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    Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate

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    Rachael Lee
    The Solvay process produces sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) and sodium carbonate (soda ash) from inexpensive raw materials like ammonia, carbon dioxide, water, and brine using a series of chemical reactions. Key steps include treating limestone to produce carbon dioxide, dissolving it in water, shifting equilibria with ammonia to precipitate sodium hydrogen carbonate, and heating the product to form sodium carbonate. The process is economically viable due to recycling of ammonia. Sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate have various industrial and household uses such as baking, detergents, and glass production.

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    Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate

    Uploaded by

    Rachael Lee
    29 views2 pages
    The Solvay process produces sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) and sodium carbonate (soda ash) from inexpensive raw materials like ammonia, carbon dioxide, water, and brine using a series of chemical reactions. Key steps include treating limestone to produce carbon dioxide, dissolving it in water, shifting equilibria with ammonia to precipitate sodium hydrogen carbonate, and heating the product to form sodium carbonate. The process is economically viable due to recycling of ammonia. Sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate have various industrial and household uses such as baking, detergents, and glass production.

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    The Solvay process produces sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) and sodium carbonate (soda ash) from inexpensive raw materials like ammonia, carbon dioxide, water, and brine using a series of chemical reactions. Key steps include treating limestone to produce carbon dioxide, dissolving it in water, shifting equilibria with ammonia to precipitate sodium hydrogen carbonate, and heating the product to form sodium carbonate. The process is economically viable due to recycling of ammonia. Sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate have various industrial and household uses such as baking, detergents, and glass production.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views2 pages

    Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate

    Uploaded by

    Rachael Lee
    The Solvay process produces sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) and sodium carbonate (soda ash) from inexpensive raw materials like ammonia, carbon dioxide, water, and brine using a series of chemical reactions. Key steps include treating limestone to produce carbon dioxide, dissolving it in water, shifting equilibria with ammonia to precipitate sodium hydrogen carbonate, and heating the product to form sodium carbonate. The process is economically viable due to recycling of ammonia. Sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate have various industrial and household uses such as baking, detergents, and glass production.

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    of 2

    Prof.

    Shakhashiri Chemistry 104-2 February 27, 2006


    www.scifun.org 

    SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE


    AND SODIUM CARBONATE
    One important industrial process is the Solvay process in which sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium
    bicarbonate, NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate (soda ash, Na2CO3) are produced from ammonia, carbon
    dioxide, water, and concentrated brine solution. The Solvay process is significant because it uses inexpensive
    and plentiful raw materials to prepare useful chemicals.
    The overall chemical reactions that occur in the Solvay process are represented by the following two
    equations.
    0-15°C
    CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NH3(g) + Na+(aq) xxxv NaHCO3(s) + NH4+(aq) (1)
    300°C
    NaHCO3(s) xxxv Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) (2)
    The carbon dioxide produced in the second reaction is recycled to generate more NaHCO3.
    The figure contains a schematic diagram of the manufacturing process.
    One of the raw materials for the process is limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO 3). Limestone is
    heated to produce carbon dioxide.
    CaCO3(s) xxv CaO(s) + CO2(g) (3)
    The carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. When it dissolves, some of it forms carbonic acid, H 2CO3.
    CO2(aq) + H2O(aq) øôõ H2CO3(aq) (4)
    Some of the carbonic acid dissociates, producing hydrogen carbonate ions.
    H2CO3(aq) øôõ H+(aq) + HCO3 (aq)
    G (5)
    Another chemical used in the process is ammonia, NH3. When ammonia is added to aqueous CO 2, it reacts
    with hydrogen ions.
    NH3(g) + H+(aq) øôõ NH4+(aq) (6)
    This reaction shifts the equilibria of equations (4) and (5) to the right. The net result is the formation of an
    aqueous solution of ammonium hydrogen carbonate, NH 4HCO3. Another raw material is sodium chloride,
    NaCl. When NaCl is added to aqueous NH4HCO3, a precipitate of sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3,
    forms. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is the least soluble of the substances in the mixture (0.82 mol/L at 0°C,
    compared to 1.5 mol/L for NH 4HCO3, 5.5 mol/L for NH4Cl, and 6.1 mol/L for NaCl).
    Na+(aq) + HCO3 (aq)G øôõ NaHCO3(s) (7)
    What remains in the solution is aqueous ammonium chloride. This is mixed with CaO, the byproduct of 
    reaction (3), to release ammonia gas, which is recycled.
    CaO(s) + 2 NH4+(aq) xxv 2 NH3(g) + Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) (8)
    This recycling of ammonia is an essential feature of the Solvay process. The ammonia used to produce
    sodium bicarbonate is worth more than the sodium bicarbonate. Were it not for the recycling of ammonia,
    the Solvay process would be economically impractical.
    Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in medicine (frequently as an antacid), as a leavening agent in
    baking (it is “baking soda”), and in the manufacture of sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3. “Baking powder” is a
    mixture composed mainly of NaHCO 3. In addition, it contains anti-caking agents such as starch and weak 
    acids such as alum or tartaric acid. These weak acids react with sodium bicarbonate, releasing CO2 gas which
    causes cake batter and bread dough to rise and produces the tiny holes in cakes and breads.
    Sodium hydrogen carbonate dehydrates when it is heated, forming sodium carbonate.
    heat
    2 NaHCO3(s) xxxv Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) (9)
    The CO2 can be recycled to produce more NaHCO3 by the Solvay process. In recent years, only about 15%
    of Na2CO3 was produced by the Solvay process. The remainder was mined from large deposits of trona,
    Na2CO3 NaHCO3 2H2O, which were discovered in 1938 near the Green River in Wyoming. It is cheaper to
    @ @

    mine Na2CO3 than to manufacture it. Furthermore, the CaCl 2 by-product of the Solvay process has not found
    sufficient use as a chemical to enhance the economic value of the Solvay process. About 11.3 million tons
    of Na2CO3 are produced annually.
    Sodium carbonate is a fairly strong, non-volatile base which is used in the manufacture of glass
    (55%), paper (5%), soap, and many other chemicals (25%). Sodium carbonate is also called soda ash and
    washing soda. Sodium carbonate is used in laundry detergents as a softening agent. The carbonate ions from
    dissolved sodium carbonate precipitate magnesium and calcium ions from hard water. These metal ions
    would otherwise combine with soap or detergent and form an insoluble scum that would stain the laundered
    clothes.

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