Radiodetection Applications Manual: Revision 0 - 06.97

RADIODETECTION
APPLICATIONS MANUAL
Revision 0 - 06.97
Radiodetection Applications Manual
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HOW TO USE A RECEIVER

2.1 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SEARCHING
2.2 PINPOINTING A CABLE OR PIPE
3 HOW TO USE A TRANSMITTER

3.1 INDUCTION
3.2 DIRECT CONNECTION
4 HOW TO LOCATE AND TRACE

4.1 PINPOINTING WITH A PRECISION LOCATOR
4.2 TRACING A CABLE OR PIPE
4.3 OVERCOMING PROBLEMS
4.4 ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES
4.5 CABLE IDENTIFICATION
4.6 CLAMPS
4.7 LIVE CABLE CONNECTOR
4.8 LIVE PLUG CONNECTOR
5 HOW TO MEASURE DEPTH

5.1 PRECAUTIONS
5.2 PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING DEPTH
5.3 DEPTH MEASUREMENT CONFIRMATION
5.4 HOW TO MEASURE DEPTH USING TRIANGULATION
6 HOW TO MEASURE CURRENT

6.1 CURRENT MEASUREMENT
6.2 ACCURACY OF CURRENT MEASUREMENT
6.3 PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING CURRENT
6.4 MONITORING AND INVESTIGATING PIPELINE COATING CONDITION
7 HOW TO USE CURRENT DIRECTION (CD)
8 HOW TO FAULT FIND WITH AN A-FRAME
9 HOW TO USE SONDES

9.1 CHOOSING A SUITABLE SONDE
9.2 PROPELLING THE SONDE
9.3 LOCATING THE SONDE
9.4 DEPTH MEASUREMENT
9.5 PINPOINTING A DRAIN BLOCKAGE OR COLLAPSE
9.6 TRACING SMALL DIAMETER DRAINS OR PLASTIC PIPES
9.7 LOCATING WATER LEAKS IN PLASTIC PIPES
9.8 PINPOINTING IRON GAS PIPE JOINTS
9.9 PINPOINTING A POSITION EACH SIDE OF A WALL
9.10 LOCATING BLOCKAGES CABLE PULLING
9.11 MONITORING A HORIZONTAL BORING TOOL
9.12 LOCATING INSPECTION CAMERAS
10 GLOSSARY
1 INTRODUCTION
GENERAL USE
The Radiodetection locator (comprising a Transmitter and a
Receiver) is designed for locating buried lines. Although simple, it
is often used to define complex locating problems in confused
situations which is the reason for the large variety of possible
ways of using the equipment. Information in this Applications
Manual combined with field experience will help select the most
suitable method to obtain the best results.
Obtaining site plans or contacting the local utilities before locating

is mandatory in some areas and is always advisable. Although
the information obtained may not be accurate or complete, it
usually warns what to expect.
A large number of optional accessories are available for

Radiodetection locators to increase their usefulness and to widen
their scope.
A knowledge of the theory of electromagnetic principles is useful,

helping the user to take full advantage of the locator and to
recognise its limitations. Locator users are advised to read
Radiodetection's publication 'The Theory of Buried Pipe and Cable
Location'.
SAFETY
Safe working on site is always the first priority and must never be
neglected. Local and Company safety procedures should be
strictly adhered to when using RD locators.
RT
SITE REPO
REPORTING
Sometimes there are situations when it is not possible to pinpoint
a target, identify a line or provide correct information about a
buried line. Experience will help the user decide on the quality of
information obtained using the locator. This information can often
be corroborated with aids from the site, e.g. visual indications of
buried plant, site or system drawings etc.
Any doubts about precision or the correctness of locating

information must always be included in reporting or staking out.
PRODUCT CARE
With the exception of the batteries, the locator has no parts which
need regular replacement or servicing. If an instrument requires
maintenance, please refer to Radiodetection for details of local
repair facilities.
Safety Testing
If the locator is to be used for safety applications such as cable
avoidance, it is good practice to undertake regular checks to
confirm correct function.
The best and most reliable technique is to undertake a 'street' test.

Familiarise yourself with the instrument and use it to detect some
cables at convenient locations close to the workshop or depot.
Choose one or two sites where the Power and/or Radio signals
give consistent response and use these as benchmark test sites.
Ideally, try to find sites where the Power/Radio signal is relatively
weak, i.e. where the line can only be found with the sensitivity
control at, or near, maximum - any significant loss of performance
can then be readily noticed.
Page 1.1
Depth Check
A reliable, accurate depth measurement is only certain when a
good active signal is present on a single line. There must be no
significant signal on adjacent lines and the target line must be
straight and without tees for about ten paces to either side of the
Receiver. Also, depth will not be accurate if measured within 30
paces range of a Transmitter in the induction mode.
If a suitable line (without the previously mentioned problems) is

available whose depth is known at a particular point, use it as a
benchmark test site to undertake regular checks. Alternatively, an
above ground test loop can be used.
15m
d
20m Choose an area known to be free of buried pipes/cables and metal
15m
structures.
Lay out a test loop as illustrated. It can be used to verify depth

accuracy in the range 20 cm (8 in.) to 2 m (6.5 ft).
Cleaning
Do not use solvents for cleaning. If it is necessary to remove mud
or grime, use a sponge dampened with warm water. A mild soap
may be used to loosen ingrained dirt.
Periodically wipe the moving coil meter or LCD window with an

anti-static fluid.
The Transmitters and Receivers incorporate weather-proof seals

but they are not guaranteed to prevent ingress of water if
immersed.
Batteries
Types All STx, HPTx, LCTx HCTx-2 Radiodetection recommends the use of Alkaline Manganese
Receivers SDTx HCTx
batteries. Cheaper Zinc Carbon batteries can be used but have a
Quantity 12 10 10 4 8
much shorter life (possibly 25% of Alkaline Manganese batteries).
Description AA 1.5V AA/D 1.5V D 1.5V D 1.5V D 1.5V
Alkaline Alkaline * Alkaline Alkaline Alkaline
IEC Code LR6 LR6/LR20 LR20 LR20 LR20 Never change just some of the batteries - all or nothing is the rule.
Mallory AA AA/D D D D
Duracell MN1500 MN1500/ MN1300 MN1300 MN1300
Observe the correct battery polarity. The instruments are
MN1300 protected against being damaged by incorrect polarity.
Fuji 5300 5300/5100 5100 5100 5100
USA - E91 E91/E95 E95 E95 E95
Some Transmitter batteries are fitted inside two reducer tubes.
EverReady Alternatively, the tubes can be discarded and the High Power
* AA cells are a low cost option for STx and SDTx Transmitters. Transmitter battery types can be used. This does not increase
output power but gives a longer and more cost effective battery
life.
Transmitter Fuses (STx, SDTx, HPTx and HCTx)
Battery Trays - A fuse is fitted which will blow if the battery tray
terminals are inadvertently short circuited. Replace with a 2 A,
quick blow 1.25 in. fuse.
In normal use, the fuse will only blow if the Transmitter has
developed a fault; do not replace the fuse - arrange to have the
unit repaired.
Output Fuse - Some High Power Transmitters have a fuse to

protect the output lines in case of inadvertent connection to
conductors carrying an excessive voltage.
The output fuse is fitted next to the connection socket.
If a Transmitter fails to operate in Direct Connection mode, but

operates in the Induction mode, check the output fuse.
Replace with a 315 mA quick blow fuse (630 mA 20 mm fuse for
the HCTx-2)..
Page 1.2
2 HOW TO USE A RECEIVER
There are a number of techniques available for locating unknown

lines in an area. Use of these techniques are particularly
important before digging in order to avoid damage to buried lines.
A buried line is located by applying the distinctive transmitter

signal to it then tracing it with the Receiver.
The Receiver's Power and Radio passive modes are used to

search an area for unknown power cables and other lines.
The Receiver's active modes enable the Transmitter signal to be

traced by the Receiver.
2.1 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SEARCHING
Passive mode
The passive modes, Power and Radio, provide a convenient
means of searching for lines without the need to connect a
Transmitter. Although the Power and Radio modes will not
necessarily find all lines, much information can be gathered about
complex sites. Always use both Power and Radio, never rely on
just one.
The Power mode detects the 50/60 Hz energy present on buried

cables and other lines.
The Radio mode detects very low frequency energy reradiated by

buried cables and other lines.
Radio signals may not be present in detectable strength at some

locations. Where present, the Radio mode is a most useful
method for locating buried lines, in particular long distance
telephone lines and other lines not radiating a Power signal.
Passive Search
The site should be examined for covers, street lights and all other
signs indicating the presence of buried pipes or cables before
using the Receiver.
Define the area to be swept and include a generous margin

around it.
Set the Receiver to the Power mode (Power+ for the RD400SL).
Adjust the Receiver sensitivity to provide an indication of
approximately 50%.
Page 2.1
Carry out a grid search of the area, holding the Receiver blade
vertical and in line with the direction of movement.
Stop when the Receiver response indicates the presence of a line.

Pinpoint the line and mark its position. Mark and trace the line out
of the area being searched. Resume the grid search of the area
to locate any other lines.
The 'Power+' mode (RD400SL only) has a sensitivity level which

conforms to the National Utilities Group UK requirement for locator
sensitivity. In some areas this mode may be too sensitive making
it necessary to select the Power mode.
In some areas there may be a confusing amount of Power signals.

Raise the Receiver 5 cm (2 in.) from the ground and continue the
search.
Switch the Receiver to Radio, increase sensitivity to maximum and

repeat the above grid search procedure over the area, tracing and
marking any lines that are located.
In most areas the Radio mode will locate lines that do not radiate
Power signals and any grid search should be carried out in both
modes.
2.2 PINPOINTING A CABLE OR PIPE
Pinpointing defines the exact position and direction of a target line

after it has been traced and its approximate position is known.
Procedure
Adjust the Receiver sensitivity for a mid scale indication. During
the following pinpointing procedure it will be necessary to adjust
the sensitivity to keep the indication on scale:
(a) Move the Receiver left and right over the line and
define the point of maximum response.
(b) Hold the Receiver near the ground with the blade
vertical. Rotate the Receiver and stop at the position of
maximum response.
Page 2.2
(c) Move the Receiver slowly from side to side to define

the exact position of the peak response. The Receiver
blade is now over the target line and at right angles to
it. Mark the ground.
Page 2.3
Page 2.4
3 HOW TO USE A TRANSMITTER
A number of application techniques are available for use in

different site situations and the user must choose that which
applies the best signal with minimum coupling to other lines. Field
experience or the trial and error of working through the application
techniques will determine the best method for applying the
Transmitter signal.
Always use the lowest signal output level that provides an

adequate tracing signal; this saves battery power and reduces the
effects of coupling.
Start locating with the signal output level set high but reduce it to a
low level when possible. Only use a high level for long periods
when extra tracing range is required or for applying the signal to
deep target lines.
Some transmitters also have an impedance match switch which

enables the Transmitter to make most efficient use of the power
available. Start with a low setting, if more signal is required,
increase. Monitor to check for more signal, i.e. lower pitch tone. If
loudspeaker tone does not change, return to lower setting.
Some transmitters offer a choice of frequencies.
Note: Always check that the Transmitter and Receiver are set to
the same frequency.
3.1 INDUCTION
Transmitters incorporate an antenna which can radiate a signal

that will be induced on to a line directly below it. Its' efficiency is
poor on deep targets. Generally induction is only useful at depths
down to 2 m (6 ft).
The signal can induce on to nearby lines as well as the target line.
Part of the signal is lost in the surrounding soil. The Receiver
cannot be used within a minimum of five paces from the
Transmitter, and often much further if maximum Transmitter power
is being used. It will not apply a signal to a well insulated line
unless it is effectively grounded at each end.
Procedure
Switch on the Transmitter and place it directly above the buried
cable or pipe (refer to the Transmitter section of the User Guide
for correct Transmitter orientation).
Adjust the sensitivity of the Receiver to minimum and start locating

the line at least ten paces away from the Transmitter.
Precautions
The induction signal is radiated in other directions as well as
downwards towards the line and this may cause problems when
trying to work close to the Transmitter or in congested areas.
To check, point the Receiver directly at the Transmitter. If the

Receiver signal strength increases, either reduce the Transmitter
power or increase the distance from the Transmitter.
If the Receiver signal strength decreases, the received signal is

from the target line.
Induction cannot be used to apply a signal to a line below

reinforced concrete.
Page 3.1
Active Search
The most certain technique for searching for buried lines requires
two operators and is the induction sweep.
Define the area to be swept and the probable direction of lines

crossing the area.
One operator holds the Transmitter (which must be in the

induction mode) and the other holds the Receiver. The
Transmitter induces a signal on to any lines it passes over which
can then be detected by the Receiver 20 paces away.
Check the Receiver and the Transmitter are set to the same
frequency.
Operator 1: Holding the Transmitter at the start of the area, stand

20 paces away from the Receiver along the probable path of the
buried lines. Align the Transmitter handle or alignment arrows
(according to model) with the assumed direction of the buried
lines.
Operator 2: Hold the Receiver with the blade vertical and in line
with the direction of movement. Set the Receiver sensitivity level
as high as possible without picking up the signal directly from the
Transmitter.
When the Transmitter is in line with the Receiver, both operators

move slowly forward in parallel.
The Transmitter applies its signal to lines directly below it which

are then located with the Receiver.
Mark the ground at the point of each peak signal detected with the
receiver.
Repeat the sweep along any other possible paths of lines.
Once the position of the lines has been marked, reverse positions,
placing the Transmitter over the marks and along their axis, then
trace each of them out of the area being searched with the
Receiver.
If only one operator is available, or if there is not sufficient space

for the previous search procedure to be carried out, the following
technique, although not as thorough as the previous procedure,
can be used.
If possible lay the Transmitter on its side. The Transmitter will

energise all the lines to either side but not lines running directly
below the Transmitter.
Carry out a search with the Receiver at least 10 paces from the
Transmitter. Pinpoint and mark any lines that are located.
Reposition the Transmitter at five pace intervals around the site,

searching each time with the Receiver. Pinpoint and mark any
lines that are located. Trace the line out of the area, marking its
route.
Page 3.2
3.2 DIRECT CONNECTION
Suitable for use on continuous tracer wire, water and gas

distribution systems, a telecom cable, and pipelines at a CP test or
other access point.
Warning
Should only be used on a power cable sheath by qualified
personnel.
Procedure
Plug the Connection Cable into the Transmitter and to the target
line. If necessary clean off paint, rust or scale to ensure good
connection.
Clip the ground cable to an independent grounding point a few

paces away and preferably at right angles to the probable route of
the target line. Do not attach the ground cable to a water pipe or
buried line which could carry the signal.
A change in audible tone or visual indication will confirm a

satisfactory Transmitter connection. If there is no such indication,
check the electrical contact and ground. If necessary change the
position of the ground or tip water over the ground contact if
placed in dry soil or sand.
Note: A Receiver can detect a signal many times weaker than that
necessary for a satisfactory Transmitter connection indication and
short distances can be traced without a tone change from the
loudspeaker.
Page 3.3
Page 3.4
4 HOW TO LOCATE AND TRACE
4.1 PINPOINTING WITH A PRECISION LOCATOR
Follow the procedure for pinpointing in the Peak mode (para 2.2)
Peak and mark the ground.
mode
Select Null mode and pinpoint the position of the null then again
mark the ground.
Null
mode
If the position of the marks from the Peak and Null pinpoints
correspond, it can be assumed that the pinpoint is precise.
Null Peak
Position Position
Note: Both marks will show an error to the same side. The true
position will be close to the Peak pinpoint position.
True
Position
Precautions
? If the target line is close to another line, a portion of the

Transmitter signal may couple to it and could affect the accuracy
of the pinpoint.
Check by increasing the Receiver sensitivity and move the

Receiver three paces to each side of the target line. No response
from other than the target line, or a single peak response with
equal signal reduction each side, confirms the accuracy of the
pinpoint.
Alternatively, raise the Receiver by 30 cm (12 in.) and observe

whether the apparent position of the target line shifts or not; if it
doesn't, the locate is good.
If a signal is present on another nearby line or if the signal

reduction either side of the peak is not equal, move further along
the target line where interference is not present and carry out a
pinpoint. When the target line signal has coupled to an adjacent
line precision pinpointing is not possible.
Pinpointing over reinforced concrete areas may give confusing

responses. Raise the Receiver 50 cm (20 in.) above the surface
and repeat the pinpoint procedure, ensuring the blade is vertical.
The signal level indication will respond to the signal from the target
line and will not be affected by signals reradiated by the shallow
rebars.
Page 4.1
4.1.1 High Resolution Pinpointing
Lf 8 33 65 Digital Display
A numeric representation of the meter deflection percentage is
1
displayed above the bargraph on the LCD of Digital Receivers.
2
This provides much higher resolution information about the
Receiver's response to a signal than the bargraph.
Use the bargraph to find the approximate position of the target line
then with much smaller movements of the Receiver use the
numeric display to define the precise location of the signal peak.
Loudspeaker
Use the loudspeaker tone instead of the meter. The output from
the loudspeaker (or headphones) switches off at lower signal
levels. Use this function to obtain a precise narrow response at
the point of the signal peak.
Gradually reduce the sensitivity causing the tone-on band to

become narrower until the required response width is obtained.
4.2 TRACING A CABLE OR PIPE
The Receiver is used to trace a cable or pipe which is radiating a

Transmitter signal. A target line can only be reliably traced when
a Transmitter signal has been applied by direct connection, a
Signal Clamp, a Live Cable Connector or a Live Plug Connector.
Apply the Transmitter signal at any access point to a buried pipe

or cable such as a chamber, valve, street light or pedestal.
If the lines need to be identified trace them to a point where they

surface, such as a cover, street light, fire hydrant etc., then apply
the Transmitter signal and trace back to the area.
If there is no alternative, use the Transmitter in induction mode

and trace the target line to a point of access, then connect directly
or attach a Signal Clamp and trace the line back for identity
confirmation.
4.2.1 Peak and Null Modes
Check that the Receiver and Transmitter are set to the same frequency.
Peak
Precision Receivers with a Peak/Null mode key should be
switched to Peak. Receivers with no Peak/Null mode key operate
in the Peak mode only.
First it is necessary to locate the target line that is to be traced. If the

Transmitter signal is applied by Direct Connection or with a Clamp stand
at least four paces from the Transmitter. If the Transmitter signal is
applied by induction stand at least ten paces from the Transmitter.
Holding the Receiver close to the ground, adjust the sensitivity to

maximum.
With the flat of the Receiver blade facing the Transmitter, walk in an arc
around the Transmitter. Reduce the sensitivity as necessary to keep
the indication on scale.
Stop at the point where the indication registers a peak response. Move
the Receiver from side to side to establish the exact position of the peak
response. Place the end of the receiver blade on the ground, again
adjusting the sensitivity to keep the indication on scale.
Mark the ground and note the indicated response level.
Page 4.2
Continue the arc around the Transmitter with the Receiver blade
facing the Transmitter and the sensitivity adjusted to give an
indication near the top of the scale. Stop each time there is a
response, reduce the sensitivity to give a narrow response,
20 determine the position of the line, mark the ground and note the
indicated response level.
50
If more than one signal is located, compare the response levels.
The strongest signal will almost certainly be the target line to
which the Transmitter signal has been applied.
Hold the Receiver over the target line. With the blade at right
angles over the line, adjust the sensitivity to give an indicated
response level of between 40 and 90%.
100 Walk away from the transmitter moving the Receiver left and right.
30 A peak response with a reduced response either side indicates the
position of the line.
Stop every 10 or 20 paces and carefully check the position of the

peak response, then continue tracing.
Check an area several paces either side to be certain that there

are no other lines carrying a stronger signal.
Precision locator
Null
Null response Peak response
Line tracing speed can be increased by switching to the Null
mode. The Receiver can be held in any orientation as its null
response is not dependent on line direction. Walk along the path
of the target line, moving the Receiver left and right. A null
response with an increased response either side indicates the
position of the line.
When using a Digital Receiver in the Null mode, and the Receiver
blade is at right angles to the target cable or pipe, left/right arrows
or null response will indicate the position of the cable.
Periodically switch back to Peak to verify the exact position of the

target line.
Page 4.3
4.2.2 Tracing Techniques
4.2.2.1 Locating Tees
With the Transmitter signal still applied after the path of a line has
been traced and marked, move about one pace to side of the
marked route. Holding the Receiver blade parallel to the line,
follow the marked route. No signal (or very little) will be received
from the previously traced line but branch connections (tees)
should give clear responses.
The most reliable method of pinpointing a tee is to apply the

Transmitter signal to the end of the drop or service. The signal will
flow to the main and then along in each direction. Tracing the
signal along the main with the blade at right angles to the service
will result in a null over the tee.
4.2.2.2 Tracing Cables from a Splice or Joint Chamber
Apply the Transmitter signal with a clamp, if available, otherwise, it

will be necessary to remove the common bond from cables before
applying the Transmitter signal in order to trace a target cable.
If it is required to trace all the cables from a chamber, the

Transmitter in induction mode can be placed to one side of the
chamber and in line with the cables to be traced.
4.2.2.3 Tracing Long Distance Cables
A signal clamp can be used. However, it is preferable to use

direct connection. When using direct connection it will be
necessary to remove ground connections in order for the
Transmitter signal to travel a sufficient distance.
When splices or joints are grounded for reasons of safety or for

lightning protection, they can be permanently replaced by surge
arrestors to allow uninterrupted locating and cable protection.
Page 4.3
4.2.2.4 Loop
A slack loop in a buried cable will sometimes cause a fall in

response over the path of the cable which should be investigated.
Return to just behind the point of the change in the response and
widen the arc of search. The Receiver will define all but the
smallest loops in the cable.
4.2.2.5 Splices
Most cable splices or joints will show up as a blip in the Receiver

response. Local knowledge and experience will help the user
know if the blip indicates a splice box.
4.2.2.6 Tracing Along a Highway
If the cable is buried close to a metal crash barrier, the signal may
couple to it. This makes tracing difficult because of the proximity
of the barrier to the aerials in the Receiver antenna blade.
The problem can be overcome by raising the Receiver so that the

lower aerial in the end of the detection blade is level with the metal
barrier.
Page 4.5
4.2.2.7 Street Lighting
Metal Columns
Connecting to a metal street lamp column is almost as effective as
connecting to the cable sheath itself. Normally the cable sheath is
bonded to the metal column, therefore a simple connection using
the Magnetic Connection Clip on to the column enables the
operator to locate the street lighting cable quickly and safely
without having to call out the lighting department.
Concrete Columns
Connecting to the metal access cover of a street lamp column will
induce a signal on to the cable even if the cover is not earthed.
The Transmitter should be set to maximum power output and even
then the signal on the line may be weak. The Transmitter
frequency used must be 33 or 65 kHz as lower frequencies, in this
situation, are less effective. The information gained regarding
position and depth of lighting cables (plus feeds to other street
furniture on the same system) are the benefits of this exercise.
One connection point can energise cables over a considerable
area.
The use of a street light column as a means of applying a signal to

other power cables is a possibility. The signal may be fairly weak
when using this method because it may have travelled some
distance back to the sub station and out again on the other cables.
With the Transmitter set to a high sensitivity output it is often
possible to locate a cable which would otherwise have been
difficult or inconvenient to energise.
Cables running down a wood or concrete pole or lighting column

can also be energised by standing the Transmitter at right angles
to the ground in its induction mode against the pole.
If authorised, and access to the cable is available, use a Signal

Clamp (refer to the Procedure in para 4.6) or a Live Cable
Connector (refer to the Procedure in para 4.7).
4.3 OVERCOMING PROBLEMS
Sometimes when making a single ended connection to a service,

the majority of signal travels not along the section to be located,
but in the opposite direction. The cause could be the fact that
there are different types of joints on the leg to be located than the
joints in the opposite direction.
Page 4.6
The situation can often be improved by moving the ground return

to a position which encourages the signal to flow in the desired
direction. This usually means positioning the ground stake in the
general direction of the section to be located. Normally this is
achieved using the standard ground return cable, but in a more
difficult situation it may be necessary to use the optional 200 m
extension reel to position the ground stake in the approximate
vicinity of the conductor and as far from the Transmitter as
possible.
This technique can be used to encourage the signal to take the

required path from a tee or junction. The double ended
connection would be used in preference when possible.
Ground return signals when using the single ended connection

can often cause confusion by returning to the Transmitter along
other services. The problem sometimes occurs when return
signals appear stronger than on the actual target line usually
because the target line is deeper than the conductor carrying the
return signal and the return path may be a better electrical
conductor than the target.
An adjacent parallel line can be used to an advantage, especially

1 for long distance location. By making one Transmitter connection
2 3 to the target line, the other connection to an adjacent line, and
A bonding the two lines together at a distant point (effectively a
B
C double ended connection), the signal will travel along the target
D line and return on the adjacent line, giving two definite locations.
1 The use of visual clues plus depth measurements etc., should
2 enable the user to make reasonable identification. Where there
are many parallel conductors the task of identification becomes
3
easier because by systematically using other lines as return paths,
the location position of the target line will remain constant. By
using a process of elimination the target line can be identified.
Page 4.7
4.4 ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES
There are a number of techniques for applying the Transmitter

signal to a target line in addition to those described in this section.
Although these techniques may not be needed for general use,
they can often be useful for applying a signal successfully to a
target line in particular circumstances.
4.4.1 Double Ended Connection
A useful technique for positively tracing and identifying a target

line in a situation where there are access points at each end of the
line.
Procedure
Connect the Transmitter to an access point on the target line. The
Transmitter ground socket is connected via an extension reel to
another access point on the line . A complete circuit is achieved
without using ground as a current return path.
Note: The extension reel should be kept as far away as possible

from the expected route of the line.
This method of applying the Transmitter signal is ideal for positive

identification of a target line. When a connection has been made
to two points on the same line, the same level of current should be
detectable all round the circuit. The Receiver meter indication
should therefore be constant if the depth of the line does not
change.
4.4.2 Unwanted Signal Coupling
Unwanted coupling of an active tracing signal to another line is

one of the most common location problems. It leads either to an
error in the marked position and depth of a target line or to
marking the wrong line. A certain degree of coupling is
unavoidable in many situations but there are ways in which a
careful user can reduce coupling and increase location reliability.
Two situations can cause unwanted signal coupling:
Page 4.8
(a) Applying the signal to more than one line. Do not use
induction. Use the Signal Clamp where possible.
Identify the points where different lines may be bonded

or in close proximity. Work towards these points rather
than away from them. For example if metallic gas and
water services are bonded within a building, and it is
required to trace the incoming lines, apply the signal at
the stop taps or valves in the road rather than the
building.
Reduce coupling to a parallel line by using a low

frequency (Lf) signal if possible.
(b) Return signal flowing on another line. Use a double

ended connection to by-pass the ground if possible.
Choose a signal application point where the line is

furthest from other lines; not a congested area.
When using a single ended connection, site the ground

stake as far as possible from the target line and away
from other buried lines.
Avoid using existing structures for ground connection if

other buried lines could be bonded to them.
A bad ground or just laying the ground cable on the road

surface at right angles to line may give less coupling
than a good ground if long distance tracing is not
required.
Page 4.9
4.4.3 Applying a Maximum Tracing Distance Signal
Several factors influence the distance that a line can be traced.

The aim of any signal on the line is to get off the line and return to
the Transmitter ground. This results in the familiar gradual decay
of the signal strength with increasing distance from the
Transmitter. It is therefore necessary to apply the strongest
possible signal in the most effective manner.
A double ended connection (para 4.4.1), is a very effective way of

applying a signal because the ground is effectively bypassed.
Another advantage of a double ended connection is that the signal

is being applied to a short circuit so that the Transmitter output is
at maximum.
Sometimes an effective double ended connection can be achieved

over very long distances by applying the two Transmitter clips to
converging lines. If two lines, water and gas for example, both
follow roughly parallel paths to a distant building where it is known
they will have a common bond.
A connection to both lines, if effectively double ended, should

ensure a strong signal over a great distance. Caution must be
taken when tracing to avoid confusing the two lines.
Improving the quality of the ground connection can increase the

applied current and therefore the tracing signal. The grounding
can be improved by careful positioning of the ground stake in
damp soil, by hammering a long copper pipe into the ground or by
connecting to an existing metallic earthed structure.
The best possible ground connection in any given situation will be

the line itself. The only situation when it can be used is where the
line has an insulated section effectively splitting it into two
conductors. For example, a long distance pipeline which has an
insulating flange; attaching the Transmitter clips to either side of
the joint will apply the best possible signal.
This connection technique is essentially the same situation as

when a Signal Clamp is placed around a continuous line and may
often be more efficient than a conventional single ended
connection, provided the signal 'sees' a good quality ground in
both directions.
A single ended connection signal will apply a current in both

directions on a line if connected to the middle rather than to one
end. The signal can be doubled if it is possible to disconnect the
line in the unwanted direction.
Induction should be avoided. It is an inefficient signal application

technique because most of the Transmitter energy is wasted in the
ground.
Page 4.10
4.4.4 Anomalies on Lines
Some cable ground faults, pipe coating faults and even a

circumferential crack in a cast iron pumping main can be detected
with the Receiver.
Apply the Transmitter signal to the target line. Select Peak (if
Peak/Null option available) and adjust the Receiver sensitivity to
give a near maximum signal strength indication when over the
line. Trace the length of the line with the Receiver. Do not adjust
the sensitivity any further and note the position of any sharp fall in
response.
Closely monitor the depth to ensure the fall in signal response is

not due to a change in depth.
% %
mA mA
Digital receivers with the Current Measurement feature will
automatically compensate for the change in depth.
m m
Page 4.11
4.5 CABLE IDENTIFICATION
The Receiver can be used to assist identifying a target cable at

distant access points.
Apply the Transmitter signal with the Signal Clamp. Check if there
are bonds between the cable and other cables or services and
remove the bonds if possible.
Alternatively, qualified personnel can use the Live Cable

Connector to apply a very selective Transmitter signal to a low
voltage cable core.
100 40 30 Trace the cable following the instructions in para 4.2.1. Ensure
that the cable being traced has the strongest signal. Trace the
cable to the access point at which the cable identity has been
established.
Connect the Clamp Antenna to the Receiver Accessory Socket

and place the Clamp on each cable in turn, noting the response.
Compare the strength of responses from each cable. The cable
with the substantially strongest response will be the cable to which
the Transmitter signal has been applied.
It may not be possible to place the Clamp Antenna around the

cables because of congestion or because of inaccessibility. The
large or small Stethoscope Antenna should be used in the place of
the Clamp Antenna. Press the concave detector head against
each cable and note the individual responses.
To check correct cable identification, reverse the position of the

Transmitter and Receiver and repeat the identification routine.
An alternative and superior method of identification uses the effect

of cable twist to provide a precise 'signature'. This method should
only be used by personnel licensed to work on live cables.
This technique cannot be used on live cables since it is necessary

to arrange a short circuit at the far end.
Always use the Live Cable Connector to energise power cables,

even when they are supposed to be isolated.
The twisted cores cause a 'corkscrew' signal. A Stethoscope

Antenna when moved along the cable detects this distinctive rise
and fall signal.
Other adjacent cables will not show the same effect and this is a
positive method of cable identification.
Page 4.12
4.6 CLAMPS
Radiodetection supply a range of signal clamps as optional

accessories to apply the Transmitter signal to a cable or pipe. The
standard 10 cm (4 in.) signal clamp is suitable for most
applications. The 5 cm (2 in.) signal clamp is for use where
access is restricted.
The signal clamp safely applies a signal to a live cable without

interrupting the supply. It applies a very discriminating signal to a
target line with reduced coupling.
4.6 Warning
To avoid the risk of electric shock, the signal clamp must be
connected to the Transmitter before being placed around the
pipe or cable.
Note: A signal applied with a signal clamp may not travel as far as
a direct connected signal.
Procedure
Plug the signal clamp into the Transmitter output socket.
Place the signal clamp around the pipe or cable, making sure the
jaws are closed. Switch on the Transmitter.
A disconnected pipe or cable cannot generally be located using a

signal clamp.
The signal clamp may buzz or vibrate if around a power cable with
significant nett current flow. This is normal and will not harm the
equipment. Do not touch the exposed pins of the plug when the
clamp is around a power cable.
Using the signal clamp, the target line must carry the strongest
signal - the other lines will carry the weaker return signal.
Note: If the system comprises only two pipes/cables they may

carry equal signals.
4.7 LIVE CABLE CONNECTOR
The live cable connector is an optional accessory used to apply

the Transmitter signal to a live cable.
Warning
For use only by personnel licensed or permitted to work on
live cables. Low voltage systems only.
Procedure
The live cable connector is plugged into the Transmitter. The red
clip is connected to the live conductor and the black clip
connected to neutral or ground as appropriate. The Transmitter
changes tone when a satisfactory connection has been made.
Note: Do not connect the Transmitter to live cables without using

either a Live Plug Connector or Live Cable Connector.
Page 4.13
For positive cable tracing and identification inside buildings,

connect the red clip to terminal box connection. Remove the fuse
if permitted by your Company procedure. Connect the black clip
to an independent ground stake outside.
For street lighting cable tracing, connect the red clip to the
incoming live cable. Connect the black clip to the lighting column
if metal or to an independent ground stake.
The live cable connector can be used in a similar way to apply a

signal directly to cables through live LV isolators, fuse boxes etc.
on industrial sites.
The Transmitter and the user are protected against voltages of

500 V ac rms up to 60 Hz.
4.8 LIVE PLUG CONNECTOR
The live plug connector is an optional accessory used to apply the

Transmitter signal to a live domestic power socket and, via the
domestic wiring system, onto the service cable and supply cable in
the street. The signal should be detectable on the supply system
to a few hundred paces each side of the point of application. Use
of this connector may cause an earth leakage circuit breaker to
trip.
Warning
Do not connect the Transmitter to live cables without using
either a Live Plug Connector or Live Cable Connector.
Procedure
Connect the Live Plug Connector to the Transmitter and to the live
domestic power socket. Switch on the socket.
Note: The Live Plug Connector contains a protection unit to

protect the user and the Transmitter from mains voltage up to
250 V.
Page 4.14
5 HOW TO MEASURE DEPTH
Push-button depth measurement to a line is possible down to

depths of 4.6 m (15 ft) when the line has been energised with the
Transmitter signal. Triangulation may be used for greater depths
or to check the push-button method.
Measuring depth with the Receiver in the Power or Radio

modes is not reliable.
Measurement is to the centre of the pipe or cable. Depth of cover

is therefore less than the reading, more so on large diameter
d pipes.
d d
d 5.1 PRECAUTIONS
Do not make depth measurements near bends or tees in the line.

Move at least five paces from a bend for best accuracy.
Depth measurement will not be accurate if there is severe

interference or if part of the Transmitter signal has coupled to a
nearby line.
d
d aces
min 30 p ded
e n Avoid applying the signal by induction. If there is no choice, the
recomm
Transmitter should be at least 30 paces from the point of any
depth measurement.
If the Transmitter signal is transferring to nearby lines, apply the

signal with a double ended connection to the line.
Page 5.1
5.2 PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING DEPTH
Pinpoint the target line accurately with the Receiver.
Peak Switch precision receivers to Peak mode.

mode
If using a precision locator, first pinpoint using both Peak and Null.
There is interference if the two positions do not correspond. Re-
Null apply the Transmitter signal to eliminate the unwanted signal and
mode try again. Alternatively, make the depth measurement at a point
where the two signals correspond.
Null Peak
Position Position Check the Receiver is directly over the line with the blade at right
angles to it and vertical. Adjust the sensitivity level to bring the
meter indication on scale.
True
Position
If the Receiver is fitted with a moving coil meter ensure the meter
indication is in the red band. Press and hold the Depth push-
button. After a few seconds, the meter will indicate depth on the
Line scale.
If the Receiver is fitted with a liquid crystal display check Receiver

is in Line mode. Press the Depth key, the depth will be displayed.
If the ground appears to radiate a strong field, perhaps near a

radio station, check depth by holding the bottom of the Receiver
blade 5 cm (2 in.) above the ground and deduct this from indicated
depth.
5.3 DEPTH MEASUREMENT CONFIRMATION
A suspect or critical depth measurement can be checked by lifting

the Receiver 50 cm (20 in.) above the ground and re-measuring.
If the depth increases by the same amount it is a good indication
that the depth measurement is correct.
Depth measurement should be accurate to 5% if the conditions

are suitable. However, the user may not always know if the
conditions are suitable so the following techniques should be used
to check critical readings:
Check that the line's route is straight for at least five paces to
either side of the measurement point.
Check that the signal is reasonably constant over the ten paces
length and make depth measurements to either side of the original
point.
Check that there are no adjacent lines carrying a significant signal

within three or four paces of the target line. This is the most
common and most serious source of error when depth measuring;
a strong signal on an adjacent line can often introduce 50%
error.
Make several measurements at points slightly displaced from the

line's apparent position. The most shallow indication will be the
most accurate and will also indicate the line's position most
accurately.
Page 5.2
100% 5.4 HOW TO MEASURE DEPTH USING

TRIANGULATION
70%
If there is any doubt about a push-button depth measurement, it
should be checked by triangulation. This involves measuring the
signal at different points and is an effective check because it is
unlikely that a signal will suffer the same distortion in each
direction.
When directly over the line set the meter to 100%. Holding the
Receiver vertical with the tip of the blade close to the ground,
move both left and right until the meter drops to 70%. Mark these
points and measure the distance between them.
The distance between the two points is equal to the depth and the
d two points should be symmetrical either side of the line position.
Do not use this technique for depths less than 20 cm (8 in.).
Accuracy of depth measurement is assured if all techniques give

d similar depth measurements.
Do not attempt to measure depth with the 45 degree technique

advocated for other types of locator; it is often prone to erroneous
readings due to signal distortions.
Page 5.3
Page 5.4
6 HOW TO MEASURE CURRENT

% %
6.1 CURRENT MEASUREMENT
mA mA
Current measurement of a target line provides additional
information which is not available using standard techniques.
m m
RD400 series Measuring the applied signal current on a target line helps to
receiver mA mA mA confirm the identity of the line. In congested areas a locator often
detects a strong signal from an adjacent line because the signal
has coupled to it and it is nearer the surface. It is not possible to
positively identify a target line unless the current is measured and
100% compared with other lines radiating the signal. The line with the
Conventional highest current measurement will normally be the target line to
locator which the Transmitter signal has been applied.
response 60%
40%
Target
line
The Transmitter applies a signal or current onto a target line and

this current reduces in strength as the distance from the
Transmitter increases. This rate of reduction or attenuation
mA mA mA
depends on the type of line and on soil conditions. Regardless of
the type of line, the rate of attenuation should be regular with no
sudden drops or changes. Any sudden or abrupt current drop
indicates a change in the line or its condition.
Page 6.1
Measuring current provides useful information about the position

mA
of the tees. Measuring current after a tee will indicate which line is
carrying the larger current.
mA
mA
Measuring current before and after a cable joint or splice indicates

its integrity or if there is a leak to ground or an open fault.
mA mA
6.1.1 Locating Faults in Cable Insulation or Pipeline

Coating
A sharp drop in response while tracing a line indicates the

presence of some anomaly. Measure current a few paces before
the response change and a few paces after the change. No loss
of current indicates that the response has changed due to a
change in depth.
If there is a drop in current, check for a tee by sweeping with the

locator in an arc four or five paces from the point of current drop.
If there is no tee and the depth of the line is constant, the fall in
response indicates some anomaly on the line such as a coating
defect, insulation failure or contact with another line. The user's
experience will indicate if it is worth digging to investigate the
reason for the current loss.
The current measurement capability of the locator can be used to

monitor the state of the coating or insulation of a length of line.
Readings taken along a line at regular time intervals will indicate if
the condition of the coating or insulation has degraded.
6.2 ACCURACY OF CURRENT MEASUREMENT
In ideal conditions current measurements should be accurate to

within 5% on lines buried at depths down to 1 m (3 ft) and 10% at
greater depths. Changes in current readings of less than these
tolerances should not be regarded as relevant.
Greater errors will occur on sites with high interference, stray

currents and coupling to nearby lines.
Page 6.2
Adverse conditions that would normally affect accuracy of depth

measurement will also affect accuracy of a current measurement.
Make a precision pinpoint before attempting current measurement.
Only make the measurement if the position of the responses from
the peak and null modes correspond. Observe the precautions
that are necessary for making an accurate depth measurement.
6.3 PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING CURRENT
The method of Transmitter signal application can be induction,

direct connection or by clamp, in the same way as applying the
signal for line tracing.
First pinpoint the line and confirm the accuracy of the peak
pinpoint with a null pinpoint.
Check the Receiver is directly over the line with the blade at right
angles to it and vertical. Adjust the sensitivity level to bring the
meter indication on scale. Ensure the Receiver is in Line mode.
Press the Current key. The LCD will display the current value in
Lf 8 33
mA. Pressing the Current key again will return the display to
indicating signal strength.
mA Peak
If the Transmitter signal is coupled to a nearby line, it may distort
the accuracy of the measurement. If the reading is suspect sweep
the area to check if other nearby lines are radiating a signal. If
their signals cause interference it may be necessary to make the
current measurement at another point along the line.
6.4 MONITORING AND INVESTIGATING PIPELINE

COATING CONDITION
mA
The corrosion engineer needs as much information as possible
about the condition of the pipeline coating.
Current The technique for monitoring the condition of pipeline coating and
locating coating defects or contacts is a current gradient survey.
The current gradient survey results should be used in conjunction

with any cathodic protection potential survey information to
confirm the severity of any coating defects. The cathodic
protection potential survey results may be obtained from the
periodical potential surveys or a full close interval potential survey
(CIPS).
Active corrosion on the pipeline corresponds to a low resistance

fault and consequent high current loss; the greater the amount of
corrosion and electromechanical reaction the greater the loss of
current. The current gradient system therefore gives a direct
indication of the comparative importance of coating defects or
contacts on a pipeline.
A current gradient survey indicates current loss over a particular

section. A ground potential survey indicates voltage loss only at
the point where it occurs.
A 50 km (30 mls) length of pipe can generally be surveyed by one

man in one day using the current gradient technique. No further
survey work may be needed if it is found that there is no serious
loss of current.
The current gradient system takes readings at intervals and

indicates that there is a loss of current between two points A and
B. A and B may be 50 m (or yards) apart or up to 5 km (3
mls) apart.
Page 6.3
The current gradient system can be used to draw a profile of

current loss for a complete pipeline from readings taken at points
of around 3 or 4 km (2 or 2.5 mls) apart. Readings taken at
intervals of one year, for example, will indicate any increase in the
deterioration of the coating.
Current gradient readings may be taken through all types of soil or

on all types of surfaces such as roads or crushed rock. Readings
can even be taken from a boat on a river or shallow lake.
A useful feature of a current gradient survey is that during survey

work the data from a reading may be evaluated against
Current gradient profile information obtained from a previous survey. If required
intermediate or additional readings may be made before resuming
50 the survey.
Making a current gradient survey along a pipeline indicates if any

40
sections, and if so which, need more detailed investigation. This
may be done by making a more detailed current gradient survey
30
along the suspected length of pipeline
A Receiver measuring signal in decibels is required for conducting

20 a current gradient survey. Current readings (mA) can be converted
to decibels if the Receiver does not include a feature to provide
decibel readings dB=20 log10 mA.
10
Apply the signal to the pipeline with a direct connection to an

Signal level dB mA
0 insulating joint lead and use the far side of the insulating joint for
the ground connection. Alternatively connect to a CP test point
with a good remote ground connection.
-10
Pinpoint the position of the pipe and take a decibel reading.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Proceed to the next convenient access point and repeat the
Distance KM pinpoint and decibel reading.
Continue taking readings at convenient access points to the

pipeline. The example shows readings taken at 3, 7, 10 etc.
kilometres from the Transmitter application.
Record the distance and the dB reading manually or in a data

logger.
Draw a profile of the pipeline current gradient.
12 It may be useful to make a second graph to highlight sections with

a high rate of current loss.
10 A more detailed current gradient survey can be made over

suspect lengths of line by taking current measurements at
convenient intervals, 100 paces, for example. The fault can then
8 be located by repeating the current measurements at 1 m/yd
intervals within a suspect 100 paces.
6
Rate of loss of signal dB/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Distance KM
Page 6.4
7 HOW TO USE CURRENT DIRECTION (CD)
The importance of safeguarding critical pipes and cables is

generally recognised. Location of these buried lines has ceased
to be a problem other than in the most congested areas, but the
identity of the line has often been mistaken particularly if other
lines run adjacent to the target line.
CD is a feature that helps resolve the problem of providing the

user with a positive means of cable or pipe identification.
The CD feature on the Receiver indicates the direction of current

flow on a long line. Identity of the target line is established if the
Receiver indicates that the current is flowing forward and away
from the point of application of the Transmitter signal.
Signal that has coupled onto adjacent lines has found a return
path back to the point of the original signal application and this is
indicated by the Receiver display arrow pointing backwards
toward the Transmitter. The forward arrow indicates the target
line. The backward arrow indicates other nearby lines to which
the signal has coupled.
If the CD signal is required to travel over very long distances it

may be necessary to prevent the signal applied by the Transmitter
Target line always being lost through known grounding points by fitting gas discharge
identifiable by
current direction tubes to supply low voltage isolation.
Procedure
The CD signal is applied using a Transmitter with the CD feature.
The signal must be applied by a CD clamp or direct connection to
the target line; not by induction.
The signal can also be applied by a Radiodetection Line

Management System (LMS) Transmitter permanently installed,
and connected to the line, at an access point.
It is necessary to reset the Receiver with a CD reference, before

using the CD feature, to define Current Direction. After applying
the Transmitter signal, trace the target cable for about 15 paces
away from the Transmitter.
Referring to the appropriate Receiver User Guide and facing away

from the Transmitter, select CD then carry out a CD Reset.
During Reset 'rSt' will be displayed followed by a forward CD
arrow.
Carry out a CD Reset each time the Transmitter is switched off or

if the Transmitter signal is disconnected then reconnected. It
should not be necessary to reset the Receiver if it is used on the
same line with an uninterrupted Transmitter signal.
If the Transmitter is distant, the reset procedure can be carried out

next to a joint or splice box where the identity of the target line is
certain.
15 paces
It may be difficult to determine the direction of a line for resetting
the Receiver (whether the Transmitter is ahead or behind) when
locating midway along a long line.
If this occurs, find a nearby conductor with a visible identity to

which the signal has coupled. A railway line, a continuous metal
fence or highway crash barrier are suitable.
Carry out a CD locate on the visible line. The arrow will point back
towards the Transmitter.
Page 7.1
Pinpoint the target line. Check that the Receiver is directly over
the line with the blade at right angles to it and vertical. Adjust the
Receiver sensitivity level to bring meter indication on scale.
Ensure the Receiver is in Line mode. Select CD and 'cd' will be
displayed followed by a forward/backward arrow. The target line
will be indicated by the CD arrow pointing away from the
Transmitter's application of the signal.
If a nearby line also radiates the Transmitter signal, pinpoint it,

then select CD to establish the current direction. If the arrow
points towards the Transmitter the signal has coupled to it from
the target line.
The combination of finding the line carrying the strongest signal

current and confirming that there is a forward direction current flow
with a forward pointing arrow will establish the identity of a target
line.
Page 7.2
8 HOW TO FAULT FIND WITH AN A-FRAME
The A-Frame sheath fault finder is a simple tool for locating faults
up to 2 Megohms on power and telecom cables.
The Accessory A-Frame is an antenna that connects to the

Receiver, and the RD400FFL is an A-Frame fitted with its own
signal processing unit and display.
A characterised signal is required and the signal Transmitter has

to include a feature to provide a suitable signal for the A-Frame.
The A-Frame locates sheath faults on direct buried cables in

permanent contact with the soil. It will not detect faults on lead
covered cables.
Procedure
Locate and trace the suspect length of cable using an ordinary
locator. Mark the route of the cable every two or three paces.
Always possible disconnect the ground bonds at each end of the

suspect cable. The cable is then isolated leaving the fault as the
only route to ground for the signal.
Direct connect the Transmitter signal to the cable sheath with a

remote ground point.
Follow the cable route pushing the A-Frame spikes into the ground
every two or three paces. The display will either indicate a
forward arrow, or it will fluctuate.
Distant fault - Line fault Line fault
no indication ahead behind A fluctuating display indicates that the A-Frame is not within range
of the fault. Continue following the cable route spiking the ground
every two or three paces until the display shows a positive
backward or forward indication.
The A-Frame is now within range of the fault. Move the A-Frame
in the direction indicated keeping it in line with the cable. Push the
spikes into the ground every pace until the indication changes
direction, indicating that the A-Frame has just passed the fault.
Go back to the point where the indication changes direction, and

move small distances along the line to pinpoint the fault.
Turn the A-Frame at right angles to the cable direction and move it
in the direction indicated by the arrow then repeat the above
pinpoint actions.
The A-Frame is now directly over the fault and the cable.
To check the correct location of the fault, push one spike of the A-
Frame into the ground directly over the fault. Rotate the other leg
of the A-Frame around the grounded spike, pushing the spike into
the ground every 90 degrees. The direction indicator should
always point towards the leg over the fault.
It should be possible to locate a series of faults along a line

depending on the resistance of the faults. However it may be
necessary to expose and clean or repair any low resistance fault
before continuing to locate other faults.
Continue along the path of the cable pushing in the spikes at

intervals of no more than two paces. The indicator will fluctuate as
soon as it leaves the area of the first fault and will then point to the
next fault as it is approached.
Page 8.1
It is often possible to gauge the relative importance of faults.

Repeat the A-Frame search on a path parallel to the cable but two
to five paces away. Indication of middle and high resistance faults
will be lost as a function of the distance away from the cable.
Check the cable with the A-Frame after the faults have been
repaired. It may be possible to locate other faults which were
masked by the low resistance faults that have now been repaired.
If the cable is buried under paving, concrete or road surface it may

be possible to use the A-Frame by pouring water on the surface or
securing damp sponges to the A-Frame spikes.
A more practical way is to locate and mark the line which lies
under the paving, concrete or road surface, then use the A-Frame
in the verge or other soft ground on a path parallel to the cable.
The A-Frame fault locate procedure should be followed and all but
the highest resistance faults will be located.
Fault
Alternatively, use the A-Frame to take bearings to the fault. Get
position as close as possible to the fault and then rotate the A-Frame,
noting the Receiver meter responses, until the A-Frame is aligned
so that a slight further rotation causes the meter to indication to
reverse. A line drawn at right angles to, and midway between, the
A-Frame spikes will lead directly to the fault.
Repeat at one or two positions and the fault is where the lines
intersect.
Fault line 1
Fault line 2 When cable sheaths of individual cables are bonded together,
increased capacitance can cause significant FaultFind signal
leakage to ground. This signal leakage can interfere with the
actual resistive fault causing 'phantom faults'.
Page 8.2
9 HOW TO USE SONDES
A Sonde is a small, waterproof, self-contained transmitter which

will radiate a signal that is located by a Receiver.
The sonde can only be located in a non-metallic drain, sewer, pipe

or duct. Metal pipes or covers shield the signal and prevent it
being detected.
A range of Sondes is available including a 13 mm (0.5 in.)

diameter unit with a range of 1.5 m (5 ft) to a unit detectable down
to 18 m (60 ft).
In addition to tracing non-metallic pipes and ducts, Sondes can be

used to pinpoint joints in iron gas pipes, locate leaks in plastic
water pipes and monitor the progress of horizontal boring tools
and other no-dig techniques.
9.1 CHOOSING A SUITABLE SONDE
Check that the Sonde has sufficient range for the application and
is dimensionally small enough and sufficiently robust for the
application.
Sewer Sondes and Super Sondes are specially designed for

tracing drains and sewers. These sondes have a heavy wall
thickness to give a long working life in the sewer environment of
shock and abrasive surfaces.
Check that the frequency of the Sonde corresponds with the

Receiver frequency. The Receiver will not locate the Sonde
unless the frequency is the same. Sondes are marked with their
transmitting frequency.
Ensure that the means for propelling the Sonde are available
together with the correct fitting or couplings.
9.2 PROPELLING THE SONDE
Sondes have a male M10 thread at one end for connecting to

drain rods. The Radiodetection Flexrod or other devices are used
to insert and propel the Sonde through the drain or duct.
It is advisable to fit the spring coupling between a rod and the

Sonde to enable it to negotiate tight corners without damage.
A variety of rod adaptors are available.
Floats are available for fitting to the Sewer Sonde and Super
Sonde allowing them to be floated along drains at the end of a
tether. Sondes can be strapped to high pressure water jets or
similar devices used for cleaning, maintaining or inspecting drains.
Page 9.1
9.3 LOCATING THE SONDE

Insert a new battery in the Sonde. A new battery or a freshly
Peak recharged battery should be fitted at the start of each day but
preferably at the start of each new job.
Check that the Sonde and the Receiver are the same frequency
Ghost Ghost and working correctly. Position the Sonde at a distance from the
Receiver which is equal to the rated depth range.
Point the Receiver at the Sonde with the blade and Sonde in line
(not at right angles to each other, as when locating a line) and
check that the meter reading exceeds 50% at maximum
sensitivity.
Insert the Sonde in the drain access point and locate it with the
Receiver while it is still visible.
Hold the Receiver vertically and directly over the Sonde with the
blade in line with the Sonde. Adjust the Receiver sensitivity to
provide a meter reading of between 60 and 80%.
The Sonde radiates a peak field from the centre of its axis with a
ghost peak either side.
Move the Receiver a small amount either side of the Sonde and
along its axis to detect the ghost signals.
Deliberately look for the two ghost signals as finding them

positively confirms the locate. If ghost signals are present, reduce
the Receiver sensitivity to lose them but still indicate a clear peak
response directly over the Sonde.
Do not adjust the Receiver sensitivity any further. Propel the

Sonde three paces along the drain or duct and stop. Place the
Receiver over the presumed position of the Sonde and proceed as
follows:
(a) Move the Receiver backwards and with the blade in line
with the Sonde and stop when the meter indicates a peak.
(a)
(b) Rotate the Receiver blade and stop when the meter
indicates a peak.
(b)
Page 9.2
(c) Move the Receiver from side to side until the meter indicates
a peak.
(d) Repeat (a), (b) and (c) above with the blade vertical (check
bubble level, if fitted) and resting on the ground. The
Receiver blade should then be directly above and in line with
the Sonde. Mark the ground with the Sonde position and
direction.
(c) Check that the main peak has been pinpointed rather than either
of the ghost peaks.
Note: The Sonde provides a peak response when the Receiver

blade is in line with it, unlike when locating a line.
Propel the Sonde a further three or four paces along the drain
then pinpoint and mark. Repeat this pinpoint procedure at similar
intervals along the line of the drain or duct.
It should not be necessary to increase Receiver sensitivity while

tracing the Sonde unless the depth or distance between the
Sonde and the Receiver has increased.
The Receiver depth scale is calibrated to measure depth down to

8 m (26 ft). Greater depths can be calculated and the calculation
procedure can also used to confirm the accuracy of the meter
reading.
9.4 DEPTH MEASUREMENT
Pinpoint the Sonde following the procedure in para 9.3 (a) to (d).
Rest the blade on the ground holding it vertical and in line with the
Sonde. Adjust the Receiver sensitivity to bring the indication on
scale.
0.5 1.0 1.5 If the Receiver is fitted with a moving coil meter ensure the
2.0 indication is in the Red Band. Press and hold the Depth push-
2.5
Lin
e 3.0 button. After a few seconds, the meter will indicate depth on the
2 3 4 Sonde scale.
e 1 5 me
nd 6 tr
So 78 es
40 60
20 80
0 100%
Lf 8 33 65
If the Receiver is fitted with a liquid crystal display check Receiver
1
m is in Sonde mode. Press the Depth key, the depth will be
2 displayed.
Note: The depth measurement is to the Sonde and not the drain or
duct. Depth of cover will therefore be less than the depth
measurement.
Page 9.3
d=0.7AB Depth Calculation

Pinpoint the Sonde. Move the Receiver in front of, and in line
with, the Sonde. Increase the sensitivity as necessary to find the
peak of the ghost signal.
Move the Receiver behind, and in line with, the Sonde. Find the
null positions A and B. Measure the distance between the null
positions and multiply by 0.7 to find the approximate depth
A B measurement.
Techniques for Deep Sondes

The side to side movement when locating a Sonde (especially at
greater depth) requires a clear area to move the Receiver.
Sometimes when locating is carried out parallel to the side of a
steep hill or close to a building wall, the side to side movement is
restricted. This can be overcome by using the null points between
the main and ghost peaks of the Sonde signal.
With the Receiver blade at right angles to the Sonde at these null
points, another null can be found and by projecting a line through
these points, the Sonde can be pinpointed accurately. Accurate
depth measurement depends on good Sonde location.
Page 9.4
A C
Another method in walk through sewers and culverts is to position

the Sonde vertically. The Receiver on the surface will pick up a
pool of signal with a null point in the centre. This is a very
accurate method, but depends on the Sonde being absolutely
vertical.
Page 9.5
9.5 PINPOINTING A DRAIN BLOCKAGE OR COLLAPSE
Propel the Sonde with rods, the Flexrod or other means along the
drain, carrying out locates every three or four paces.
The Sonde should stop at the blockage. Pinpoint and mark the
position.
9.6 TRACING SMALL DIAMETER DRAINS OR PLASTIC

PIPES
The FlexiTrace is a traceable flexible rod which incorporates an

antenna at the head of the rod.
The FlexiTrace can be used for locating pipes and ducts down to
12 mm (0.47 in.) inner diameter and 250 mm (10 in.) minimum
bend radius.
The FlexiTrace can be connected to the Transmitter in two ways

to provide the following types of signal:
(a) Tracing signal

Detectable along the entire length of the rod.
(b) Sonde signal

Detectable only at the head of the rod.
9.7 LOCATING WATER LEAKS IN PLASTIC PIPES
This is a laborious method to locate leaks and is for use when

traditional acoustic systems fail.
Procedure
Select a suitable Sonde and insert into an approved foam swab or
pig. First, isolate the length of pipe by closing valves up and
downstream of the leaking section. Cut into the pipe and insert
the swab and Sonde which becomes a piston in the pipe.
Close the downstream valve and open the upstream valve. The
detectable Sonde piston will move along the pipe and stop at the
point of the leak. It may be necessary to crack open the
downstream valve to get the piston moving.
Correct setting of the valves is made easier if a flow meter is

inserted close to the upstream valve.
Calculate the flow rate required to achieve a comfortable speed for

the Sonde piston and adjust the valve as necessary. The flow rate
should increase when the Sonde piston passes and stops at the
leak. This provides a means for determining that the Sonde piston
has stopped at the leak rather than being halted by an obstruction.
It may be possible to insert the Sonde piston into the pipe by

pumping it down a fire hydrant or by removing a valve bonnet.
Page 9.6
9.8 PINPOINTING IRON GAS PIPE JOINTS
If a Sonde is inserted into an iron gas pipe the signal is shielded

until it reaches a joint or other anomaly when it gives a peak signal
to each side of the joint and a null precisely over it. The following
procedure is suitable for locating joints for injecting anaerobic
sealant from the surface.
Procedure
Using the Receiver trace and mark the position of the pipe. Mark
lengths of 1 m (1 yd) along the path of the pipe.
Attach a Standard Sonde to the end of the Flexrod and feed it into
the pipe through a special gland. Radiodetection can supply a
complete insertion canopy to fit a Wask under pressure drill set or
an insertion tube and gland for fitting to other type canopies.
Precision Receivers must be used in the peak mode to detect a

null response.
Align the Receiver directly above the Sonde then move 1 m (1 yd)
along the main. Hold the Receiver blade stationary, directly above
0.5m/18in and in line with the main.
Push the Sonde 1 m (1 yd) along the main. Continue advancing

the Receiver and the Sonde in alternate increments of 1 m (1 yd).
When the Sonde passes a joint the Receiver will be in range to
detect it and will give a peak response. Halt the Sonde.
When a joint has been detected and the Sonde halted, the joint
position is accurately pinpointed by holding the Receiver above
and with the blade parallel to the line of the pipe. Move the
Receiver backwards and along the line of the pipe and it will give a
sharp and precise null response directly abovr the pipe joint. It
may be necessary to move the Sonde gently backwards or to
obtain the null and two peak responses.
It should be possible to push the Flexrod and Sonde 120 m (360

ft) along the pipe and possible to survey 240 m (760 ft) for joints
from a single insertion point.
max. 15cm/6in
Inserting a Sonde in a gas pipe should only be undertaken by

qualified gas industry personnel taking the necessary safety
precautions.
9.9 PINPOINTING A POSITION EACH SIDE OF A WALL
The Sonde gives a precise and easily defined null signal from its
end.
The position where a Sonde is placed end on to a wall can be

pinpointed with great accuracy using the Receiver on the far side
of the wall.
Procedure
Position the Sonde. With the blade horizontal and pointing at the
wall move the Receiver horizontally to detect a null response
between two peaks.
With the Receiver at the null position and pointing at the wall, pivot
at right angles so that the blade is vertical. Move the Receiver up
and down to detect a null response.
Repeat the procedure for an accurate pinpoint.
Page 9.7
9.10 LOCATING BLOCKAGES CABLE PULLING
An obstruction in a non-metallic duct can be located from the

surface if a Sonde is inserted in the cable pull stock.
9.11 MONITORING A HORIZONTAL BORING TOOL
Attaching or fitting a Sonde to a horizontal boring tool and to check

if it is on course or if it has deviated and needs to be retrieved. A
record can be made of the plan and depth profile of a bore under
the highway.
The Sonde can be attached to the hose immediately behind the

tool with duct tape or clips. Special hose couplings are available
to accommodate the Small Sonde and the Slim Sonde.
Some manufacturers have modified the head of their boring tools

to accommodate a special Sonde enabling the point of the tool to
be pinpointed from the surface.
The technique to monitor a Sonde fitted to a boring tool is similar

to locating and tracing a Sonde in a drain. Carry out a locate
when the Sonde is visible in the launch pit to set the sensitivity
level, and then carry out locates and depth measurements at short
intervals.
9.12 LOCATING INSPECTION CAMERAS
The purpose of an inspection camera is to provide information.

Knowing the position of the camera from the surface enhances the
value of the information. The ground can be marked directly over
situations requiring remedial action or the position of the camera
can be pinpointed if it is unable to proceed.
Some manufacturers of small camera systems incorporate the

Sonde inside the camera housing and power it from the existing
power supply.
A Sonde element can be fitted inside a large camera or a

Standard Sonde can be attached to the outside housing of the
camera.
In each case, the routine of monitoring the progress of the camera

and pinpointing its position is the same as locating and tracing a
Sonde in a drain.
Page 9.8
10 GLOSSARY Rebars
Metal bars used in concrete reinforcing.
Certain terms are used and this Glossary explains their meaning
in the context of this Manual. Response
The indication on a meter or from the loudspeaker when a receiver
Active signal detects a signal. The response can be varied for a given signal by
A signal applied to a line with a Radiodetection transmitter. adjusting the receiver sensitivity level.
Cable sheath Search

A conductive layer usually surrounding the working conductors of Using the receiver to find all buried lines in an area.
a cable to provide electrical screening. Usually isolated from
ground by a further layer of plastic or insulator. The sheath is Sheath fault
generally terminated to a ground connection at the end of a cable Damage to the insulation surrounding a cable sheath such that
length. there is an unintentional conductive path enabling current flow
between the sheath and ground.
Coupling
When a signal applied to the target line transfers to other nearby Signal
lines. A flow of alternating electric current on a line resulting in a
detectable magnetic field.
FaultFind
To pinpoint the plan position of a sheath fault. Sonde
A self-contained, waterproof, battery powered transmitter with a
FaultFind signal signal that can be located by a receiver. Sondes are commonly
The detectable ground current flowing as a result of connecting a used for locating non-metallic drains or ducts for monitoring No-
FaultFind transmitter to a cable sheath with a fault to ground. Dig procedures.
LCD Sweep
Liquid Crystal Display. Multi purpose display used on the RD400 Using the receiver to locate lines radiating active or passive
Digital Series receivers and the RD433HCTx-2 transmitter. signals. Sweeping an area is usually done in an orderly grid
pattern to cover the whole area.
Lf
Low frequency. A range of transmitter and receiver frequencies Target
from 440 Hz to 640 Hz. A target line is a selected metal pipe or cable to which the
transmitter signal has been applied and which is to be traced and
Meter pinpointed with a receiver.
A visual display which indicates receiver response to a signal.
The RD400 Analogue Series receivers are fitted with a moving coil Trace
meter. The RD400 Digital Series receivers have an LCD that Using the receiver to follow the route of a line.
displays a meter-like curved bargraph.
Null
A receiver mode where maximum received signal level is
displayed as a minimum meter indication. As the received signal
level decreases so the meter indication increases.
Pace
A unit of measurement approximating to a metre or yard.
Passive signal
A signal that occurs 'naturally' on a buried metal pipe or cable
such as 50/60 Hz power energy or very low frequency radio
energy.
Peak
A receiver mode where maximum received signal level is
displayed as a maximum meter indication. As the received signal
level decreases so does the meter indication.
Pinpoint
Using the receiver to establish the exact position of a target line.
Precision locator
A receiver which is capable of providing a peak or a null response
when over a target line.
Precision pinpoint
Using different locate modes to confirm the precision of a pinpoint.
Page 10.1
Radiodetection
Radiodetection Ltd RR#2 Box 756
Western Drive Bridgton Commerce Center
Bristol BS14 OAZ, UK Bridgton, Maine 04009,USA Radiodetection products are under continuous development and
Tel: +44 (0) 117 976 7776 Tel: (207) 647-9495 are subject to change without notice
Fax: +44 (0) 117 976 7775 Toll Free: 877-247-3797
Email:[email protected] Fax: (207) 647-9496 All rights reserved
http://www.radiodetection.com email: [email protected]
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RADIODETECTION

2 HOW TO USE A RECEIVER

3 HOW TO USE A TRANSMITTER

4 HOW TO LOCATE AND TRACE

5 HOW TO MEASURE DEPTH

6 HOW TO MEASURE CURRENT

7 HOW TO USE CURRENT DIRECTION (CD)

8 HOW TO FAULT FIND WITH AN A-FRAME

9 HOW TO USE SONDES

Obtaining site plans or contacting the local utilities before locating

A large number of optional accessories are available for

A knowledge of the theory of electromagnetic principles is useful,

Any doubts about precision or the correctness of locating

The best and most reliable technique is to undertake a 'street' test.

If a suitable line (without the previously mentioned problems) is

Lay out a test loop as illustrated. It can be used to verify depth

Periodically wipe the moving coil meter or LCD window with an

The Transmitters and Receivers incorporate weather-proof seals

Output Fuse - Some High Power Transmitters have a fuse to

The output fuse is fitted next to the connection socket.

If a Transmitter fails to operate in Direct Connection mode, but

2 HOW TO USE A RECEIVER

There are a number of techniques available for locating unknown

A buried line is located by applying the distinctive transmitter

The Receiver's Power and Radio passive modes are used to

The Receiver's active modes enable the Transmitter signal to be

2.1 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SEARCHING

The Power mode detects the 50/60 Hz energy present on buried

The Radio mode detects very low frequency energy reradiated by

Radio signals may not be present in detectable strength at some

Define the area to be swept and include a generous margin

Stop when the Receiver response indicates the presence of a line.

The 'Power+' mode (RD400SL only) has a sensitivity level which

In some areas there may be a confusing amount of Power signals.

Switch the Receiver to Radio, increase sensitivity to maximum and

2.2 PINPOINTING A CABLE OR PIPE

Pinpointing defines the exact position and direction of a target line

(c) Move the Receiver slowly from side to side to define

3 HOW TO USE A TRANSMITTER

A number of application techniques are available for use in

Always use the lowest signal output level that provides an

Some transmitters also have an impedance match switch which

Some transmitters offer a choice of frequencies.

Transmitters incorporate an antenna which can radiate a signal

Adjust the sensitivity of the Receiver to minimum and start locating

To check, point the Receiver directly at the Transmitter. If the

If the Receiver signal strength decreases, the received signal is

Induction cannot be used to apply a signal to a line below

Define the area to be swept and the probable direction of lines

One operator holds the Transmitter (which must be in the

Operator 1: Holding the Transmitter at the start of the area, stand

When the Transmitter is in line with the Receiver, both operators

The Transmitter applies its signal to lines directly below it which

Repeat the sweep along any other possible paths of lines.

If only one operator is available, or if there is not sufficient space