COMPUTER ORIENTED

STATSTICAL TECHNIQUES
 Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s

Mahatma Phule Arts, Science & Commerce College,

Panvel, Dist. Raigad

Reaccredited by NAAC at A grade with CGPA of 3.18

“Best College Award” by University of Mumbai
Founder: DR. Karmveer Bhaurao Patil, D.Lit.

CERTIFICATE

I, Asst. Prof. Kalyani Patil here by certify that Mr ., Exam No: ,

student of Rayat Shikshan Saqnstha’s Mahatma Phule Arts, Science &
Commerce College, Panvel has completed a practical “COMPUTER ORIENTED
STATSTICAL TECHNIQUES” in the academic year of 2021-22. The Work of the
student is original and the information included in the project is True to the
best my Knowledge.

Internal Head of Department

Guide

Date: / / 2022
 INDEX

No. Details

1 Using R executes the basic commands, array, list and frames.

2 Create a Matrix Using R and perform the operations addition,

inverse, transpose and multiplication operations.

3 Using R executes the statistical function: mean, median, mode,

quartiles, range, inter quartile range, histogram. Using R import the
data from excel file

4 Using R import the data from excel/.CSV file calculate the standard
deviation, variance, co-variance.

5 Using R import the data from excel/.CSV file and draw the skewness.

6 Using R import the data from excel/.CSV file and perform the
hypothetical testing.
7 Using R import the data from excel/.CSV file perform the Chi-squared
Test.

8 Using R perform binomial and normal distribution.

9 Using R linear regression using R

10 Compute the linear least square regression

 Practical 1
Question : Using R executes the basic commands, array, list and
frames.For Basic commands:

The Basic commands:-

For create List:-

For Array:-

Data Frames:-
Control Statement :-
If statement:-
a <- 33
b <- 200
if (b > a)
{
print("b is greater than a")
}
Output:- "b is greater than a"

If…..else statement:-
a <- 200
b <- 33
if (b > a)
{
print("b is greater than a")
} else if (a == b) {
print("a and b are equal")
} else { print("a is greater than b")
}
Output :-"a is greater than b"

Switch case statement :-

x <- switch( 3,
+ "first",
+ "second",
+ "third",
+ "fourth"
+)
> print(x)

Output:-"third"

Looping statement:-
While loop:-
i <- 1
> while (i < 6) {
+ print(i)
+ i <- i + 1
+}

Output:- [1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5

For Loop:-
for (x in 1:10) {
+ print(x)
+}

Output:-
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5
[1] 6
[1] 7
[1] 8
[1] 9
[1] 10

Loop control statement:

Break statement:
fruits <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
for (x in fruits) {
+ if (x == "cherry") {
+ break
+}
+ print(x)
+}
Output:-
[1] "apple"
[1] "banana"

Next Statement:
fruits <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
for (x in fruits) {
+ if (x == "banana") {
+ next
+}
+print(x)
+}
Output:-
[1] "apple"
[1] "cherry"
 Practical 2
Question:- Create a Matrix Using R and perform the
operations addition, inverse, transpose and multiplication
operations.
Transpose operation:-

Matrix2 = matrix(c(11,52,32,41,15,16,17,18,39),nrow=3,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)

print(Matrix2)

Output:-

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 11 52 32

[2,] 41 15 16

[3,] 17 18 39

T<-t(Matrix2)

print(T)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 11 41 17

[2,] 52 15 18

[3,] 32 16 39

Practical 3
Question:- Using R executes the statistical function: mean, median,
mode, quartiles, range, inter quartile range, histogram. Using R
import the data from excel file
 Create the histogram:-
# Create data for the graph.

> v <- c(19, 23, 11, 5, 16, 21, 32, 14, 19, 27, 39)

# Create the histogram.

> hist(v, xlab = "No.of Articles ", col = "green", border = "black")
 Practical 4
Question:- Using R import the data from excel/.CSV file calculate
the standard deviation, variance, co-variance
 Practical 5
Question :-Using R import the data from excel/.CSV file and draw
the skewness.

Example:- Seema is interested on the elapse time she

spend on riding a tricycle from home to scholl for three
weeks. She obtain the following data.
19.09,19.55,17.89,17.73,25.15,27.27,25.24,21.65,20.92,22.61
,15.71,22.04,22.60,24.25
Compute and interpreat the skewness and kurtosis.

Code:-
>time<c(19.09,19.55,17.89,17.73,25.15,27.27,25.24,21.65,20.92,22.61,15.71,2
2.04,22.60,24.25)

> library(moments)
> skewness(time)
> kurtosis(time)
Output:-
[1] -0.04637707
[1] 2.155984
 Practical 6

Question:- Using R import the data from

excel/.CSV file and perform the hypothetical testing.

Practical 7
Question:- Using R import the data from excel/.CSV file perform
the Chi-squared Test.
Example:- we will take the Cars93 data in the “MASS” library which
represents the sales of different models of cars in the year 1993.

>library("MASS")
>print(str(Cars93))
Output:-
'data.frame': 93 obs. of 27 variables:

$ Manufacturer : Factor w/ 32 levels "Acura","Audi",..: 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 ...

$ Model : Factor w/ 93 levels "100","190E","240",..: 49 56 9 1 6 24 54

74 73 35 ...

$ Type : Factor w/ 6 levels "Compact","Large",..: 4 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 ...

$ Min.Price : num 12.9 29.2 25.9 30.8 23.7 14.2 19.9 22.6 26.3 33 ...

$ Price : num 15.9 33.9 29.1 37.7 30 15.7 20.8 23.7 26.3 34.7 ...

$ Max.Price : num 18.8 38.7 32.3 44.6 36.2 17.3 21.7 24.9 26.3 36.3 ...

$ MPG.city : int 25 18 20 19 22 22 19 16 19 16 ...

$ MPG.highway : int 31 25 26 26 30 31 28 25 27 25 ...

$ AirBags : Factor w/ 3 levels "Driver & Passenger",..: 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

2 ...

$ DriveTrain : Factor w/ 3 levels "4WD","Front",..: 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 ...

$ Cylinders : Factor w/ 6 levels "3","4","5","6",..: 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 5 ...

$ EngineSize : num 1.8 3.2 2.8 2.8 3.5 2.2 3.8 5.7 3.8 4.9 ...

$ Horsepower : int 140 200 172 172 208 110 170 180 170 200 ...

$ RPM : int 6300 5500 5500 5500 5700 5200 4800 4000 4800 4100 ...
$ Rev.per.mile : int 2890 2335 2280 2535 2545 2565 1570 1320 1690
1510 ...

$ Man.trans.avail : Factor w/ 2 levels "No","Yes": 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 ...

$ Fuel.tank.capacity: num 13.2 18 16.9 21.1 21.1 16.4 18 23 18.8 18 ...

$ Passengers : int 5 5 5 6 4 6 6 6 5 6 ...

$ Length : int 177 195 180 193 186 189 200 216 198 206 ...

$ Wheelbase : int 102 115 102 106 109 105 111 116 108 114 ...

$ Width : int 68 71 67 70 69 69 74 78 73 73 ...

$ Turn.circle : int 37 38 37 37 39 41 42 45 41 43 ...

$ Rear.seat.room : num 26.5 30 28 31 27 28 30.5 30.5 26.5 35 ...

$ Luggage.room : int 11 15 14 17 13 16 17 21 14 18 ...

$ Weight : int 2705 3560 3375 3405 3640 2880 3470 4105 3495 3620 ...

$ Origin : Factor w/ 2 levels "USA","non-USA": 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 ...

$ Make : Factor w/ 93 levels "Acura Integra",..: 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 9 8 10 ...

NULL

#create a data frame from the main data set.

> car.data<-data.frame(Cars93$AirBags,Cars93$Type)
> #create a table with the neede variable.
> car.data =table(Cars93$AirBags,Cars93$Type)
> print(car.data)
 Compact Large Midsize Small Sporty Van

Driver & Passenger 2 4 7 0 3 0

Driver only 9 7 11 5 8 3

None 5 0 4 16 3 6

> #perfrom the Chi-Square test.

> print(chisq.test(car.data))
Output:-
Pearson's Chi-squared test

data: car.data

X-squared = 33.001, df = 10, p-value = 0.0002723

Warning message:

In chisq.test(car.data) : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect

Practical 8
Question:-Using R perform binomial and normal
distribution.
R-Binomial Distribution:-
dbinom(x, size, prob)
pbinom(x, size, prob)
qbinom(x, size, prob)
rbinom(x, size, prob)
dbinom():- This function gives the probability distributuion at
each point.

pbinom():-
#probability of getting 26 or less heads from a 51 tosses of a coin.

> x<-pbinom(26,51,0.5)

> print(x)

Output:- [1] 0.610116

qbinom():-
> #how many heads will have a probability of 0.25 will come out
when a coin is tossed 51 time

> x<-qbinom(0.25,51,1/2)

> print(x)

Output:-[1] 23

rbinom():-
# Find 8 random values from a sample of 150 with probability of 0.4.

x <- rbinom(8,150,4)

print(x)

Output:-[1] 57 65 56 69 71 53 48 62

Practical 9
Question:- Perform the linear regression using R
Input Data :-
# Values of height

151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131

# Values of weight.

63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48

A.Create Relationship Model & get the Coefficients
# Values of height

x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)

# Values of width

y <- c(63,81, 56, 91, 47,57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm()function.

relation <- lm(y~x)

print(relation)

Output:-
Call:

lm(formula = y ~ x)

Coefficients:

(Intercept) x

-38.4551 0.6746

B.Get the Summary of the Relationship# Values of height

# Values of height
x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)
# Values of width
y <- c(63,81, 56, 91, 47,57, 76, 72, 62, 48)
# Apply the lm()function.
relation <- lm(y~x)
print(summary(relation))
Output:-
Call:

lm(formula = y ~ x)

Residuals:

Min 1Q Median 3Q Max

-6.3002 -1.6629 0.0412 1.8944 3.9775

Coefficients:

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -38.45509 8.04901 -4.778 0.00139 **

x 0.67461 0.05191 12.997 1.16e-06 ***

---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 3.253 on 8 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.9548, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9491

F-statistic: 168.9 on 1 and 8 DF, p-value: 1.164e-06

C)Predict the weight of new persons :-

# The predictor vector.

x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)

# The resposne vector.

y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

# Apply the lm() function.

relation <- lm(y~x)

# Find weight of a person with height 170.

a <- data.frame(x = 170)

result <- predict(relation,a)

print(result)

Output:-
1

76.22869

D)Visualize the Regression Graphically:-

# Create the predictor and response variable.

x <- c(151, 174, 138, 186, 128, 136, 179, 163, 152, 131)

y <- c(63, 81, 56, 91, 47, 57, 76, 72, 62, 48)

relation <- lm(y~x)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "linearregression.png")

# Plot the chart.

plot(y,x,col = "blue",main = "Height & Weight Regression",

abline(lm(x~y)),cex = 1.3,pch = 16,xlab = "Weight in Kg",ylab =

"Height in
cm")

# Save the file.

dev.off()

Practical 10
Question:-Compute the linear least square regression
>year<-c(2000,2001,2002,2003,2004)

> rate<-c(9.34,8.50,7.62,6.93,6.60)

> plot(year,rate,

+ main="Commerical Banks Interest Rate for 4 years Car Loan",

+sub="http://www.federalresers.gov/releases/g19/20050805")

> cor(year,rate)

Output:-[1] -0.9880813