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Module For Differential Equations 213

This document provides an introduction to differential equations. It defines key terms like order, degree, dependent and independent variables, and types of differential equations. Specifically: 1) A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives of dependent variables with respect to independent variables. 2) The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the degree of the highest order derivative. 3) Ordinary differential equations involve derivatives of dependent variables with respect to a single independent variable, while partial differential equations involve derivatives with respect to multiple independent variables. 4) Linear differential equations involve dependent variables and derivatives only to the first degree, while non-linear equations do not meet this requirement.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
76 views

Module For Differential Equations 213

This document provides an introduction to differential equations. It defines key terms like order, degree, dependent and independent variables, and types of differential equations. Specifically: 1) A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives of dependent variables with respect to independent variables. 2) The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the degree of the highest order derivative. 3) Ordinary differential equations involve derivatives of dependent variables with respect to a single independent variable, while partial differential equations involve derivatives with respect to multiple independent variables. 4) Linear differential equations involve dependent variables and derivatives only to the first degree, while non-linear equations do not meet this requirement.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 98

DE 213

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

ARCHITECTURE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(DE 213)

Name: __________________________________________

Yr. & Sec.: _______________________________________

Department: ______________________________________

Instructor: _______________________________________
1|Page

DE 213

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION and SOLUTION TO FIRST ORDER


DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2|Page

DE 213
OBJECTIVES:
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
• define a differential equation, its order and degree;
• determine the order and degree of a differential
equation; • form differential equation from a given
situation;
• illustrate the terms "general solution" and "particular solution" of a
differential equation through examples;
• solve differential equations
• find the particular solution of a given differential equation for given
conditions.

INTRODUCTION:
Many of the laws of nature – in biology, in chemistry, in physics, in
engineering and in astronomy – find their most natural expression in the
language of differential equation. The principles, or laws, underlying the
behavior of the natural world are statements of relations involving rates at
which things happen. When expressed in mathematical terms the relations
are equations and the rates are derivatives. Equations containing derivatives
are differential equation.

A differential equation that describes some physical process is often


called a mathematical model of the process. Simply, differential equations
are the language in which the law of nature are expressed. Therefore, to
understand and to investigate problems involving the motion of fluids, the
flow of current in electric circuits, the dissipation of heat in solid object, the
propagation and detection of seismic waves, or the increase or decrease of
populations, among many others, it is necessary to know something about
differential equation.

Having studied the concept of differentiation and integration, we are


now faced with the question where do they find an application. In fact, these
are the tools which help us to determine the exact takeoff speed, angle of
launch, amount of thrust to be provided and other related technicalities in
space launches. Not only this but also in some problems in Physics and Bio
Sciences, we come across relations which involve derivatives. One such
relation could be ��������= 4.9t2 where s is distance and t is time.
Therefore, ��������represents velocity (rate of change of distance) at time t.

Equations which involve derivatives as their terms are called


differential equations. In this lesson, we are going to learn how to find the
solutions and applications of such equations.

3|Page

DE 213

DEFINITION:
Differential Equations – is an equation involving derivatives of one or
more dependent variables with respect to one or more independent
variables.

EXAMPLES: Differential Equations

1. y’’’+2(y’’)2+y’=cos x
��2
2. ��
2
���� +y=0
����
3.
����
����+ 2
����= 3
4. (2���� + ��2) ���� + 2�� ���� = 0
5. ��2��
2 2
���� + �� �� = 0
34 ��2
���� ⌋ + 3 ��

6. ⌊��3�� 2����
2
���� + ����= sin ��
7. (�� + ��)���� + ��2��3���� = 0
����
8.
���� − 3����
���� = �� cos ��

Independent variable – when an equation involving one or more


derivatives with respect to a particular variable, that variable called
independent variable.

Dependent variable – a variable is called dependent if a derivative of that


variable occur.

EXAMPLES: Dependent and Independent Variable

��2
1. L ��
2
���� + R ��������+ ����= Ew cos wt
dependent variable: i; independent variables: t; L, R, C, and W are
parameters ( coefficient)
2. t ����
����+ y = 0;
dependent variable: y; independent variable: t
����
3.
����
���� − 3

���� = �� cos ��
dependent variable: w; independent variable: x,y
����
4.
����
����+ 2
����= 3
dependent variable: y; independent variable: x,z

4|Page
����
��
DE 213
3 2
���� )+
����+
5. (��3�� 2���� = 0
dependent variable: s; independent variable: t

Order of Differential Equation - it is the order of the highest derivative


occurring in the differential equation.

Degree of Differential Equation - it is the degree of the highest order


derivative in the differential equation.

EXAMPLE: Degree and Order of Differential Equation


1. ����
����= sinx ; order: one ; degree: one

����) + 3y2 = 5x ; order: one ; degree: two


2
����
2. (

��3
3. ��
3 2
���� + ������

����= 0 ; order: three, degree: one

����
4.
����= 2�� + 5; order: one, degree: one
��2
5. ��
2
���� − ��2�� + �� = 0; order: two, degree: one
6. (�� + ��2)���� − 2�������� = 0; order: 1, degree: one
2

3 2 ����
���� ) + �� ����+ 2���� = 0; order: 3, degree: 2
7. (��3��
8. ��′′ + (��′)2 = ��; order: 2, degree: 1
2
����) shows the degree of
derivative while
����)
2
is not equal to ��2��
Note: 2 ����
���� , the (
(����
2
�� ��
2
���� shows the order of derivative
: Before finding the degree of a differential equation, it should be free
from radicals and fractions as far as derivatives are concerned
TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:
1. Ordinary Differential Equation – is a differential equation involving
ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect
to single variable independent variable.
2. Partial Differential Equation – is a differential equation involving partial
derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to more
than one independent variable.

5|Page

DE 213

EXAMPLE: Types of Differential Equation


1. ����
����
����+
2. ���� Ordinary Differential
Equation
����+ x + y = 0 ;
����
����+ 2

����= 3 ; Partial Differential Equation


3 2 ����
���� ) + �� ����+ 2���� = 0; Ordinary Differential Equation
3. (��3��
����
4.
���� − 3����
���� = �� cos ��; Partial Differential Equation
��2
5. ��
2
���� − ��2�� + �� = 0; Ordinary Differential Equation

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION


- A differential equation in which the dependent variable and all of its
derivatives occur only in the first degree and are not multiplied
together
- no products of dependent variable and/or any of its derivatives are
present.
- no transcendental function of dependent variable and/or its derivative. -
Function �� and all its derivatives must ONLY have an exponent of ��. -
An nth-order ordinary differential equation is said to be linear in
dependent variable y (assuming x as the independent variable) if it can
be expressed in the form of

��0(��)������
��
���� + ��1(��)����−1��
��−1
���� + ….. + ����−1(��)����
���� + ����(��)�� = f (x)

NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION


- is an equation that is not linear.

Example 1
�������� − ���� ∙����

���� = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
Observing the terms with �� and its derivatives, it could be said that the
differential equation AGREES with the first rule since there are no exponents
other than �� on dependent variable.

Example 2
�������� − ���� ∙����

���� = �� ���� ��

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DE 213
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
Observing the terms with �� and its derivatives, it could be said that the
differential equation DOES NOT AGREE with the first rule since �� in the
first term is raised to ��.

Example 3
��
������
= ��
− ���� ∙ ���� ��

(����

����)

In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.


Observing the terms with �� and its derivatives, it could be said that
the differential equation DOES NOT AGREE with the first rule since
����
���� in the
second term is raised to ��.
1. The expressions being multiplied to the dependent variable and its
derivatives should be in terms of the independent variable only. This
could also be a constant or zero.

Example 4
�������� − ���� ∙����

���� = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first rule, observe the expressions mutiplied to the
dependent variable �� and its derivatives.
For the first term, the expression ������is being multiplied to the
dependent variable ��. Since it is in terms of the independent variable
�� only, then, it AGREES with the second rule.
For the second term, the expression −���� is being multiplied to the
first derivative of �� which is ����
����. Since it is in terms of the independent variable ��
only, then, it AGREES with the second rule.

Example 5
���������� − ������′ = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first rule, observe the expressions mutiplied to the
dependent variable �� and its derivatives.
For the second term, the expression −���� is being multiplied to the
first derivative of �� which is ����
����. Since it is in terms of the independent variable ��
only, then, it AGREES with the second rule.
For the first term, the expression ��������is being multiplied to the
dependent variable ��. Since it is in terms of both the independen variable
�� and the dependent variable ��, then, it DOES NOT AGREE with the
second rule. This could be resolved by combining both �� variables through
multiplication which will yield ���������� → ����������. We may have
resolved the issue with the second

7|Page

DE 213
rule, however, the new expression will cause it to NOT AGREE with the first
rule.
2. The right hand side should be purely in terms of the independent
variable only. This could also be a constant or zero.
Example 6
�������� − ������′ = �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first and second rules, observe the right hand side of
the equation.
The right hand side is �� ���� ��. Since it is purely in terms of the
independent variable ��, then it AGREES with the third rule.

Example 7
�������� − ������′ = �� + �� ���� ��
In the given differential equation above, the dependent variable is ��.
After checking the first and second rules, observe the right hand side of
the equation.
The right hand side is �� ���� �� + ��. It contains a �� term so we must
resolve this by transposing the �� term to the left side. This will yield
(������ + ��)�� − ���� ∙ ��′ = �� ���� ��
This resolves issue with rule number three but we have to check it again for
rule numbers one and two. The dependent variable and its derivatives are all
raised to 1 only, so this agrees with rule number 1. The expressions
multiplied to �� and its derivatives are all in terms of ��, so this agrees with
rule number 2.

Expressing the Solution of Differential Equations

Explicit – dependent variable is isolated


�� = −2 cos 4�� + 8
�� = ��4 + 2�� + 1
�� = ��2 + 3 + ��2��
Implicit – dependent and independent variables are found next to each
other
����3 = 2��2 + 4�� + 4 + ����
��4 − ��2��2 − 4���� + 6�� = 0
��2 = �� − ln|�� + 1| + 2
General Solution – the constant of integration, also known as the
parameter, is in the final answer
- represents a family of curves or group of solutions
- because the parameter can take on any constant value
�� = −2 cos 4�� + �� ��2 = �� − ln|�� + 1| + �� �� = ��4 + 2�� + ��

8|Page

DE 213
�� = ��2 + ��2�� + �� �� = −2 sin 4�� + ��1�� + ��2
Particular Solution – the value of the constant of integration is already
identified
- represents a single solution out of a family of curves
- the parameter has a specified value because of the given values of the
independent variable and the dependent variable
�� = −2 cos 4�� + 8 �� = −2 sin 4�� + 4�� + 5 �� = ��2 +
��2�� + 3 �� = ��4 + 2�� + 1 ��2 = �� − ln|�� + 1| + 2

����
First Order ODE :
����= ��(��)
- Left side is the first derivative of the dependent variable with respect
to the independent variable
- Right side is in terms of the independent variable only; may contain
constants and functions of the independent variable only

Example 1:
Determine the general solution of the differential equation given
by ����

���� = 2
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = 2 → ���� = 2 ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = 2 ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫ 2 ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫ 2 ���� → �� = 2�� + ��
The solution of the given differential equation is
�� = 2�� + ��
Example 2:
Derive the general solution by integrating both sides of the differential
equation given by
����

���� = �� − 5
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = �� − 5 → ���� = (�� − 5) ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
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DE 213
���� = (�� − 5) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(�� − 5) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(�� − 5) ���� → �� =��22− 5�� + ��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1 2
�� = 2�� − 5�� + ��
Example 3:
Formulate the general solution of the differential equation given
by ����
2
��ℎ= ℎ − 3ℎ + 2
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ��ℎ.
����
2 2
��ℎ= ℎ − 3ℎ + 2 → ���� = (ℎ − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (ℎ2 − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ → ∫ ���� = ∫(ℎ2 − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(ℎ2 − 3ℎ + 2) ��ℎ → �� =ℎ33−3ℎ2

2+ 2ℎ + ��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1 3 3 2
�� = 3ℎ − 2ℎ + 2ℎ + ��
Example 4:

Obtain the general solution by integrating both sides of the differential


equation given by
����

���� = sin �� + cos 5��


Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = sin �� + cos 5�� → ���� = (sin �� + cos 5��) ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (sin �� + cos 5��) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(sin �� + cos 5��)
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.

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DE 213
1
∫ ���� = ∫(sin �� + cos 5��) ���� → �� = − cos �� + 5sin 5�� +
��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1
�� = − cos �� + 5sin 5�� + ��
Example 5:
Solve for the general solution of the differential equation given
by ����

���� = ��
2��
+ 5��
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = ��
2��
+ 5�� → ���� = (��2�� + 5��) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (��2�� + 5��) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(��2�� + 5��)
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(��2�� + 5��) ���� → �� =��2��
��
2+5
ln 5+ ��
The solution of the given differential equation is
1 2�� ��
�� = 2�� +5
ln 5+ ��
Example 6:
Integrate both side of the differential equation given below to determine its
general solution.
��′ = ln ��
Solution:
Convert the derivative term ��’ into fractional form.
��′ = ln �� →����

���� = ln ��
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = ln �� → ���� = (ln ��) ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (ln ��) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(ln ��) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side. For the integral of (ln ��) ����, use Integration
By Parts (IBP).
∫ ���� = ∫(ln ��) ���� → �� = ��(ln ��) − �� + ��

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DE 213
The solution of the given differential equation is
�� = �� ln �� − �� + ��
Example 7:
Determine the particular solution, when �� = 3 and �� = 5, of the
differential equation given by
����

���� = 2�� − 2
Solution:
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = 2�� − 2 → ���� = (2�� − 2) ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (2�� − 2) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(2�� − 2) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(2�� − 2) ���� → �� = ��2 − 2�� + ��
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ��2 − 2�� + ��
Since the particular solution is being asked, we have to evaluate the value of
the parameter ��, using the given values of �� and ��.
�� = ��2 − 2�� + �� → 5 = (3)2 − 2(3) + �� → �� = 2
Substituting the value of �� in the general solution, the particular solution
will be
�� = ��2 − 2�� + 2
Example 8:
Derive the particular solution at point (0, −1) of the differential equation
given by
��′ = ��−�� + 2
Solution:
Convert the derivative term ��’ into fractional form.
��′ = ��−�� + 2 →����
−��
���� = �� +2
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
−��
���� = �� + 2 → ���� = (��−�� + 2) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (��−�� + 2) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(��−�� + 2) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.

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DE 213
∫ ���� = ∫(��−�� + 2) ���� → �� = −��−�� + 2�� + ��
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = −��−�� + 2�� + ��
Since the particular solution is being asked, we have to evaluate the value of
the parameter ��, using the given values of �� and ��.
�� = −��−�� + 2�� + �� → −1 = −��−(0) + 2(0) + �� → �� = 0
Substituting the value of �� in the general solution, the particular solution
will be
�� = −��−�� + 2��
Example 9:
Formulate the particular solution at point (��, 2��3) of the differential
equation given by
����
2
���� = 2���� + 2��
Solution:
Considering that �� is a constant, multiply both sides by the differential
����. ����
2 2
���� = 2���� + 2�� → ���� = (2���� + 2�� ) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (2���� + 2��2) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(2���� + 2��2)
����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(2���� + 2��2) ���� → �� = ����2 + 2��2�� +
��
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ����2 + 2��2�� + ��
Since the particular solution is being asked, we have to evaluate the value of
the parameter ��, using the given values of �� and ��.
�� = ����2 + 2��2�� + �� → 2��3 = ��(��)2 + 2��2(��) + �� →
�� = −��3
Substituting the value of �� in the general solution, the particular solution
will be
�� = ����2 + 2��2�� + �� − ��3
Example 10:
Integrate both side of the differential equation given below to determine its
particular solution when the values given are �� = 3 and �� = 3. ��′ = ��
Solution:
Convert the derivative term ��’ into fractional form. �� is the
dependent variable while �� is the independent variable.
����
��′ = �� → ���� = ��
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DE 213
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = �� → ���� = (��) ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (��) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(��) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��,
on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(��) ���� → �� = ���� + ��
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ���� + ��
Since the particular solution is being asked, we have to evaluate the value of
the parameter ��, using the given values of �� and ��.
�� = ���� + �� → 3 = ��(3) + �� → �� = 3 − 3��
Substituting the value of �� in the general solution, the particular solution
will be
�� = ���� + 3 − 3��
����
Higher Order ODE : ��
��
���� = ��(��)

- Left side is the ����ℎ derivative of the dependent variable with respect
to the independent variable
- Right side is in terms of the independent variable only
- In solving higher order ordinary differential equations, the order of the
highest derivative is equal to the number of integration that needs to
be performed.

Example 1:

Determine the general solution of the differential equation given


by ��2��
2
���� = 2
Solution:
For this example, since the highest derivative present in the differential
equation is of order 2, then we need to integrate the differential equation
twice. But, the equation must be properly manipulated before integrating.
First, expand the second order derivative in the following forms: ��2��
2 ��
���� = ���� (����
��
����) → ���� (����
����
Let
����) = 2
����be equal to a certain
variable ��. ���� (����

��
��
����) = 2 → ����(��) = 2 →����

���

�=2
14 | P a g e

DE 213
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = 2 → ���� = 2 ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = 2 ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫ 2 ����

Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��1
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫ 2 ���� → �� = 2�� + ��1
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = 2�� + ��1 →����

���� = 2�� + ��1


Repeat the process of integration. Multiply both sides by the differential
����. ����

���� = 2�� + ��1 → ���� = (2�� + ��1) ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (2�� + ��1) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(2�� + ��1) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��2
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(2�� + ��1) ���� → �� = ��2 + ��1�� + ��2
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ��2 + ��1�� + ��2
Example 2:

Determine the general solution of the differential equation given


by ��′′′ = 24��
Solution:
For this example, since the highest derivative present in the differential
equation is of order 3, then we need to integrate the differential equation
thrice. But, the equation must be properly manipulated before integrating.
First, expand the third order derivative in the following forms: ��′′′
3
=�� ��
3 �� 2
���� = ���� (�� ��
2 �� 2
���� ) → ���� (�� ��
2
���� ) = 24��
��2
Let ��
2
���� be equal to a certain variable ��.
2
���� (�� ��
��
2 ��
���� ) = 24�� → ����(��) = 24�� →����

����
= 24��
15 | P a g e

DE 213
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����

���� = 24�� → ���� = 24�� ����


Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = 24�� ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫ 24�� ����

Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��1
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫ 24�� ���� → �� = 12��2 + ��1
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = 12��2 + ��1 →��2��
2
���� = 12��2 + ��1
Next, expand the second order derivative in the following
forms: ��2��
2 ��
���� = ���� (����
��
����) → ���� (����
����
Let 2
����) = 12�� + ��1
����be equal to a certain
variable ��. ���� (����

��
2 �� 2
����) = 12�� + ��1 → ����(��) = 12�� + ��1 →����
���� =

12��2 + ��1
Repeat the process of integration. Multiply both sides by the differential
����. ����
2 2
���� = 12�� + ��1 → ���� = (12�� + ��1) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (12��2 + ��1) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(12��2 + ��1) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��2
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the second time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(12��2 + ��1) ���� → �� = 4��3 + ��1�� + ��2
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = 4��3 + ��1�� + ��2 →����
3
���� = 4�� + ��1�� + ��2
Repeat the process of integration. Multiply both sides by the differential
����. ����
3 3
���� = 4�� + ��1�� + ��2 → ���� = (4�� + ��1�� + ��2)
����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (4��3 + ��1�� + ��2) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(4��3 + ��1�� +
��2) ����

16 | P a g e

DE 213
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��3
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the third time), on the right hand side.
1
∫ ���� = ∫(4��3 + ��1�� + ��2) ���� → �� = ��4 +�� 2��2 +
��2�� + ��3 Since the denominator 2 is just a constant, it could be
absorbed by parameter ��1 however the new ��1 is not the same as the
previous one. (This doesn’t matter as of the moment.) Finally, the general
solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ��4 + ��1��2 + ��2�� + ��3
Example 3:
Determine the particular solution of the differential equation when �� = 0,
�� = 1. And when �� = 0, ��′ = 2
��2��
2
���� = ���� + cos ��
Solution:
For this example, since the highest derivative present in the differential
equation is of order 2, then we need to integrate the differential equation
twice. But, the equation must be properly manipulated before integrating.
First, expand the second order derivative in the following forms: ��2��
2 ��
���� = ���� (����
��
����) → ���� (����
����
Let ��
����) = �� + cos ��
����be equal to a certain

variable ��. ���� (����

��
�� �� ��
����) = �� + cos �� → ����(��) = �� + cos �� →����

���� =

���� + cos
��
Multiply both sides by the differential ����.
����
�� ��
���� = �� + cos �� → ���� = (�� + cos ��) ����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (���� + cos ��) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(���� + cos ��)
����

Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��1
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(���� + cos ��) ���� → �� = ���� + sin �� + ��1
Substitute back the expression for ��,
�� = ���� + sin �� + ��1 → ��′ =����
��
���� = �� + sin �� + ��1 [������ 1]
Repeat the process of integration. Multiply both sides by the differential
����.

17 | P a g e

DE 213
����
�� ��
���� = �� + sin �� + ��1 → ���� = (�� + sin �� + ��1)
����
Then, integrate both sides of the equations with respect to the indicated
differential term.
���� = (���� + sin �� + ��1) ���� → ∫ ���� = ∫(���� + sin �� +
��1) ����
Apply the indicated integral and simply add a constant of integration, ��2
(to indicate that this is the oarameter obtained upon integrating the given
ordinary differential equation the first time), on the right hand side.
∫ ���� = ∫(���� + sin �� + ��1) ���� → �� = ���� − cos �� +
��1�� + ��2
The general solution of the given differential equation is
�� = ���� − cos �� + ��1�� + ��2 [������ 2]
Since there are given initial conditions, the values of the parameters ��1
and ��2 needs to be evaluated.
First, solve for ��1 using [������ 1] using the values �� = 0,
��′ = 2 ��′ = ���� + sin �� + ��1 → 2 = ��0 + sin 0
+ ��1 → ��1 = 1
Next, solve for ��2 using [������ 2] using the values �� = 0, �� = 1,
and ��1 = 1 �� = ���� − cos �� + ��1�� + ��2 → 1 = ��0 − cos 0 + 1(0) +
��2 → ��2 = 1 Substituting the values of ��1 and ��2 in the general
solution, the particular solution will be
�� = ���� − cos �� + �� + 1
Example 4:

According to Newton’s Law of Gravitation, the acceleration due to gravity of


any object near the Earth’s surface is nearly constant, with a value of
approximately equal to �� = −9.81 ��/��2. After setting up the relationship
between the position function and the time that an object travels along the
vertical axis (perpendicular to the surface), it was found out that the
phenomenon was governed by the differential equation ��′′(��) = −��. At
time t = 0, the object’s position is y = y0. The initial condition at time t = 0 is y′
= v0. Find the particular solution of the differential equation.
Solution: ��′′(��) = −��
�� (����
2
�� ��
����)
2
���� = −�� →
����)
Treat ����/���� as a
new variable, say �� �� ���� = −��

(����

����
���� = −�� → ���� = −�� → ���� = −�� ����
Integrating both sides and putting back
����/����, ��
= −���� + ��1
Eqn 1

18 | P a g e

DE 213
��′ =����

���� = −���� + ��1 → ���� = (−���� + ��1) ����


Integrating both sides
2
�� =−����
2+ ��1�� + ��2 Eqn 2
Using the initial condition at t = 0, y′ = v0 to Eqn 1
��0 = −��(0) + ��1 → ��1 = v0
Using the initial condition at t = 0, y = y0 to Eqn 2
��0 =−��(0)2

2+ ��1(0) + ��2 → ��2 = ��0


The particular solution is
2
�� =−����
2+ ��0�� + ��0
Which could be rewritten as
1
�� = ��0 + ��0�� − 2����2

Elimination of Arbitrary Constants


In this section we consider a relation involving arbitrary constants and,
by elimination of those arbitrary constants, come to a differential equation
consistent with the original equation. Methods for the elimination of
arbitrary constants vary with the way in which the constants enter the
given relation. Because each differentiation yields a new relation, the
number of derivatives that need be used is the same as the number of
arbitrary constants to be eliminated.

Properties
• The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary
constants in the given relation.
• The differential equation is consistent with the relation.
• The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.

Steps in formulating a differential equation


a. Determine the number of arbitrary constant in the given function b.
Differentiate the function based on the number of arbitrary constant c.
Eliminate the arbitrary constant from the simultaneous equations

Consider the following illustrative examples,


1. y = x2 + Aex + Be-x

(a) 2 constants A, B
(b) y = x2 + Aex + Be-x (1. original relation/function) y’ = 2x + Aex -
Be-x (2. first order derivative)

19 | P a g e

DE 213
y’’ = 2 + Aex + Be-x (3. second order derivative) (c) 1 and 2 y -
y’ = x2 - 2x + 2Be-x (i) 2 and 3 y’ - y’’ = 2x - 2 - 2Be-x (ii)
i and ii y - y’’ = x2 - 2

Thus, the function y = x2 + Aex + Be-x yields a differential


equation y’’ - y + x2 - 2 = 0.

2. x3−3x2y=c

(a) 3x2 dx−3(2xy dx+x2 dy)=0


(b) 3x2 dx−6xy dx−3x2 dy=0

(c) Divide by 3x
x dx−2y dx−x dy=0
(x−2y) dx−x dy=0
3. Eliminate A and B from

x=Asin(ωt+B)

ω being a parameter not to be eliminated.


x=Asin(ωt+B) ← equation (1)

����

����= ωAcos(ωt+B)
2
�� ��
2
���� =−ω2Asin(ωt+B)

From equation (1), A sin (ωt + B) = x


2
�� ��
2
���� =−ω2x
2
�� ��
2
���� +ω2x=0

20 | P a g e
Dependent Variables
DE 213 Ordinary or Partial

WORKSHEET #1

COMPLETE THE
FOLLOWING TABLE: Differential Equation Order Degree
Linearity Independent Variables
�� 3 �
= �� �)
���
1. [1 + ��� 4
2 ]
[�� � ]
2
(���

2.
��3��
3
���� = √����
����

3. 3����
2
����
√�� ��
2
���� =
4. ��� �� 2
+ � )
3
3 ���
(�� � ) 2 3
�� (��
2

= �� − 3��
5. ����

���� = √����

6.
��2��
4
2 √
���� = 1 + (����

����)
7.
��2��
2
���� =����

���� + 1

8.
��4�� 9. 2
�� ��2�
4 �
���� +
2
2 ���� +
(�� ��
2������
6
�������
= ��
�)
3
(�� �� ���� +
��
3
���� )
= ��2 +
10. 2
2 ��� +
�� 2����
+ � =0
����

21 | P a g e

DE 213

WORKSHEET #2

1. Find the differential equation of the given

function a) y= C1e-3x + C2e-2x + C3e-x

b) x3-3x2y = C

c) y2x = 1+ Cy

d) y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x

e) y = C1x + C2ex

2. Eliminate the Arbitrary Constants of the following equations

a) x3-3x2y = C

b) ysinx−xy2=C
c) x2y=1+Cx

d) cy2=x2+y

e) x=Asin(ωt+B) (ω is not to be eliminated)

22 | P a g e

DE 213

SOLUTIONS TO FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION


23 | P a g e

DE 213
A. VARIABLE SEPARABLE (SEPARABLE EQUATIONS)
- A differential equation in the form of M dx + N dy = 0
where: M and N maybe functions of both x and y.

Differential equation of the type ����


����= ��(��), if it can be expressed as a
function that depends only on x times a function that depends only on
y, then it is separable.
����

����= ��(��) p(y) and to obtain its solution, we first write in the
form, ����
��(��)= ��(��) dx, then
proceed to integration.

����
Consider the differential equation of the type
����= ��(��), or dy = f (x)
dx
On integrating both sides, we get
∫ ���� = ∫ ��(��) dx
y = ∫ ��(��) dx + c
where c is an arbitrary constant. This is the general solution.

Note: It is necessary to write c in the general solution, otherwise it will


become a particular solution.

Example 1:

����
Solve (x+2)
����= ��2 + 4x – 5
����
Solution: The given differential equation is (x+2)
����= ��2 + 4x – 5
����
��2 + 4x – 5
����=
(x+2)
����
��2 + 4x+4 –4− 5
����=
(x+2)

(��+2)2
����= −9
����
(x+2)
(��+2)2
����=
���� 9
(x+2)−
(x+2)
����

����= (�� + 2) −9
(x+2)
9
���� = (�� + 2 −
x+2)���� --------- Equation 1
On integrating both sides of equation 1, we have

24 | P a g e

DE 213
∫ ���� = ∫ (�� + 2 −9
x+2) ����
����
y= ��+ 2x – 9 log (x+2) + c
where c is an arbitrary constant, is the required general solution.

Example 2:

����
Solve
����= 2��3 – x, given that y = 1 and x = 0.
����
Solution: The given differential equation is
2��3 – x
����=
dy = (2��3 – x) dx --------- Equation 1
On integrating both sides of equation 1, we have
∫ ���� = ∫(2��3 – x) dx
�� =2��4
��2
4− 2+ c
��4 ��2
�� = 2− 2+ c -------- Equation 2 [general solution]
where C is an arbitrary constant. Since y = 1 when x = 0, therefore, if
we substitute these values in Equation 2 we will get,
1=0+0+c
c =1
Now, on putting the value of C in Equation 2, we get
�� =��42−��22+ c
�� =12(��4 − ��2) + 1
�� =��������(���� − ��) + 1
which is the required particular solution.

Consider the differential equation of the type


����

����= f(x) g(y)


����
or
�� (��)= f(x) dx ------- Equation 1

In equation 1, x's and y's have been separated from one another.
Therefore, this equation is also known differential equation with
variables separable. To solve such differential equations, we integrate
both sides and add an arbitrary constant on one side.

To illustrate this method, let us take few examples.

25 | P a g e

DE 213

Example 3

Solve the equation given by


����
��
���� = ��
Solution:
By looking at the given differential equation, the independent variable
�� could be separated from the dependent variable �� using simple
mathematical operations.
Multiply both sides by the LCD �� ����,
�� ���� (����
��
���� = ��) �� ����
Simplify the equation,
�� ���� = �� ����
Then, integrate both sides
∫ �� ���� = ∫ �� ����

Evaluate the integral then add the constant of integration, ��, on


one side of the equation,
��2
2
2=�� 2+ ��
Finally, the general solution of the differential equation
��
is ������ = ��
���� + ��
��

To avoid unnecessary constants, multiply the equation by 2, then


manipulate the equation to create the standard form of a conic
section,
��2 − ��2 = −2��
Let another parameter small letter �� be equal to the
constant expression −����
���� − ���� = ��
Checking:
To check, get the derivative of the whole equation using implicit
differentiation
�� ��
��2 − ��2 = �� → 2
����(�� − �� ) =
2
����(��)
Evaluate the derivative,
2�� − 2�� ∙ ��′ = 0

26 | P a g e

DE 213
Replace ��′ with the fractional form of a derivative,
2�� − 2�� ∙����

���� = 0
Transpose ���� to the right side,

−2�� ∙����

���� = −2��
Then, divide both sides by −����,
����

���� =−2��
−2��
This will yield the original differential equation
����
��
���� = ��
Example 4

Determine the general solution of the differential equation presented


below.
����
���� = ��
����

Solution:
Obviously, this ordinary differential equation is separable.
Multiply both sides by ����,

���� (����
2��
���� = ��) ����
Simplify the equation, then multiply both sides by
�� 2��
�� , ���� = ������
1 2�� 1
→ ��(���� = ������) ��
Simplify the equation, then integrate both sides
2 1 2
������ = ������ → ∫ ������ = ∫ ������
1

Evaluating the integral then adding the constant of integration, ��,


on one side of the equation, then the general solution of the
differential equation will be
���� �� = �� ���� �� + ��
Using the Euler’s number, ��, as the base and the expressions on
the equation as the exponents to eliminate the natural logarithm,
��ln�� = ��2ln ��+��
Expanding the expression on the right hand side using laws of
exponents,

27 | P a g e

DE 213
��ln�� = ��2ln ��∙ ����
Now, using Laws of Logarithm, �� will be the exponent of ��. Using
��ln�� = ��, simplify the equation
��ln�� = ��ln ��2∙ ���� → �� = ��2∙ ����
Let small �� = ����, considering ����is constant, then simplifying
further, �� = ������
Checking:
To check, one may evaluate the first derivative of the function since it
is in explicit form

�� = ����2 → ��′ =����

���� = 2����
Substitute the expression for �� and ��’ to the original
differential equation
2�� 2
���� = ��→ 2���� =2(���� )
����
��
Upon simplifying, it could be said the both sides of the resulting
equation will be equal, so the general solution obtained is
correct.

Example 5

Formulate the general solution of the differential equation given


by (�� + ����) ���� + (�� + ����) ���� = ��
Solution:
Transpose the term with the differential ���� to the right side of
the equation then divide both sides by (�� + ����)(�� + ����),

(1 + ��2) ���� = (1 + ��2) ���� →(1 + ��2) ����


(1 + ��2)(1 + ��2)=(1 + ��2) ����
(1 + ��2)(1 + ��2)
Simplify the equation, then integrate both sides
(1 + ��2)���� =1
1
(1 + ��2)���� → ∫1
(1 + ��2)���� = ∫1
(1 + ��2)����
Evaluating the integral then adding the constant of integration, ��,
on one side of the equation, the general solution of the differential
equation will be
�������������� = ������������ �� + ��
Example 6

Obtain the general solution of the differential equation given


by ����(�� + ��) ���� − �� ���� = ��

28 | P a g e

DE 213
Solution:
Transpose the term with the differential ���� to the right side then
divide both sides by −(�� + ��),

−(�� + 1)=−2��(�� + 1) ����


−�� ���� = −2��(�� + 1)
1���� = 2�� ���� → ∫��
���� →−�� ����
−(�� + 1)
Simplify the equation, then
integrate both sides �� +
����
��

�� + 1���� = ∫ 2��
Evaluating the integral then adding the constant of integration, ��,
on one side of the equation, the general solution of the differential
equation will be
�� − ����|�� + ��| = ���� + ��
Example 7

Determine the particular solution, when �� = �� and �� = ��,


of the differential equation given by
������ ��′ = �� + ����
Solution:
Replace ��’ with the fractional definition of a derivative then
multiply both sides by ����,

2���� ∙����
2
���� = 1 + �� → ���� (2���� ∙����
2
���� = 1 + �� ) ����
Simplify then dividing by the �� (�� + ����) ,
�� (1 + ��2)=(1 + ��2) ����
2���� ���� = (1 + ��2) 1
= ������ → ∫2��
���� →2���� ����
�� (1 + ��2)
Simplify then integrating both
sides (1 + ��2)����
1
2�� ∫ ������

(1 + ��2)���� =
Use u-substitution for the left hand side, where �� = �� + ����
and ���� = ��������
���� 1
∫ ��= ∫ ������ → ln|��| = ln|��| + ��
Substitute �� back then use the Euler’s number �� to simplify
the equation,
ln|1 + ��2| = ln|��| + �� → ��ln|1+��2| = ��ln|��|+��
Simplifying, the general solution of the differential equation is
��2 + 1 = ����

29 | P a g e

DE 213
Substitute the given values of �� and �� to the resulting
equation to solve the value of the new parameter small letter ��.
��2 + 1 = ���� → (3)2 + 1 = ��(2) → �� = 5
The particular solution of the differential equation is
���� + �� = ����
Example 8
Formulate the particular solution at point (��, ��) = (−��,
��) of the differential equation given by
���� ���� = ���� ����
Solution:
Divide both sides by ���� then simplify
2�� ����

���� =3�� ����


2 3
����→ ������ = ������
Integrate both sides then simplify
2 3
∫ ������ = ∫ ������ → 2 ln|��| = 3 ln|��| + ��
Use Laws of logarithm and Laws of exponents to simplify the
equation ln|��2| = ln|��3| + �� → ��ln|��2| = ��ln|��3|+��
Expand the expression on the right hand side using the Laws of
Exponents and then replace the constant expression ���� with
small letter ��.
��ln|��2| = ��ln|��3|∙ ���� → ��2 = ����3
Solve for the value of the new parameter small letter ��, by using
the given values for variables �� and ��
��2 = ����3 → (−2)2 = ��(1)3 → �� = 4
Therefore, the particular solution of the differential equation
is ���� = ������
Example 9

Solve for the particular solution, when �� = �� and �� = ��,


of the differential equation given by
��′ = �� ����−����
Solution:
Replace y’ with the fractional definition of a derivative, then expand
the exponential expressin using laws of exponents
����
����−��2→��
���� =�� ��
��
��
����2
���� = ��

30 | P a g e

DE 213
����
Multiply both sides by
��
�� then simplify to separate the two variables
���� ����

����
=��
�� �� 1 ��
�� ∙ (���� �� → �� ���
2 �� 2
���� ) ∙���� �= ���� ����
Simplify the expressions using laws of exponents, then integrate both
sides.
��−��∙ ���� = ����−��2∙ ���� → ∫ ��−�� ���� = ∫
����−��2����
Using u-substitution on the right side of the equation where �� =
−���� and ���� = −���� ����. Then, evaluate the integral
1 1
∫ ��−�� ���� = − 2∫ ���� ���� → −��−�� = − 2���� + ��
Substitute back the expression for u,
1 1
−��−�� = − 2���� + �� → −��−�� = − 2��−��2+ ��
Using the resulting expression and the given value for �� and ��,
solve the value of the parameter ��
1 1
−��−(0) = − 2��−(0)2+ �� → �� = − 2
Therefore, the particular solution of the differential equation
�� −���� ��
is −��−�� = − ���� − ��
Example 10

Obtain the particular solution of the differential equation given that


when �� = ��, �� = ����
��′ = −������
Solution:
Replace the ��’ with the fractional definition of a derivative then
multiply both sides by ������
����
���� ����
���� = −4���� → ��∙ ( ���� = −4����)
����
∙ ��
Simplify the equation then integrate both sides
1
������ = −4�� ���� → ∫ ������ = ∫ −4�� ����
1

Evaluate the integral then use Laws of Exponents to eliminate the


logarithmic expression
ln|��| = −2��2 + �� → ��ln|��| = ��−2��2+��
Simplify the equation then replace ���� with a new parameter
small letter ��.

31 | P a g e

DE 213
�� = �� ��−������
Using the initial conditions, �� = ��, �� = ����
�� = �� ∙ ��−2��2→ ��0 = �� ∙ ��−2(0)2→ �� = ��0
So, the particular solution o the deifferential equation
is �� = ���� ��−������
Example 11

Determine the particular solution of the differential equation below


when the values given are �� → ∞ and �� =����. Consider �� =
��(��). ������ ���� + ���� ���� = ��
Solution:
Transpose the term containing the differential of the independent
variable. Then, manipulate the equation such that the variables are
with their corresponding differentials. Based on the given
configuration, �� is the independent variable.
1 2 �� ��
���� ���� = −����2 ���� → �� ���� = − �� ����
Simplify the expression then integrate both sides.
��−2 ���� = −�� ��−�� ���� → ∫ ��−2 ���� = ∫ −�� ��−�� ����

Evaluate the given integral. Use integration by parts (IBP)—∫ ��


���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����—for the right side, where �� = −��
and ���� = ��−�� ����. Therefore, ���� = −���� and �� =
��−��.

−��−1 = (−��)(��−��) − ∫ ��−�� (−����) → −��−1 = −����−�� + ∫ ��−��


����

Add the constant of integration, ��, on the independent variable


side and the general solution of the differential equation is
−��−�� = −����−�� − ��−�� + ��
This could be re-written as
1 1 ��
− ��= − �� (�� + 1) + ��
Using the given initial conditions, �� → ∞ & �� =����, the value of the
parameter, ��, could be obtained. Use limit laws in evaluating the
value for the right side f the equation, since the variable approaches
infinity (∞).

−1
1 1 ��
( 2⁄ )= lim��→∞[− �� (�� + 1)] + �� → �� = −2

32 | P a g e

DE 213
Therefore the particular solution is
−��−�� = −����−�� − ��−�� − ��
which could be written as
�� �� ��
− ��= − �� (�� + ��) − ��
Example 12

The differential equation governing the population growth of a certain


����
culture of bacteria is
���� = −������. At time �� = ��, the initial population is
�� = ����, determine the population of the culture of bacteria in the
form of the explicit function �� = �� (��).
Solution:
The given differential equation ����
���� = −������ is obviously a separable
differential equation. Multiply both sides by ������, then
simplify. ����
���� ���� 1
��∙ ( ���� = −2����) ∙ ��→ ������ = −2��
����
Integrate both sides then simplify
1 2
∫ ������ = ∫ −2�� ���� → ln|��| = −�� + ��
Eliminate the natural logarithm by using the Euler’s number ��,
then use �� = ����to simplify the constants
��ln|��| = ��−��2+�� → �� = �� ��−��2
Using the initial condition, “at time �� = ��, the initial population is
�� = ����,” solve for the value of the new parameter ��.
P0 = �� ��−(0)2→ �� = P0
Therefore, the explicit function �� = �� (��) representing the
growth of a certain culture of bacteria is
�� = ���� ��−����

33 | P a g e

DE 213
WORKSHEET #3

Solution to Variable Separable First Order

D.E. Solve the following D.E.

3��+����2
����=
1. ��
����

2
��+��

2. (��2 + 2�� + 1)���� + (��

+ 4)������ = 0 3. (4 +

��2)���� + 4���� = 0

����
4.
����= −����; ��(1) = 3
5. 3��(��2 + 1)���� +

��(��2 + 2)���� = 0 6.

2������ + ��−3������ = 0

7. ��′ =��+����2
4��

8. ������
2
����= �� + 1

9. ��√1 + ��2���� − ��√1

+ ��2���� = 0 10.

��2��−������ +

����−2������ = 0

34 | P a g e

DE 213
B. HOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS
- A differential equation M dx + N dy is homogenous in x and y. if M and
N are homogenous functions of the same degree in x and y.

To determine the degree of M and N,

1. Replace x and y to tx and ty respectively that is


M(tx,ty) + N(tx,ty) = 0,
tn [ M(x,y) + N(x,y)] = 0
where: n – degree of M and N
or try to consider the following problems,

2
i. y2 + x ����

����= ��������
����
3 3 2
ii. (x + y )���� − 3��y ���� = 0
x3 2
����= +��y
iii.
2
���� y ��

����
In equation (i) above, we see that each term except
����is
of degree 2,
2 2
[as degree of y is 2, degree of x is 2 and degree of xy is 1 + 1 =2]
����
In equation (ii) each term except

of degree 3, [as degree of x3is 3,


����is
degree of y3is 3 and degree of ��y is 1 + 2 = 3]
2

����
In equation (iii) each term except
of degree 3, [as degree of y2�� is
����is
3, degree of x3is 3 and degree of ��y2is 1 + 2 = 3] as it can be
rewritten as y2������
3 2
����= x + ��y

Such equations are called homogeneous equations.

Remarks: Homogeneous equations do not have constant terms.

iv. (x2 + 3yx) dx – (x3+ x) dy = 0

is not a homogeneous equation as the degree of the function except







in each term is not the same. [degree of x2 is 2, that of 3yx is 2, of x3 is 3,
and of x is 1]

35 | P a g e

DE 213
SOLUTION OF HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

When a function is homogenous, then it may be transform to


separable equation by changing either,

y = xv or x = yv

used: y = xv when N is simpler than M [ y = xv, using differentiation dy = x


dv + v dx]

x = yv when M is simpler than N [ x = yv, using differentiation dx = y dv +


v dy]

Example 1:

(x2 + 3xy + y2) dx – x2 dy = 0


x2
����=
2
+ 3xy + y
����
It can be written as:
2 2
x [by transposing – x dy to
the right side then apply division operation]

It is a homogeneous equation of degree two.

Check: Replace x and y to tx and ty respectively,


(x2 + 3xy + y2) dx – x2 dy = 0
[(tx)2 + 3(tx)(ty) + (ty)2] dx – (tx)2 dy = 0
[(t)2 (x)2 + 3(t)(x)(t)(y) + (t)2(y)2] dx – (t)2(x)2 dy = 0
[(t)2 (x)2 + 3(t)2(x)(y) + (t)2(y)2] dx – (t)2(x)2 dy = 0
t2 [ (x2 + 3xy + y2) dx – x2 dy] = 0
Let y = vx, dy = x dv + v dx
(x2 + 3xy + y2) dx – x2 dy = 0
[x2 + 3x(vx) + (vx)2] dx – x2 (x dv + v dx) = 0
(x2 + 3vx2 + v2 x2) dx – x3 dv - v x2 dx = 0
x2 dx + 3vx2 dx + v2 x2 dx – x3 dv - v x2 dx = 0
– x3 dv + x2 dx + v2 x2 dx + 2vx2 dx = 0
– x3 dv + x2 dx [1 + v2 + 2v] = 0
{– x3 dv + [1 + v2 + 2v] x2 dx = 0 } 1
2 3
(1 + v + 2v)(x )
x2
(1 + v + 2v)+
2

����
– 3
x dx = 0
����

1
(v + 2v+1)+ xdx =0
2

36 | P a g e

DE 213
–����
2 dx
(v + 1) + x= 0, by integration
����
−∫
2
+ ∫����x= 0
(v + 1)
������ �� = (�� + 1), ���� = ����
− ∫(v + 1)−2+1
����
−2+1���� + ∫ x= 0
(v + 1)−1

−1+ ln x = c where c is an arbitrary constant
1

v+1+ ln x = c
��
substitute the value of v, v = x

x+1 + ln x = c
��

then simplify,
��

��+��+ ln x = c ------- which is the required solution [general solution]


Example 2:

(x + 4y) dx – (2x – y) dy = 0

It is a homogeneous equation of degree one.

let x = yv, dx = y dv + v dy

(x + 4y) dx – (2x – y) dy = 0

(yv + 4y) (y dv + v dy) – (2yv – y) dy = 0

y2v dv + yv2 dy + 4 y2 dv + 4 yv dy – 2yv dy +y dy = 0

y2v dv + 4 y2 dv + yv2 dy+ 4 yv dy – 2yv dy +y dy = 0

y2 dv (v + 4) + y dy (v2 + 4v – 2v + 1) = 0

y2 dv (v + 4) + y dy (v2 + 2v + 1) = 0

[y2 dv (v + 4) + y dy (v2 + 2v + 1) = 0] [1
(v +2��+1)(y )]
2 2

(v + 4)dv
�� ����
(v +2��+1)+
2

2
y =0

37 | P a g e

DE 213
(v + 4)dv
����
(v +2��+1)+ y= 0
2

(v + 4)dv
2 ����
(v+1) + y= 0
(v + 1)dv
2
(v+1) +3 dv
2 ����
(v+1) + y= 0
3 dv
��+1+
dv by integration
2 ����
(v+1) + y= 0, ∫����
v+1+ ∫3 ���� 0
2 ����
(v+1) + ∫ ��=
∫����
−2
v+1+ 3 ∫(v + 1) ���� +
∫������= 0 v+1+ 3 ∫(v+1)−2+1
∫���� ∫������= 0
−2+1���� +
(v+1)−1
v+1+ 3 ∫
∫���� ∫������= 0
−1���� +

��
substitute v = ��

��) -3��
��+��+ ln y = c
ln (x+y) -���� ln (��+��

ln (v+1) -3
��+1+ ln y = c
��) + ln y -3��
ln (����+1) -3 ��+�� = c
ln (��+��
3��
��) (y) -

��+�� = c

��+1+ ln y = c
��

ln (��+��
��+�� = c ------- which is the required solution
[general
solution]
Example 3:

Solve the equation given by


(���� − ���� + ����) ���� − ���� ���� = ��
Solution:
First, check if the differential equation is separable.(Obviously, it’s
not.) Then, check for homogeneity. All terms (disregarding the
differentials ���� and ����) have a degree of ��, so the differential
equation is homogeneous.
In choosing which of the substitute expressions (�� = ���� or �� =
����) could be used, look at the differential and choose the
differential term (either ���� or ����) with shorter expression
attached.

38 | P a g e

DE 213
Comparing,
��
���� �� − ���� + ����

���� −����
Since ���� is attached to a shorter expression, the substitute
expression that should be used (for easier solution) is �� = ����,
coupled with ���� = �� ���� + �� ����.
Substituting to the differential equation,
[�� − ��(����) + (����)2] ���� − ��(����) (�� ���� +
2

�� ����) = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
(��2 − ����2 + ��2��2) ���� − ����2(�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expanding further
��2 ���� − ����2 ���� + ��2��2 ���� − ��2��2 ���� −
����3 ���� = 0
Simplify
��2 ���� − ����2 ���� − ����3 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
−����3 ���� = −��2 ���� + ����2 ����
Factor out ���� ���� on the right side,
−����3 ���� = ��2∙ (�� − 1) ����
Then, apply separation of variables
1
�� − 1���� = − ������
��

Integrate both sides (use integration techniques)


∫��
1
�� − 1���� = − ∫ ������ → ∫�� − 1 + 1
1
�� − 1���� = − ∫ ������
Evaluate the integral, then add the constant of
integration ( ∫�� − 1

�� − 1���� + ∫1
1
�� − 1���� ) = − ∫ ������ → �� + ln|�� − 1| = − ln|��| + ��
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =������
��
��+ ln | ��− 1| = − ln|��| + ��
This could be simplified
�� �� ��
ln | ��− 1| + ln|��| = − ��+ �� → ln |�� ∙ ( ��− 1)| =
��
− ��+ �� Simplifying further, then eliminating the
�� ln|��−��|
logarithmic expression ln|�� − ��| = − ��+ �� → ��
−��
= �� ��+��

39 | P a g e

DE 213
Using �� = ����, the general solution could be written as
��
�� −��
��+ ln | ��− 1| = − ln|��| + �� or �� − �� = �� ∙ �� ��

Example 4:

Determine the general solution of the differential equation presented


below.
���� ���� + (���� + ����) ���� = ��
Solution:
Upon checking, it is obvious that the differential equation is not
sepaarable but it is homogeneous. It could be manipulated to become
separable by substituting �� = ���� and ���� = �� ���� + ��
����.
(����)�� ∙ (�� ���� + �� ����) + [(����)2 + ��2]
���� = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
(����2)(�� ���� + �� ����) + [��2��2 + ��2] ���� =
0
Expanding further
��2��2 ���� + ����3 ���� + ��2��2 ���� + ��2
���� = 0
Simplify
2��2��2 ���� + ��2 ���� + ����3 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
2��2��2 ���� + ��2 ���� = −����3 ����
Factor out ���� ���� on the left side,
��2(2��2 + 1)���� = −����3 ����
Then, apply separation of variables
1
− ������ =��
2��2 + 1����
Integrate both sides (use integration techniques)
1
− ∫ ������ = ∫��

2��2 + 1����
Evaluating the integral, and adding the constant of integration
1
��, − ln|��| = 4ln|2��2 + 1| + ��
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����
1 �� 2 �� 2
− ln|��| = 4ln |2 ( ��) + 1| + �� → −4 ln|��| = ln |2 ( ��) + 1| + 4��

40 | P a g e

DE 213
Manipulate the equation further
−4�� = ln |2��2
2
�� + 1| + 4 ln|��| → −4�� = ln |2��2
2
�� + 1| + ln|��4|
Manipulating further
−4�� = ln |��4∙ (2��2
2
�� + 1)| → −4�� = ln|2��2��2 + ��4|
Use the Euler’s number, ��, to eliminate the logarithmic expression
and let �� = ��−����.
��−4�� = ��ln|2��2��2+��4| → �� = 2��2��2 + ��4
Therefore, the general solution of the given differential equation could
be written as
�� �� ��
− ����|��| = ������ |�� ( ��) + ��| + �� or
���������� + ���� = ��

Example 5:

Formulate the general solution of the differential equation given


by (�� − ����) ���� + (���� + ��) ���� = ��
Solution:
Upon checking, it is obvious that the differential equation is not
sepaarable but it is homogeneous. It could be manipulated to become
separable by substituting �� = ���� and ���� = �� ���� + ��
����.
[�� − 2(����)] ���� + [2�� + (����)] (�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
(�� − 2����) ���� + (2�� + ����)(�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expanding further
�� ���� − 2���� ���� + 2���� ���� + ��2�� ���� + 2��2
���� + ����2 ���� = 0
Simplify
�� ���� + ��2�� ���� + 2��2 ���� + ����2 ���� =
0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
2��2 ���� + ����2 ���� = −�� ���� − ��2��
����
Factor out ���� ���� on the left side and – �� ���� on
the right side, ��2(�� + 2) ���� = −��(��2 + 1) ����
Then, apply separation of variables
1
��2 + 1���� = − ������
�� + 2

Integrate both sides (use integration techniques)


41 | P a g e

DE 213

∫�� + 2
1
��2 + 1���� = − ∫ ������ → ∫��
��2 + 1���� + ∫2
1
��2 + 1���� = − ∫ ������
Evaluating the integrals and adding the constant of integration
��, 1
2 2
2ln|�� + 1| + 2 arctan(�� + 1) = − ln|��| + ��
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����. So, the general solution of
the differential equation is
�� �� �� ��
������ |( ��) + ��| + �� ������������[( ��) +
��] = − ����|��| + ��
��

Example 6:

Obtain the general solution of the differential equation given


��
by [�� ������ ( ��) − ��] ���� + �� ���� = ��
Solution:
Upon checking, it is obvious that the differential equation is not
sepaarable but it is homogeneous. It could be manipulated to become
separable by substituting �� = ���� and ���� = �� ���� + ��
����, since the expression attached to ���� is shorter.

{�� csc [(����)

��] − (����)} ���� + �� (�� ���� + �� ����) = 0


Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
(�� csc �� − ����) ���� + �� (�� ���� + �� ����) =
0
Expanding further
�� ∙ csc �� ���� − ���� ���� + ���� ���� + ��2
���� = 0
Simplify
�� ∙ csc �� ���� + ��2 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
��2 ���� = −�� ∙ csc �� ����
Then, apply separation of variables

−1
1 1
csc ������ = ������ → − sin �� ���� = ������
Integrate both sides and evaluating,
1
∫ − sin �� ���� = ∫ ������ → cos �� = ln|��| + ��

42 | P a g e

DE 213
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����. So, the general solution of
the differential equation is
��
������ ( ��) = ����|��| + ��

Example 7:

Solve for the general solution of the differential equation given


by ���� ���� = ��(�� ���� − �� ����) ������
Solution:
Upon checking, it is obvious that the differential equation is not
sepaarable but it is homogeneous. We can manipulate the equation by
separating the differentials to determine which expression is shorter
which will yield an easier solution.
��2 ���� = ��2∙ ������ ���� − ���� ∙ ������ ���� → ��2
���� − ��2∙ ������ ���� = −���� ∙ ������ ���� It could be
manipulated to become separable by substituting �� = ���� and
���� = �� ���� + �� ����, since the expression attached to
���� is shorter.
��2 ���� − (����)2∙ (����)
��
(�� ���� + ��
��(����)
�� ����)
���� = −(����)��
∙ ��
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
�� ���� − ��2��2���� ���� = −����2����(�� ����
2

+ �� ����)
Expanding further
��2 ���� − ��2��2���� ���� = −��2��2���� ���� −
����3���� ����
Simplify
��2 ���� = −����3���� ����
Then, apply separation of variables
1 ��
− ������ = ���� ����
Integrate both sides. Use integration by parts (IBP)—∫ �� ���� =
���� − ∫ �� ����—for the right side, where �� = �� and ���� =
���� ����. Therefore, ���� = ���� and �� = ����.
1 1
− ∫ ������ = ∫ ������ ���� → − ∫ ������ = �� ∙ ���� − ∫
���� ���� Evaluating the integrals and adding the constant of
integration, ��, − ln|��| = ������ − ���� + ��

43 | P a g e

DE 213
Substitute back the expression for ��. Knowing �� = ����, it
could be manipulated to get �� =����. So, the general solution of
the differential equation is
�� (��⁄ ) (��⁄ )
− ln|��| = ( ��)�� �� − �� �� + �� or − ����|��|

(�� ) ��
= �� ⁄�� ( ��− ��) + �� Example 8:

Formulate the particular solution at point (��, ��) (��, −��)


of the differential equation given by
(�� − ��) ���� + (���� + ��) ���� = ��
Solution:
Upon checking, it is obvious that the differential equation is not
sepaarable but it is homogeneous. It could be manipulated to become
separable by substituting �� = ���� and ���� = �� ���� + ��
����.
[�� − (����)] ���� + [3�� + (����)] (�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
(�� − ����) ���� + (3�� + ����)(�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expanding further
�� ���� − ���� ���� + 3���� ���� + ��2�� ���� + 3��2
���� + ����2���� = 0
Simplify
�� ���� + 2���� ���� + ��2�� ���� + 3��2 ���� +
����2���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
3��2 ���� + ����2���� = −�� ���� − 2���� ���� −
��2�� ����
Factor out ���� ���� on the left side and – �� ���� on
the right side, ��2(�� + 3)���� = −��(��2 + 2�� + 1)
����
Then, apply separation of variables
1
��2 + 2�� + 1���� = − ������
�� + 3

Integrate both sides and rewrite the integrand of the left side of the
equation

∫�� + 3
1
��2 + 2�� + 1���� = − ∫ ������ → ∫�� + 1
��2 + 2�� + 1���� + ∫2
��2 + 2�� + 1����
1
= − ∫ ������
Simplifying,

44 | P a g e

DE 213

∫�� + 1
2
(�� + 1) ���� + ∫2
2 1
(�� + 1) ���� = − ∫ ������ → ∫1

�� + 1���� + ∫2
2
(�� + 1) ����
1
= − ∫ ������
Use u-substitution for the second integral term where �� = �� +
�� and ���� = ����.

∫1
2 2 1
�� + 1���� + ∫ �� ���� = − ∫ ������
Evaluate the integral
2
ln|�� + 1| − ��= − ln|��| + ��
Substitute back ��. Then, substitute back the expression for �� which
��
is �� ln|�� + 1| −2
��
�� + 1= − ln|��| + �� → ln | ��+ 1| −2

��+ 1= − ln|��| + ��
��

So, the general solution of the differential equation is


���� |�� + ��

��| −����
�� + ��= − ����|��| + ��
Using the initial conditions (��, ��) (��, −��) , the value of the
constant �� could be evaluated.

3| −2(3)
6 = − ln|3| + ��
ln |−2 + 3
1
−2 + 3= − ln|3| + �� → ln | 3| −
Manipulating the logarithmic expressions,
1 1
ln|3| + ln | 3| − 6 = �� → ln |3 ∙ 3| − 6 = �� → �� = −��
Therefore the particular solution of the differential equatio
is ���� |�� + ��

��| −����
�� + ��= − ����|��| − ��

Example 9:

Considering �� as the dependent variable, solve for the particular


solution, when �� = �� and �� = ��, of the differential equation
given by ��(���� + ����) ���� − ���� ���� = ��
Solution:
Upon checking, it is obvious that the differential equation is not
sepaarable but it is homogeneous. It could be manipulated to become
separable by substituting �� = ���� and ���� = �� ���� + ��
����, since the expression attached to the differential ���� is
shorter.

45 | P a g e

DE 213
(����)[3�� + 2(����)] ���� − ��2(�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
3��2�� ���� + 2��2��2 ���� − ��2�� ���� − ��3
���� = 0
Simplify
2��2�� ���� + 2��2��2 ���� − ��3 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
2��2�� ���� + 2��2��2 ���� = ��3 ����
Factor out �������� ���� on the left side,
2��2�� (�� + 1) ���� = ��3 ����
Then, apply separation of variables

������ =1
2
1 ����
�� (�� )
+
Integrate both sides of the differential equation
2
∫ ������ = ∫1
�� (�� + 1)����
Rewrite the integrand of the right hand side using partial
fractions �� + 1=��(�� + 1) + ����
��
�� (�� + 1)= ��+��
1
��(�� + 1)�� = 1 & �� = −1
Replacing the integrand with the equivalent partial
2
fractions, ∫ ������ = ∫1
2 1
�� (�� + 1)���� → ∫ ������ = ∫ ������ − ∫1

�� + 1����
Evauate the integrals on both sides of the equation, then add
the constant of integration ��.
2 ln|��| = ln|��| − ln|�� + 1| + ��
Substitute back the expression for �� which is ����. Then
manipulate the equation and simplify
�� �� 2 ��
2 ln|��| = ln | ��| − ln | ��+ 1| + �� → ln|�� | = ln | ��

��+ 1| + ��
��

Simplify the equation


ln|��2| = ln |��
2
�� + ��| + �� → ln|�� | − ln |��
�� + ��| = ��
Combine the logarithmic expressions,
+ ��) ��| = ��
ln |��2
��
�� + ��
| = �� → ln |��2(��

Then use the constant �� = ����to eliminate the logarithmic expression

46 | P a g e

DE 213
ln|
�� 2
�� (��+��)

|
�� = ���� →��2(�� + ��)
��
��= �� → �� (�� + ��) = ����
Using the initial conditions �� = �� and �� = ��, the value of the
constant could be obtained.
(2)2[(1) + (2)] = ��(1) → �� = 12
Therefore the particular solution is
����(�� + ��) = ������
NOTE: It’s also fine should you want to stop at
�� ��
2 ln|��| = ln | ��| − ln | ��+ 1| + ��
But you still have to solve for the constant �� using the initial
conditions �� = �� and �� = ��

2 ln|(2)| = ln |(1)
(2)| − ln |(1)
(2)+ 1| + �� → ln 12
So, the particular solution can also be written as
�� ��
�� ����|��| = ���� | ��| − ���� | ��+ ��| +
���� ����

Example 10:

Obtain the particular solution of the differential equation given that


when �� = ��, �� = ��
(�� − √���� − ����) ���� − �� ���� = ��
Solution:
Upon checking, it is obvious that the differential equation is not
sepaarable but it is homogeneous. It could be manipulated to become
separable by substituting �� = ���� and ���� = �� ���� + ��
����, since the expression attached to the differential ���� is
shorter.
[(����) − √��2 − (����)2] ���� − �� (�� ���� + ��
����) = 0
Expand the terms (so they can be regrouped)
[���� − √��2 − ��2��2] ���� − ���� ���� − ��2 ����
=0
Factor out the ����from the radicand
[���� − ��√1 − ��2] ���� − ���� ���� − ��2 ���� =
0
Expand
���� ���� − ��√1 − ��2 ���� − ���� ���� − ��2
���� = 0
Simplify

47 | P a g e

DE 213
−��√1 − ��2 ���� − ��2 ���� = 0
Transpose the terms with the differential ����, this will yield a
separable differential equation
−��2 ���� = ��√1 − ��2 ����
Then, apply separation of variables
2 1
√1 − �� ���� = − ������
1

Integrate both sides of the differential equation

∫1
2 1
√1 − �� ���� = − ∫ ������
Evaluating the integral,
arcsin �� = − ln|��| + ��
Substituting back the expression for �� which is ����, the genral
solution of the differential equation is
��
������������ ( ��) = − ����|��| + ��
The value of the constant �� can be solved using the initial
conditions, �� = ��, �� = ��
0
arcsin ( 1) = − ln|1| + �� → �� = 0
The particulas solution of the differential equation given the initial
conditions,
��
������������ ( ��) = − ����|��|

48 | P a g e
DE 213
WORKSHEET #4
SOLVING HOMOGENOUS FIRST ORDER
D.E. Solve the following D.E.
����
1.
��−��
����=
��+��

2. (�� + 4��)���� − (2�� − ��)���� = 0

3. (�� − 2��)���� − ������ = 0

4. (��2 − ��2)���� − 2�������� = 0

��+��(cos�� 2
����= ��)
5.
���� ��

6. (�� sin ����− ��

cos����)���� +

���������������� = 0 7.

(��3 + ��3)���� − ����2����

= 0; ��(1) = 0 ����=√��2+��2

8. ��
����
6��2 2
����= −5����−2��
9. ���� ��+��2
2
6�� −8��

��+��
210. ����
2
�� ;
��(1) =
����=�� 1

49 | P a g e

DE 213
C. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A differential equation of any order is said to be linear when it is of the
first degree in dependent variable and its derivatives.
The standard form of this type,
����

���� + �� (��) = ��
where P and Q are functions of x. This is linear equation of order
one. To solve the problem, we are said to use ��∫��(��)���� that is
called as integrating factor.
In finding the general solution, use:
y ��∫��(��)���� = ∫ �� ��∫��(��)���� dx + c

Note: ��∫��(��)���� is called the integrating factor of the equation


and is written as I.F in short.
����
: The coefficient of
����,if not unity, must be made unity by
dividing the equation by it throughout.
: Some differential equations become linear differential equations if y
is treated as the independent variable and x is treated as the
dependent variable. For example,
����

����+ �� (��) = ��, where P and Q are functions of y only, is also a


linear differential equation of the first order. In this case I.F. =
��∫��(��)����and the solution is given by
x ��∫��(��)���� = ∫ �� ��∫��(��)����dy + c

Example 1:

����
��
����+ ��=e-x
As we can see the dependent variable y is in first degree. Then it is
linear in y.

Solution:
P(x) = 1��; Q(x) = e-x
I.F. = ��∫��(��)����
I.F. = ��∫1������
I.F. = ��ln��
I.F. = x
50 | P a g e

DE 213

y ��∫��(��)���� = ∫ Q ��∫��(��)���� dx + c
y(��) = ∫ ��−�� (��∫1������)dx + c
y(��) = ∫ ��−��(��ln��) dx + c
y(��) = ∫ ��−��(��) dx + c
consider ∫ ��−��(��) dx,
= ∫ ��−��(��) dx using integration by parts
= (u)(v) - ∫ v du ; u = x, du = dx ; dv = ∫ ��−�� dx, v = -
��−�� = (x)(−��−��) - ∫(−��−��)����
= −����−��- ��−��
y(��) = ∫ ��−��(��) dx + c
xy = −����−��- ��−�� + c
xy = - ��−��( x +1) + c
y = − (��+��
−�� ��
��) �� + ��----- which is the required solution
[general solution]

Example 2:

��Ɵ= Ɵ −��3Ɵ, r = 1, Ɵ = 1
����

Solution:
r
dƟ = Ɵ − 3Ɵ
dr

r
dƟ + 3Ɵ = Ɵ
dr

P(Ɵ) =13Ɵ; Q(Ɵ) = Ɵ


I.F. = ��∫��(Ɵ)��Ɵ
I.F. = ��∫13Ɵ��Ɵ
I.F. = ��13∫1Ɵ��Ɵ
I.F. = ��13����Ɵ
1
I.F. = I.F. =
���� Ɵ 3
1

3
��Ɵ

51 | P a g e

DE 213
r (I.F.) = ∫ Q (��. ��. )
dƟ + c r(Ɵ13) = ∫ Ɵ (Ɵ13)
dƟ + c r(Ɵ13) = ∫ Ɵ43 dƟ +
c
r(Ɵ ) = Ɵ43+1
13

3+1+ c
4
+c
r(Ɵ13)
= Ɵ737 3
r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + c ----- general solution
when r = 1, Ɵ = 1
(1)(113) = 37(1)73 + c
1(1) = 37(1) + c
1 = 37= c
c = 1 -37
c = 47

r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + c
r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + 47
[r(Ɵ13) =37Ɵ73 + 47] ( 1Ɵ13)
r = 37Ɵ2 +47Ɵ−13 ----- particular solution

Example 3:

Solve the differential equation


��(�� − ������)���� + �� ���� = ��
Solution:
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Transpose the expression with the differential term
����. �� ���� = −2(�� − 4��2)����
o Divide both sides by ����.

������
2
���� = −2(�� − 4�� )

52 | P a g e

DE 213
o Expand the expression on the right then divide both sides by
��.
2
���� =−2�� + 8��
����
��
o Expand the expression on the right further.
����

���� =−2��
��+ 8��
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����
2��
���� + ��= 8��
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����
2
���� + ( ��) �� = 8��
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
2
��(��) = ��and ��(��) = 8��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
∫2
��(��) = �� ������

o Evaluate the integral


��(��) = ��2 ln��
o Simplify, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ����
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����

o The equation will now become


�� ∙ ��2 = ∫ ��2∙ (8��) ����

∙ Evaluating the integral, the general solution of the differential


equation is now
������ = ������ + ��
Example 4:

Solve the differential equation


(���� + ����)���� − �� ���� = ��
Solution:

53 | P a g e

DE 213
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Transpose the expression with the differential term
����. −�� ���� = −(���� + ����)����
o Divide both sides by −����.

������
5
���� = �� + 3��
o Divide both sides by ��.
5
���� =�� + 3��
����
��
o Expand the expression on the right.
����
4 3��
���� = �� + ��
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
3�� 4
���� − ��= ��
����

o The differential equation in standard form is now


����
−3 4
���� + ( ��) �� = ��
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
−3
��(��) = ��and ��(��) = ��4
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
∫−3
��(��) = �� ������

o Evaluate the integral


��(��) = ��−3 ln��
o Simplify, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ��−��
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����

o The equation will now become


�� ∙ ��−3 = ∫ ��−3∙ (��4) ����

o Evaluate the integral


�� �� ��
�� = ���� + ��
��
54 | P a g e

DE 213
Example 5:

Solve the differential equation


��′ = �� − ����
Solution:
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Convert ��’ to the fractional form of the derivative.
����

���� = �� − ����
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����

���� + 2�� = ��
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����

���� + (2)�� = ��
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2 and ��(��) = ��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2 ����
o Evaluate the integral
��(��) = ��2��
o Simplify, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����

o The equation will now become

�� ∙ ������ = ∫ ������ ∙ (��) ����

∙ Evaluate the integral


o Use integration by parts for the right side of the equation
�� = �� and ���� = ��2������
1 2��
���� = ���� and �� = 2��
o By definition, ∫ �� ���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����

55 | P a g e

DE 213
1 1
∫ �� ��2�� ���� = (��) ( 2��2��) − ∫ ( 2��2��) ����
o Simplify and evaluate the remaining integral expression.
�� ���� ��
�������� = ������ − ����
����
+ ��
Example 6:

Solve the differential equation


��′ = �� − ���� ������ ����
Solution:
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Convert ��’ to the fractional form of the derivative.
����

���� = �� − ���� ������ ����


o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����

���� + 2�� cot 2�� = ��


o The differential equation in standard form is now
����

���� + (2 cot 2��)�� = ��


∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2 cot 2�� and ��(��) = ��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2cot 2�� ����
o Evaluate the integral
��(��) = ��ln|sin2��|
o Simplify, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������ ����
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����
o The equation will now become
�� ∙ ������ ���� = ∫ ������ ���� ∙ (��) ����

∙ Evaluate the integral


o Use integration by parts for the right side of the equation

56 | P a g e

DE 213
�� = �� and ���� = sin 2�� ����
1
���� = ���� and �� = − 2cos 2��
o By definition, ∫ �� ���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����
1 1
∫ �� sin 2�� ���� = (��) (− 2cos 2��) − ∫ (− 2cos 2��) ����
o Simplify and evaluate the remaining integral expression.
��
�� ������ ���� = − ���� ������ ����
��
+ �������� ���� + ��

Example 7:

Solve the differential equation


(������ + ���� + ����) ���� − (�� + ����) ���� =
��
Solution:
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Transpose the expression with the differential term
����. −(1 + ��2) ���� = −(2���� + ��2 + ��4) ����
o Divide both sides by ����.
−(1 + ��2)����
2 4
���� = −(2���� + �� + �� )
o Expand the expression on the right then divide both sides by
−(�� + ����).
2 4
���� =2���� + �� + ��
����
1 + ��2
o Expand the expression on the right further.
���� 2
1 + ��
2
+�� + =2����
��4
1 + ��2
����
o Simplify then transpose the term with the variable
��. ����

���� −2����
2
1 + �� = ��2
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����

���� + (−2��
2
1 + �� ) �� = ��2
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = −2��
2
1 + �� and ��(��) = ��2
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
57 | P a g e

DE 213

��(��) = ��∫ 2��
2
1+�� ����

o Use u-substitution, where


�� = 1 + ��2 ������ ���� = 2�� ����
o Substitute these expressions to the integral,
∫1
��(��) = ��− ������
o Evaluate the integral
��(��) = ��− ln�� = ��ln��−1= ��−1
o Substitute the expression for �� back
��(��) = (1 + ��2)−1 =1
1 + ��2
o Simplify, the integrating factor is now
��(��) =��
�� + ����
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����

o The equation will now become

�� ∙1
2
1 + �� = ∫1
2
1 + �� ∙ (��2) ����
∙ Evaluating the integral by expanding the integrand on the right side
2
∫��
2
1 + �� ���� = ∫��2 + 1 − 1
2
1 + �� ���� = ∫ (��2 + 1
2
1 + �� −1
2
1 + �� ) ���� = ∫ (1 −1
2
1 + �� ) ����
o Using integration techniques

�� ∙1
2
1 + �� = ∫ (1 −1
2
1 + �� ) ���� = �� − arctan �� + ��
o The general solution of the differential equation is now
��
��
�� + �� = �� − ������������ �� + ��
o In explicit form,
�� = (�� + ����)(�� − ������������ �� + ��)

Example 8:

Considering �� = �� and �� = ��, find the particular


solution of the differential equation
��′ = ���� − ������
Solution:

58 | P a g e

DE 213
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Convert ��’ to the fractional form of the derivative.
����
3
���� = �� − 2����
o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����
3
���� + 2���� = ��
o The differential equation in standard form is now
����
3
���� + (2��)�� = ��
∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2�� and ��(��) = ��3
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2�� ����
o Evaluating the integral, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����

o The equation will now become


�� ∙ ������= ∫ ������∙ (��3) ����

∙ Evaluate the integral


o Expand the integrand first for easier integration
�� ∙ ����2= ∫ ��2 ����2∙ �� ����

o Use ��-substitution
�� = ��2and ���� = 2�� ����
1
�� ∙ ����2= 2∫ �� ���� ����
o Use integration by parts for the right side of the equation
�� = �� and ���� = ���� ����
���� = ���� and �� = ����
o By definition, ∫ �� ���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����
�� 1 �� ��
2∫ �� �� ���� = 2((��)(�� ) − ∫(�� ) ����)
1
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o Simplify and evaluate the remaining integral expression.
1 1
�� ∙ ����2= 2������ − 2���� + ��
o Substitute back the expression for ��,
1 1
�� ∙ ����2= 2(��2)����2− 2����2+ ��
o In explicit form, the general solution of the differential
equation is
1 2 1 −��2
�� = 2�� − 2+ ����
∙ Using the initial conditions �� = �� and �� = ��, the value
of the parameter �� can be solved
1 1
(1) = 2(1)2 − 2+ ����−(1)2→ �� = ��
o The particular solution of the differential equation is
1 2 1 −��2
�� = 2�� − 2+ �� ∙ ��
o Simplify,
�� �� �� ��−����
�� = ���� − ��+ ��

Example 9:

Considering �� = �� and �� = −��, find the particular solution


of the differential equation
��′ = ��(���� − ��)
Solution:
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Convert ��’ to the fractional form of the derivative,
then simplify the right side equation
����

���� = 2(2�� − ��) = 4�� − 2��


o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����

���� + 2�� = 4��


o The differential equation in standard form is now
����

���� + (2)�� = 4��


∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).

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o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2 and ��(��) = 4��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2 ����
o Evaluating the integral, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����

o The equation will now become


�� ∙ ������ = ∫ ������ ∙ (4��) ����

∙ Evaluate the integral


o Use integration by parts for the right side of the equation
�� = 4�� and ���� = ��2�� ����
1 2��
���� = 4 ���� and �� = 2��
o By definition, ∫ �� ���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����
1 1
�� ∙ ��2�� = (4��) ( 2��2��) − ∫ ( 2��2��) ∙ 4 ����
o Simplify
�� ∙ ��2�� = 2����2�� − 2 ∫ ��2�� ����

o Evaluate the remaining integral expression.


�� ∙ ��2�� = 2����2�� − ��2�� + ��
o In explicit form, the general solution of the differential
equation is
�� = 2�� − 1 + ����−2��
∙ Using the initial conditions �� = �� and �� = −��, the value
of the parameter �� can be solved
(−1) = 2(0) − 1 + ����−2(0) → �� = 0
o The particular solution of the differential equation is
�� = ���� − ��

Example 10:
Considering �� = �� and �� = ��, find the particular
solution of the differential equation

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��′ = ��(���� − ��)
Solution:
∙ The equation is linear in ��. Transform the differential equation into
its standard form.
o Convert ��’ to the fractional form of the derivative,
then simplify the right side equation
����

���� = 2(2�� − ��) = 4�� − 2��


o Then transpose the term with the variable ��.
����

���� + 2�� = 4��


o The differential equation in standard form is now
����

���� + (2)�� = 4��


∙ Obtain the Integrating Factor, ��(��).
o Based on the standard form of the equation,
��(��) = 2 and ��(��) = 4��
o Substitute P(x) to the expression for the integration factor,
��(��) = ��∫ 2 ����
o Evaluating the integral, the integrating factor is now
��(��) = ������
∙ Substitute the resulting expression for ��(��) and ��(��) in the
equation below.
�� ∙ ��(��) = ∫ ��(��) ∙ ��(��) ����

o The equation will now become

�� ∙ ������ = ∫ ������ ∙ (4��) ����

∙ Evaluate the integral


o Use integration by parts for the right side of the equation
�� = 4�� and ���� = ��2�� ����
1 2��
���� = 4 ���� and �� = 2��
o By definition, ∫ �� ���� = ���� − ∫ �� ����
1 1
�� ∙ ��2�� = (4��) ( 2��2��) − ∫ ( 2��2��) ∙ 4 ����
o Simplify
�� ∙ ��2�� = 2����2�� − 2 ∫ ��2�� ����

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o Evaluate the remaining integral expression.
�� ∙ ��2�� = 2����2�� − ��2�� + ��
o In explicit form, the general solution of the differential
equation is
�� = 2�� − 1 + ����−2��
∙ Using the initial conditions �� = �� and �� = ��, the value
of the parameter �� can be solved
(1) = 2(0) − 1 + ����−2(0) → �� = 2
o The particular solution of the differential equation is
�� = ����−���� + ���� − ��
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WORKSHEET #5
SOLVING LINEAR FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS Solve the following D.E.
����
1.
����+ 5�� = 50

���� 10��
2. ����+
2��+5= 10;��(0) = 0
����
3.
3��
4����+ ��= ��2

4. ��3������2������ − (1 − 2��2��������)���� = 0

5. ��′ = 3�� + 2��

6. ��′ =−3��−2��
��

7. ��′ =2��2
��
�� − ��

8. ��′ = ��2 + 2��

����
9.
���� = �� −��3��; ��(1) = 1

����
10. ����+ 3�� = ��−3��;��(0) = 5

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Exact Ordinary Differential Equations

Equations of order one which could be written as


��(��, ��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
o Separating the dependent and independent variables is not
possible
o Suppose that a function ��(��, ��) can be found that
has the expression ��(��, ��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ����
for its differential; that is ���� = �� ���� + �� ����
o Then, a function that defines implicitly a set of solutions to this
differential equation is given by
��(��, ��) = ��
o From here, it follows that
�� ���� + �� ���� = 0 → ���� = 0
Two things then are needed:
1. To find out under what conditions on �� and �� a function �� exists
such that its total differential is exactly �� ���� + �� ����; and 2. If
those conditions are satisfied, to determine the function ��. o If ��
exists such that �� ���� + �� ���� is exactly the total differential of
��, we call the given differential equation ��(��, ��) ���� + ��(��,
��) ���� = 0 as an exact equation.

Testing for Exactness


From calculus,

���� =����
���� ���� +����
���� ���� → �� =����
���� & �� =����
����
These two equations lead to
2 2
���� =�� �� ���� =�� ��
���� �
�→����
�������
�������
provided that these partial derivatives are continuous. Therefore if
��(��, ��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0 is an exact equation,
then
����

���� =����
����
Example 1:
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact
equation. (�� + ��) ���� + (�� − ��) ���� = 0

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Solution:
Knowing that a differential equation can be written in the form ��
���� + �� ���� = 0, the expressions for �� and �� could be
determined �� = �� + �� and �� = �� − ��
Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate ��
partially with respect to ��.
����

���� = 1 and����
���� = 1
����
Since
���� = 1 =����
����; then, the given differential equation is an exact
equation.

Example 2:

Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact


equation. (6�� + ��2) ���� + ��(2�� − 3��) ���� = 0
Solution:
First, determine the expressions for �� and ��,
�� = 6�� + ��2and �� = ��(2�� − 3��)
Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate ��
partially with respect to ��.
����

���� = 0 + 2�� = 2�� and����


���� = ��(2) = 2��
����
Since
���� = 2�� =����
����; then, the given differential equation is an exact
equation.
Example 3:
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact
equation. (2���� − 3��2) ���� + (��2 + ��) ���� = 0
Solution:
First, determine the expressions for �� and ��,
�� = 2���� − 3��2and �� = ��2 + ��
Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate ��
partially with respect to ��.
����

���� = 2�� and����


���� = 2��
����
Since
���� = 2�� =����
����; then, the given differential equation is an exact
equation.
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Example 4:

Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact


equation. (��2 − 2���� + 6��) ���� − (��2 − 2���� + 2) ���� = 0
Solution:
First, determine the expressions for �� and ��,
�� = ��2 − 2���� + 6�� and �� = −(��2 − 2���� + 2)
Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate ��
partially with respect to ��.
����

���� = 2�� − 2�� and����


���� = −(2�� − 2��) = 2�� − 2��
����
Since
���� = 2�� − 2�� =����
����; then, the given differential equation is an exact
equation.

Example 5:
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact
equation. (cos 2�� − 3��2��2) ���� + (cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� −
2��3��) ���� = 0
Solution:
First, determine the expressions for �� and ��,
�� = cos 2�� − 3��2��2and �� = cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� −
2��3�� Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate
�� partially with respect to ��.
����
2
���� = −2 sin 2�� − 6�� �� and����
2
���� = −2 sin 2�� − 6�� ��
����
Since
���� =−2 sin 2�� − 6��2�� =����
����; then, the given differential equation is
an exact equation.
Example 1.3.1.6
Determine if the given differential equation below is an exact
equation. (sin �� − 2�� cos2 ��) ���� + �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1)
���� = 0
Solution:
First, determine the expressions for �� and ��,
�� = sin �� − 2�� cos2 �� and �� = �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1)
Differentiate �� partially with respect to �� and differentiate ��
����
partially with respect to ��. NOTE: Use product rule on
���� which is ��(����) = ������ +
������.
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����

���� = cos �� + 4�� cos �� sin �� and����


����
= (�� cos ��)(2 sin ��) + (2�� sin �� + 1)(cos ��)
Simplifying the expressions,
����

���� = cos �� + 4�� cos �� sin �� and����


����
= 2�� cos �� sin �� + 2�� cos �� sin �� + cos ��
����
Since
cos �� + 4�� cos �� sin �� =����
���� =

����; then, the given differential equation


is an exact equation.

Solving Exact Differential Equations

Consider the exact differential equation ��(��, ��) ���� +


��(��, ��) ���� = 0 A. One way to solve this is by starting
with ��(��, ��).
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
B. The other way to solve this is by starting with ��(��, ��). 1.
INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.

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5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.

Example 1:

Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then, solve the
equation.

(�� + ��) ���� + (�� − ��) ���� = 0


Solution:
Based on Example , we have already proven that the differential
equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the
given exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
��(��, ��) = �� + �� and ��(��, ��) = �� − ��
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).

��(��, ��) = ∫ ��(��, ��) ���� = ∫(�� + ��) ���� =��22+


���� + ��(��)
Simplifying,
1
��(��, ��) = 2��2 + ���� + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)]will become ��′(��).
�� 1 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ���� ( 2�� + ���� + ��(��)) = ��
+ ��′(��)
��

��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��

���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = �� + �� (��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = �� − �� and ��(��, ��) = �� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = −��

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4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.

��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ −�� ���� = −��22+ ��


Rewriting,
1
��(��) = − 2��2 + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
1
��(��, ��) = 2��2 + ���� + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��, ��)
1 2 1 2
= 2�� + ���� + (− 2�� + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
2 1 2
2�� + ���� − 2�� + �� = 0
1

You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.

Example 2:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(6�� + ��2) ���� + ��(2�� − 3��) ���� = 0
Solution:
Based on Example 2Example , we have already proven that the
differential equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in
solving the given exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = 6�� + ��2 and �� = ��(2�� − 3��) = 2���� − 3��2
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).

��(��, ��) = ∫ ��(��, ��) ���� = ∫(6�� + ��2) ���� = 3��2 +


����2 + ��(��)
Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = 3��2 + ����2 + ��(��) = 0

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2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
will become ��′(��).
����[��(��)]
�� 2 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(3�� + ���� + ��(��)) =
2���� + ��′(��)
��

��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��

���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = 2���� + �� (��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = ��(2�� − 3��) = 2���� − 3��2and ��(��, ��) =
2���� + ��′(��) By comparison,
��′(��) = −3��2
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.

��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ −3��2 ���� = −��3 + ��

Rewriting,
��(��) = −��3 + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = 3��2 + ����2 + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��, ��) = 3��2 +
����2 + (−��3 + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
3��2 + ����2 − ��3 + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.

Example 3:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(2���� − 3��2) ���� + (��2 + ��) ���� = 0
Solution:
Based on Example , we have already proven that the differential
equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the
given exact differential equation.

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DE 213
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = 2���� − 3��2and �� = ��2 + ��
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).

��(��, ��) = ∫ ��(��, ��) ���� = ∫(2���� − 3��2) ���� =


��2�� − ��3 + ��(��)

Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = ��2�� − ��3 + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
�� 2 3 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(�� �� − �� + ��(��)) = ��
+ ��′(��)
��

��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
2 ′
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = �� + �� (��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = ��2 + �� and ��(��, ��) = ��2 + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = ��
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.

��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ �� ���� =��22+ ��


Rewriting,
1
��(��) = 2��2 + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = ��2�� − ��3 + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��, ��) = ��2�� −
1
��3 + ( 2��2 + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
1
��2�� − ��3 + 2��2 + �� = 0

72 | P a g e

DE 213
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.

Example 4:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(��2 − 2���� + 6��) ���� − (��2 − 2���� + 2) ���� = 0
Solution:
Based on Example , we have already proven that the differential
equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the
given exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = ��2 − 2���� + 6�� and �� = −(��2 − 2���� + 2) = −��2 +
2���� − 2 1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����.
Instead of adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown
function ��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).

��(��, ��) = ∫ ��(��, ��) ���� = ∫(��2 − 2���� + 6��) ���� =


����2 − ��2�� + 3��2 + ��(��)

Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = ����2 − ��2�� + 3��2 + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
�� 2 2 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(���� − �� �� + 3�� + ��(��)) =
−��2 + 2���� + ��′(��)
��

��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
2
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = −�� + 2���� +
��′(��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = −(��2 − 2���� + 2) = −��2 + 2���� − 2
and ��(��, ��) = −��2 + 2���� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = −2
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.

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��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ −2 ���� = −2�� + ��

Rewriting,
��(��) = −2�� + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = ����2 − ��2�� + 3��2 + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��,
��)
2 2 2
= ���� − �� �� + 3�� + (−2�� + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
����2 − ��2�� + 3��2 − 2�� + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
Example 5:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(cos 2�� − 3��2��2) ���� + (cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� − 2��3��)
���� = 0
Solution:
Based on
Example , we have already proven that the differential equation is
exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in solving the given
exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = cos 2�� − 3��2��2and �� = cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� − 2��3��
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).

��(��, ��) = ∫ ��(��, ��) ���� = ∫(cos 2�� − 3��2��2) ���� = ��


cos 2�� − ��3��2 + ��(��)

Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = �� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
will become ��′(��).
����[��(��)]
�� 3 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ����(�� cos 2�� − �� �� +

��(��)) = −2�� sin 2�� − 2��3�� + ��′(��)��

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DE 213
��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
3
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = −2�� sin 2�� − 2�� �� +
��′(��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = cos 2�� − 2�� sin 2�� − 2��3�� and ��(��, ��)
= −2�� sin 2�� − 2��3�� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = cos 2��
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.
1
��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ cos 2�� ���� = 2sin 2�� + ��
Rewriting,
1
��(��) = 2sin 2�� + ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = �� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��,
��)
1
= �� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + ( 2sin 2�� + ��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
1
�� cos 2�� − ��3��2 + 2sin 2�� + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.

Example 6:
Determine whether the differential equation is exact or not. Then,
solve the equation.
(sin �� − 2�� cos2 ��) ���� + �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1) ����
=0
Solution:
Based on Example 1.3.1.6, we have already proven that the
differential equation is exact. With this in mind, we can now proceed in
solving the given exact differential equation.
Knowing the format of this differential equation follows ��(��,
��) ���� + ��(��, ��) ���� = 0
�� = sin �� − 2�� cos2 �� and �� = �� cos �� (2�� sin �� + 1)

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DE 213
Simplifying,
�� = sin �� − 2�� cos2 �� and �� = 2��2cos �� sin �� + �� cos ��
1. INTEGRATE partially ��(��, ��) with respect to ����. Instead of
adding a constant of integration ��, add an unknown function
��(��). Let this be to ��(��, ��).

��(��, ��) = ∫ ��(��, ��)���� = ∫(sin �� − 2�� cos2 ��) ���� = �� sin
�� − ��2cos2 �� + ��(��)

Simplifying,
��(��, ��) = �� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + ��(��) = 0
2. DIFFERENTIATE partially ��(��, ��)—the result obtained from
STEP 1—with respect to ��. In line with this differentiation
process, ��
����[��(��)] will become ��′(��).
�� 2 2
���� ��(��, ��) = ���� (�� sin �� − �� cos �� + ��(��)) = �� cos
�� + 2��2cos �� sin �� + ��′(��)
��

��
By principle, we know that ���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��). So,
��
2
���� ��(��, ��) = ��(��, ��) = �� cos �� + 2�� cos �� sin
�� + ��′(��)
3. COMPARE the result obtained from STEP 2 with ��(��,
��), to determine the corresponding expression for
��′(��).
��(��, ��) = 2��2cos �� sin �� + �� cos �� and ��(��, ��)
= �� cos �� + 2��2cos �� sin �� + ��′(��)
By comparison,
��′(��) = 0
4. INTEGRATE ��′(��) with respect to ���� to et the expression
for ��(��), use the constant of integration �� for this process.

��(��) = ∫ ��′(��) ���� = ∫ 0 ���� = 0 + ��

Rewriting,
��(��) = ��
5. SUBSTITUTE the expression for ��(��) to ��(��, ��)—the result
obtained from STEP 1.
��(��, ��) = �� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + ��(��) = 0 → ��(��, ��) =
�� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + (��) = 0
Rewriting the final answer, the general solution
�� sin �� − ��2cos2 �� + �� = 0
You may try the other solution to prove that they will indeed arrive at
the same answer.
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DE 213

WORKSHEET #6
SOLVING EXACT FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS Solve the following D.E.
1. 2�������� + (��2 + ��������)���� = 0

2. ��′ =����2−1
2
1−�� ��

3. (2�� + ��)���� + (�� − 3��)���� = 0

4. (2�� + �� − 4)���� + (�� − 3�� + 12)���� = 0

5. (����−�� − ��������)���� − (��−�� + 2��)���� = 0

6. (��2 +����) ���� + (ln �� + 2��)���� = 0

7. ��′ =��(��−����)
��
�� −2����

8. ��′ =��−2��
2��−��; ��(1) = 2

9. sin �� ���� + (���������� − ��)���� = 0

10. (4��3��3 +1��) ���� =1������ − 3��4��2����


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DE 213

BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The standard form of the Bernoulli Equation takes a form similar


to that of the linear differential equation of the first order. The main
difference is on the factor ���� contained at the right side of the
Bernoulli equation, which is
����

���� + �� ��(��) = ���� ��(��) (6)


Remark: In equation (7), �� ≠ 0 or 1 since
1. If �� = 0 this reduces to the standard form of a first
ordered linear equation represented by Eq. (5).
2. If �� = 1, the equation reduces to a form where the
variables are separable.

SOLUTION OF THE BERNOULLI EQUATION


The solution of Eq. (6), the Bernoulli equation, is obtained in the
following manner:
Divide each term of Eq. (6) by ����, that is,
��
����
��
���� +
��−��
�� ��(��) = ��(��)
(6.1) ��
��

Let �� =��
��−��
�� or z = ��1−n
����
and
−��
����= (1 − ��)�� ����
����
����
����=
or ���� ����
����
1−��
Substitute these to the first line of the equation above to get
1 ����
+ �� ��(��) = ����
����
��(��) 1 − ��
��
��

Simplify to get

����

���� + (1 − ��)�� ��(��) = (1 − ��) ��(��)


Or
����

���� +�� ����(��) = ����(��) (6.2)


where:
����(��) = (1 − ��)��(��)

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DE 213
����(��) = (1 − ��)��(��)
Note: The subscript �� is used to denote the reduced functions of P
and Q.

Remark: Eq. (6.2) is now linear in the dependent variable �� and


first order in the derivative of z relative to x. Its solution therefore
is the same as that of Chapter 5 which discusses this type of
equation: �� ∅ = ∫ ∅ ����(��)���� + �� (6.3)
where: ∅ = ��∫Pr(��)����
and �� = ��1−��

Similarly for the Bernoulli equation having x as the dependent


variable, we have
����
��
���� + �� ��(��) = �� ��(��) (�� ≠ 0 ���� 1) − −(��.
��)
the solution is
�� ∅ = ∫ ∅ ����(��)���� + �� (6.5)
where: ∅ = ��∫����(��)����
�� = ��1−��
����(��) = (1 − ��)��(��)
����(��) = (1 − ��)��(��)

EXAMPLE 1:
Find the complete solution of

���� +�� ����


2 2
��= 3�� �� ����
Solution:
(a) The given D.E is reduced to the standard form of the Bernoulli
equation. Thus
����
�� 2 2
���� + ��= �� (3�� )
where: ��(��) =1��
��(��) = 3��2
�� = 2 and (1 − n) = −1
so ����(��) = (1 − ��)��(��) =−1��
����(��) = (1 − ��)��(��) = −3��2

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DE 213
(b) The reduced D.E. as given by eq.(6.2) is
�� 2
���� − ��= −3��
����

where: ∅ = ��∫����(��)���� ���� ��− ∫������


∅ = ��− ln�� ���� ��−1
(c) The solution is given by Eq (6.3), that is

�� ∅ = ∫ ∅ ����(��)���� + ��

�� ��−1 = ∫ ��−1(−3��2) ���� + ��

But �� = ��1−�� ���� ��−1 and so, we have


��−1��−1 =−3��2

2+ ��
��
���� (�� −����
��) = �� − −−→ ������
Example 2:
Find the general solution of

3����
3�� 4 4
���� + ��= �� (2�� )
Solution:
(a). Reduce the given equation to the standard form, that
�� 4 4
is, ���� + ��= �� (2��
����

3)
where: �� =1��
�� =2��4
3
�� = 4 or (1 − n) = −3
���� =−3��
���� = −2��4
(b). With the above properties, the reduced D.E
3��
is ���� − ��=
4
−2��
����

where: ∅ = ��∫����(��)���� ���� ��−3∫������


∅ = ��− 3 ln�� ���� ��−3
(c) The solution is

�� ∅ = ∫ ∅ ����(��)���� + ��

�� ��−3 = ∫ ��−3(−2��4)���� + ��

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