b. Reliance on observation and evidence
c. Systematisation or theorising of knowledge
d. All the above
3. “Controlled Group” is a term used in _______

a. Survey research
b. Historical research
c. Experimental research
d. Descriptive research
4. How would you define 'the research process'?

a. The researcher's plan of action to be followed when carrying out research.
b. A method of collecting research data.
c. The stages or steps the researcher follows in carrying out a research project.
d. The account of a study the researcher will write at the end of the study ready for publication.
5. A researcher wants to study the relationship of family size to income. He classifies his population
into different income slabs and then takes a random sample from each slab in order. Which technique
of sampling is he working with?
a. Cluster sampling
b. Random sampling
c. Stratified random sampling
6. Random sampling is helpful as it is __________.

a. An economical method of data collection
b. Free from personal biases

c. Reasonably accurate
d. All the above
7. _________ is a preferred sampling method for the population with finite size.
a. Area sampling
b. Cluster sampling

a. A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
b. The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
c. The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
d. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data
9. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is called:
a. A nonrandom sampling method
b. A quota sample
c. A snowball sample
d. An Equal probability selection method

a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group at
random.
c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick
d. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
11. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?
a. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
b. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions
c. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup
samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
d. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
12. Which of the following statements are true?

a. The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error
b. The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample
needed
c. The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample
needed
d. As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval
13. Which of the following sampling techniques is an equal probability selection method (i.e.,
EPSEM) in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling

c. Proportional stratified sampling
d. All of the above
14. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?

a. Snowball sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. They are all forms of nonrandom sampling
15. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population from which a
sample has been taken?
a. A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b. A small sample based on simple random sampling
c. A large sample based on simple random sampling
d. A small cluster sample
16. Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research?
b. Systematic sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Purposive sampling
17. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?
a. Cluster sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Proportional stratified sampling
18. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method
called ______.
b. Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Convenience sampling
19. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining the appropriate
sample sizes for the groups identified as important, and then taking convenience samples from those
groups?
a. Proportional stratified sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. One-stage cluster sampling
d. Two-stage cluster sampling
20. A type of sampling used in qualitative research that involves selecting cases that disconfirm the
researcher's expectations and generalisations is referred to as _______________.
a. Extreme case sampling
b. Typical-case sampling
c. Critical-case sampling

d. Negative-case sampling
21. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask the research
participants to identify other potential research participants?
a. Snowball
b. Convenience
c. Purposive
d. Quota
22. A number calculated with complete population data and quantifies a characteristic of the
population is called which of the following?
a. A datum
b. A statistic
c. A parameter
d. A population
23. Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of its efficiency?
a. One stage cluster sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Two stage cluster sampling
d. Quota sampling
24. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.

a. Sampling
b. Census
c. Survey research
25. It is recommended to use the whole population rather than a sample when the population size is of
what size?
a. 500 or less
b. 100 or less
c. 1000 or less
d. you should always use a sample
26. Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?

a. Purposive
b. Quota
c. Convenience
d. Cluster
27. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if
you are interested in making statements about the larger population?
a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
d. Random sampling

28. ___________ is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules.
a. Sample
b. Population
c. Statistic
d. Element
29. Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and
k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling?
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Stratified Random Sampling
c. Systematic Sampling
d. Cluster sampling
30. The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population
with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called _____.
a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
d. Snowball sampling
31. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalising its findings?
a. quantitative research
b. qualitative research
c. mixed research
d. none of the above
32. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

a. the collection of nonnumerical data
b. an attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
c. research that is exploratory
d. research that attempts to generate a new theory
33. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___.
a. a constant
b. a variable
c. a cause-and-effect relationship
d. a descriptive relationship
34. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
a. categorical variable
b. dependent variable
c. independent variable
d. intervening variable
35. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data

b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c. it uses the deductive scientific method
d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment
a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures
c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
d. it uses the inductive scientific method
37. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect
relationships?
a. non experimental Research
b. experimental Research
38. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?

a. extraneous variables are never present
b. a positive correlation usually exists
c. a negative correlation usually exists
d. manipulation of the independent variable
39. In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the
independent variable.
a. basic research
b. quantitative research
c. experimental research
d. causal-comparative and correlational research
40. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

a. resistance to manipulation
b. manipulation of the independent variable
c. the use of open-ended questions
d. focuses only on local problems
41. A positive correlation is present when _______.

a. two variables move in opposite directions.
b. two variables move in the same direction.
c. one variable goes up and one goes down
d. several variables never change.
42. ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. ethnography
d. correlational research
43. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

a. age, temperature, income, height

b. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
c. gender, religion, ethnic group
d. both a and b
44. What is the opposite of a variable?

a. a constant
b. an extraneous variable
c. a dependent variable
d. a data set
45. In research, something that does not "vary" is called a ___________.

a. variable
b. method
c. constant
d. control group
46. The statement of purpose in a research study should:
a. Identify the design of the study
b. Identify the intent or objective of the study
c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study
d. Describe the study
47. A qualitative research question:

a. Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored
b. Is generally an open-ended question
c. both a and b are correct
48. Sources of researchable problems can include:

a. Researchers’ own experiences as educators
b. Practical issues that require solutions
c. Theory and past research
d. All of the above
49. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:

a. Cost and time required to conduct the study
b. Skills required of the researcher
c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above
50. A research plan _____.

a. Should be detailed
b. Should be given to others for review and comments
c. Sets out the rationale for a research study
d. All of the above

Set 3
1) Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative rescarch?
a) e difficult to replicate
b) There is a lack of transparency
c)The approach is too ngid and inflexible ;
d) The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic
2) Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?

a) Inductive method:
b) Deductive method;
c) Hypothesis method,
d) Pattem method
3) Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?
a) Inductive method;
b) Deductive method;
c) Hypothesis method;
d) Pattern method
4) Which of the following is nor a contrast between quantitative and qualitative research?
a) Distance vs. proximity of researcher to participants ;
b) Generalization vs. contextual understanding
c) Hard, reliable data vs. rich, deep data
d) Interpretivist vs. feminist
5) A sensitizing concept is one that:

a) Provides general guidance for more flexible research ;
b) Imposes a predetenmiped theoretical model on the social world
c) Helps the researcher to investigate sensitive issues ;
d) Allows the researcher to measure very small changes in a variable
6) To apply the teehnique of ………….. sampling, you first divide the population list into sublists
according tosome relevant trait and then sample from the sublists.
a) simple;
b) systematic;
c) stratified;
d) cluster
7) Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in a research study?

a) Gender,
b) Ethnicity
c) Intelligence and other traits
d) None of the above can be manipulated in a research study
8) The primary data analysis approach in ethnography is

a) Open, axial, and selective coding/
b) Holistic description and search for cultural themes,

c) Cross-case analysis;
d) Identifying essences of a phenomenon
9) If a test was generally very easy, except for a few students who had very low scores, then the
distribution of scores would be …………
a) Positively skewed
b)Negatively skewed;
c) Not skewed at all;
d) Normal
10) Respondent validation is the process by which:

a) The validity of an interview schedule can be measured :
b) Researchers ask their participants to comment on an account of the findings;
c) The problem of low response rates to a survey can be overcome;
d) Participants collaborate with the researcher to design the research
11) The flexibility and limited structure of qualitative research designs is an advantage because:
a) The researcher does not impose any predetermined formats on the social world ;
b) It allows for unexpected results to emerge from the data
c) The researcher can adapt their theories and methods as the project unfolds d) All of the above
12) ……………. is type of non-probability sampling

a) Simple
b) Systematic
c) Purposive
d) Stratified
13) Which of the following is not a type of research question?

a) Predicting an outcome
b) Evaluating a phenomenon ;
c) Developing good practice;
d) A hypothesis
14) What does 'sampling cases' mean?

a) Sampling using a sampling frame;
b)Identifying people who are suitable for research ;
c) Literally, the researcher's brief- case ;
d) Sampling people, newspapers, television programs etc.
15) What is the Independent Variable in this research question? "Will students' scores on a grammar
test differ between grammar translation and communicative language teaching
a) Grammar score;
b) Grammar translation method;
c) Communicative language teaching
d) Teaching methods
16) The most frequently occuring number in a set of values is called the ---- a) Mean
b) Median:

c) Mode
d) Range)
17) A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a_____
a) Line graph
b) Bar graph
c) Scatterplot;
d) Vertical graph
18) You have worked out a whole series of role-play activities for your adult-school ESL class because
you believe that practice in role-play promotes overall language proficiency. Your study shows that you
are correct. What was the dependent variable?
a) adult-school ESL class
b) language proficiency;
e) your belief,
b) role-play activities
19) People who are available, volunteer, or can be casily recruited are used in the sampling method
called
a) Simple random sampling
b) Cluster sampling
c) Systematic sampling:
d) Convenience sampling
20) The standard deviation is:

a) The square root of the variance,
b) Amcasure of variability,
e) An approximate indicator of how numbers vary from the mean
d) All of the above
21) Approximately what percentage of sres fall within one standard deviation of the mecan in a normal
distribution?
a) 34%:
b) 95%
c) 9%:
d) 68%

a) Generalization to the population;
b)Random sampling
c) Unique case orientation;
d) Standardized tests and measures
23) What is the Dependent Variable in this statement?" The main purpose of this study is to compare
the effectiveness of two teaching methods, Audio-lingual and Task-based teaching. in increasing
listening comprehension."
a) Audio-lingual method
b) Listering comprehension;

c) Task-based teaching method;
d) Teaching metheds
24) Akey characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new research questions is that:
a) Extensive research conclusively and definitively answers research questions;
b) Studies typically generate more research questions than they answer
25) Which of these is not a method of data collection.

a) Questionnaires;
b) Interviews
e) Experiments,
d) Observations
26) All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a) it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data;
b) it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c) it uses the deductive scientific method
d) it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment
27) A(n) _______________ is a variable that mediates the effect of ope variable on another
a) intervening variable;
b) moderator variable;
c) control variable,
d) independent variable
28) Which of the following is not used to test whether the difference in the means of the two groups is
statistically significant?
a) A paired-samples t-test;
b) An independent-samples t- test:
c) ANOVA (analysis of variance)
d)A Chi square test
29) In the following data the mode is ____________. 20 22 23 23 25 25 25 25 27 29 30;
a) 22; b) 23; c)25 d)29
30) Because of the number of things taht can gowrong in research there is a need for
a) Flexibility and perseverance ;
b) Sympathetic supervisors ;
c) An emergency soutee of finance ;
d) Wisdom to know the right time to quit
31) Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative research?
a) Self-completion questionnaires ;
b) Surveys
c) Ethnography;
d) Structured observation
32) What is meant by the term "grounded theory"?

a) Theories should be tested by rigorous scientific experiments ;

b) As a social researcher, it is important to keep your feet on the ground
c) Theories should be grounded in political values and biases
d) Theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge from the data
33) An ordinal scale is used to rank people, objects, or characteristics

a)True;
b) False
34) An ordinal scale is:
a) The simplest form of measuremen
b) rank-order scale of measurement;
c) A scale with equal intervals between adjacent numbers
d) A scale with an absolute zero point;
e) A categorical scale
35) Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?

a) Nominal;
b) Ordinal;
c) Interval;
d) Ratio
36) Which of the following is the rescarcher usually interested in supporting when he or she is engaging
in hypothesis testing?
a) The altemative hypothesis,
b)The null hypothesis;
c) Both the alternative and null hypothedis
d) Neither the atemative or null hypothesis
37) When p>05 is reported in a jourmal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means that
the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha
level of .05)
a) True,
b) False
38) You are completing a study on the effect of participation in a volunteer aiding program on later
performance in ESL practice teaching. You also believe that type of class in which aiding was done
(elementary school, adult school, university class) might have some relationship to success in student
teaching if it wa or wasn't in the same type of school. Identify this variable type.
a) Control variable
b)Dependent variable;
e) Intervening variable;
d) Moderator variable
39) The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?
a) Introduction
b) Method
c) Data analysis;
d) Discussion

40) A challenge of qualitative data analysis is that it often includes data that gre unwieldy and complex;
it is a major challenge to make sense of the large pool of data
a True
b) False
41)__________ are the basic building blocks of qualitative data

a) Categories,
b) Units,
c) Individuals:
d) None of the above
42) What is the Dependent Variable in this research question? "Is there a relationship betwee students
family background and their peformance at school
a) Family background,
b) Performance at school;
e) Relationshipd Family background and performance
43) Which of the following is a good research question?

a) Is the back to the basics" movement good for public schools?
b) Are teachers underpaid
c) Does the cognitive approach to reading lead to higher achievement?,
d) How many stadents enroll in Writing 4 course?
44) What is the Independent Variable in this research question? "Are students aged 55 and older more
likely to drop out of college than students of ages between 30 and 40
a) Age,
b) Drop- out rate;
c) Students,
d) College
45) Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?

a) Purposive
b) Quota
c) Convenience,
d) Cluster
46) Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if
you are interested in making statements about the larger population?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Random sampling
47) Focusing on describing or explaining data versus going beyond immediate data and making
inferences is the difference between
a) Centraltendepcy and common tendency;
b) Mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive properties,
c)Descriptive and inferential;

d) Positive skew and negative skew
48) We review the relevant literature to know:

a) What is already known about the topic;
b) What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic;
c) Who are the key contributors to the topic
d) All of the above
49) A deductive theory is one that:

a) Allows theory to gmerge out of the data
b) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis :
c) Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge ;
d) Uses qualitative methods whenever possible
50) The type of qualitative research that describes the cuture of a group of people is called ---------
a) Phenomenology;
b) Grounded theory
c) Ethoography,
d) Case study
51) When planning to do social research, it is better to

a) Approach the topic with an open mind;
b) Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it
c) be fmiliar with the literature on the topic:
d) Forget about theory because this is a véry practical undertaking
52) Which comes first, theory or research?

a) Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark;
b) Research, because that's the only way you can develop a theory
c) It depends on your point of view ;
d) The question is meaningless, because you can't have one without the other
53) Why has qualitative research been seen to have an affinity with feminism?
a) It allows women's voices to be heard, rather than objectifying and exploiting them;
b) It has always been carried out by female sociologists:
e)t allows the researcher to control variables and suppress women's voices d) It claims to be value free
and non- political
54) IQ score is a(n) ___________variable.

a) nominal b) ordinal c) interval d) ratio
55) Why do qualitative researchers like to give detailed descriptions of social settings?
a) To provide a contextual understanding of social behavior
b) Because once they have. left the field, it is difficult to remember what happened
c)So that they can compare their observations as a test of reliability ;
d) Because they do not believe in going beyond the level of description
56) Left-handed is a(n)_________ variable.

a) nominal b) ordinale c) interval d) ratio
57) The dependent variable is _________

a) the major variable which is selected, manipulated,and measured by the researchers
b) the variable which you observe and measure to determine the effect of the independent variable
c) special type of independent variable which you may select for study in order to investigate whether
it modifies the relationship between the
dependent and the major independent variables:
d) a variable which is held constant in order to neutralize the potential effect it might have on behavior
58) When a segment of textual data has overlapping codes this is called a(n) _______
a) Inductive code;
b) Co-occurring codes
c) Priori code;
d) Facesheet code
59) This is the process of transforming qualitative research data from written interviews or field notes
into typed text.
a) Segmenting;
b) Coding
e) Transcription;
d) Memoing
60) What is the recording of reflective notes about what you are learning from your data during data
analysis called?
a) Coding;
b) Segmenting
c) Memoing;
d) Reflecting
61) Codes that apply to acomplete documient or case are called ______
a) Cover codes;
b)False sheet codes,
c) Factual codes
d) Facesheet codes
62) Which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the development of a research
idea
a) Research topic, research problem, resecarch purpose, research question, hypothesis;
b) Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research question, hypothesis;
c) Research topic, research problem, research purpose, hypothesis, research question, ;
d) Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question, research purpose
63) The is the most frequently obtained score in the data.
a) mean
b) mode
c) median
d) range

64) If categories can be related as proportions (e.g. income, years at school), we have a(n) scale.
a) nominal b) ordinad e) intermal d) ratio
65) Why is the statement "What are the effects of extracurricular activities on cognitive development
of school age children" not a good statement of a quantitative research question?
a) Because there is no connection between extracurricular activities and cognitive development,
b) Because there are not enough school age children engaged in extracurricular activities to conduct the
study
c) Because the study would be too difficult to do given all the different extracurricular activitie
d) Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of the vieablés being
investigated
66) The Introduction section of the research plan

a) Gives an overview of prior relevant studies
b) Contains a statement of the purpose of the study
e)Concludes with a statement o research questions and, for quantitative research, it includes the research
hypothesis,
d) All of the above
67) A variable that is presumed to cayse a chánge in another variable is called a(n)
a) categorical variable;
b) dependent variable
c)ndependent variable,
d) intervening variable
68) la rescarch, something that does not "vary" is called a

a) variable; b) method c) constant; d) control group
69) Sources of researchable problems can include:

a) Researchers' own experiences as educators;
b) Practical issues that require solutions
c)Theory and past researchy
d) All of the above
70) Which of the following is nof a compopent of Guba & Lincoln's criterion, "trustworthiness"?
a) Transferability
b) Measurability
c) Dependability;
d) Credibility
71) "Married, single, divorced, and widowed" are values of an__________

a) nominal variable;
b) ordinal variable;
c) interval variable;
d) ratio variable
72) Which of the fellowing should be used to display central tendency

a) Variance b) standard deviation
c) Median d) Range
73 ) Which topics below do not lend themselves well to ethnographic research

a) Topics that can be best understood in a palural setting,
b) Topics that involve studying individual or group activities overtimey
c) Topics that require quantification,
d) Topics that involve sudying the behavios of grouph
74) You are commpleting a study on the effect of participation in a volunteer aiding program on later
performance in ESL practice teaching. What is the dependent variable
a) participation in a volunteer aiding progra,
b) performance in ESL practice teaching
c) completion of a study,
d) ESL
75) You are completing a study on the effect of participation in a volunteer on later performance in
ESL. practice teaching. What is the independent variable
a) a participant in a volunteer aiding program;
b) performance in ESL practice teaching
c) completion of a study,
d) ESL
76) In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the peesher ask the research
participants to identify other potential research participant
a) snowball b) Convenience c) Purposive; d) Quota
77) ------------is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules
a) Sample b) Population c) Statistic; d) Element
78) What is(are) the problem(s) with this set of response categories to the question "What is your current
age" 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40;
a) The categories are not mutually exclusive,
b) The categories are not exhaustive
c) Both a and b are problems;
d) There is no problem with the above set of response categories
79) Which of the following are principles of questionnaire construction

a) Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs;
b) Use multiple items to measure abstract constructs;
c) Avoid double-barreled questions
d) All of the above
e) Only b and c
80) Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other
professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically help them solve local problemy
a) action research;
b) basic research,

c) predictive research;
d) orientational research
81) Which resgarch paradigm is least.concerned about generalizing its findings?

a) quantitative research,
b) qualitative research
c) mixed research
d) none of the above
82) Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? a) age,
b) annual income
c) grade point average d) religion
83) Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

a) age, temperature, income, height,
b) grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance,
c) gender, religion, ethnic group
d) both a and b
84) Which corelation is the strongest

a) +.10 b) -.95 c) +.90 d)-1.00
85) A qualitative research question

a) Asks a question about some process or phenonmenon to be explored,
b) Is generally an open-ended question
c) Both a and b corect
86) The process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words or category names is
known as_________
a) Concurring
b) Coding
c) Coloring
d) Segmenting
87) Which of the following statements soupds like a null hypothesis?
a) The coin is not fair;
b) There is a correlation in the population
c) There is no difference between male and female incomes in the population, d) The defendat is guilty
88) A ________is a subset of a _______

a) Sample, population b) Population, sample
c) Statistic, parameter d) Parameter, statistic
89) Identify which of the following steps would not be included in hypothesis testing
a) State che null and altemative hypotheses;
b) Set the significance level before the research study
c) Eliminate all outliers

d) Obtain the probability value using a computer program such as SPSS;
e) Compare the probability value to the significance level and make the statistical decision
90) The median is ___________

a) The middle point,
b) The highest mumber,
c) The average;
d) Affected by extreme scores
91) What is the mean of this set of numbers 4, 6, 7,9, 2000000?

a) 75 b) 400.005.
c) 7 d) 4
92) Which of the following is not a data-collection methodt

a) Research questions b) Unstructured interviewing
c) Postal survey questionnaires d) Participant observation
93) Why is data analysis concemed with data reduction?

a) Because far too much data is collected than is required
b) Because we need to make sense of the data
c) Because of the repetitions in answers to questionnaires ;
d) Because the sample size has been exceeded
94) The core ingredients of a diasertation are:

a) Introduction Data collection: Data analysis Conclusions and recommendations
b) Executive summary, Literature review; Duta gathered Conclusions; Bibliography
c) Research plan: Research data Analysis References/:
d) Introduction; Literature review, Research methods; Results Discussion; Conclusion
95) What is the median of this set of numbers: 4,6, 7,9, 2000000?
a) 7.5 b) 6
c) 7 d) 4
96) As a general rule, the _______ is the best measure of central tendency because it is more precise
a) Mean b) Median, c) Mode d) Range
97) Which of the following does not apply to qualitativa research

a) Data are often words and pictures;
b) Uses the inductive scientific method,
c) Ends withastatistical report,
d) Involves direct and personal contact with participants

a) Design flexibility, b) Inductive analysis;
c) Context sensitivity, d) All of the above

99) You have worked out a whole series of role-play activities for your adut-school ESL. class because
you believe that practice in role-play promotes overall language proficiency. Your study shows that you
are correct. What was the independent variable?
a) adult-school ESL class; b) language proficiency;
c) your belief d) role-play activities
100) Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of qualitative research?

a) Design flexibility b) Dynamic systems;
c) Naturalistic inquiry d) Deductive design
101) Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

a) Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate; b) Listing the individuals
by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within cach ethnic group at random.
c) Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick cases
from the table.;
d) Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
102) __________ is a type of probability sampling

a) Haphazard b) Quota c) Snowball d) Cluster
103) The word "random" is normally used with ________

a) simple sampling
b) purposive sampling
c) stratified sampling
d) cluster sampling
104) Which of the following is not a form of nonrndom sampling

a) Snowball sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Quota sampling,
d) Purposive sampling
e) They are all forms of nonrandom sampling
105) Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size a) Cluster sampling:
b) Simple random sampling
c)Systematie sampling
d) Proportional sttified sampling
106) The process ofawing a sample from a population is known as

a) Sampling b) Census
c) Survey research; d) None of the above
107) Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling

a) Cluster sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Purposive sampling

e) They are all type of monrandom sampling
108) When p < .05 is reported in a joumal article that you read for an oberved relationship. it means
that the author has rejected the nu hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha
level of .05)
a) True b) False
109) The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions about
populations based on sample data is referred to as ________
a) Descriptive to statistics; b)Inferential statistic

c)Sample statistics, d) Population statistics
110) As a general rule, researchers tend to use _______percent confidence intervals.

a) 99% b) 95%
c)50% d) none of the above
111) _______________are used when you want to visually examine the relatjonship between two
quantitative variables.
a) Bar graphs, b) Pie graphs,
c) Line graphs d) Scaterplots to
112) The goal of is to focus on summariajng and explaining a specific set of data.
a) Inferential statistics b) Descriptive statisticsy
c)None of the above, d) All of the above
113) The_________ is ofee the prefered measure of central tendency if the data are severely skewed.
a) Mean, b) Median,
c) Mode, d) Range
114) If a distribution is skewed to the left, then it is ________

a) Negatively skewed; b) Positively skewed,
c) Symmetrically skewed; d) Symmetrical
115) Non-overlapping categories or intervals are known as _________

a) Inclusive, b) Exhaustive
c) Mutually exclusive; d) Mutually exclusive and exhaustive
116) In a grouped frequency of distribution, the intervals should be what?

a) Mutually exclusive; b) Exhaustive;
c) Both A and B; d) Neither A nor B
117) The _________ is the value you calculate when you want the arithmetic average.
a) Mean; b) Median;
c) Mode; d) All of the above
118) Why are variance and standard deviation the most popular measures of variability?
a)They are the most stable and are foundations for more advanced statistical analysis,

b) They are the most simple to calculate with large data sets
c) They provide nominally scaled data,
119) The "equals" sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing
a) Null;
b)Alternative
c) it can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis
120) A classification system generally used in social sciences that breaks something down into different
types or levels is called a ____________
a) Diagram;
b) Flow chart
c) Hierarchical category system;
d) Category
121) The process of quantifying data is referred to as ___________
a) Diagramming:
b)Typology
c) Egumeration;
d) Coding
122) a What is the median of the following set of scores? 18, 6, 12, 10, 14? a) 10;
b) 14; c) 18 d) 12
123) Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and
k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling?
a) Simple Random Sampling
b) Stratified Random Sampling
c) Systematic Sampling,
d) Cluster sampling
124) Which of the following statements is'are true according to the logic of hypothesis testing?
a) When the null hypothesis is true, it should be rejected;
b) When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected
c) When the null hypothesis is false, it should be rejected;
d) When the null hypothesis is false, it should not be rejected
e) Both b and c are true
125) The "equals" sign ( = ) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing
a) Null,
b) Alternative
c)It can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis
126) The statement of purpose in a research study sbould:

a) Identify the design of the study;
b) Identify the intent or objective of the study;
c) Specify the type of people to be used in the study,
d) Describe the study

127) What is the defining characteristic of experimental rejearch?
a) resistance to manipulation
b) manipulation of the independent variable
c) the use of open-ended questions;
d) focuses only on local problems
128) A statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically significant is
called ________
a) One-way analysis of variance
b) t-test for the independent samples
c) Chi-square test for contingency tables,
d) test for correlation
129) When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it
is very important to avoid _________
a) checking the strength of relationship:
b) jumping to the conclusion of causality
c) checking the direction of the relationship;
d) expressing a relationship with a corelation coefficient
130) Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:
a) it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest;
b) it relies un che collection of non-numerical data such as words and picturese
c) it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world;
d) it uses the inductive scientific method
131) The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research method?
a) Experimental; b) Causal-comparative
c) Correlational; d) Ethnography
132) A positive correlation is present when _________

a) two variables move in opposite directions
b) two variables move in the same direction
c) one variable goes up and one goes down
d) sevetal variables never change
133) Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

a)the collection of nonnumerical data,
b) an attempt to confirm the researcher's hypotheses
c)research that is exploratory;
d)research that attempts to generate a new theory
134) Research hypotheses are

a) Formulated prior to a review of the literature;
b) Statements of predicted relationships between variables;
c) Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted
d) b and c

135) The Method section of the research plan typically specifies
a) The research participants,
b) The results of prior studies that address the phenomena of interest,
c) The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study,
d) The planned research procedureş
e) a, c and d
136) A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to do which
of the following?
a) To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest;
b) To identify potential methodological problems in the researca area;
c) To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest;
d)All of the above
137) Secondary/existing data may include which-of the following?

a) Official documents;
b) Personal documents;
c) Archived research
d) All of the above
138) Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at an earlier time
by a different person for a different purpose?
a) Primary datag
b) Secondary data,
c) Experimental data;
d) Field notes
139) What does it mean when you calculate a 95% confidence interval?
a) The process you used will capture the true parameter of 95% of the time in the long run,
b) You can be "95% confident" that your interval will include the population parametek
c)You can be "5% confident" that your interval will not include the population parameter,
d) All of the above statements are true.
140) An advantage of using computer programs for qualitative data is that they
a) Can reduce time required to analyze data (i.e, after the data are transcribed), b) Help in storing and
organizing data
c) Make many procedures available that are rarely done by hand due to time constraints;
d) All of the above
Set 5
1. A researcher does a study of students' phenomenological feelings about problem solving. One of her
categories of codes involves positive affect. Two subcategories of that category of positive affect are
smiles when solves the problem, and shouts hooray when finished. The relation between these
subcategories and the overall category of positive affect is:
a. Spatial
b. Sequence
c. Strict inclusion
d. Function

2. In looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation, "X is a place in Y; X is part
of Y" in Spradley's taxonomy of semantic relations is labeled:
a. Spatial
b. Rationale
c. Means-end
d. Strict inclusion
3. In looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation X is a kind of Y in Spradley's
taxonomy of semantic relations is labeled:
a. Spatial
b. Rationale
c. Means-end
d. Strict inclusion
4. A researcher is doing a study of peer groups in middle school. She interviews 5 girls and 5 boys. She
is doing a grounded theory study; hence, she decides to generate her codes as she scans through her
transcriptions of her data. These codes are labeled:
a. A priori codes
b. Post hoc codes
c. Inductive codes
d. Master list codes
5. Sarah is a qualitative researcher studying how children and parents interact in Head Start Centers. As
she examines her data (videotapes and transcripts), she jots down notes concerning the interactions,
generating hypotheses, suggesting relationships among categories of information she is examining and
so on. This process of jotting notes as she examines the data is called:
a. Memoing
b. Transcription
c. Facesheet coding
d. Drawing diagrams
6. Qualitative data analysis is still a relatively new and rapidly developing branch of research
methodology.
a. True
b. False
7. The process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words, or category names is
known as _______.
a. Concurring
b. Coding
c. Coloring
d. Segmenting
8. What is the cyclical process of collecting and analyzing data during a single research study called?
a. Interim analysis
b. Inter analysis
c. Inter-item analysis d. Constant analysis
9. What is the recording of reflective notes about what you are learning from your data during data
analysis called?
a. Coding
b. Segmenting
c. Memoing d. Reflecting
10. Which of the following is one of Spradley’s types of relationships? a. Strict inclusion
b. Sequence

c. Cause-effect
d. All of the above
11. Which of the following is not one of Spradley’s types of relationships? a. Strict inclusion
b. Sequence
c. Cause-effect
d. Correlational
12. Codes that apply to a complete document or case are called ________.
a. Cover codes
b. False sheet codes
c. Factual codes
d. Facesheet codes
13. A classification system generally used in the social sciences that breaks something down into
different types or levels is called a ________.
a. Diagram
b. Flow chart
c. Hierarchical category system
d. Category
14. When you have high consistency among different coders about the appropriate codes for a set of
data, you have ____.
a. High intercoder reliability
b. High intracoder reliability
15. Codes developed before examining the current data being coded are called ______. a. Co-occuring
codes
b. Inductive codes
c. A priori codes
d. Facesheet codes
16. The process of quantifying data is referred to as _________. a. Typology
b. Diagramming
c. Enumeration
d. Coding
17. Which of the following refers to the cyclical process of collecting and analyzing data during a single
research study?
a. Memoing
b. Segmenting
c. Coding
d. Interim analysis
18. An advantage of using computer programs for qualitative data is that they _______. a. Can reduce
time required to analyze data (i.e., after the data are transcribed)
b. Help in storing and organizing data
c. Make many procedures available that are rarely done by hand due to time constraints d. All of the
above
19. _________ are codes that are developed during the process of coding.
a. Inductive codes
b. A priori codes
c. Co-occurring codes
d. Facesheet codes
20. Boolean operators are words that are used to create logical combinations. a. True

b. False
21. __________ are the basic building blocks of qualitative data. a. Categories
b. Units
c. Individuals
22. When a segment of textual data has overlapping codes, this is called a(n) __________. a. Inductive
code
b. Co-occurring codes
c. Priori code
d. Facesheet code
23. This is the process of transforming qualitative research data from written interviews or field notes
into typed text.
a. Segmenting
b. Coding
c. Transcription d. Memoing
24. Network diagrams show only direct links between variables or events over time. a. True
b. False
25. A challenge of qualitative data analysis is that it often includes data that are unwieldy and complex;
it is a major challenge to make sense of the large pool of data.
a. True
b. False
Answers:
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. d 11. d 12. d 13. c 14. a 15. c 16. c
17. d 18. d 19. a 20. a 21. a 22. b 23. c 24. b 25. a
Set 6
1.The main purpose of research in education is to _________
a) Help in the personal growth of an individual

b) Help the candidate become an eminent educationist
c) Increase job prospects of an individual
d) Increase social status of an individual
2._______ refers to inferring about the whole population based on the observations made on a small
part.
a) Deductive inference
b) Inductive inference
c) Pseudo-inference
d) Objective inference
3.Sampling is advantageous as it ________
a) Helps in capital-saving

b) Saves time
c) Increases accuracy
d) Both (a) and (b)
4.Random sampling is helpful as it is __________.
a) An economical method of data collection

b) Free from personal biases
c) Reasonably accurate
d) All the above
5.Tippit table refers to ____________
a) Table of random digits

b) Table used in sampling methods
c) Table used in statistical investigations
d) All the above
.
6.Type-I Error occurs if ___________________
a) the null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true

b) the null hypothesis is accepted even though it is false
c) both the null hypothesis as well as alternative hypothesis are rejected
7._________ is a preferred sampling method for the population with finite size.
a) Area sampling
b) Cluster sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Systematic sampling
8.Research and Development become the index of development of country. Which of the following
reasons are true with regards to this statement?
a) Because R&D reflect the true economic and social conditions prevailing in a country
b) Because R&D targets the human development
c) Because R&D can improve the standard of living of the people in a country
d) All the above
9.The data of research is ______
a) Qualitative only
b) Quantitative only
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Neither (a) nor (b)
10.The longitudinal approach of research deals with _________.

a) Horizontal researches
b) Long-term researches
c) Short-term researches
Set 7
1.Dramaturgical interviewing is carried out through ________
a) Case study
b) Debating
c) Role playing
d) Sampling
2.The word 'Anusandhan' implies _________
a) Attaining an aim
b) Goal Orientation
c) Following an aim
d) Praying to achieve an aim
3.Survey research studies _________
a) Circumstances
b) Events
c) Populations
d) Processes
4.Evaluation research is concerned with ___________
a) How well are we doing?

b) What are we doing?
c) Why are we doing?
5.Action research is a type of _______
a) Applied research
b) Quantity research
c) Survey research
d) Population research
6.Hypothesis relates ________
a) Constant to variables
b) Constant to constant
c) Variables to constant

d) Variables to variables
7.In the purposive method of sampling design, items are selected according to ___________
a) Law of certainty
b) Law of probability
c) Personal judgement
8.Primary data for the research process be collected through _______.
a) Experiment
b) Survey
c) Both (a) and (b)
9.A researcher wants to study the relationship of family size to income. He classifies his population into
different income slabs and then takes a random sample from each slab in order. Which technique of
sampling is he working with?
a) Cluster sampling
b) Random sampling
c) Stratified random sampling
d) Systematic sampling
10.A research problem is not feasible if __________________
a) It consists of independent and dependent variables

b) It has utility and relevance
c) It is new and adds something to knowledge
d) It is researchable
11.Determining the relationship between two or more variables occurs in _____________.
a) Correlational research
b) Action research
c) Naturalistic observation
d) Survey research
12.Participant observation is the process of immersing yourself in the study of ______
a) Outcomes
b) Methods
c) People
d) Options
13.'Ethnography' describes _______

a) Culture
b) Way of life
c) Progeny
d) Both (a) and (b)
Set 8
1. Mean, Median and Mode are :
(A) Measures of deviation
(B) Ways of sampling
(C) Measures of control tendency
(D) None of the above
2. Research is
(A) Searching again and again
(B) Finding solution to any problem
(C) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
3. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
(A) Searching sources of information to locate problem.
(B) Survey of related literature
(C) Identification of problem
(D) Searching for solutions to the problem
4. A common test in research demands much priority on
(A) Reliability
(B) Useability
(C) Objectivity
(D) All of the above
5. Action research means

(A) A longitudinal research
(B) An applied research
(C) A research initiated to solve an immediate problem
(D) A research with socioeconomic objective
6. A reasoning where we start with certain particular statements and conclude with a universal
statement is called
(A) Deductive Reasoning
(B) Inductive Reasoning
(C) Abnormal Reasoning
(D) Transcendental Reasoning
7. Which of the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms?
(A) Socio-economic Status
(B) Marital Status
(C) Numerical Aptitude
(D) Professional Attitude
8. The essential qualities of a researcher are
(A) Spirit of free enquiry
(B) Reliance on observation and evidence
(C) Systematization or theorizing of knowledge
(D) All the above
9. In the process of conducting research ‘Formulation of Hypothesis” is followed by
(A) Statement of Objectives
(B) Analysis of Data
(C) Selection of Research Tools
(D) Collection of Data

10. A research paper is a brief report of research work based on
(A) Primary Data only
(B) Secondary Data only
(C) Both Primary and Secondary Data
11. Informal self education is possible in what kind of library?
(A) National Library
(B) Public Library
(C) Specific Library
(D) College Library
12. Information is…..
(A) Raw Data
(B) Processed Data
(C) Input data
(D) Organized data
13. Conference proceedings are considered as..................documents.
(A) Conventional
(B) Primary
(C) Secondary
(D) Tertiary
14. An appropriate source to find out descriptive information is................ .
(A) Bibliography
(B) Directory
(C) Encyclopedia

(D) Dictionary
15. Technological Gatekeeper is :
(A) A formal method of giving current awareness service
(B) A method of technology assessment and evaluation
(C) A process of transfer of technology
(D) An informal mechanism of keeping user informed of relevant development
16. Questionnaire is a :
(A) Research method
(B) Measurement technique
(C) Tool for data collection
(D) Data analysis technique
17. A periodical evaluation of an employee is done through........... .
(A) Job rotation
(B) Performance appraisal
(C) Refresher course
(D) Work guide
18. “Controlled Group” is a term used in.............. .
(A) Survey research
(B) Historical research
(C) Experimental research
(D) Descriptive research
19. ‘Noise’ in Information Retrieval is due to............. .
(A) Precision
(B) Recall

(C) Relevant information
(D) Redundant information
20. What is the relationship between ISBD and cataloguing codes ?
(A) They are not related at all
(B) Cataloguing codes will include bibliographic description
(C) ISBD includes cataloguing rules
(D) ISBD can replace cataloguing rules
21. Tagging in web 2.0 application is called :
(A) Taxonomy
(B) Folksonomy
(C) Syndication
(D) Directory
22. Inductive logic proceeds from :
(A) General to General
(B) Particular to General
(C) General to Particular
(D) Particular to Particular
23. Which of the following is not a “Graphic representation” ?
(A) Pie Chart
(B) Bar Chart
(C) Table
(D) Histogram
24. Which of the following is not covered under Intellectual Property Rights ?
(A) Copyrights

(B) Patents
(C) Trade Marks
(D) Thesaurus
Answer: (D)
25. High Level Language is.................. .
(A) Disk space dependent
(B) O. S. dependent
(C) Machine independent
(D) Machine dependent
26. The transmission of receiver’s reaction back to the sender is known as................. .
(A) Noise
(B) Feedback
(C) Medium
(D) Source
27. Protocol means............... .
(A) Interchange of data between two devices
(B) Interchange of data between two computers
(C) Linkage between two computers
(D) Linkage between two devices
28. A set of rules that govern overall data communications system is popularly known as............... .
(A) Protocol
(B) Agreement
(C) Pact
(D) Memorandum
29. Staffing is concerned with providing and maintaining................resources.

(A) Physical
(B) Technical
(C) Human
(D) Financial
30. Which of the following is not true about e journals ?
(A) They are distributed through digital methods
(B) They also have editors or editorial boards
(C) They are publications of serial nature
(D) They are always free of cost
31. What is the meaning of 'Translation Pools' ?
(A) Details about the names of translation experts
(B) Details about the addresses of the translators
(C) Agency of the names of translation experts
(D) None of these.
32. How is stochastic equation of information solved ?
(A) By statistical rules
(B) By dynamic rules
(C) By statistical and dynamic rules
(D) None of these.
Set 9
1. Which of the following is characteristic of qualitative research?
a. Generalization to the population

b. Random sampling
c. Unique case orientation
d. Standardized tests and measures

2. Phenomenology has its disciplinary origins in:
a. Philosophy
b. Anthropology
c. Sociology
d. Many disciplines
3. The primary data analysis approach in ethnography is:
a. Open, axial, and selective coding

b. Holistic description and search for cultural themes
c. Cross-case analysis
d. Identifying essences of a phenomenon
4. The term used to describe suspending preconceptions and learned feelings about a phenomenon is
called:
a. Axial coding
b. Design flexibility
c. Bracketing
d. Ethnography
5. A researcher studies how students who flunk out of high school experienced high
school. She found that it was common for such students to report that they felt like they had little
control of their destiny. Her report that this lack of control was an invariant part of the students’
experiences suggests that lack of control is _______ of the “flunking out” experience.
a. A narrative
b. A grounded theory
c. An essence
d. A probabilistic cause
6. The specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture hold to be true or
false are called ______.
a. Shared attitudes
b. Shared beliefs
c. Shared values
d. Norms
7. The written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior are called _____.
a. Shared attitudes b. Shared beliefs c. Shared values d. Norms
8. Which of the following is not an advantage of studying multiple cases?

a. Multiple cases can be compared for similarities and differences
b. Multiple cases can more effectively test a theory than a single case
c. Generalizations about population are usually better when based on multiple cases.
d. Cost is lower and depth of analysis is easier when you study multiple cases in a single research
study

9. _____ are the standards of a culture about what is good or bad or desirable or undesirable.
a. Shared attitudes
b. Shared beliefs
c. Shared values
d. Norms
10. _________ is the study of human consciousness and individuals’ experience of some
phenomenon.
a. Phenomenology
b. Ethnography
c. Grounded theory
d. Case study research
11. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
a. Design flexibility
b. Inductive analysis
c. Context sensitivity
d. All of the above
12. ________ is a general methodology for developing theory that is based on data systematically
gathered and analyzed.
a. Theory confirmation
b. Grounded theory
c. Theory deduction
d. All of the above
13. The final stage in grounded theory data analysis is called ___________.
a. Axial coding
b. Theoretical saturation
c. Constant comparative method
d. Selective coding
14. Which major characteristic of qualitative research refers to studying real world situations as they
unfold naturally?
a. Holistic perspective
b. Naturalistic inquiry
c. Dynamic systems
d. Inductive analysis
15. In which qualitative research approach is the primary goal to gain access to individuals’ inner
worlds of experience?
a. Phenomenology
b. Ethnography
c. Grounded theory

d. Case study
16. The type of qualitative research that describes the culture of a group of people is called ____.
a. Phenomenology
b. Grounded theory
c. Ethnography
d. Case study
17. The grounded theorist is finished analyzing data when theoretical saturation occurs.
a. True
b. False
18. In which of the following case study designs does the researcher focus her primary interest on
understanding something more general than the particular case?
a. Intrinsic case study
b. Instrumental case study
c. Collective case study
d. It could be b or c
19. Which of the following phrases best describes "ethnocentrism"?
a. Special words or terms used by the people in a group

b. An external, social scientific view of reality
c. The study of the cultural past of a group of people
d. Judging people from a different culture according to the standards of your own culture
20. Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of qualitative research?
a. Design flexibility
b. Dynamic systems
c. Naturalistic inquiry
d. Deductive design
21. Which of the following involves the studying of multiple cases in one research study?
a. Intrinsic case study

b. Single case study
c. Instrumental case study
d. Collective case study
22. Which of the following does not apply to qualitative research?
a. Data are often words and pictures

b. Uses the inductive scientific method
c. Ends with a statistical report
d. Involves direct and personal contact with participants

23. The difference between ethnographic research and other types of qualitative research is that
ethnographers specifically use the concept of “culture” to help understand the results.
a. True
b. False
24. What term refers to the insider's perspective?
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Emic perspective
C. Etic perspective
D. Holism
25. In data analysis of the grounded theory approach, the step which focuses on the main idea,
developing the story line, and finalizing the theory is called ________.
a. Open coding
b. Axial coding
c. Selective coding
d. Theoretical saturation
26. Which of the following is not one of the 4 major approaches to qualitative research.
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Case study
d. Grounded theory
e. Nonexperimental
27. In "phenomenology," a well written report will be highly descriptive of the participants’
experiences and will often elicit in the reader a feeling that they feel as though they are experiencing
the phenomenon themselves. This experience is called _____.
a. A phenomenal experience
b. A vicarious experience
c. A significant experience
d. A dream
28. You want to study a Native American group in New Mexico for a six month period to learn all
you can about them so you can write a book about that particular tribe. You want the book to be
accurate and authentic as well as informative and inspiring. What type of research will you likely be
conducting when you get to New Mexico?
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded theory
d. Collective case study
29. The emic perspective refers to an external, social scientific view of reality.
a. True
b. False
30. _________ is used to describe cultural scenes or the cultural characteristics of a group of people.

a. Phenomenology
b. Ethnography
c. Grounded theory
d. Instrumental case study
31. Terms such as “geeks,” “book worms,” “preps,” are known as _____ terms.
a. Emic
b. Etic
32. When a researcher identifies so completely with the group being studied that he or she can no
longer remain objective you have what is called _________.
a. Culture shock
b. Going native
c. Regression
d. Cultural relativism
Answers:
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. d 9. c 10. a 11. d 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. d 19. d 20. d
21. d 22. c 23. a 24. b 25. c 26. e 27. b 28. a 29. b 30. b 31. a 32. b
Set 10
1. When planning to do social research, it is better to:
a) Approach the topic with an open mind
c) Be familiar with the literature on the topic
d) Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking can't have one without the other
2. We review the relevant literature to know:

a) What is already known about the topic
b) What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic
d) All of the above
3. A deductive theory is one that:

a) Allows theory to emerge out of the data
b) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
c) Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
4. What does 'sampling cases' mean?

a) Sampling using a sampling frame
b) Identifying people who are suitable for research
c) Literally, the researcher's brief-case
d) Sampling people, newspapers, television programmes etc.
5. Which of the following is not a data-collection method?

a) Research questions
b) Unstructured interviewing
c) Postal survey questionnaires
d) Participant observation
6. Why is data analysis concerned with data reduction?

c) Because of the repetitions in answers to questionnaires
7. The core ingredients of a dissertation are:

a) Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations.
b) Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography.
c) Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References.
d) Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion.
8. Which of the following is a component of ethnographic research?

a) Being immersed in a social group or setting
b) Participant observation, interviews, and/or documentary analysis
c) A written account of an ethnographic study
d) All of the above
9. What is one of the main disadvantages of using the covert role in ethnography?
a) It can be hard to gain access to the social group
b) It is difficult to take notes without arousing suspicion
c) The problem of reactivity: people may change their behaviour if they know they are being
observed
d) It is usually too time consuming and expensive to be a realistic option
10. What is a key informant?

a) A group member who helps the ethnographer gain access to relevant people/events
b) A senior level member of the organisation who refuses to allow researchers into it
c) A participant who appears to be helpful but then blows the researcher's cover
d) Someone who cuts keys to help the ethnographer gain access to a building
11. What is the name of the role adopted by an ethnographer who joins in with the group's activities but
admits to being a researcher?
a) Complete participant
b) Participant-as-observer
c) Observer-as-participant
d) Complete observer
12. Is it okay to break the law in order to maintain a "cover"?

a) Yes, provided it is not very serious
b) No, never under any circumstances
c) Yes, because otherwise data on criminal activity would never come to light
d) Yes, provided it doesn't cause physical harm to someone

13. What is the difference between "scratch notes" and "full field notes"?
a) Scratch notes are just key words and phrases, rather than lengthy descriptions
b) Full field notes are quicker and easier to write than scratch notes
c) Scratch notes are written at the end of the day rather than during key events
d) Full field notes do not involve the researcher scratching their head while thinking
14. What are the two main types of data that can be used in visual ethnography? a) Positivist and
interpretivist
b) Qualitative and quantitative
c) Nominal and ordinal
d) Extant and research-driven
15. Which of the following makes qualitative interviewing distinct from structured interviewing? a)
The procedure is less standardized
b) "Rambling" off the topic is not a problem
c) The researcher seeks rich, detailed answers
d) All of the above
16. Which of the following is not a type of qualitative interview?

a) Unstructured interview
b) Oral history interview
c) Structured interview
d) Focus group interview
17. Why is it helpful to prepare an interview guide before conducting semi-structured interviews?
a) So that the data from different interviewees will be comparable and relevant to your research
questions
b) So that you can calculate the statistical significance of the results
c) In order to allow participants complete control over the topics they discuss
d) To make the sample more representative
18. What is a "probing question"?

a) One that inquires about a sensitive or deeply personal issue
b) One that encourages the interviewee to say more about a topic
c) One that asks indirectly about people's opinions
d) One that moves the conversation on to another topic
19. What can you do to reduce the time consuming nature of transcribing interviews? a) Use a
transcribing machine
b) Employ someone to transcribe for you
c) Transcribe only selected parts of the interviews
d) All of the above
20. Which of the following is not a type of life story?

a) Naturalistic life stories
b) Researched life stories
c) True life stories

d) Reflexive and recursive life stories
21. Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative interviewing relative to participant

observation?
a) It allows you to find out about issues that are resistant to observation
b) It is more biased and value-laden
c) It is more likely to create reactive effects
22. Which of the following is a disadvantage of qualitative interviewing relative to participant

observation?
a) It has a more specific focus
b) It is more ethically dubious, in terms of obtaining informed consent
c) It may not provide access to deviant or hidden activities
d) It does not allow participants to reconstruct their life events
23. The introductory section of a research report should aim to: a) Identify the specific focus of the
study
b) Provide a rationale for the dissertation, or article
c) Grab the reader's attention
d) All of the above
24. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?

a) It explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured
b) It contains a useful review of the relevant literature
c) It outlines the methodological procedures that were employed
d) It summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions
25. Which of the following is not normally included in a written account of qualitative research?
a) An introduction, locating the research in its theoretical context
b) An explanation of the design of the study
c) A discussion of the main findings in relation to the research questions
d) A decision to accept or reject the hypothesis
26. Before submitting your dissertation, you should ensure that: a) Your writing is free of sexist, racist
and disablist language
b) Other people have read your final draft
c) You have proofread it thoroughly
d) All of the above
27. Probability sampling is rarely used in qualitative research because: a) Qualitative researchers are
not trained in statistics
b) It is very old-fashioned
c) It is often not feasible
d) Research questions are more important than sampling
28. The two levels of sampling used by Savage et al. (2005) for the Manchester study were:
a) Random and purposive

b) Convenience and snowball
c) Statistical and non-statistical
d) Contexts and participants
29. Which of the following is not a type of purposive sampling?

a) Probability sampling
b) Deviant case sampling
c) Theoretical sampling
d) Snowball sampling
30. The minimum sample size for qualitative interviewing is: a) 30

b) 31
c) 60
d) It's hard to say
31. Why is an ethnographic study unlikely to use a probability sample?

a) Because the aim of understanding is more important than that of generalization
b) Because the researcher cannot control who is willing to talk to them
c) Because it is difficult to identify a sampling frame
d) All of the above
32. Apart from people, what else can purposive sampling be used for?
a) Documents
b) Timing of events
c) Context
d) All of the above
33. What can be generalized from a purposive sample?

a) That the findings are true for broadly similar cases
b) That the findings are true for the entire population
c) That the opposite is true for people who are the opposite of those in the sample
d) That purposive sampling is better than probability sampling
34. Which of the following is a problem associated with survey research?

a) The problem of objectivity
b) The problem of "going native"
c) The problem of omission
d) The problem of robustness
35. The key advantage of structured observation over survey research is that:
a) It does not rely on the researcher's ability to take notes
b) The researcher is immersed as a participant in the field they are studying
c) It does not impose any expectations of behaviour on the respondents
d) It allows you to observe people's behaviour directly
36. It may not be possible to use a probability sample to observe behaviour in public places because:
a) The findings of such studies are not intended to have external validity
b) It is not feasible to construct a sampling frame of interactions

c) It is difficult to gain access to such social settings
d) Researchers prefer not to use random samples whenever possible
37. Which of the following is not a type of sampling used in structured observation?
a) Focal sampling
b) Scan sampling
c) Emotional sampling
d) Behaviour sampling
38. One of the criticisms often levelled at structured observation is that: a) It does not allow us to impose
any framework on the social setting
b) It only generates a small amount of data
c) It is unethical to observe people without an observation schedule
d) It does not allow us to understand the intentions behind behaviour

a) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
b) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
c) The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
d) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data
40. If a study is "reliable", this means that:

a) It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted
b) The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions
c) The findings can be generalized to other social settings
d) The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated
41. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed
b) The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
c) A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
d) An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined
42. What is a cross-sectional design?

a) A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes
b) One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
c) The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
d) A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time
43. Cross cultural studies are an example of

a) Case study design
b) Comparative design
c) Experimental design
d) Longitudinal design
44. What is a 'grand theory'?

a) One that was proposed by one of the major theorists in the sociological tradition
b) One that is highly abstract and makes broad generalizations about the social world
c) An intermediate level explanation of observed regularities

d) A particularly satisfactory theory that makes the researcher feel happy
45. An inductive theory is one that:

a) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
b) Does not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
c) Uses quantitative methods whenever possible
d) Allows theory to emerge out of the data
46. The qualitative research strategy places a value on:

a) Using numbers, measurements and statistical techniques
b) Generating theories through inductive research about social meanings
c) Conducting research that is of a very high quality
d) All of the above
47. An important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is: a) Which theoretical
perspective you find most interesting
b) Whether or not you have time to retile the bathroom first
c) How much time and money you have to conduct the research
d) Which colour of ring binder to present your work in
48. You can manage your time and resources best, by:
a) Working out a timetable
b) Finding out what resources are readily available to you
c) Calculating a budget for likely expenditure
d) All of the above
49. How can you tell if your research questions are really good?
a) If they guide your literature search
b) If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument c) If they force you to narrow
the scope of your research
d) All of the above
50. Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?

a) Your academic status and experience
b) The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic
c) Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them
d) All of the above
51. Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?
a) Your sample frame and sampling strategy
b) The ethical issues that might arise
c) Negotiating access to the setting
d) All of the above
52. What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?
a) Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation
b) Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to us
c) Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee

d) All of the above
53. Why do you need to review the existing literature?

a) To make sure you have a long list of references
b) Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
c) To find out what is already known about your area of interest
d) To help in your general studying
54. A systematic literature review is:

a) One which starts in your own library, then goes to on-line databases and, finally, to the internet
b) A replicable, scientific and transparent process
c) One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area
d) A responsible, professional process of time-management for research
55. What is the first stage of a systematic review?

a) Assess the relevance of each study to the research question(s)
b) Define the purpose and scope of the review
c) Appraise the quality of studies from the previous step
d) Survey all of the literature contained within a single library
56. The term "secondary analysis" refers to the technique of:

a) Conducting a study of seconds, minutes and other measures of time
b) Analysing your own data in two different ways
c) Analysing existing data that has been collected by another person or organization
d) Working part time on a project alongside other responsibilities
57. Why might secondary analysis be a particularly useful method for students?
a) It is relatively easy to do
b) It saves time and money
c) It does not require any knowledge of statistics
d) It only requires a half-hearted effort
58. Which of the following is not an advantage of secondary analysis?

a) It immerses the researcher in the field they are studying
b) It tends to be based on high quality data
c) It provides an opportunity for longitudinal analysis
d) It allows you to study patterns and social trends over time
59. The large samples used in national social surveys enable new researchers to:
a) Avoid using probability sampling
b) Identify any bias in the question wording
c) Evaluate the inter-coder reliability of the data
d) Conduct subgroup analysis
60. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of using secondary analysis?

a) The researcher's lack of familiarity with the data
b) It is a relatively expensive and time consuming process
c) Hierarchical datasets can be very confusing

d) The researcher has no control over the quality of the data
Set 11
chapter 1: The nature and process of social research
1) When planning to do social research, it is better to:

a) Approach the topic with an open mind
c) Be familiar with the literature on the topic
d) Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking
2) Which comes first, theory or research?

a) Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark
b) Research, because that's the only way you can develop a theory
c) It depends on your point of view
d) The question is meaningless, because you can't have one without the other
3) We review the relevant literature to know:

a) What is already known about the topic
b) What concepts and theories have been applied to the topic
d) All of the above
4) A deductive theory is one that:

a) Allows theory to emerge out of the data
b) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
c) Allows for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
5) Which of the following is not a type of research question?

a) Predicting an outcome
b) Evaluating a phenomenon
c) Developing good practice
d) A hypothesis
6) What does 'sampling cases' mean?

a) Sampling using a sampling frame
b) Identifying people who are suitable for research
c) Literally, the researcher's brief-case
d) Sampling people, newspapers, television programmes etc
7) Which of the following is not a data-collection method?

a) Research questions
b) Unstructured interviewing
c) Postal survey questionnaires
d) Participant observation
8) Why is data analysis concerned with data reduction?

c) Because of the repetitions in answers to questionnaires
9) The core ingredients of a dissertation are:

a) Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations.
b) Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography.
c) Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References.
d) Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion.
10) Because of the number of things that can go wrong in research there is a need for:
a) Flexibility and perseverance
b) Sympathetic supervisors
c) An emergency source of finance
d) Wisdom to know the right time to quit
chapter 2: Social research strategies: quantitative research and qualitative research
11) What is a 'grand theory'?

a) One that was proposed by one of the major theorists in the sociological tradition
b) One that is highly abstract and makes broad generalizations about the social world
c) An intermediate level explanation of observed regularities
d) A particularly satisfactory theory that makes the researcher feel happy
12) What does an empiricist believe?

a) We should not apply natural science methods to social science research
b) It is the sociologist's aim to understand the meaning of social action
c) Knowledge, in the form of 'facts', should be gained through sensory experience
d) Research conducted within the British empire was biased and unreliable
13) An inductive theory is one that:

a) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
b) Does not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
c) Uses quantitative methods whenever possible
d) Allows theory to emerge out of the data
14) What is the epistemological position held by a positivist?

a) There is no substitute for an in-depth, hermeneutic understanding of society
b) Scientific research should be based on value-free, empirical observations
c) Events and discourses in the social world prevent us from having direct knowledge of the natural
order
d) It is important to remain optimistic about our research, even when things go wrong
15) The interpretivist view of the social sciences is that:

a) Their subject matter is fundamentally different to that of the natural sciences
b) We should aim to achieve the interpretive understanding of social action
c) It is important to study the way people make sense of their everyday worlds

d) All of the above
16) Which of the following is an ontological question?

a) Should I use questionnaires or interviews in my project?
b) What can (and should) be considered acceptable forms of knowledge?
c) How long is it since I last visited the dentist?
d) Do social entities have an objective reality, external to social actors?
17) The constructionist ontological position suggests that:

a) Social phenomena and their meanings are constantly being accomplished by social actors
b) Individuals are born into a world of rules and structures that they cannot change
c) Building and construction work presents an ideal opportunity to exercise the sociological imagination
d) Social facts and objects have an external reality, independently of the people who perceive them
18) The qualitative research strategy places a value on:

a) Using numbers, measurements and statistical techniques
b) Generating theories through inductive research about social meanings
c) Conducting research that is of a very high quality
d) All of the above
19) Which of the following is an example of value-free research?

a) Conscious partiality
b) Sympathy for the underdog
c) Unstructured interviewing
20) An important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is:
a) Which theoretical perspective you find most interesting
b) Whether or not you have time to retile the bathroom first
c) How much time and money you have to conduct the research
d) Which colour of ring binder to present your work in
chapter 3: Research designs
21) What is a research design?

a) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
b) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
c) The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
d) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data
22) If a study is "reliable", this means that:

a) It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted
b) The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions
c) The findings can be generalized to other social settings
d) The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated
23) "Internal validity" refers to:

a) Whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variables
b) Whether or not the findings are relevant to the participants' everyday lives
c) The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile project
d) How accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts
24) Lincoln & Guba (1985) propose that an alternative criterion for evaluating qualitative research
would be:
a) Impressiveness
b) Trustworthiness
c) Joyfulness
d) Messiness
25) Naturalism has been defined as:

a) Viewing natural and social objects as belonging to the same realm
b) Being true to the nature of the phenomenon under investigation
c) Minimising the intrusion of artificial methods of data collection into the field
d) All of the above
26) In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

a) The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed
b) The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
c) A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
d) An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined
27) What is a cross-sectional design?

a) A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes
b) One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
c) The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
d) A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time
28) Survey research is cross-sectional and therefore:

a) High in replicability but low in internal validity
b) High in internal validity but low in reliability
c) High in ecological validity but low in external validity
29) Panel and cohort designs differ, in that:

a) Cohort studies involve quantitative research, whereas panel studies are qualitative
b) A panel study does not need rules to handle new entrants to households
c) Only a cohort study will suffer from sample attrition
d) A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects, but a cohort design can only
detect ageing effects
30) Cross cultural studies are an example of:

a) Case study design
b) Comparative design
c) Experimental design
d) Longitudinal design

chapter 4: Planning a research project and formulating research questions
31) Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?
a) Whether an abstract should be included
b) The format for referencing
c) The word limit
d) All of the above
32) The role of a project supervisor is to:

a) Make sure you keep to your schedule and deadlines
b) Provide intellectual support, guidance and critical feedback
c) Negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf
d) Give you a reading list
33) You can manage your time and resources best, by:
a) Working out a timetable
b) Finding out what resources are readily available to you
c) Calculating a budget for likely expenditure
d) All of the above
34) What did Marx (1997) mean when he suggested that "intellectual puzzles and contradictions" can
be a possible source of research questions?
a) The researcher may feel that there is a contradiction in the literature, presenting a "puzzle" to be
solved
b) Students can develop their IQ levels by attempting to solve intellectual puzzles
c) Unless you can find a logical contradiction, you have no basis for conducting research
d) All of life is a puzzle, so any aspect of life can be researched
35) How can you tell if your research questions are really good?
a) If they guide your literature search
b) If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument
c) If they force you to narrow the scope of your research
d) All of the above
36) Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?

a) Your academic status and experience
b) The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic
c) Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them
d) All of the above
37) Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?
a) Your sample frame and sampling strategy
b) The ethical issues that might arise
c) Negotiating access to the setting
d) All of the above
38) Why is it helpful to keep a research diary or log book while you are conducting your project?
a) To give you something to do in the early stages of your research when nothing is happening

b) Because funding councils generally demand to see written evidence that you were working every
day during the period of the research
c) To keep a record of what you did and what happened throughout the research process
d) It can be added to your dissertation to ensure that you reach the required word limit
39) What can you do to ensure your physical safety during your research?
a) Be alert to the possibility of exposure to danger
b) Avoid interviewing alone in the respondent's residence
c) Make sure someone knows where you are and how you can contact them in an emergency
d) All of the above
40) What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?
a) Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation
b) Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use
c) Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee
d) All of the above
chapter 5: Getting started: reviewing the literature
41) Why do you need to review the existing literature?

a) To make sure you have a long list of references
b) Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
c) To find out what is already known about your area of interest
d) To help in your general studying
42) To read critically means:

a) Taking an opposing point of view to the ideas and opinions expressed
b) Skimming through the material because most of it is just padding
c) Evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions
d) Being negative about something before you read it
43) Which two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature review:
1. Constructing inter-textual coherence
2. Deconstruction of textual coherence
3. Problematizing the situation
4. Resolving discovered problems?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 2 and 4
44) A systematic literature review is:

a) One which starts in your own library, then goes to on-line databases and, finally, to the internet
b) A replicable, scientific and transparent process
c) One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area
d) A responsible, professional process of time-management for research

45) What is self-plagiarism?
a) When a person lifts material that they have previously written and pass it off as their own work
b) Taking about yourself too much
c) Using somebody else's work and passing it off as your own
d) An epistemological stance
46) What is the first stage of a systematic review?

a) Assess the relevance of each study to the research question(s)
b) Define the purpose and scope of the review
c) Appraise the quality of studies from the previous step
d) Survey all of the literature contained within a single library
47) What is a narrative literature review?

a) An historically-based review, starting with the earliest contributions to the field
b) A review based exclusively on stories about companies, in book and case-study form
c) A paraphrase style of reviewing which does not require referencing
d) An initial impression of the topic which you will understand more fully as you conduct your
research
48) When accessing the internet, which of these steps is the most essential?
a) Recording the full URL
b) Noting the access dates
c) Downloading material to be referenced
d) They are all equally important
49) According to the Harvard referencing convention, which is the correct reference?
a) Bryman, A. (2012, 4e) Social Research Methods, Oxford; Oxford University Press
b) Bryman (2012, fourth edition), Oxford University Press
c) Bryman, Alan, Social Research Methods (2012: OUP)
d) Bryman, A. Social Research Methods (2012)
50) Which of the following statements about plagiarism is most accurate?

a) It is so easy to "copy and paste" from the internet that everyone does it nowadays. If a proper
reference is given, where is the harm in that?
b) How can we say for sure where our own ideas come from exactly? If we tried to give a reference
for everything we could never hope to succeed.
c) Any suggestion that we have written what another actually wrote is morally wrong. Anyway, the
whole point of a literature review is to show what we have read and what we thought about it.
d) Plagiarism is such an awful crime that those found guilty should be obliged to wear a scarlet "P" on
their clothing.
chapter 6: Ethics and politics in social research
51) There is a tendency for debates about ethics in social research to focus on the most extreme cases of
ethical transgression. Why might this create a misleading impression?
a) Because these studies did not actually take place
b) Because it makes social researchers look like nasty, unscrupulous people

c) Because this implies that ethical concerns do not pervade all social research
d) Because most social research is in fact ethically sound and infallible
52) Which of the following ideas is not associated with the stance of situation ethics?
a) Anything goes
b) Principled relativism
c) The end justifies the means
d) No choice
53) Why is it argued that ethical transgression is pervasive in social research?

a) Because most researchers do not bother to follow a professional code of ethics
b) Because researchers rarely provide their participants with all the information they might want to
know about a project
c) Because it helps us to justify the more extreme forms of unethical conduct that we prefer to pursue
d) Because sociologists want to present themselves as inconsiderate and careless
54) Which of the following is a form of harm that might be suffered by research participants?
a) Physical injury
b) Stress and anxiety
c) Impaired development
d) All of the above
55) Why is it important that personal data about research participants are kept within secure, confidential
records?
a) So that the participants cannot find out what has been written about them
b) So that individuals, places or organizations cannot be harmed through identification or disclosure
of personal information
c) So that government officials, teachers and other people in authority can have easy access to the data
d) To enable the researcher to track down individuals and find out more about their lives
56) Which method is most commonly associated with a lack of informed consent?
a) In-depth interviewing
b) Qualitative content analysis
c) Covert observation
d) Structured interviewing
57) Why is it "easier said than done" to ensure that the principle of informed consent is adhered to?
a) It is not practicable to present every participant with all the information about the study
b) Sometimes it is desirable to withhold certain pieces of information, such as the length of time an
interview will take
c) If the participants knew exactly what the researcher was intending to study, they might change their
behaviour
d) All of the above
58) Apart from the fact that it is "not a nice thing to do" (p133), what is an important ethical disadvantage
of deceiving participants?
a) It can damage the professional reputation of the researcher and their discipline
b) It makes it more difficult to gain access to deviant or hidden populations

c) It means that records of personal data about the participants cannot be made anonymous
59) Which of the following factors does not add a political dimension to the research process?
a) The researcher's values, beliefs and prior assumptions
b) The response rate of a social survey
c) The vested interests of the funding body
d) A gatekeeper's concerns about representation
60) Whose side did Becker suggest the social researcher should take?
a) The underdog
b) The fat cat
c) The cash cow
d) The sitting duck
chapter 7: The nature of quantitative research
61) An operational definition is:
a) One that bears no relation to the underlying concept

b) An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept
c) A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures
d) One that refers to opera singers and their work
62) The importance of measurement in quantitative research is that:

a) It allows us to delineate fine differences between people or cases
b) It provides a consistent device or yardstick
c) It allows for precise estimates of the degree of relationship between concepts
d) All of the above
63) The difference between measures and indicators is that:

a) Measures are unambiguous quantities, whereas indicators are devised from common sense
understandings
b) Indicators have a more direct relationship to the underlying concept than measures
c) Measures are intuitively devised and then applied as if they were direct indicators of a concept
d) Indicators are unambiguous quantities, whereas measures are subjective and value-laden
64) The split-half method is used as a test of:

a) Stability
b) Internal reliability
c) Inter-observer consistency
d) External validity
65) Which of the following is not a form of measurement validity?

a) Concurrent validity
b) Face validity
c) Conductive validity
d) Convergent validity

66) Quantitative social researchers rarely claim to have established causality because:
a) They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests
b) They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for
c) They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated
d) They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations
67) One of the preoccupations of quantitative researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of:
a) External validity
b) Internal reliability
c) External reliability
d) Internal validity
68) Quantitative research has been criticised because:

a) The measurement process suggests a spurious and artificial sense of accuracy
b) The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological validity
c) It underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds
d) All of the above
69) The term 'reverse operationism' means that:

a) The theories we devise will often hinder our attempts to measure concepts
b) The measurements we devise can sometimes help to develop a theory
c) Techniques such as factor analysis have no place in social research
d) Driving instructors always make you practice the most difficult manoeuvre
70) Written accounts of quantitative research rarely include the results of reliability and validity tests
because:
a) Researchers are more interested in reporting their operational definitions
b) Researchers don't really think that these tests are important
c) Journal editors have banned these kinds of articles
d) Researchers are more interested in reporting their substantive findings
chapter 8 : Sampling in quantitative research
71) A sampling frame is:

a) A summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey
b) An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample
c) A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected
d) A wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers
72) A simple random sample is one in which:

a) From a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected
b) A non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize
c) The researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups
d) Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected
73) It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:

a) The population is widely dispersed geographically

b) You have limited time and money available for travelling
c) You want to use a probability sample in order to generalise the results
d) All of the above
74) The standard error is a statistical measure of:

a) The normal distribution of scores around the sample mean
b) The extent to which a sample mean is likely to differ from the population mean
c) The clustering of scores at each end of a survey scale
d) The degree to which a sample has been accurately stratified
75) What effect does increasing the sample size have upon the sampling error?
a) It reduces the sampling error
b) It increases the sampling error
c) It has no effect on the sampling error
76) Which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling?

a) Snowball sampling
b) Stratified random sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Convenience sampling
77) Snowball sampling can help the researcher to:

a) Access deviant or hidden populations
b) Theorise inductively in a qualitative study
c) Overcome the problem of not having an accessible sampling frame
d) All of the above
78) Which of the following is not a characteristic of quota sampling?

a) The researcher chooses who to approach and so might bias the sample
b) Those who are available to be surveyed in public places are unlikely to constitute a representative
sample
c) The random selection of units makes it possible to calculate the standard error
d) It is a relatively fast and cheap way of finding out about public opinions
79) The findings from a study of young single mothers at a university can be generalised to the
population of:
a) All young single mothers at that university
b) All young single mothers in that society
c) All single mothers in all universities
d) All young women in that university
80) The term 'data processing error' refers to:

a) Activities or events related to the sampling process, e.g. non-response
b) Faulty techniques of coding and managing data
c) Problems with the implementation of the research process
d) The unavoidable discrepancy between the sample and the population

chapter 9 : Structured interviewing
81) Why is it important for structured interviews to follow a standardized procedure?

a) To increase validity, as the interview can be adapted for each respondent
b) To increase reliability, because all respondents receive the same interview stimulus
c) To allow for an in-depth exploration of the topic
d) To make it easier for untrained interviewers to carry out complex surveys
82) Standardizing the interview schedule can reduce interviewer variation in terms of:
a) The way in which questions are phrased by the interviewer
b) The order in which questions are asked
c) The procedures used to code and analyse survey data
d) All of the above
83) Closed ended questions are those that:

a) Have a fixed range of possible answers
b) Prevent respondents from allocating themselves to a category
c) Encourage detailed, elaborate responses
d) Relate to the basic demographic characteristics of respondents
84) Which of the following is not a disadvantage of telephone interviewing?

a) Researchers do not have to spend so much time and money on travelling
b) Some people in the target population may not own a telephone
c) It can be difficult to build rapport over the telephone
d) Interviewers cannot use visual cues such as show cards
85) The acronym "CATI" stands for:

a) Camera-activated telescopic interviewing
b) Computer-assisted telephone interviewing
c) Corrective anti-terrorist interviewing
d) Critical analysis of telepathic interviewing
86) Which of the following might you include in an introductory letter to respondents?
a) An explanation of who you are and who is funding your research
b) An overview of what the research is about and how the data will be collected
c) A statement of their ethical rights to anonymity, confidentiality, etc.
d) All of the above
87) A filter question is one that:

a) Ensures that all respondents are asked every question on the schedule and in the same order
b) Leaves a space for respondents to write long and detailed answers
c) Helps the interviewer to avoid asking irrelevant questions by directing them elsewhere on the
schedule
d) Allows supervisors to distinguish between good and bad interviewers
88) Which of the following is not advised when planning the question order of a structured interview?
a) Be wary of asking an earlier question that alters the salience of later questions
b) Expect some variation in the order in which questions are asked

c) Leave questions about sensitive or embarrassing issues until later in the interview
d) Group the questions into logically organized sections
89) A show card is:

a) One that prevents respondents from expressing their opinions about a statement
b) One that encourages explicit discussion of sensitive or personal information
c) One that prompts respondents to choose from a range of possible answers
d) One that researchers must present when they compete at pony club events
90) The response set of "acquiescence" can be a problem in that:

a) Some people consistently agree or disagree with a set of questions or items
b) Respondents tend to give answers that they think are socially desirable
c) The structured interview is so conducive to reciprocity that male respondents find it hard to stop
talking
d) Researchers who wear very strong perfume will distract their respondents
chapter 10 : Self-administered questionnaires
91) Which of the following statements is correct?

a) Self-completion questionnaires are a type of postal survey
b) Postal surveys can include self-completion or email surveys
c) Self-completion questionnaires can include postal or email surveys
d) Email surveys are a type of postal questionnaire
92) One of the advantages of self-completion questionnaires over structured interviews is that:
a) They are quicker and cheaper to administer
b) They create interviewer effects
c) They have greater measurement validity
d) They are less prone to inter-coder variation
93) Which of the following is not a disadvantage of self-completion questionnaires compared to

structured interviews?
a) The respondent can read the whole questionnaire before answering the first question
b) The researcher cannot ask many closed-ended questions
c) The researcher cannot probe or prompt respondents for more detail
d) The respondent may not answer all questions, resulting in missing data
94) Which of the following steps can be taken to improve response rates to postal questionnaires?
a) Write a personalized covering letter to introduce the research
b) Enclose a stamped addressed envelope with a postal questionnaire
c) Send out polite reminder letters
d) All of the above
95) Why is it generally better to present fixed choice answers in vertical rather than horizontal form?
a) It takes up less space on the page
b) It encourages respondents to choose more than one answer
c) It allows questions to be spread over more than one page
d) It makes the layout of the questionnaire more clear and unambiguous

96) When using a Likert scale with a long list of items, it is usually better to:
a) Arrange the answers horizontally, in abbreviated form
b) List the answers vertically, for each consecutive item
c) Omit any instructions about how to select an answer
d) List all questions on one page and all answers on another
97) In order to identify response sets in a Likert scale, you could:

a) Pre-code all items consistently from 1-5
b) Reverse the scoring of pre-coded answers
c) Only include items about socially desirable behaviours
d) Include explicit instructions to respondents not to deceive you
98) Corti (1993) makes a distinction between two types of researcher-driven diary:
a) Valid and reliable diaries
b) Quantitative and qualitative diaries
c) Structured and free-text diaries
d) Open or closed answer diaries
99) The 'time-use' diary can provide quantitative data about:

a) The amount of time respondents spend on certain activities every day
b) The subjective meanings that concepts of 'time' have for different people
c) The way respondents make sense of their life stories in narrative form
d) The historical significance of clocks, watches and other devices for measuring time
100) One advantage of using diaries in quantitative research is that:

a) There is a reduced risk of attrition, as respondents tend to be highly motivated
b) They are likely to elicit data about sensitive issues or deviant activities
c) They highlight the thoughts, feelings and experiences that are unique to each respondent
chapter 11 : Asking questions
101) An open question is one that:

a) Allows respondents to answer in their own terms
b) Does not suggest or provide a limited range of responses
c) Can help to generate answers for closed questions
d) All of the above
102) In order to post-code answers to open questions, it is necessary to:

a) Count the frequency with which each answer has been given
b) Categorize unstructured material and assign a code number to each category
c) Identify the three most commonly cited responses and give them a code
d) Find out where each respondent lives and make a note of their postcode
103) Which of the following is not an advantage of using closed questions in a survey?
a) It reduces the risk of variability in the way answers are recorded
b) It makes answers easier to process and analyse

c) They prevent respondents from giving spontaneous, unexpected answers
d) Closed questions are quicker and easier for respondents to complete
104) Informant factual questions are those that:

a) Enquire about personal details such as age, income and occupation
b) Ask people about the characteristics of a social setting or entity that they know well
c) Seek to find out about people's attitudes and opinions on a range of topics
d) Try to identify the normative standards and values held by a social group
105) Which of the following is a general rule of thumb for designing questions?
a) Always bear in mind your research questions
b) Never ask a closed question
c) Always use vignettes rather than open questions
d) Use ambiguous terms to put respondents at ease
106) You should avoid using double-barrelled questions in a survey because:

a) They rely too much on a respondent's memory
b) They make the questions too long, so respondents lose interest
c) They are too abstract and general in scope
d) They confuse respondents by asking about two different things
107) Leading questions should also be avoided because:
a) They suggest ways of answering and so may bias the results
b) They create a mismatch between the question and its possible answers
c) They involve negative terms and unnecessary jargon
d) They ask about several different things at the same time
108) A vignette question is one that asks respondents to think about:

a) Family obligations to care for sick relatives
b) An intensely painful and sensitive issue in their personal life
c) A scenario involving imaginary characters in a realistic situation
d) Their favourite kind of salad dressing
109) The value of piloting a questionnaire is that it helps you to:

a) Test out your questions on some of the people who will be in the final sample
b) Identify and amend any problems in the question wording, order and format
c) Find out what a trained pilot would think of the subject matter
d) All of the above
110) The UK Data Archive is a useful resource for:

a) Studying the way questions have been successfully used in previous surveys
b) Stealing other people's questions without their permission
c) Learning more about your topic so that you can devise leading questions
d) Keeping your research questions in a safe place
chapter 12 : Structured observation
111) Which of the following is a problem associated with survey research?

a) The problem of objectivity

b) The problem of "going native"
c) The problem of omission
d) The problem of robustness
112) The key advantage of structured observation over survey research is that:
a) It does not rely on the researcher's ability to take notes
b) The researcher is immersed as a participant in the field they are studying
c) It does not impose any expectations of behaviour on the respondents
d) It allows you to observe people's behaviour directly
113) What is an observation schedule?

a) A set of explicit rules for assigning behaviour to categories
b) A timetable of days on which you plan to carry out your observation
c) A list of questions to ask your interviewees
d) A way of testing for measurement validity
114) LaPiere conducted a study of the way restaurant owners granted or refused access to a Chinese
couple. This is an example of observing behaviour in terms of:
a) Individuals
b) Incidents
c) Short time periods
d) Long time periods
115) It may not be possible to use a probability sample to observe behaviour in public places
because:
a) The findings of such studies are not intended to have external validity
b) It is not feasible to construct a sampling frame of interactions
c) It is difficult to gain access to such social settings
d) Researchers prefer not to use random samples whenever possible
116) Which of the following is not a type of sampling used in structured observation?
a) Focal sampling
b) Scan sampling
c) Emotional sampling
d) Behaviour sampling
117) Cohen's kappa is a measure of:

a) Inter-surveyor consistency
b) Intra-observer validity
c) Intra-coder validity
d) Inter-observer consistency
118) What is meant by the term "reactive effect"?

a) If people know they are being observed, they may change their behaviour
b) Research subjects may have a bad reaction to the drugs they are given
c) Researchers sometimes react to their informants' behaviour with horror
d) The categories on an observation schedule may not be mutually exclusive

119) What did Salancik mean by "field stimulations"?
a) Being immersed in the field can help to simulate the experience of your informants
b) Researchers can intervene in and manipulate a setting to observe the effects
c) Surveys conducted in the field are more effective than structured observation
d) Some researchers find their projects so stimulating that they have to lie down
120) One of the criticisms often levelled at structured observation is that:

a) It does not allow us to impose any framework on the social setting
b) It only generates a small amount of data
c) It is unethical to observe people without an observation schedule
d) It does not allow us to understand the intentions behind behaviour
chapter 13 : Content analysis
Question 1
Quantitative content analysis is an approach that aims to:
a) Objectively and systematically measure the content of a text
b) Reach an interpretive understanding of social action
c) Engage in a critical dialogue about ethical issues in research
d) Provide a feminist alternative to 'male-stream' quantitative methods
Question 2
Which of the following could be subjected to a textual content analysis?
a) Interview transcripts
b) Newspaper articles
c) Song lyrics
d) All of the above
Question 3
Why did Warde sample food magazines from four different months in the year?
a) Because there weren't enough food adverts in the first two magazines
b) To take into account any seasonal variation in the recipes included in the magazines
c) To find information from more than one form of mass media communication
d) Because he couldn't decide which of the recipes were the most appetizing
Question 4
Which of the following is not an example of a 'unit of analysis'?
a) Validity
b) significant actors
c) Words
d) subjects and themes
Question 5
Why might a researcher want to count the frequency of certain words in a text?
a) It increases the reliability of the coding measures
b) It is a good way of finding out about the journalist's favourite words
c) Emotive words can be used excessively to provoke a moral panic
d) It shows which words are most common in the English language
Question 6
The purpose of a coding manual is to:
a) Provide a form onto which the data can be entered
b) Provide researchers with instructions about how to code the data

c) List all the categories that have been omitted from the schedule
d) Test researchers' knowledge of statistics
Question 7
The data from each row in a coding schedule can be entered into a quantitative analysis computer
program called:
a) Endnote
b) N-Vivo
c) Outlook
d) SPSS
Question 8
One of the potential pitfalls in devising a coding scheme is that:
a) It can be difficult to obtain a random sample of newspapers
b) You might run out of photocopier paper
c) The categories may not be mutually exclusive
d) The unit of analysis is too clearly defined
Question 9
Which of the following is not an advantage of content analysis?
a) It allows us to observe otherwise inaccessible populations at first hand
b) It is a transparent and easily replicable technique
c) It allows us to track changes in media representations over time
d) It is a non-reactive method
Question 10
If coders differed in their interpretations of the categories in the schedule, this could negatively affect
the data's:
a) Internal generalisability
b) Intra-interviewer reliability
c) Construct validity
d) Inter-coder reliability
chapter 14 : Using existing data
Question 1
The term "secondary analysis" refers to the technique of:
a) Conducting a study of seconds, minutes and other measures of time
b) Analysing your own data in two different ways
c) Analysing existing data that has been collected by another person or organization
d) Working part time on a project alongside other responsibilities
Question 2
Why might secondary analysis be a particularly useful method for students?
a) It is relatively easy to do
b) It saves time and money
c) It does not require any knowledge of statistics
d) It only requires a half-hearted effort
Question 3
Which of the following is not an advantage of secondary analysis?
a) It immerses the researcher in the field they are studying
b) It tends to be based on high quality data
c) It provides an opportunity for longitudinal analysis

d) It allows you to study patterns and social trends over time
Question 4
The large samples used in national social surveys enable new researchers to:
a) Avoid using probability sampling
b) Identify any bias in the question wording
c) Evaluate the inter-coder reliability of the data
d) Conduct subgroup analysis
Question 5
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of using secondary analysis?
a) The researcher's lack of familiarity with the data
b) It is a relatively expensive and time consuming process
c) Hierarchical datasets can be very confusing
d) The researcher has no control over the quality of the data
Question 6
Which of the following provides official statistics that could be analysed as secondary data?
a) Local Government Survey (LGS)
b) Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS)
c) Dwelling and Furnishings Survey (DFS)
d) Rowing and Oars Survey (ROS)
Question 7
What is one of the advantages that official statistics have over structured interview data?
a) The researcher can conduct natural experiments in the field
b) They are completely objective and reliable
c) They have greater measurement validity
d) They allow the researcher to identify social trends over time
Question 8
Studying the official crime rate may provide unreliable data because:
a) Categories of criminal behaviour change over time
b) There is a "dark figure" of unreported and unrecorded crime
c) Police use their discretion to investigate some crimes and not others
d) All of the above
Question 9
What is the "ecological fallacy"?
a) The assumption that secondary data analysis can be carried out at home
b) The mistake of observing people in their natural setting
c) The error of making inferences about individual behaviour from aggregate data
d) The myth that it is easy to research environmentalist action groups
Question 10
Why has the secondary analysis of official statistics been seen as an "unobtrusive" method?
a) It increases the risk of "reactive effects" from participants
b) The researcher is removed from the social settings that they are investigating
c) The data were originally collected for the same purposes as those of the current researcher
d) They do not intrude too much into the researcher's spare time
chapter 15 : Quantitative data analysis
Question 1

What is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal variables?
a) The distance between categories is equal across the range of interval/ratio data
b) Ordinal data can be rank ordered, but interval/ratio data cannot
c) Interval/ratio variables contain only two categories
d) Ordinal variables have a fixed zero point, whereas interval/ratio variables do not
Question 2
What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram?
a) A histogram does not show the entire range of scores in a distribution
b) Bar charts are circular, whereas histograms are square
c) There are no gaps between the bars on a histogram
d) Bar charts represents numbers, whereas histograms represent percentages
Question 3
What is an outlier?
a) A type of variable that cannot be quantified
b) A score that is left out of the analysis because of missing data
c) An extreme value at either end of a distribution
Question 4
What is the function of a contingency table, in the context of bivariate analysis?
a) It shows the results you would expect to find by chance
b) It summarises the frequencies of two variables so that they can be compared
c) It lists the different levels of p value for tests of significance
d) It compares the results you might get from various statistical tests
Question 5
If there were a perfect positive correlation between two interval/ratio variables, the Pearson's r test
would give a correlation coefficient of:
a) - 0.328
b) +1
c) +0.328
d) - 1
Question 6
What is the name of the test that is used to assess the relationship between two ordinal variables?
a) Spearman's rho
b) Phi
c) Cramer's V
d) Chi square
Question 7
When might it be appropriate to conduct a multivariate analysis test?
a) If the relationship between two variables might be spurious
b) If there could be an intervening variable
c) If a third variable might be moderating the relationship
d) All of the above
Question 8
What is meant by a "spurious" relationship between two variables?
a) One that is so ridiculously illogical it cannot possibly be true
b) An apparent relationship that is so curious it demands further attention
c) A relationship that appears to be true because each variable is related to a third one
d) One that produces a perfect negative correlation on a scatter diagram
Question 9

A test of statistical significance indicates how confident the researcher is about:
a) The inter-coder reliability of their structured interview schedule
b) Passing their driving test
c) Understanding the difference between bivariate and multivariate analysis
d) Generalizing their findings from the sample to the population
Question 10
Setting the p level at 0.01 increases the chances of making a:
a) Type I error
b) Type II error
c) Type III error
d) All of the above
chapter 16 : Using IBM SPSS statistics
Question 1
What is the advantage of using SPSS over calculating statistics by hand?
a) This is how most quantitative data analysis is done in "real research" nowadays
b) It reduces the chance of making errors in your calculations
c) It equips you with a useful transferable skill
d) All of the above
Question 2
In SPSS, what is the "Data Viewer"?
a) A table summarizing the frequencies of data for one variable
b) A spreadsheet into which data can be entered
c) A dialog box that allows you to choose a statistical test
d) A screen in which variables can be defined and labeled
Question 3
How is a variable name different from a variable label?
a) It is shorter and less detailed
b) It is longer and more detailed
c) It is abstract and unspecific
d) It refers to codes rather than variables
Question 4
What does the operation "Recode Into Different Variables" do to the data?
a) Replaces missing data with some random scores
b) Reverses the position of the independent and dependent variable on a graph
c) Redistributes a range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable
d) Represents the data in the form of a pie chart
Question 5
How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table?
a) Open the Output Viewer and click: Save As; Pie Chart
b) Click on: Analyze; Descriptive Statistics; Frequencies
c) Click on: Graphs; Frequencies; Pearson
d) Open the Variable Viewer and recode the value labels
Question 6
Why might you tell SPSS to represent the "slices" of a pie chart in different patterns?
a) Because the program tends to crash if you ask it to use colour
b) Because the patterns form symbolic visual images of different social groups

c) In order to make full use of the facilities that SPSS can offer
d) If you do not have a colour printer, it makes the differences between the slices clearer
Question 7
When cross-tabulating two variables, it is conventional to:
a) Represent the independent variable in rows and the dependent variable in columns
b) Assign both the dependent and independent variables to columns
c) Represent the dependent variable in rows and the independent variable in columns
d) Assign both the dependent and independent variables to rows
Question 8
In which sub-dialog box can the Chi Square test be found?
a) Frequencies: Percentages
b) Crosstabs: Statistics
c) Bivariate: Pearson
d) Gender: Female
Question 9
To generate a Spearman's rho test, which set of instructions should you give SPSS?
a) Analyze; Crosstabs; Descriptive Statistics; Spearman; OK
b) Graphs; Frequencies; [select variables]; Spearman; OK
c) Analyze; Compare Means; Anova table; First layer; Spearman; OK
d) Analyze; Correlate; Bivariate; [select variables]; Spearman; OK
Question 10
How would you print a bar chart that you have just produced in SPSS?
a) In Output Viewer, click File, Print, select the bar chart and click OK
b) In Variable Viewer, open bar chart, click File, Print, OK
c) In Chart Editor, click Descriptive Statistics, Print, OK
d) In Data Editor, open Graphs dialog box, click Save, OK
chapter 17 : The nature of qualitative research
Question 1
Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative research?
a) Self-completion questionnaires
b) Surveys
c) Ethnography
d) Structured observation
Question 2
What is meant by the term "grounded theory"?
a) Theories should be tested by rigorous scientific experiments
b) As a social researcher, it is important to keep your feet on the ground
c) Theories should be grounded in political values and biases
d) Theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge from the data
Question 3
A sensitizing concept is one that:
a) Provides general guidance for more flexible research
b) Imposes a predetermined theoretical model on the social world
c) Helps the researcher to investigate sensitive issues
d) Allows the researcher to measure very small changes in a variable
Question 4

Which of the following is not a component of Guba & Lincoln's criterion, "trustworthiness"?
a) Transferability
b) Measurability
c) Dependability
d) Credibility
Question 5
Respondent validation is the process by which:
a) The validity of an interview schedule can be measured
b) Researchers ask their participants to comment on an account of the findings
c) The problem of low response rates to a survey can be overcome
d) Participants collaborate with the researcher to design the research
Question 6
Why do qualitative researchers like to give detailed descriptions of social settings?
a) To provide a contextual understanding of social behaviour
b) Because once they have left the field, it is difficult to remember what happened
c) So that they can compare their observations as a test of reliability
d) Because they do not believe in going beyond the level of description
Question 7
The flexibility and limited structure of qualitative research designs is an advantage because:
a) The researcher does not impose any predetermined formats on the social world
b) It allows for unexpected results to emerge from the data
c) The researcher can adapt their theories and methods as the project unfolds
d) All of the above
Question 8
Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?
a) The studies are difficult to replicate
b) There is a lack of transparency
c) The approach is too rigid and inflexible
d) The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic
Question 9
Which of the following is not a contrast between quantitative and qualitative research?
a) Distance vs. proximity of researcher to participants
b) Generalization vs. contextual understanding
c) Hard, reliable data vs. rich, deep data
d) Interpretivist vs. feminist
Question 10
Why has qualitative research been seen to have an affinity with feminism?
a) It allows women's voices to be heard, rather than objectifying and exploiting them
b) It has always been carried out by female sociologists
c) It allows the researcher to control variables and suppress women's voices
d) It claims to be value free and non-political
chapter 18 : Sampling in qualitative research
Question 1
Probability sampling is rarely used in qualitative research because:
a) Qualitative researchers are not trained in statistics
b) It is very old-fashioned

c) It is often not feasible
d) Research questions are more important than sampling
Question 2
The two levels of sampling used by Savage et al. (2005) for the Manchester study were:
a) Random and purposive
b) Convenience and snowball
c) Statistical and non-statistical
d) Contexts and participants
Question 3
Which of the following is not a type of purposive sampling?
a) Probability sampling
b) Deviant case sampling
c) Theoretical sampling
d) Snowball sampling
Question 4
What is involved in "purposive sampling" for grounded theory?
a) Using a random numbers table to select a representative sample of people
b) Strategically selecting respondents who are likely to provide relevant data
c) Deciding on a sampling strategy early on and pursuing it relentlessly
d) Sampling units of time rather than individual persons
Question 5
What is meant by the term "theoretical saturation"?
a) Deciding on a theory and then testing it repeatedly
b) The point at which a concept is so well developed that no further data collection is necessary
c) The problem of having used too many theories in one's data analysis
d) A state of frustration caused by having used every possible statistical test without finding any
significant results
Question 6
Generic purposive sampling can be characterized as being:
a) Fixed and a priori
b) Fixed and ad-hoc
c) Contingent and post-hoc
d) Contingent and ad infinitum
Question 7
The minimum sample size for qualitative interviewing is:
a) 30
b) 31
c) 60
d) It's hard to say
Question 8
Why is an ethnographic study unlikely to use a probability sample?
a) Because the aim of understanding is more important than that of generalization
b) Because the researcher cannot control who is willing to talk to them
c) Because it is difficult to identify a sampling frame
d) All of the above
Question 9
Apart from people, what else can purposive sampling be used for?
a) Documents

b) Timing of events
c) Context
d) All of the above
Question 10
What can be generalized from a purposive sample?
a) That the findings are true for broadly similar cases
b) That the findings are true for the entire population
c) That the opposite is true for people who are the opposite of those in the sample
d) That purposive sampling is better than probability sampling
chapter 19 : Ethnography and participant observation
Question 1
Which of the following is a component of ethnographic research?
a) Being immersed in a social group or setting
b) Participant observation, interviews, and/or documentary analysis
c) A written account of an ethnographic study
d) All of the above
Question 2
What is one of the main disadvantages of using the covert role in ethnography?
a) It can be hard to gain access to the social group
b) It is difficult to take notes without arousing suspicion
c) The problem of reactivity: people may change their behaviour if they know they are being observed
d) It is usually too time consuming and expensive to be a realistic option
Question 3
Which of the following will not help you to negotiate access to a closed/non-public setting?
a) Gaining the support of a "sponsor" within the organization
b) Obtaining clearance from a "gatekeeper" or senior member of the group
c) Joining in with the group's activities without introducing yourself
d) Offering something in return, e.g. a report of the findings
Question 4
What is a key informant?
a) A group member who helps the ethnographer gain access to relevant people/events
b) A senior level member of the organisation who refuses to allow researchers into it
c) A participant who appears to be helpful but then blows the researcher's cover
d) Someone who cuts keys to help the ethnographer gain access to a building
Question 5
What is the name of the role adopted by an ethnographer who joins in with the group's activities but
admits to being a researcher?
a) Complete participant
b) Participant-as-observer
c) Observer-as-participant
d) Complete observer
Question 6
What is meant by the term "going native"?
a) Doing ethnography as a participant observer
b) Accepting a job in an organization previously studied by the ethnographer
c) Trying to learn to speak a foreign language as well as a native speaker

d) Over identifying with the group and losing research perspective
Question 7
Is it okay to break the law in order to maintain a "cover"?
a) Yes, provided it is not very serious
b) No, never under any circumstances
c) Yes, because otherwise data on criminal activity would never come to light
d) Yes, provided it doesn't cause physical harm to someone
Question 8
What is the difference between "scratch notes" and "full field notes"?
a) Scratch notes are just key words and phrases, rather than lengthy descriptions
b) Full field notes are quicker and easier to write than scratch notes
c) Scratch notes are written at the end of the day rather than during key events
d) Full field notes do not involve the researcher scratching their head while thinking
Question 9
Why does Stacey argue against the idea of a feminist ethnography?
a) Because it creates a non-exploitative relationship between the researcher and the researched
b) Because she fundamentally disagrees with all feminist principles
c) Because she thinks that the fieldwork relationship is inherently unequal
d) Because she does not think that ethnography is a useful research method
Question 10
What are the two main types of data that can be used in visual ethnography?
a) Positivist and interpretivist
b) Qualitative and quantitative
c) Nominal and ordinal
d) Extant and research-driven
chapter 20 : Interviewing in qualitative research
Question 1
Which of the following makes qualitative interviewing distinct from structured interviewing?
a) The procedure is less standardized
b) "Rambling" off the topic is not a problem
c) The researcher seeks rich, detailed answers
d) All of the above
Question 2
Which of the following is not a type of qualitative interview?
a) Unstructured interview
b) Oral history interview
c) Structured interview
d) Focus group interview
Question 3
Why is it helpful to prepare an interview guide before conducting semi-structured interviews?
a) So that the data from different interviewees will be comparable and relevant to your research
questions
b) So that you can calculate the statistical significance of the results
c) In order to allow participants complete control over the topics they discuss
d) To make the sample more representative
Question 4

Which of the following is not one of Kvale's ten criteria of the good interviewer?
a) Passive
b) Knowledgeable
c) Sensitive
d) Interpreting
Question 5
What is a "probing question"?
a) One that inquires about a sensitive or deeply personal issue
b) One that encourages the interviewee to say more about a topic
c) One that asks indirectly about people's opinions
d) One that moves the conversation on to another topic
Question 6
What can you do to reduce the time consuming nature of transcribing interviews?
a) Use a transcribing machine
b) Employ someone to transcribe for you
c) Transcribe only selected parts of the interviews
d) All of the above
Question 7
Which of the following is not a type of life story?
a) Naturalistic life stories
b) Researched life stories
c) True life stories
d) Reflexive and recursive life stories
Question 8
How does Oakley suggest that qualitative interviewing should be used as an explicitly feminist
research method?
a) By creating a more equal relationship between interviewer and interviewee
b) By invading the privacy of women and treating them as objects
c) By imposing academic interpretations upon women's accounts of the world
Question 9
Which of the following is an advantage of qualitative interviewing relative to participant observation?
a) It allows you to find out about issues that are resistant to observation
b) It is more biased and value-laden
c) It is more likely to create reactive effects
Question 10
Which of the following is a disadvantage of qualitative interviewing relative to participant
observation?
a) It has a more specific focus
b) It is more ethically dubious, in terms of obtaining informed consent
c) It may not provide access to deviant or hidden activities
d) It does not allow participants to reconstruct their life events
chapter 21 : Focus groups
Question 1
What is the main difference between a focus group and a group interview?

a) Group interviews involve fewer participants
b) Focus groups are used to study the way people discuss a specific topic
c) There is no moderator present in a focus group
d) Focus groups save more time and money
Question 2
How have focus groups been used in media and cultural studies?
a) To plan champagne receptions
b) To investigate birth and conception
c) To explore audience reception
d) To measure TV reception
Question 3
Why is it particularly difficult to get an accurate record and transcript of a focus group session?
a) Because the researcher often forgets to take notes
b) Because focus groups are transcribed several years after they are conducted
c) Because you cannot use a tape recorder in a focus group
d) Because there are so many different voices to follow
Question 4
When might it be useful to conduct a relatively large number of focus groups?
a) When participants' views are likely to be affected by socio-demographic factors
b) When you want to capture as much diversity in perspectives as possible
c) When there are lots of willing volunteers who meet the relevant criteria
d) All of the above
Question 5
What is the role of the moderator in a focus group?
a) To stimulate discussion and keep the conversation on track
b) To ask leading questions and dominate the discussion
c) To sit away from the group and observe their behaviour
d) To evaluate the group's performance on a particular task
Question 6
What are "natural groups" in the context of focus group research?
a) Groups of strangers selected from a particular location
b) Random samples of participants from the general population
c) Groups of participants who already know each other
d) Groups of non-human animals studied in their natural environment
Question 7
What should the moderator say in their introductory remarks?
a) Thank you to the participants for coming
b) Who they are and what the research is about
c) How the focus group will proceed
d) All of the above
Question 8
What are the two main forms of group interaction that Kitzinger identifies in focus group sessions?
a) Altruistic and aggressive
b) Complementary and argumentative
c) Conventional and alternative
d) Passive and assertive
Question 9

Why have feminists argued that focus groups successfully avoid "decontextualizing" their
participants?
a) Because they study the individual as part of a social context
b) Because they tend to be carried out by female researchers
c) Because moderating a focus group demands great technical knowledge
d) Because the data tends to be analysed using post-structuralist theories
Question 10
Which of the following is not a limitation of the focus group method?
a) The researcher has little control over how the discussion proceeds
b) It reveals the way social meanings are jointly constructed
c) It produces a large volume of data that can be difficult to analyse
d) People in groups tend to agree and express socially desirable views
chapter 22 Language in qualitative research
Question 1
Conversation Analysis (CA) and Discourse Analysis (DA) differ from other qualitative research
methods in that they treat language as:
a) A method rather than a theory
b) A resource rather than a topic
c) A theory rather than a method
d) A topic rather than a resource
Question 2
In CA, the term "indexicality" means that:
a) The meaning of an utterance depends on the context in which it is used
b) Speech acts can be listed and indexed after transcription
c) Words are constitutive of the social world in which they are located
d) People tend to wave their index finger in the air while speaking
Question 3
Which of the following is not one of the basic assumptions of CA?
a) Talk is structured
b) Talk is forged contextually
c) Talk can be measured and predicted
d) Analysis is grounded in data
Question 4
In a CA transcript, what does the symbol "(.)" stand for?
a) Intake of breath
b) Prolonged sound
c) Emphasis on the next word
d) Slight pause
Question 5
What is meant by the term "adjacency pair" in CA?
a) An interviewer and interviewee sitting next to each other
b) Two linked phases of conversation
c) Two similar questions asked in rapid succession
d) A mechanism used to repair an embarrassing mistake
Question 6

What have conversation analysts found that people generally do to "repair" the damage caused by a
"dispreferred response"?
a) Provide justifications for their action
b) Correct themselves and give the preferred response
c) Brazen it out and pretend they don't care
d) Run away in a panic
Question 7
What do discourse analysts study?
a) Forms of communication other than talk
b) The way discourses "frame" our understanding of the social world
c) The rhetorical styles used in written and oral communication
d) All of the above
Question 8
What is meant by the term "ethnographic particulars"?
a) Specific people who are involved as key informants in an ethnography
b) A participant observation schedule that is used in qualitative research
c) Factors outside the immediate context of an interaction
d) The "here-and-now" context of situated talk
Question 9
Potter & Wetherell use the term "interpretative repertoires" to refer to:
a) The process of making non-factual data appear to be factual
b) The general resources people use to perform discursive acts
c) The frames of reference audiences use to hear messages
d) The stock of academic knowledge people draw upon in sociology
Question 10
The anti-realist inclination of many DA researchers is controversial because it leads them to assert
that:
a) There is no pre-existing material reality that constrains individual action
b) Social structures determine the way individuals use language
c) The technique is incompatible with feminist principles
d) Quantitative research is inherently superior to qualitative research
chapter 23 Documents as sources of data
Question 1
What are Scott's four criteria for assessing the quality of documents?
a) Credibility, reliability, accuracy, meaning
b) Comprehensiveness, accuracy, value, rigour
c) Authenticity, credibility, representativeness, meaning
d) Objectivity, subjectivity, authenticity, value
Question 2
Why is it necessary to consider the authenticity of personal documents? Select all that apply.
a) Because they have been seen by other people
b) Because they might have been "ghost written" or heavily edited by other authors
c) Because they might not reflect the true feelings of the writer
d) Because documents can never be trusted
Question 3
Why might a collection of personal letters from the nineteenth century be low in representativeness?

a) Because it would be difficult to read old-fashioned styles of handwriting
b) Because it can be hard for a modern day researcher to understand such materials
c) Because they might have been forged by an unscrupulous dealer
d) Because at that time literacy was mainly limited to middle class males
Question 4
Why might social researchers be interested in analysing photographs as a form of visual data?
a) To find out more about fashion, artifacts and everyday life in a particular social setting
b) To study the way photographs present idealized depictions of family life
c) To help them to see what has not been photographed and why
d) All of the above
Question 5
Which of the following is not an example of an official document?
a) A report of a public inquiry into a disaster
b) A PhD student's collection of interview transcripts
c) Documentation from a pharmaceutical company about a new drug
d) A leaked memo from one member of parliament to another
Question 6
Which of the following can be studied as a documentary source from the mass media?
a) The minutes of a parish council meeting
b) Personal letters between a mother and her daughter
c) Newspaper articles about a particular issue or event
d) The staff newsletter produced by a private company
Question 7
Why can it be difficult to establish the authenticity of virtual data?
a) Because we do not know who wrote the material on a web site
b) Because virtual data are not as good as actual data
c) Because it may require specialist "inside knowledge" to understand the text
d) Because it is usually presented in the form of visual images
Question 8
Why is it important to study the way audiences "read" cultural documents?
a) To demonstrate how audiences passively accept whatever they are told
b) Because their interpretation of it may differ from that intended by the author
c) Because sociologists are running out of new things to research
d) Because there is a lot of funding available for focus group studies
Question 9
How does qualitative content analysis differ from quantitative content analysis?
a) It is always preceded by ethnographic research
b) It involves counting the number of times certain words appear in a text
c) It is less rigid, as researchers are constantly revising their concepts
d) It is less likely to be used by feminist researchers
Question 10
What is semiotics?
a) The study of semi-detached houses
b) A half-baked attempt at social research
c) The method of semi-structured interviewing
d) The science of signs

chapter 24 Qualitative data analysis
Question 1
In analytic induction, what happens if the researcher finds a deviant case?
a) They ignore it and carry on
b) They must either redefine or reformulate the hypothesis
c) They conduct a parametric statistical test
d) They give up and decide to be quantitative researchers instead
Question 2
Which of the following is not a tool of grounded theory?
a) Theoretical sampling
b) Coding
c) External validity
d) Constant comparison
Question 3
What do Strauss & Corbin mean by "open coding"?
a) Breaking data down and examining it to identify themes and concepts
b) Coding without the intention of building a theory
c) Drawing open brackets alongside key words and phrases
d) Telling everybody about the way you have coded the data
Question 4
What is a "substantive theory" in Strauss & Corbin's view?
a) One that operates at the highest level of abstraction
b) One that is highly controversial and provokes a critical response
c) One that relates to an empirical instance or substantive topic area
d) One that is amenable to statistical analysis
Question 5
What are memos?
a) Notes that researchers write to themselves
b) Reminders of what is meant by key terms or phrases
c) Building blocks for theorizing
d) All of the above
Question 6
Why should you start coding your data as soon as possible?
a) To sharpen your focus and help with theoretical sampling
b) Because researchers always run out of time at the end of a project
c) Because it is the easiest task to do
d) To make sure that your initial theoretical ideas are imposed on the data
Question 7
Why are Coffey & Atkinson critical of the way coding fragments qualitative data?
a) Because this is incompatible with the principles of feminist research
b) Because it results in a loss of context and narrative flow
c) Because they think it should fragment quantitative data instead
d) Because they invented the life history interview and want to promote it
Question 8
What do advocates of narrative analysis prefer to study?
a) The extent to which analytic induction can be value-free
b) The iterative process of grounded
c) The ethical implications of conducting a secondary analysis of qualitative data

d) The ways in which people use stories to make sense of events in their lives
Question 9
What is narrative analysis?
a) A literary approach to documents
b) An approach that is sensitive to questions that concern how people choose to sequence and
represent people and events
c) A form of thematic analysis
d) A method of improving the quality of interview material
Question 10
What is one of the main ethical problems associated with conducting a secondary analysis of
qualitative data?
a) The participants may not have given informed consent to the reuse of their data
b) It involves deceiving respondents about the nature of the research
c) The secondary analyst must adopt a covert role and is at risk of "going native"
d) Respondents are likely to experience physical harm as a result of the process
chapter 25 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo
Question 1
What does the acronym "CAQDAS" stand for?
a) Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software
b) Complicated Analytical Questions Deserving Answers Soon
c) Constant Aggravation Queried Directly And Swiftly
d) Content Analysis Quantification: Durkheim And Statistics
Question 2
How is CAQDAS different from quantitative data analysis software?
a) It only works on Apple Mac computers
b) It requires detailed knowledge of statistics
c) There is no industry leader
d) The programs do the analysis for you
Question 3
Which of the following is not a criticism of the use of CAQDAS in social research?
a) It reinforces the idea that code-and-retrieve is the only way to conduct qualitative analysis
b) It results in the fragmentation of data and a loss of narrative flow
c) It may not be suitable for focus group data
d) It is not very fast or efficient at retrieving sections of data
Question 4
Which of the following is not an advantage of using CAQDAS in social research?
a) It makes the process of qualitative data analysis more transparent
b) It is faster and efficient than analyzing by hand
c) It involves learning skills that are specific to each program
d) It helps you to map out the relations between ideas and themes in the data
Question 5
Which file format is best for importing your project documents into NVivo?
a) Only .nvi
b) Any format, including .exe
c) Only .html or .htm
d) .doc or .docx

Question 6
In which window can you read through, edit and code your documents?
a) Document Viewer
b) Node Explorer
c) Project Pad
d) Welcome Screen
Question 7
What are the two types of node used in NVivo?
a) Creative and non-creative
b) Blocked nodes and running nodes
c) Formatted and unformatted
d) Hierarchical and non-hierarchical
Question 8
You code your data in NVivo by:
a) Applying nodes to segments of text
b) Using a pre-set coding frame
c) Entering the data case by case as "variables"
d) Changing the spelling of certain words to disguise their real meaning
Question 9
Which of the following is a kind of search that can be carried out in NVivo?
a) Single node search
b) Intersection search
c) Specific text search
d) All of the above
Question 10
Which is the correct sequence for creating a memo in NVivo?
a) Sources, Memos, Create, Memo
b) Nodes, New type, Memo to self
c) Sources, Documents, Browse, Import Memo
d) It is not possible to create memos in Nvivo
chapter 26 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide
Question 1
The natural sciences have often been characterized as being positivist in epistemological orientation.
Which of the following has been proposed as an alternative account?
a) Marxism
b) Subjectivism
c) Interpretivism
d) Realism
Question 2
How is it argued that qualitative research can have "empiricist overtones"?
a) Semi-structured interview schedules are used to quantify behaviour
b) There is an emphasis on direct observation of people and social settings
c) Qualitative researchers prefer to conduct statistical analyses of their data
d) It typically involves testing a clearly defined hypothesis
Question 3
Why might we say that quantitative researchers also try to study social meanings?

a) Because the method they use most is the in-depth interview
b) Because their written reports usually refer to an interpretivist epistemology
c) Because surveys and questionnaires are used to examine attitudes and opinions
d) Because they observe human behaviour in a laboratory
Question 4
Why does Bryman argue that research methods can be seen as relatively "free-floating" or
autonomous?
a) Because researchers often change their minds about which method to use
b) Because most qualitative researchers are Hippies who believe in free love
c) Because there is no longer any meaningful distinction between quantitative and qualitative research
d) Because there is no inevitable connection between a researcher's choice of method and their
epistemological/ ontological beliefs
Question 5
Which of the following is not one of the contrasts that has been made to distinguish between
quantitative and qualitative research?
a) Behaviour versus meaning
b) Numbers versus words
c) Traditional versus modern
d) Artificial versus natural
Question 6
What does the term "quasi-quantification" refer to?
a) The use of words like "many", "some" or "often" in qualitative research
b) A poor attempt at statistical analysis
c) The use of a survey instrument that has not been tested for inter-coder reliability
d) The way scientists talk about their data in numerical terms to enhance the credibility of their
findings
Question 7
Why is it argued that qualitative research may not really be "naturalistic"?
a) Because participant observation has to be overt and so causes reactivity effects
b) Because methods such as interviews and focus groups constitute artificial social settings
c) Because quantitative methods such as structured observation tend to take place in more naturalistic
environments
d) Because it is concerned with the social world rather than the natural world
Question 8
What is "ethnostatistics"?
a) The study of the way statistics are constructed, interpreted and represented
b) The study of the way ethnic minorities are represented in official statistics
c) A new computer program designed to help lay people understand statistics
d) An interpretivist approach made famous by the work of Garfinkel (1967)
Question 9
In what way does the thematic analysis of interview data suggest quantification?
a) It demands the use of computer programs like SPSS
b) It is based on numbers rather than text
c) It involves establishing the frequency of particular words, phrases or themes
d) It is usually followed by a stage of rigorous statistical testing
Question 10
How does quantification help the qualitative researcher avoid being accused of anecdotalism?

a) By allowing them to focus on extreme examples in the data and ignore the rest
b) By providing a structure to an otherwise unstructured dataset
c) By making it more likely that official statistics will be included in their report
d) By providing some idea of the prevalence of an unusual or striking response
chapter 27 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative and qualitative research
Question 1
What is the name of one of the arguments that suggests that research methods are inextricably linked
to epistemological commitments?
a) Triangulation argument
b) Postmodern argument
c) Embedded methods argument
d) Positivist argument
Question 2
Which version of the debate about multi-strategy research suggests that quantitative and qualitative
research is compatible?
a) Technical version
b) Methodological version
c) Epistemological version
d) Feminist version
Question 3
What is triangulation?
a) Using three quantitative or three qualitative methods in a project
b) Cross-checking the results found by different research strategies
c) Allowing theoretical concepts to emerge from the data
d) Drawing a triangular diagram to represent the relations between three concepts
Question 4
How might qualitative research facilitate quantitative research?
a) By providing hypotheses that can later be tested
b) By helping with the design of survey questions
c) By informing the schedule of a structured interview
d) All of the above
Question 5
How might quantitative research facilitate qualitative research?
a) By identifying specific groups of people to be interviewed
b) By showing the frequency of different responses to a survey item
c) By imposing a rigorous positivist framework on it
d) By combining laboratory experiments with structured observation
Question 6
Whereas quantitative research tends to bring out a static picture of social life, qualitative research
depicts it as
a) Symmetrical
b) Statistical
c) Processual
d) Proverbial
Question 7

How might qualitative research help with the analysis of quantitative data?
a) By identifying a sample of respondents for a follow-up study
b) By providing hard, statistical data about them
c) By making the research more value-laden and subjective
d) By helping to explain the relationship between two variables
Question 8
How can multi-strategy research help us to study different aspects of a phenomenon?
a) By reducing the standard deviation of scores around the mean
b) By allowing the researcher to interview first women, and then men
c) By revealing both the macro and the micro level
d) By making it unnecessary to have more than one stage in the research process
Question 9
When might unplanned multi-stage research be described as a "salvage operation"?
a) When the researcher abandons their original strategy and starts all over again
b) When the second research strategy is used to explain unexpected or puzzling results
c) When there is a paradigm shift from quantitative to qualitative research
d) When it is ethically unsound to use only one research strategy
Question 10
Which of the following is not a feature of multi-strategy research?
a) It is inherently superior to mono-strategy research
b) It must be competently designed and conducted
c) It must be appropriate to the research questions
d) The skills of all researchers must be well integrated
chapter 28 Writing up social research
Question 1
What is rhetoric?
a) The type of rapport that is usually established in in-depth interviews
b) An ancient form of poetry
c) A technique used to assess the external reliability of a data source
d) The attempt to persuade or convince an audience, often through writing
Question 2
The introductory section of a research report should aim to:
a) Identify the specific focus of the study
b) Provide a rationale for the dissertation, or article
c) Grab the reader's attention
d) All of the above
Question 3
What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
a) It explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured
b) It contains a useful review of the relevant literature
c) It outlines the methodological procedures that were employed
d) It summarizes the key findings in relation to the research questions
Question 4
Why does Bryman praise the theory section in the Kelley and De Graaf (1997) article?
a) Because he made a personal contribution to that section
b) Because the research questions are spelled out very specifically

c) Because it covers all theories known at that time
d) Because the language is very poetic
Question 5
Which qualitative research method was used by Jones et al (2010)?
a) Structured interviewing
b) Focus groups
c) Semi-structured interviewing
d) CAQDAS
Question 6
Which of the following is not normally included in a written account of qualitative research?
a) An introduction, locating the research in its theoretical context
b) An explanation of the design of the study
c) A discussion of the main findings in relation to the research questions
d) A decision to accept or reject the hypothesis
Question 7
Which sequence do Creswell and Plano Clark (2011) recommend for an article writing up mixed-
methods research?
a) Introduction; Methods; Results; Discussion.
b) Introduction; Literature Review; Data; Conclusions.
c) Introduction; Background; Methods; Findings; Discussion; Conclusion.
d) Introduction; Theory; Data; Measurement; Methods and models; Results; Conclusion.
Question 8
The mixed methods used by Poortinga et al (2004) were:
a) Structured and unstructured interviews
b) A questionnaire survey and focus groups
c) Traditional ethnography and structured observation
d) CATI and CAPI
Question 9
In mixed-methods research, quantitative and qualitative findings should be:
a) Integrated
b) Contained in separate sections
c) Listed in order of importance
d) Shown fully in appendices
Question 10
Before submitting your dissertation, you should ensure that:
a) Your writing is free of sexist, racist and disablist language
b) Other people have read your final draft
c) You have proofread it thoroughly
d) All of the above

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MOCK TEST

1. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?

Ngo Thuan Anh.2021 1

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Sig. 95% Confidence

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Overall best features identified by English and

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PART A (2 marks): Multiple choice

6. Random sampling is helpful as it is __________.

8. What is a research design?

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10. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

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5. Williams, J. (1995). Focus on form in communicative language teaching: research findings

Ngo Thuan Anh.2021 9

Levene’s Test for Equality

Sig. Mean Std. Error

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2) How much confidence should we place in a single research study?

5) ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.

Ngo Thuan Anh.2021 15

8) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory or explanation?

9) Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science?

13) Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?

14) Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?

Ngo Thuan Anh.2021 16

17) Which of the following statements is true of a theory?

18) Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

Ngo Thuan Anh.2021 17

23) What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?

25)What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

28) Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

29) Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

Ngo Thuan Anh.2021 18

2. The essential qualities of a researcher are

3. “Controlled Group” is a term used in _______

4. How would you define 'the research process'?

6. Random sampling is helpful as it is __________.

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8. What is a research design?

10. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

12. Which of the following statements are true?

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14. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?

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24. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.

26. Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?

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32. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?

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38. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?

40. What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?

88) A __is a subset of a _