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Module 1-Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an introduction to statistics. It discusses key concepts like population, sample, data sources and types. It also outlines the learning outcomes of the module which are to elaborate basic statistics concepts, introduce samples and populations, and discuss ways of presenting data. The document then goes on to define statistics, discuss its uses and importance in analyzing data and testing hypotheses. It also defines population and sample, and describes different types of sampling methods and non-random samples. Finally, it outlines different data types like nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data, and methods for presenting data through text, tables, diagrams.

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Jessa Mae Lavado
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views

Module 1-Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an introduction to statistics. It discusses key concepts like population, sample, data sources and types. It also outlines the learning outcomes of the module which are to elaborate basic statistics concepts, introduce samples and populations, and discuss ways of presenting data. The document then goes on to define statistics, discuss its uses and importance in analyzing data and testing hypotheses. It also defines population and sample, and describes different types of sampling methods and non-random samples. Finally, it outlines different data types like nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data, and methods for presenting data through text, tables, diagrams.

Uploaded by

Jessa Mae Lavado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Introduction
This module will revolve on discussing the meaning of statistics as well as its
use and importance. It will also introduce data, sample and population.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module the student will be able to:
1. Elaborate the basic concepts of statistics
2. Introduce sample and population
3. Discuss data sources and types, and the ways of presenting it

Lesson 1: What is Statistics


Statistics is a topic that concerns the collection, processing, compilation,
dissemination, and analysis of data.

Lesson 1: Use and Importance of Statistics


1. Analyzing Data- to come up with generalization and conclusion of
collected data or information.
2. Collecting Information- basic knowledge in statistics allows one to gather
necessary information for a purpose. Example in national scale
production, it allows the government to compare its wealth to previous
years. With this information, lawmakers are able to determine if changes
are needed concerning economic policies.
3. Testing Hypothesis- economics uses statistical significance to get
necessary facts and figures. When something is considered statistically
significant, it means that it is not likely to happen as a result of chance. It
has a very specific and identifiable cause.
Lesson 2: Sample and Population

According to Galliguez et. al. (2016) population is the collection of all the
elements whose characteristics are being studied. It has two types namely, target
population (the collection of elements whose characteristics are being studied) and
sampled population (the collection of elements from which a sample are selected).

Sample is a selection of some elements from the population. It may be


random or non-random, depending on the chances of an element of being included in
the sample.
Types of Random Sample

1. Simple Random Sample – all element of the population has an


equal chance of being selected in the sample.
2. Systematic Random Sample – a sample obtained by choosing
every ҡth element, with the initial element selected at random from
the first ҡ elements.
3. Stratified Random Sample – is obtained by first dividing the
population into homogenous subpopulations (or strata) and then
taking a random sample from each stratum.
4. Cluster Sample- is obtained by first dividing the population into
subpopulations (based on geographical or other similar criteria),
whereby each subpopulation must closely match the population.
Types of Non-random Sample

1. Convenience Sample- the most accessible elements of the


population.
2. Purposive Sample- selected based on the judgment and prior
knowledge of an expert.
3. Snowball Sample- is obtained when an element of a sample is
suggested or identified by another member of the sample.
Lesson 3: Data Sources and Types

Sources of Data

1. Primary Data- includes information collected and processed directly


by the researcher, such as observations, surveys, interviews, and
focus groups.
2. Secondary Data- information that has already been collected,
processed and reported out by another researcher/entity.

Types of Data

1. Nominal Data- are labels or names that can be divided into two or
more categories. Examples are sex (male or female), religion
(catholic, muslim, mormon, etc.), and province (Eastern Samar,
Samar, Northern Samar).
2. Ordinal Data- observations that can be ordered according to some
criterion, such as desirability or an increasing number of size.
Examples are size (small, medium, large), and rank (first, second,
third, etc.).
3. Interval Data- implies continuous data values which are ordered on
a linear scale, but with no natural zero value. Example is
temperature celsius/Fahrenheit.
4. Ratio Data- are interval data with a natural zero value. Examples
are weight, distance, length, time, and temperature in degrees
Kelvin.

Presentation of Data

Statistics is all about data. Presenting data effectively and efficiently is


an art. You may have uncovered many truths that are complex and need long
explanations while writing. This is where the importance of presentation of
data comes in. You have to present your findings in such a way that the
readers can go through them quickly and understand each and every point
that you wanted to showcase.

Types of Data Presentation


1. Textual - Out of the different methods of data presentation, this is the
most simple one. You just write your findings in a coherent manner and
your job is done. The demerit of this method is that one has to read the
whole text to get a clear picture. Yes, introduction, summary and
conclusion can help condense the information.

2. Tabular- To avoid the complexities involved in the textual way of data


presentation, people use tables and charts to present data. In this
method, data is presented in rows and columns - just like you see in a
cricket match showing who made how many runs. Each row and
column has an attribute (name, year, sex, age and other things like
these). It is against these attributes that data is written within a cell.

3. Diagrammatic- This kind of data presentation and analysis method


says a lot with dramatically short amounts of time.
Suggested Readings

 Barrow, M (2006). Statistics for Economics, Accounting and


Business Studies (fourth edition) Pp.7-10
 Floyd, J. (2010). Statistics for Economists: A beginning. Pp.

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