 Examples of True Mathematical Statement

1. The sum of two even numbers is even. (Universal)

Even: if 2 divides p then p is even. 2|p.
Let a and b be 2 even numbers, then a + b is even. Ex. 2 + 4 = 6

2. The product of any real number is real.

Universal set: Complex Numbers, C

Combination of real and imaginary: a + bi

Let x and y be real numbers, xy is also a real number. Ex. -4 and 5, (-4)(5)= -20

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥𝑦 ∈ 𝑅. ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥𝑦 ∈ 𝑅.

3. There exist a sum of two real number that is less than 5. (Existential)
Ex. 2 + (-1) < 5

4. If a number ends in zero then it is a multiple of 5 and 10. (Conditional)

Ex. 50

5. Triangle ABC is a right triangle if the square of the longest side is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.

Triangle abc, c is the longest side, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 -> right triangle

Q: is a 3-4-5 triangle a right triangle?

Check: 52 = 32 + 42

25 = 9 + 16 = 25

Q: is a 5-√41-4 triangle a right triangle?

2
A: (√41) = 52 + 42

 Examples of False Mathematical Statement

1. Every decimal number is a rational number.

Rational – can be written as a ratio between two integers, denominator should not be zero
15=(30/2)= (-15/-1)
1.333333.. = (4/3)
 Irrational – not rational

Ex. 𝜋 = 3.141592654 …

𝑍 = {… , −10, −9, … , −1, 0, 1, 2,3,4. . . }

2. The sum of two odd numbers is an odd number.

3+5=8

3. If x+7= 7, then x = - 7.

4. There exist a number when divided by itself equals 0.

0/0 is not defined in Mathematics

0/0 = 5 why: 0*5 = 0

a/b = c -> bc = a

5. All prime number is odd number.

 The number 2. 2 = 2*1

 Example of Mathematical Phrases

1. The sum of two squares

2. Twenty percent discount
3. Twice a number and 8
4. My age two years from now
5. The sum of three consecutive numbers

 Try the following exercises :

State whether the following are statement (S) or not a statement (NS). In the case of a
statement classify whether: Universal (US), Conditional (CS) or Existential (ES). Indicate also if it is
True or False.

Statement/Phrase Classification True or False

1. The sum of two real numbers is commutative. ______S______ _____True_____

2. If a real number is multiplied by zero then
the product is equal to zero . ______S______ _____True____

3. There exist a real number whose square is

less than itself. ____________ __________
4. For all real numbers there exist an additive
 inverse. ____________ __________
5. The sum of any odd number is odd. ____________ __________
6. All perfect squares are even numbers. ____________ __________
7. The intersection of odd numbers and
natural numbers is odd number. ____________ __________
8. If two numbers are said to be the factor
of a number then any of the two number
is a multiple of that number. ____________ __________
9. If the product of two number is zero then
either of the two number is zero. ____________ __________
10. There exist a rational numbers whose product is
a whole number. ____________ __________

Mathematical Notations , Symbols, Operations and Variables.

 Required Readings: Mathematical Symbols and Notations

The combination of variables, operations , notations and symbols form a mathematical

expressions or sentence. The success of solving mathematical problem correctly lies on how the
students will go to translate Mathematical Statement / Phrases into mathematical expression.
Appropriate use of variables, symbols, operations and notations in translating
mathematical statement / phrase will give correct equation and representation to solve a given
mathematical problem .

 Examples of Translating Mathematical Phrases / Statement to Mathematical Expressions

using symbol, notations, operations and variables or a combinations of:

Mathematical Statement or Phrase Mathematical Expression

1. Twice a Number Let a number be x

Twice or double: 2
Twice a number is 2x

2. The sum of three consecutive numbers Let us say I’m thinking of three
consecutive numbers 11,12 and 13
Let 11 be the first number represented by X.
11 = 11 = x
12 = 11 + 1 = x + 1
13 = 11 + 2 = x + 2
The sum of three consecutive numbers
x +(x+1) + (x+2)
3. The sum of the square of two numbers The square of two numbers
x2 – one number
y2 – another number
The sum of the squares and two numbers
y 2 + y2

4. There are twice as many apples as the there

are guavas Let A = apple
G = guava
Twice as many A as there are G: 2A = G

5. The area of a rectangle whose length is 7 The area of a rectangle is A = LW

more than the width. Whose length (L) is 7 more than its width
L=w+7
A = (w+7) w

6. The one third of the sum of my age and My age is x

brothers age who is 10 Brothers age is 10
One third of the sum of my age and
1
brother’s age: (𝑥 + 10)
3

7. A three digit number where hundred digit A three number with unit , tens and
is twice the digit and the tens digit hundreds digits
is 3 more than the units digit
x = unit digit
10x = tens digit
100x = hundred digit
Since the tens digit is 3 more than the
unit digit
(3+x)10
And the hundred digit is twice the tens digit
(2(3+x)) 100
Therefore x = unit digit
10 (3+x) = tens digit
100 (2( 3 + x )) = hundred digit
The three digit number is
X+10 (3+x) + 100 (2(3+x))

8. The total peso value of 50 coins consisting Let x = ₱5 coins

of ₱5 coins and ₱10 coins. 50 – x = ₱10 coins
Total peso coins’ value
₱ = ₱ 5x + ₱10 (50-x)
9. A vessel runs at the rate of 8 miles per hour Let x = rate of the current
in still water. What is the rate of the vessel? 8 – x = rate of the current upstream

What is the rate of the vessel upstream if the We subtract x from 8 since the vessel
rate of the current is x ? is travelling against the current.

16
10. If Juan can finish a job in 16 days. What is is the time of Juan to finish his job
16
the portion of work done by Juan in 2 days.
1
Per day is the rate of the job
16
done in two days
2 1
or proportion of job is done.
16 8

10. All natural numbers are real numbers Ɐ x ∈ N , x ∈ R.

11. There exist two distinct integers where

sum is zero. ∃ m, n ∈ Z ∋. (m+n) = 0

12. All real number greater than

zero , the square root of its square is equal Ɐ x > o ,√𝑥 2 = x
to itself

13. For all real number , there exist number 1 Ɐ x ∈ R , ∃ 1 ∋ x⋅1 = 1⋅ x = x

as identity element for multiplication .

14. For any non- zero real number when raise to

zero is equal to 1 . Ɐ 𝑎 ∈ R , 𝑎 ≠ 0 ; 𝑎 0= 1

15. There exist an element of real number such

that its square is less than itself ⱻ x ∈ R / x2 < x

16. If a is less than zero then the absolute value

of a is the negative of a . Ɐ 𝑎 ∈ R, if 𝑎 < 0 , |𝑎| = −𝑎

17. For any real number not equal to zero,

𝑎
the number is divided by itself is equal to 1. Ɐ 𝑎 ∈ R, if 𝑎 ≠ 0, =1
𝑎

18. There exist an element of rational numbers

whose product is an element of whole number. ⱻ x, y ∈ Q / (xy) ∈ W

19. For every set, the empty set is its subset. Ɐ set , ⱻ ø as ø ⊆ of every set
Translate each of the following mathematical statement/phrases into mathematical expressions.
Use as few variables as possible.

1. A number less 8.
2. The square of the sum of 8 and a number
(𝑥 + 8)2

𝑥2 + 8
𝑥 + 82
3. A man’s age 15 years ago
4. The sum of three consecutive odd numbers
X + (x+2) + (x+4)
3 +5 +7
5. r percent of x pesos
6. The excess of 13 over y
7. Two numbers whose sum is 80 and difference is 50
8. Joe is 2.5 times as old as his brother Ken now. Six years ago, he was four times as old as Ken.
9. If a pipe can fill 1/5 of the tank in an hour and tank can fill ½ of the tank in an hour.
The numbers of hour that the two pipe can fill the tank together.
10. For all real numbers there exist a multiplicative inverse whose product of the number and its
multiplicative inverse is 1.
11. The sum of real numbers is real.
12. If the product of any two numbers is zero, then either of the two number is equal to zero.
13. For any real number the grouping and regrouping of its addends do not affect its sum.
14. A rational number is defined provided that its denominator is not equal to zero.
15. A total amount of a loan with an annual rate of 6% and a monthly deductions of P12,500.

Translate the following expressions to mathematical statement/phrase.

1. (-2) 2
2. -2 2
3. (x + y) 2
4. 8-y
5. Boys +10 = Girls
6. ⱻ m, n Є Z, m + n = 0
7. Ɐ x Є R, x2>0
8. Ɐ a ∈ R, ⱻ -a Є R ∋. a +(-a) = 0
9. Ɐ x, y Є R, (x+y) Є R
10. Ɐ a, b Є R, a+b = b+a