Module For Differential Equations 213
Module For Differential Equations 213
(DE 213)
Name: __________________________________________
Department: ______________________________________
Instructor: _______________________________________
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DE 213
DE 213
OBJECTIVES:
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
• define a differential equation, its order and degree;
• determine the order and degree of a differential
equation; • form differential equation from a given
situation;
• illustrate the terms "general solution" and "particular solution" of a
differential equation through examples;
• solve differential equations
• find the particular solution of a given differential equation for given
conditions.
INTRODUCTION:
Many of the laws of nature – in biology, in chemistry, in physics, in
engineering and in astronomy – find their most natural expression in the
language of differential equation. The principles, or laws, underlying the
behavior of the natural world are statements of relations involving rates at
which things happen. When expressed in mathematical terms the relations
are equations and the rates are derivatives. Equations containing derivatives
are differential equation.
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DE 213
DEFINITION:
Differential Equations – is an equation involving derivatives of one or
more dependent variables with respect to one or more independent
variables.
1. y’’’+2(y’’)2+y’=cos x
��2
2. ��
2
���� +y=0
����
3.
����
����+ 2
����= 3
4. (2���� + ��2) ���� + 2�� ���� = 0
5. ��2��
2 2
���� + �� �� = 0
34 ��2
���� ⌋ + 3 ��
6. ⌊��3�� 2����
2
���� + ����= sin ��
7. (�� + ��)���� + ��2��3���� = 0
����
8.
���� − 3����
���� = �� cos ��
��2
1. L ��
2
���� + R ��������+ ����= Ew cos wt
dependent variable: i; independent variables: t; L, R, C, and W are
parameters ( coefficient)
2. t ����
����+ y = 0;
dependent variable: y; independent variable: t
����
3.
����
���� − 3
���� = �� cos ��
dependent variable: w; independent variable: x,y
����
4.
����
����+ 2
����= 3
dependent variable: y; independent variable: x,z
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����
��
DE 213
3 2
���� )+
����+
5. (��3�� 2���� = 0
dependent variable: s; independent variable: t
��3
3. ��
3 2
���� + ������
����
4.
����= 2�� + 5; order: one, degree: one
��2
5. ��
2
���� − ��2�� + �� = 0; order: two, degree: one
6. (�� + ��2)���� − 2�������� = 0; order: 1, degree: one
2
3 2 ����
���� ) + �� ����+ 2���� = 0; order: 3, degree: 2
7. (��3��
8. ��′′ + (��′)2 = ��; order: 2, degree: 1
2
����) shows the degree of
derivative while
����)
2
is not equal to ��2��
Note: 2 ����
���� , the (
(����
2
�� ��
2
���� shows the order of derivative
: Before finding the degree of a differential equation, it should be free
from radicals and fractions as far as derivatives are concerned
TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:
1. Ordinary Differential Equation – is a differential equation involving
ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect
to single variable independent variable.
2. Partial Differential Equation – is a differential equation involving partial
derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to more
than one independent variable.
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DE 213
��0(��)������
��
���� + ��1(��)����−1��
��−1
���� + ….. + ����−1(��)����
���� + ����(��)�� = f (x)
Example 1
�������� − ���� ∙����
���� = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
Observing the terms with �� and its derivatives, it could be said that the
differential equation AGREES with the first rule since there are no exponents
other than �� on dependent variable.
Example 2
�������� − ���� ∙����
���� = �� ���� ��
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DE 213
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
Observing the terms with �� and its derivatives, it could be said that the
differential equation DOES NOT AGREE with the first rule since �� in the
first term is raised to ��.
Example 3
��
������
= ��
− ���� ∙ ���� ��
(����
����)
Example 4
�������� − ���� ∙����
���� = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first rule, observe the expressions mutiplied to the
dependent variable �� and its derivatives.
For the first term, the expression ������is being multiplied to the
dependent variable ��. Since it is in terms of the independent variable
�� only, then, it AGREES with the second rule.
For the second term, the expression −���� is being multiplied to the
first derivative of �� which is ����
����. Since it is in terms of the independent variable ��
only, then, it AGREES with the second rule.
Example 5
���������� − ������′ = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first rule, observe the expressions mutiplied to the
dependent variable �� and its derivatives.
For the second term, the expression −���� is being multiplied to the
first derivative of �� which is ����
����. Since it is in terms of the independent variable ��
only, then, it AGREES with the second rule.
For the first term, the expression ��������is being multiplied to the
dependent variable ��. Since it is in terms of both the independen variable
�� and the dependent variable ��, then, it DOES NOT AGREE with the
second rule. This could be resolved by combining both �� variables through
multiplication which will yield ���������� → ����������. We may have
resolved the issue with the second
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DE 213
rule, however, the new expression will cause it to NOT AGREE with the first
rule.
2. The right hand side should be purely in terms of the independent
variable only. This could also be a constant or zero.
Example 6
�������� − ������′ = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first and second rules, observe the right hand side of
the equation.
The right hand side is �� ���� ��. Since it is purely in terms of the
independent variable ��, then it AGREES with the third rule.
Example 7
�������� − ������′ = �� + �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first and second rules, observe the right hand side of
the equation.
The right hand side is �� ���� �� + ��. It contains a �� term so we must
resolve this by transposing the �� term to the left side. This will yield
(������ + ��)�� − ���� ∙ ��′ = �� ���� ��
This resolves issue with rule number three but we have to check it again for
rule numbers one and two. The dependent variable and its derivatives are all
raised to 1 only, so this agrees with rule number 1. The expressions
multiplied to �� and its derivatives are all in terms of ��, so this agrees with
rule number 2.
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DE 213
�� = ��2 + ��2�� + �� �� = −2 sin 4�� + ��1�� + ��2
Particular Solution – the value of the constant of integration is already
identified
- represents a single solution out of a family of curves
- the parameter has a specified value because of the given values of the
independent variable and the dependent variable
�� = −2 cos 4�� + 8 �� = −2 sin 4�� + 4�� + 5 �� = ��2 +
��2�� + 3 �� = ��4 + 2�� + 1 ��2 = �� − ln|�� + 1| + 2
����
First Order ODE :
����= ��(��)
- Left side is the first derivative of the dependent variable with respect
to the independent variable
- Right side is in terms of the independent variable only; may contain
constants and functions of the independent variable only
Example 1:
Determine the general solution of the differential equation given
by ����
���� = 2
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
���� = �� − 5
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
DE 213
���� = (�� − 5) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(�� − 5) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(�� − 5) ���� → �� =��22− 5�� + ��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1 2
�� = 2�� − 5�� + ��
Example 3:
Formulate the general solution of the differential equation given
by ����
2
��ℎ= ℎ − 3ℎ + 2
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ��ℎ.
����
2 2
��ℎ= ℎ − 3ℎ + 2 → ���� = (ℎ − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (ℎ2 − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ → ∫ ���� = ∫(ℎ2 − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(ℎ2 − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ → �� =ℎ33−3ℎ2
2+ 2ℎ + ��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1 3 3 2
�� = 3ℎ − 2ℎ + 2ℎ + ��
Example 4:
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DE 213
1
∫ ���� = ∫(sin �� + cos 5��) ���� → �� = − cos �� + 5sin 5�� +
��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1
�� = − cos �� + 5sin 5�� + ��
Example 5:
Solve for the general solution of the differential equation given
by ����
���� = ��
2��
+ 5��
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
���� = ��
2��
+ 5�� → ���� = (��2�� + 5��) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (��2�� + 5��) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(��2�� + 5��)
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(��2�� + 5��) ���� → �� =��2��
��
2+5
ln 5+ ��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1 2�� ��
�� = 2�� +5
ln 5+ ��
Example 6:
Integrate both side of the differential equation given below to determine its
general solution.
��′ = ln ��
Solution:
Convert the derivative term ��’ into fractional form.
��′ = ln �� →����
���� = ln ��
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
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DE 213
The solution of the given differential equation is
�� = �� ln �� − �� + ��
Example 7:
Determine the particular solution, when �� = 3 and �� = 5, of the
differential equation given by
����
���� = 2�� − 2
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
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DE 213
∫ ���� = ∫(��−�� + 2) ���� → �� = −��−�� + 2�� + ��
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = −��−�� + 2�� + ��
Since the particular solution is being asked, we have to evaluate the value of
the parameter ��, using the given values of �� and ��.
�� = −��−�� + 2�� + �� → −1 = −��−(0) + 2(0) + �� → �� = 0
Substituting the value of �� in the general solution, the particular solution
will be
�� = −��−�� + 2��
Example 9:
Formulate the particular solution at point (��, 2��3) of the differential
equation given by
����
2
���� = 2���� + 2��
Solution:
Considering that �� is a constant, multiply both sides by the differential
����. ����
2 2
���� = 2���� + 2�� → ���� = (2���� + 2�� ) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (2���� + 2��2) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(2���� + 2��2)
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(2���� + 2��2) ���� → �� = ����2 + 2��2�� +
��
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ����2 + 2��2�� + ��
Since the particular solution is being asked, we have to evaluate the value of
the parameter ��, using the given values of �� and ��.
�� = ����2 + 2��2�� + �� → 2��3 = ��(��)2 + 2��2(��) + �� →
�� = −��3
Substituting the value of �� in the general solution, the particular solution
will be
�� = ����2 + 2��2�� + �� − ��3
Example 10:
Integrate both side of the differential equation given below to determine its
particular solution when the values given are �� = 3 and �� = 3. ��′ = ��
Solution:
Convert the derivative term ��’ into fractional form. �� is the
dependent variable while �� is the independent variable.
����
��′ = �� → ���� = ��
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Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
- Left side is the ����ℎ derivative of the dependent variable with respect
to the independent variable
- Right side is in terms of the independent variable only
- In solving higher order ordinary differential equations, the order of the
highest derivative is equal to the number of integration that needs to
be performed.
Example 1:
��
��
����) = 2 → ����(��) = 2 →����
���
�=2
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DE 213
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��1
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫ 2 ���� → �� = 2�� + ��1
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = 2�� + ��1 →����
����
= 24��
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DE 213
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��1
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫ 24�� ���� → �� = 12��2 + ��1
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = 12��2 + ��1 →��2��
2
���� = 12��2 + ��1
Next, expand the second order derivative in the following
forms: ��2��
2 ��
���� = ���� (����
��
����) → ���� (����
����
Let 2
����) = 12�� + ��1
����be equal to a certain
variable ��. ���� (����
��
2 �� 2
����) = 12�� + ��1 → ����(��) = 12�� + ��1 →����
���� =
12��2 + ��1
Repeat the process of integration. Multiply both sides by the differential
����. ����
2 2
���� = 12�� + ��1 → ���� = (12�� + ��1) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (12��2 + ��1) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(12��2 + ��1) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��2
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the second time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(12��2 + ��1) ���� → �� = 4��3 + ��1�� + ��2
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = 4��3 + ��1�� + ��2 →����
3
���� = 4�� + ��1�� + ��2
Repeat the process of integration. Multiply both sides by the differential
����. ����
3 3
���� = 4�� + ��1�� + ��2 → ���� = (4�� + ��1�� + ��2)
����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (4��3 + ��1�� + ��2) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(4��3 + ��1�� +
��2) ����
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DE 213
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��3
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the third time), on the right hand side.
1
∫ ���� = ∫(4��3 + ��1�� + ��2) ���� → �� = ��4 +�� 2��2 +
��2�� + ��3 Since the denominator 2 is just a constant, it could be
absorbed by parameter ��1 however the new ��1 is not the same as the
previous one. (This doesn’t matter as of the moment.) Finally, the general
solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ��4 + ��1��2 + ��2�� + ��3
Example 3:
Determine the particular solution of the differential equation when �� = 0,
�� = 1. And when �� = 0, ��′ = 2
��2��
2
���� = ���� + cos ��
Solution:
For this example, since the highest derivative present in the differential
equation is of order 2, then we need to integrate the differential equation
twice. But, the equation must be properly manipulated before integrating.
First, expand the second order derivative in the following forms: ��2��
2 ��
���� = ���� (����
��
����) → ���� (����
����
Let ��
����) = �� + cos ��
����be equal to a certain
��
�� �� ��
����) = �� + cos �� → ����(��) = �� + cos �� →����
���� =
���� + cos
��
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
�� ��
���� = �� + cos �� → ���� = (�� + cos ��) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (���� + cos ��) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(���� + cos ��)
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��1
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(���� + cos ��) ���� → �� = ���� + sin �� + ��1
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = ���� + sin �� + ��1 → ��′ =����
��
���� = �� + sin �� + ��1 [������ 1]
Repeat the process of integration. Multiply both sides by the differential
����.
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DE 213
����
�� ��
���� = �� + sin �� + ��1 → ���� = (�� + sin �� + ��1)
����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (���� + sin �� + ��1) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(���� + sin �� +
��1) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��2
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(���� + sin �� + ��1) ���� → �� = ���� − cos �� +
��1�� + ��2
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ���� − cos �� + ��1�� + ��2 [������ 2]
Since there are given initial conditions, the values of the parameters ��1
and ��2 needs to be evaluated.
First, solve for ��1 using [������ 1] using the values �� = 0,
��′ = 2 ��′ = ���� + sin �� + ��1 → 2 = ��0 + sin 0
+ ��1 → ��1 = 1
Next, solve for ��2 using [������ 2] using the values �� = 0, �� = 1,
and ��1 = 1 �� = ���� − cos �� + ��1�� + ��2 → 1 = ��0 − cos 0 + 1(0) +
��2 → ��2 = 1 Substituting the values of ��1 and ��2 in the general
solution, the particular solution will be
�� = ���� − cos �� + �� + 1
Example 4:
(����
����
���� = −�� → ���� = −�� → ���� = −�� ����
Integrating both sides and putting back
����/����, ��
= −���� + ��1
Eqn 1
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DE 213
��′ =����
Properties
• The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary
constants in the given relation.
• The differential equation is consistent with the relation.
• The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.
(a) 2 constants A, B
(b) y = x2 + Aex + Be-x (1. original relation/function) y’ = 2x + Aex -
Be-x (2. first order derivative)
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y’’ = 2 + Aex + Be-x (3. second order derivative) (c) 1 and 2 y -
y’ = x2 - 2x + 2Be-x (i) 2 and 3 y’ - y’’ = 2x - 2 - 2Be-x (ii)
i and ii y - y’’ = x2 - 2
2. x3−3x2y=c
(c) Divide by 3x
x dx−2y dx−x dy=0
(x−2y) dx−x dy=0
3. Eliminate A and B from
x=Asin(ωt+B)
����
����= ωAcos(ωt+B)
2
�� ��
2
���� =−ω2Asin(ωt+B)
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Dependent Variables
DE 213 Ordinary or Partial
WORKSHEET #1
COMPLETE THE
FOLLOWING TABLE: Differential Equation Order Degree
Linearity Independent Variables
�� 3 �
= �� �)
���
1. [1 + ��� 4
2 ]
[�� � ]
2
(���
2.
��3��
3
���� = √����
����
3. 3����
2
����
√�� ��
2
���� =
4. ��� �� 2
+ � )
3
3 ���
(�� � ) 2 3
�� (��
2
= �� − 3��
5. ����
���� = √����
6.
��2��
4
2 √
���� = 1 + (����
����)
7.
��2��
2
���� =����
���� + 1
8.
��4�� 9. 2
�� ��2�
4 �
���� +
2
2 ���� +
(�� ��
2������
6
�������
= ��
�)
3
(�� �� ���� +
��
3
���� )
= ��2 +
10. 2
2 ��� +
�� 2����
+ � =0
����
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DE 213
WORKSHEET #2
b) x3-3x2y = C
c) y2x = 1+ Cy
d) y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
e) y = C1x + C2ex
a) x3-3x2y = C
b) ysinx−xy2=C
c) x2y=1+Cx
d) cy2=x2+y
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DE 213
A. VARIABLE SEPARABLE (SEPARABLE EQUATIONS)
- A differential equation in the form of M dx + N dy = 0
where: M and N maybe functions of both x and y.
����= ��(��) p(y) and to obtain its solution, we first write in the
form, ����
��(��)= ��(��) dx, then
proceed to integration.
����
Consider the differential equation of the type
����= ��(��), or dy = f (x)
dx
On integrating both sides, we get
∫ ���� = ∫ ��(��) dx
y = ∫ ��(��) dx + c
where c is an arbitrary constant. This is the general solution.
Example 1:
����
Solve (x+2)
����= ��2 + 4x – 5
����
Solution: The given differential equation is (x+2)
����= ��2 + 4x – 5
����
��2 + 4x – 5
����=
(x+2)
����
��2 + 4x+4 –4− 5
����=
(x+2)
(��+2)2
����= −9
����
(x+2)
(��+2)2
����=
���� 9
(x+2)−
(x+2)
����
����= (�� + 2) −9
(x+2)
9
���� = (�� + 2 −
x+2)���� --------- Equation 1
On integrating both sides of equation 1, we have
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DE 213
∫ ���� = ∫ (�� + 2 −9
x+2) ����
����
y= ��+ 2x – 9 log (x+2) + c
where c is an arbitrary constant, is the required general solution.
Example 2:
����
Solve
����= 2��3 – x, given that y = 1 and x = 0.
����
Solution: The given differential equation is
2��3 – x
����=
dy = (2��3 – x) dx --------- Equation 1
On integrating both sides of equation 1, we have
∫ ���� = ∫(2��3 – x) dx
�� =2��4
��2
4− 2+ c
��4 ��2
�� = 2− 2+ c -------- Equation 2 [general solution]
where C is an arbitrary constant. Since y = 1 when x = 0, therefore, if
we substitute these values in Equation 2 we will get,
1=0+0+c
c =1
Now, on putting the value of C in Equation 2, we get
�� =��42−��22+ c
�� =12(��4 − ��2) + 1
�� =��������(���� − ��) + 1
which is the required particular solution.
In equation 1, x's and y's have been separated from one another.
Therefore, this equation is also known differential equation with
variables separable. To solve such differential equations, we integrate
both sides and add an arbitrary constant on one side.
25 | P a g e
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Example 3
26 | P a g e
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Replace ��′ with the fractional form of a derivative,
2�� − 2�� ∙����
���� = 0
Transpose ���� to the right side,
−2�� ∙����
���� = −2��
Then, divide both sides by −����,
����
���� =−2��
−2��
This will yield the original differential equation
����
��
���� = ��
Example 4
Solution:
Obviously, this ordinary differential equation is separable.
Multiply both sides by ����,
���� (����
2��
���� = ��) ����
Simplify the equation, then multiply both sides by
�� 2��
�� , ���� = ������
1 2�� 1
→ ��(���� = ������) ��
Simplify the equation, then integrate both sides
2 1 2
������ = ������ → ∫ ������ = ∫ ������
1
27 | P a g e
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��ln�� = ��2ln ��∙ ����
Now, using Laws of Logarithm, �� will be the exponent of ��. Using
��ln�� = ��, simplify the equation
��ln�� = ��ln ��2∙ ���� → �� = ��2∙ ����
Let small �� = ����, considering ����is constant, then simplifying
further, �� = ������
Checking:
To check, one may evaluate the first derivative of the function since it
is in explicit form
���� = 2����
Substitute the expression for �� and ��’ to the original
differential equation
2�� 2
���� = ��→ 2���� =2(���� )
����
��
Upon simplifying, it could be said the both sides of the resulting
equation will be equal, so the general solution obtained is
correct.
Example 5
28 | P a g e
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Solution:
Transpose the term with the differential ���� to the right side then
divide both sides by −(�� + ��),
�� + 1���� = ∫ 2��
Evaluating the integral then adding the constant of integration, ��,
on one side of the equation, the general solution of the differential
equation will be
�� − ����|�� + ��| = ���� + ��
Example 7
2���� ∙����
2
���� = 1 + �� → ���� (2���� ∙����
2
���� = 1 + �� ) ����
Simplify then dividing by the �� (�� + ����) ,
�� (1 + ��2)=(1 + ��2) ����
2���� ���� = (1 + ��2) 1
= ������ → ∫2��
���� →2���� ����
�� (1 + ��2)
Simplify then integrating both
sides (1 + ��2)����
1
2�� ∫ ������
(1 + ��2)���� =
Use u-substitution for the left hand side, where �� = �� + ����
and ���� = ��������
���� 1
∫ ��= ∫ ������ → ln|��| = ln|��| + ��
Substitute �� back then use the Euler’s number �� to simplify
the equation,
ln|1 + ��2| = ln|��| + �� → ��ln|1+��2| = ��ln|��|+��
Simplifying, the general solution of the differential equation is
��2 + 1 = ����
29 | P a g e
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Substitute the given values of �� and �� to the resulting
equation to solve the value of the new parameter small letter ��.
��2 + 1 = ���� → (3)2 + 1 = ��(2) → �� = 5
The particular solution of the differential equation is
���� + �� = ����
Example 8
Formulate the particular solution at point (��, ��) = (−��,
��) of the differential equation given by
���� ���� = ���� ����
Solution:
Divide both sides by ���� then simplify
2�� ����
30 | P a g e
DE 213
����
Multiply both sides by
��
�� then simplify to separate the two variables
���� ����
����
=��
�� �� 1 ��
�� ∙ (���� �� → �� ���
2 �� 2
���� ) ∙���� �= ���� ����
Simplify the expressions using laws of exponents, then integrate both
sides.
��−��∙ ���� = ����−��2∙ ���� → ∫ ��−�� ���� = ∫
����−��2����
Using u-substitution on the right side of the equation where �� =
−���� and ���� = −���� ����. Then, evaluate the integral
1 1
∫ ��−�� ���� = − 2∫ ���� ���� → −��−�� = − 2���� + ��
Substitute back the expression for u,
1 1
−��−�� = − 2���� + �� → −��−�� = − 2��−��2+ ��
Using the resulting expression and the given value for �� and ��,
solve the value of the parameter ��
1 1
−��−(0) = − 2��−(0)2+ �� → �� = − 2
Therefore, the particular solution of the differential equation
�� −���� ��
is −��−�� = − ���� − ��
Example 10
31 | P a g e
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�� = �� ��−������
Using the initial conditions, �� = ��, �� = ����
�� = �� ∙ ��−2��2→ ��0 = �� ∙ ��−2(0)2→ �� = ��0
So, the particular solution o the deifferential equation
is �� = ���� ��−������
Example 11
−1
1 1 ��
( 2⁄ )= lim��→∞[− �� (�� + 1)] + �� → �� = −2
32 | P a g e
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Therefore the particular solution is
−��−�� = −����−�� − ��−�� − ��
which could be written as
�� �� ��
− ��= − �� (�� + ��) − ��
Example 12
33 | P a g e
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WORKSHEET #3
3��+����2
����=
1. ��
����
2
��+��
+ 4)������ = 0 3. (4 +
��2)���� + 4���� = 0
����
4.
����= −����; ��(1) = 3
5. 3��(��2 + 1)���� +
��(��2 + 2)���� = 0 6.
2������ + ��−3������ = 0
7. ��′ =��+����2
4��
8. ������
2
����= �� + 1
+ ��2���� = 0 10.
��2��−������ +
����−2������ = 0
34 | P a g e
DE 213
B. HOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS
- A differential equation M dx + N dy is homogenous in x and y. if M and
N are homogenous functions of the same degree in x and y.
2
i. y2 + x ����
����= ��������
����
3 3 2
ii. (x + y )���� − 3��y ���� = 0
x3 2
����= +��y
iii.
2
���� y ��
����
In equation (i) above, we see that each term except
����is
of degree 2,
2 2
[as degree of y is 2, degree of x is 2 and degree of xy is 1 + 1 =2]
����
In equation (ii) each term except
����
In equation (iii) each term except
of degree 3, [as degree of y2�� is
����is
3, degree of x3is 3 and degree of ��y2is 1 + 2 = 3] as it can be
rewritten as y2������
3 2
����= x + ��y
�
�
�
�
in each term is not the same. [degree of x2 is 2, that of 3yx is 2, of x3 is 3,
and of x is 1]
35 | P a g e
DE 213
SOLUTION OF HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
y = xv or x = yv
Example 1:
����
– 3
x dx = 0
����
–
1
(v + 2v+1)+ xdx =0
2
36 | P a g e
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–����
2 dx
(v + 1) + x= 0, by integration
����
−∫
2
+ ∫����x= 0
(v + 1)
������ �� = (�� + 1), ���� = ����
− ∫(v + 1)−2+1
����
−2+1���� + ∫ x= 0
(v + 1)−1
−
−1+ ln x = c where c is an arbitrary constant
1
v+1+ ln x = c
��
substitute the value of v, v = x
x+1 + ln x = c
��
then simplify,
��
(x + 4y) dx – (2x – y) dy = 0
let x = yv, dx = y dv + v dy
(x + 4y) dx – (2x – y) dy = 0
y2 dv (v + 4) + y dy (v2 + 4v – 2v + 1) = 0
y2 dv (v + 4) + y dy (v2 + 2v + 1) = 0
[y2 dv (v + 4) + y dy (v2 + 2v + 1) = 0] [1
(v +2��+1)(y )]
2 2
(v + 4)dv
�� ����
(v +2��+1)+
2
2
y =0
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DE 213
(v + 4)dv
����
(v +2��+1)+ y= 0
2
(v + 4)dv
2 ����
(v+1) + y= 0
(v + 1)dv
2
(v+1) +3 dv
2 ����
(v+1) + y= 0
3 dv
��+1+
dv by integration
2 ����
(v+1) + y= 0, ∫����
v+1+ ∫3 ���� 0
2 ����
(v+1) + ∫ ��=
∫����
−2
v+1+ 3 ∫(v + 1) ���� +
∫������= 0 v+1+ 3 ∫(v+1)−2+1
∫���� ∫������= 0
−2+1���� +
(v+1)−1
v+1+ 3 ∫
∫���� ∫������= 0
−1���� +
��
substitute v = ��
��) -3��
��+��+ ln y = c
ln (x+y) -���� ln (��+��
ln (v+1) -3
��+1+ ln y = c
��) + ln y -3��
ln (����+1) -3 ��+�� = c
ln (��+��
3��
��) (y) -
��+�� = c
��+1+ ln y = c
��
ln (��+��
��+�� = c ------- which is the required solution
[general
solution]
Example 3:
38 | P a g e
DE 213
Comparing,
��
���� �� − ���� + ����
���� −����
Since ���� is attached to a shorter expression, the substitute
expression that should be used (for easier solution) is �� = ����,
coupled with ���� = �� ���� + �� ����.
Substituting to the differential equation,
[�� − ��(����) + (����)2] ���� − ��(����) (�� ���� +
2
�� ����) = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
(��2 − ����2 + ��2��2) ���� − ����2(�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expanding further
��2 ���� − ����2 ���� + ��2��2 ���� − ��2��2 ���� −
����3 ���� = 0
Simplify
��2 ���� − ����2 ���� − ����3 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
−����3 ���� = −��2 ���� + ����2 ����
Factor out ���� ���� on the right side,
−����3 ���� = ��2∙ (�� − 1) ����
Then, apply separation of variables
1
�� − 1���� = − ������
��
�� − 1���� + ∫1
1
�� − 1���� ) = − ∫ ������ → �� + ln|�� − 1| = − ln|��| + ��
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =������
��
��+ ln | ��− 1| = − ln|��| + ��
This could be simplified
�� �� ��
ln | ��− 1| + ln|��| = − ��+ �� → ln |�� ∙ ( ��− 1)| =
��
− ��+ �� Simplifying further, then eliminating the
�� ln|��−��|
logarithmic expression ln|�� − ��| = − ��+ �� → ��
−��
= �� ��+��
39 | P a g e
DE 213
Using �� = ����, the general solution could be written as
��
�� −��
��+ ln | ��− 1| = − ln|��| + �� or �� − �� = �� ∙ �� ��
⁄
Example 4:
2��2 + 1����
Evaluating the integral, and adding the constant of integration
1
��, − ln|��| = 4ln|2��2 + 1| + ��
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����
1 �� 2 �� 2
− ln|��| = 4ln |2 ( ��) + 1| + �� → −4 ln|��| = ln |2 ( ��) + 1| + 4��
40 | P a g e
DE 213
Manipulate the equation further
−4�� = ln |2��2
2
�� + 1| + 4 ln|��| → −4�� = ln |2��2
2
�� + 1| + ln|��4|
Manipulating further
−4�� = ln |��4∙ (2��2
2
�� + 1)| → −4�� = ln|2��2��2 + ��4|
Use the Euler’s number, ��, to eliminate the logarithmic expression
and let �� = ��−����.
��−4�� = ��ln|2��2��2+��4| → �� = 2��2��2 + ��4
Therefore, the general solution of the given differential equation could
be written as
�� �� ��
− ����|��| = ������ |�� ( ��) + ��| + �� or
���������� + ���� = ��
Example 5:
DE 213
∫�� + 2
1
��2 + 1���� = − ∫ ������ → ∫��
��2 + 1���� + ∫2
1
��2 + 1���� = − ∫ ������
Evaluating the integrals and adding the constant of integration
��, 1
2 2
2ln|�� + 1| + 2 arctan(�� + 1) = − ln|��| + ��
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����. So, the general solution of
the differential equation is
�� �� �� ��
������ |( ��) + ��| + �� ������������[( ��) +
��] = − ����|��| + ��
��
Example 6:
−1
1 1
csc ������ = ������ → − sin �� ���� = ������
Integrate both sides and evaluating,
1
∫ − sin �� ���� = ∫ ������ → cos �� = ln|��| + ��
42 | P a g e
DE 213
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����. So, the general solution of
the differential equation is
��
������ ( ��) = ����|��| + ��
Example 7:
+ �� ����)
Expanding further
��2 ���� − ��2��2���� ���� = −��2��2���� ���� −
����3���� ����
Simplify
��2 ���� = −����3���� ����
Then, apply separation of variables
1 ��
− ������ = ���� ����
Integrate both sides. Use integration by parts (IBP)—∫ �� ���� =
���� − ∫ �� ����—for the right side, where �� = �� and ���� =
���� ����. Therefore, ���� = ���� and �� = ����.
1 1
− ∫ ������ = ∫ ������ ���� → − ∫ ������ = �� ∙ ���� − ∫
���� ���� Evaluating the integrals and adding the constant of
integration, ��, − ln|��| = ������ − ���� + ��
43 | P a g e
DE 213
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����. So, the general solution of
the differential equation is
�� (��⁄ ) (��⁄ )
− ln|��| = ( ��)�� �� − �� �� + �� or − ����|��|
(�� ) ��
= �� ⁄�� ( ��− ��) + �� Example 8:
Integrate both sides and rewrite the integrand of the left side of the
equation
∫�� + 3
1
��2 + 2�� + 1���� = − ∫ ������ → ∫�� + 1
��2 + 2�� + 1���� + ∫2
��2 + 2�� + 1����
1
= − ∫ ������
Simplifying,
44 | P a g e
DE 213
∫�� + 1
2
(�� + 1) ���� + ∫2
2 1
(�� + 1) ���� = − ∫ ������ → ∫1
�� + 1���� + ∫2
2
(�� + 1) ����
1
= − ∫ ������
Use u-substitution for the second integral term where �� = �� +
�� and ���� = ����.
∫1
2 2 1
�� + 1���� + ∫ �� ���� = − ∫ ������
Evaluate the integral
2
ln|�� + 1| − ��= − ln|��| + ��
Substitute back ��. Then, substitute back the expression for �� which
��
is �� ln|�� + 1| −2
��
�� + 1= − ln|��| + �� → ln | ��+ 1| −2
��+ 1= − ln|��| + ��
��
��| −����
�� + ��= − ����|��| + ��
Using the initial conditions (��, ��) (��, −��) , the value of the
constant �� could be evaluated.
3| −2(3)
6 = − ln|3| + ��
ln |−2 + 3
1
−2 + 3= − ln|3| + �� → ln | 3| −
Manipulating the logarithmic expressions,
1 1
ln|3| + ln | 3| − 6 = �� → ln |3 ∙ 3| − 6 = �� → �� = −��
Therefore the particular solution of the differential equatio
is ���� |�� + ��
��| −����
�� + ��= − ����|��| − ��
Example 9:
45 | P a g e
DE 213
(����)[3�� + 2(����)] ���� − ��2(�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
3��2�� ���� + 2��2��2 ���� − ��2�� ���� − ��3
���� = 0
Simplify
2��2�� ���� + 2��2��2 ���� − ��3 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
2��2�� ���� + 2��2��2 ���� = ��3 ����
Factor out �������� ���� on the left side,
2��2�� (�� + 1) ���� = ��3 ����
Then, apply separation of variables
������ =1
2
1 ����
�� (�� )
+
Integrate both sides of the differential equation
2
∫ ������ = ∫1
�� (�� + 1)����
Rewrite the integrand of the right hand side using partial
fractions �� + 1=��(�� + 1) + ����
��
�� (�� + 1)= ��+��
1
��(�� + 1)�� = 1 & �� = −1
Replacing the integrand with the equivalent partial
2
fractions, ∫ ������ = ∫1
2 1
�� (�� + 1)���� → ∫ ������ = ∫ ������ − ∫1
�� + 1����
Evauate the integrals on both sides of the equation, then add
the constant of integration ��.
2 ln|��| = ln|��| − ln|�� + 1| + ��
Substitute back the expression for �� which is ����. Then
manipulate the equation and simplify
�� �� 2 ��
2 ln|��| = ln | ��| − ln | ��+ 1| + �� → ln|�� | = ln | ��
��+ 1| + ��
��
46 | P a g e
DE 213
ln|
�� 2
�� (��+��)
|
�� = ���� →��2(�� + ��)
��
��= �� → �� (�� + ��) = ����
Using the initial conditions �� = �� and �� = ��, the value of the
constant could be obtained.
(2)2[(1) + (2)] = ��(1) → �� = 12
Therefore the particular solution is
����(�� + ��) = ������
NOTE: It’s also fine should you want to stop at
�� ��
2 ln|��| = ln | ��| − ln | ��+ 1| + ��
But you still have to solve for the constant �� using the initial
conditions �� = �� and �� = ��
2 ln|(2)| = ln |(1)
(2)| − ln |(1)
(2)+ 1| + �� → ln 12
So, the particular solution can also be written as
�� ��
�� ����|��| = ���� | ��| − ���� | ��+ ��| +
���� ����
Example 10:
47 | P a g e
DE 213
−��√1 − ��2 ���� − ��2 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
−��2 ���� = ��√1 − ��2 ����
Then, apply separation of variables
2 1
√1 − �� ���� = − ������
1
∫1
2 1
√1 − �� ���� = − ∫ ������
Evaluating the integral,
arcsin �� = − ln|��| + ��
Substituting back the expression for �� which is ����, the genral
solution of the differential equation is
��
������������ ( ��) = − ����|��| + ��
The value of the constant �� can be solved using the initial
conditions, �� = ��, �� = ��
0
arcsin ( 1) = − ln|1| + �� → �� = 0
The particulas solution of the differential equation given the initial
conditions,
��
������������ ( ��) = − ����|��|
48 | P a g e
DE 213
WORKSHEET #4
SOLVING HOMOGENOUS FIRST ORDER
D.E. Solve the following D.E.
����
1.
��−��
����=
��+��
��+��(cos�� 2
����= ��)
5.
���� ��
cos����)���� +
���������������� = 0 7.
= 0; ��(1) = 0 ����=√��2+��2
8. ��
����
6��2 2
����= −5����−2��
9. ���� ��+��2
2
6�� −8��
��+��
210. ����
2
�� ;
��(1) =
����=�� 1
49 | P a g e
DE 213
C. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A differential equation of any order is said to be linear when it is of the
first degree in dependent variable and its derivatives.
The standard form of this type,
����
���� + �� (��) = ��
where P and Q are functions of x. This is linear equation of order
one. To solve the problem, we are said to use ��∫��(��)���� that is
called as integrating factor.
In finding the general solution, use:
y ��∫��(��)���� = ∫ �� ��∫��(��)���� dx + c
Example 1:
����
��
����+ ��=e-x
As we can see the dependent variable y is in first degree. Then it is
linear in y.
Solution:
P(x) = 1��; Q(x) = e-x
I.F. = ��∫��(��)����
I.F. = ��∫1������
I.F. = ��ln��
I.F. = x
50 | P a g e
DE 213
y ��∫��(��)���� = ∫ Q ��∫��(��)���� dx + c
y(��) = ∫ ��−�� (��∫1������)dx + c
y(��) = ∫ ��−��(��ln��) dx + c
y(��) = ∫ ��−��(��) dx + c
consider ∫ ��−��(��) dx,
= ∫ ��−��(��) dx using integration by parts
= (u)(v) - ∫ v du ; u = x, du = dx ; dv = ∫ ��−�� dx, v = -
��−�� = (x)(−��−��) - ∫(−��−��)����
= −����−��- ��−��
y(��) = ∫ ��−��(��) dx + c
xy = −����−��- ��−�� + c
xy = - ��−��( x +1) + c
y = − (��+��
−�� ��
��) �� + ��----- which is the required solution
[general solution]
Example 2:
��Ɵ= Ɵ −��3Ɵ, r = 1, Ɵ = 1
����
Solution:
r
dƟ = Ɵ − 3Ɵ
dr
r
dƟ + 3Ɵ = Ɵ
dr
3
��Ɵ
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r (I.F.) = ∫ Q (��. ��. )
dƟ + c r(Ɵ13) = ∫ Ɵ (Ɵ13)
dƟ + c r(Ɵ13) = ∫ Ɵ43 dƟ +
c
r(Ɵ ) = Ɵ43+1
13
3+1+ c
4
+c
r(Ɵ13)
= Ɵ737 3
r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + c ----- general solution
when r = 1, Ɵ = 1
(1)(113) = 37(1)73 + c
1(1) = 37(1) + c
1 = 37= c
c = 1 -37
c = 47
r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + c
r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + 47
[r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + 47] ( 1Ɵ13)
r = 37Ɵ2 +47Ɵ−13 ----- particular solution
Example 3:
������
2
���� = −2(�� − 4�� )
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o Expand the expression on the right then divide both sides by
��.
2
���� =−2�� + 8��
����
��
o Expand the expression on the right further.
����
���� =−2��
��+ 8��
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����
2��
���� + ��= 8��
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����
2
���� + ( ��) �� = 8��
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
2
��(��) = ��and ��(��) = 8��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
∫2
��(��) = �� ������
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∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Transpose the expression with the differential term
����. −�� ���� = −(���� + ����)����
o Divide both sides by −����.
������
5
���� = �� + 3��
o Divide both sides by ��.
5
���� =�� + 3��
����
��
o Expand the expression on the right.
����
4 3��
���� = �� + ��
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
3�� 4
���� − ��= ��
����
DE 213
Example 5:
���� = �� − ����
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����
���� + 2�� = ��
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����
���� + (2)�� = ��
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2 and ��(��) = ��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2 ����
o Evaluate the integral
��(��) = ��2��
o Simplify, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����
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1 1
∫ �� ��2�� ���� = (��) ( 2��2��) − ∫ ( 2��2��) ����
o Simplify and evaluate the remaining integral expression.
�� ���� ��
�������� = ������ − ����
����
+ ��
Example 6:
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�� = �� and ���� = sin 2�� ����
1
���� = ���� and �� = − 2cos 2��
o By definition, ∫ �� ���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����
1 1
∫ �� sin 2�� ���� = (��) (− 2cos 2��) − ∫ (− 2cos 2��) ����
o Simplify and evaluate the remaining integral expression.
��
�� ������ ���� = − ���� ������ ����
��
+ �������� ���� + ��
Example 7:
���� −2����
2
1 + �� = ��2
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����
���� + (−2��
2
1 + �� ) �� = ��2
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = −2��
2
1 + �� and ��(��) = ��2
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
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−
��(��) = ��∫ 2��
2
1+�� ����
�� ∙1
2
1 + �� = ∫1
2
1 + �� ∙ (��2) ����
∙ Evaluating the integral by expanding the integrand on the right side
2
∫��
2
1 + �� ���� = ∫��2 + 1 − 1
2
1 + �� ���� = ∫ (��2 + 1
2
1 + �� −1
2
1 + �� ) ���� = ∫ (1 −1
2
1 + �� ) ����
o Using integration techniques
�� ∙1
2
1 + �� = ∫ (1 −1
2
1 + �� ) ���� = �� − arctan �� + ��
o The general solution of the differential equation is now
��
��
�� + �� = �� − ������������ �� + ��
o In explicit form,
�� = (�� + ����)(�� − ������������ �� + ��)
Example 8:
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∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Convert ��’ to the fractional form of the derivative.
����
3
���� = �� − 2����
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����
3
���� + 2���� = ��
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����
3
���� + (2��)�� = ��
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2�� and ��(��) = ��3
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2�� ����
o Evaluating the integral, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����
o Use ��-substitution
�� = ��2and ���� = 2�� ����
1
�� ∙ ����2= 2∫ �� ���� ����
o Use integration by parts for the right side of the equation
�� = �� and ���� = ���� ����
���� = ���� and �� = ����
o By definition, ∫ �� ���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����
�� 1 �� ��
2∫ �� �� ���� = 2((��)(�� ) − ∫(�� ) ����)
1
59 | P a g e
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o Simplify and evaluate the remaining integral expression.
1 1
�� ∙ ����2= 2������ − 2���� + ��
o Substitute back the expression for ��,
1 1
�� ∙ ����2= 2(��2)����2− 2����2+ ��
o In explicit form, the general solution of the differential
equation is
1 2 1 −��2
�� = 2�� − 2+ ����
∙ Using the initial conditions �� = �� and �� = ��, the value
of the parameter �� can be solved
1 1
(1) = 2(1)2 − 2+ ����−(1)2→ �� = ��
o The particular solution of the differential equation is
1 2 1 −��2
�� = 2�� − 2+ �� ∙ ��
o Simplify,
�� �� �� ��−����
�� = ���� − ��+ ��
Example 9:
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o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2 and ��(��) = 4��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2 ����
o Evaluating the integral, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����
Example 10:
Considering �� = �� and �� = ��, find the particular
solution of the differential equation
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��′ = ��(���� − ��)
Solution:
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Convert ��’ to the fractional form of the derivative,
then simplify the right side equation
����
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o Evaluate the remaining integral expression.
�� ∙ ��2�� = 2����2�� − ��2�� + ��
o In explicit form, the general solution of the differential
equation is
�� = 2�� − 1 + ����−2��
∙ Using the initial conditions �� = �� and �� = ��, the value
of the parameter �� can be solved
(1) = 2(0) − 1 + ����−2(0) → �� = 2
o The particular solution of the differential equation is
�� = ����−���� + ���� − ��
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WORKSHEET #5
SOLVING LINEAR FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS Solve the following D.E.
����
1.
����+ 5�� = 50
���� 10��
2. ����+
2��+5= 10;��(0) = 0
����
3.
3��
4����+ ��= ��2
4. ��3������2������ − (1 − 2��2��������)���� = 0
6. ��′ =−3��−2��
��
7. ��′ =2��2
��
�� − ��
����
9.
���� = �� −��3��; ��(1) = 1
����
10. ����+ 3�� = ��−3��;��(0) = 5
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Exact Ordinary Differential Equations
���� =����
���� ���� +����
���� ���� → �� =����
���� & �� =����
����
These two equations lead to
2 2
���� =�� �� ���� =�� ��
���� �
�→����
�������
�������
provided that these partial derivatives are continuous. Therefore if
��(��, ��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0 is an exact equation,
then
����
���� =����
����
Example 1:
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact
equation. (�� + ��) ���� + (�� − ��) ���� = 0
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Solution:
Knowing that a differential equation can be written in the form ��
���� + �� ���� = 0, the expressions for �� and �� could be
determined �� = �� + �� and �� = �� − ��
Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate ��
partially with respect to ��.
����
���� = 1 and����
���� = 1
����
Since
���� = 1 =����
����; then, the given differential equation is an exact
equation.
Example 2:
DE 213
Example 4:
Example 5:
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact
equation. (cos 2�� − 3��2��2) ���� + (cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� −
2��3��) ���� = 0
Solution:
First, determine the expressions for �� and ��,
�� = cos 2�� − 3��2��2and �� = cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� −
2��3�� Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate
�� partially with respect to ��.
����
2
���� = −2 sin 2�� − 6�� �� and����
2
���� = −2 sin 2�� − 6�� ��
����
Since
���� =−2 sin 2�� − 6��2�� =����
����; then, the given differential equation is
an exact equation.
Example 1.3.1.6
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact
equation. (sin �� − 2�� cos2 ��) ���� + �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1)
���� = 0
Solution:
First, determine the expressions for �� and ��,
�� = sin �� − 2�� cos2 �� and �� = �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1)
Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate ��
����
partially with respect to ��. NOTE: Use product rule on
���� which is ��(����) = ������ +
������.
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����
68 | P a g e
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5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
Example 1:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then, solve the
equation.
��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
′
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = �� + �� (��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = �� − �� and ��(��, ��) = �� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = −��
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4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
Example 2:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(6�� + ��2) ���� + ��(2�� − 3��) ���� = 0
Solution:
Based on Example 2Example , we have already proven that the
differential equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in
solving the given exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = 6�� + ��2 and �� = ��(2�� − 3��) = 2���� − 3��2
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).
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2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
will become ��′(��).
����[��(��)]
�� 2 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(3�� + ���� + ��(��)) =
2���� + ��′(��)
��
��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
′
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = 2���� + �� (��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = ��(2�� − 3��) = 2���� − 3��2and ��(��, ��) =
2���� + ��′(��) By comparison,
��′(��) = −3��2
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
Rewriting,
��(��) = −��3 + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = 3��2 + ����2 + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��, ��) = 3��2 +
����2 + (−��3 + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
3��2 + ����2 − ��3 + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
Example 3:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(2���� − 3��2) ���� + (��2 + ��) ���� = 0
Solution:
Based on Example , we have already proven that the differential
equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the
given exact differential equation.
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Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = 2���� − 3��2and �� = ��2 + ��
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).
Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = ��2�� − ��3 + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
�� 2 3 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(�� �� − �� + ��(��)) = ��
+ ��′(��)
��
��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
2 ′
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = �� + �� (��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = ��2 + �� and ��(��, ��) = ��2 + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = ��
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
72 | P a g e
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You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
Example 4:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(��2 − 2���� + 6��) ���� − (��2 − 2���� + 2) ���� = 0
Solution:
Based on Example , we have already proven that the differential
equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the
given exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = ��2 − 2���� + 6�� and �� = −(��2 − 2���� + 2) = −��2 +
2���� − 2 1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����.
Instead of adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown
function ��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).
Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = ����2 − ��2�� + 3��2 + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
�� 2 2 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(���� − �� �� + 3�� + ��(��)) =
−��2 + 2���� + ��′(��)
��
��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
2
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = −�� + 2���� +
��′(��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = −(��2 − 2���� + 2) = −��2 + 2���� − 2
and ��(��, ��) = −��2 + 2���� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = −2
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
73 | P a g e
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��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ −2 ���� = −2�� + ��
Rewriting,
��(��) = −2�� + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = ����2 − ��2�� + 3��2 + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��,
��)
2 2 2
= ���� − �� �� + 3�� + (−2�� + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
����2 − ��2�� + 3��2 − 2�� + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
Example 5:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(cos 2�� − 3��2��2) ���� + (cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� − 2��3��)
���� = 0
Solution:
Based on
Example , we have already proven that the differential equation is
exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the given
exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = cos 2�� − 3��2��2and �� = cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� − 2��3��
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).
Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = �� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
will become ��′(��).
����[��(��)]
�� 3 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(�� cos 2�� − �� �� +
74 | P a g e
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��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
3
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = −2�� sin 2�� − 2�� �� +
��′(��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� − 2��3�� and ��(��, ��)
= −2�� sin 2�� − 2��3�� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = cos 2��
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
1
��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ cos 2�� ���� = 2sin 2�� + ��
Rewriting,
1
��(��) = 2sin 2�� + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = �� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��,
��)
1
= �� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + ( 2sin 2�� + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
1
�� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + 2sin 2�� + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
Example 6:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(sin �� − 2�� cos2 ��) ���� + �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1) ����
=0
Solution:
Based on Example 1.3.1.6, we have already proven that the
differential equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in
solving the given exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = sin �� − 2�� cos2 �� and �� = �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1)
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Simplifying,
�� = sin �� − 2�� cos2 �� and �� = 2��2cos �� sin �� + �� cos ��
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).
��(��, ��) = ∫ ��(��, ��)���� = ∫(sin �� − 2�� cos2 ��) ���� = �� sin
�� − ��2cos2 �� + ��(��)
Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = �� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
�� 2 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ���� (�� sin �� − �� cos �� + ��(��)) = �� cos
�� + 2��2cos �� sin �� + ��′(��)
��
��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
2
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = �� cos �� + 2�� cos �� sin
�� + ��′(��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = 2��2cos �� sin �� + �� cos �� and ��(��, ��)
= �� cos �� + 2��2cos �� sin �� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = 0
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
Rewriting,
��(��) = ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = �� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��, ��) =
�� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + (��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
�� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
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WORKSHEET #6
SOLVING EXACT FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS Solve the following D.E.
1. 2�������� + (��2 + ��������)���� = 0
2. ��′ =����2−1
2
1−�� ��
7. ��′ =��(��−����)
��
�� −2����
8. ��′ =��−2��
2��−��; ��(1) = 2
DE 213
Let �� =��
��−��
�� or z = ��1−n
����
and
−��
����= (1 − ��)�� ����
����
����
����=
or ���� ����
����
1−��
Substitute these to the first line of the equation above to get
1 ����
+ �� ��(��) = ����
����
��(��) 1 − ��
��
��
Simplify to get
����
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����(��) = (1 − ��)��(��)
Note: The subscript �� is used to denote the reduced functions of P
and Q.
EXAMPLE 1:
Find the complete solution of
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(b) The reduced D.E. as given by eq.(6.2) is
�� 2
���� − ��= −3��
����
�� ∅ = ∫ ∅ ����(��)���� + ��
2+ ��
��
���� (�� −����
��) = �� − −−→ ������
Example 2:
Find the general solution of
3����
3�� 4 4
���� + ��= �� (2�� )
Solution:
(a). Reduce the given equation to the standard form, that
�� 4 4
is, ���� + ��= �� (2��
����
3)
where: �� =1��
�� =2��4
3
�� = 4 or (1 − n) = −3
���� =−3��
���� = −2��4
(b). With the above properties, the reduced D.E
3��
is ���� − ��=
4
−2��
����
�� ∅ = ∫ ∅ ����(��)���� + ��
�� ��−3 = ∫ ��−3(−2��4)���� + ��
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