PROJECT REPORT
BY: SUMAN KUMAR YADAV
REG NO- 19110126040
ROLL NO – 19EEE51
BRANCH – EEE
COLLEGE – BCE, BAKHTIYARPUR
TO: MR. MAYUR DEV SEWAK (GM, OPERATIONS,EISYSTEM SERVICES )
&
MR. HARSHAD PANDEY (TRAINER, AUTOMOBILE & ELECTRICAL VEHICLE
DOMAIN , EISYSTEM)
Design and Implementation of Battery Management System for Electric Bicycle
➢ Abstract:
Today the electric vehicle (EV) has been developed in such a way that electronic motor, battery, and
charger replace the engine, tank and gasoline pump of the conventional gasoline-powered . In other
word, instead of using fossil fuel to move the vehicle, in this case we used a pack of batteries to move it.
The global climate change and the abnormal rising international crude oil prices call for the
development of EV . To solve these problems, a new energy needs to be developed or optimized in
order to replace the current energy which is fossil fuel. A clean and green energy . Because of this, it is
very important to make sure that the battery that being used is reliable as the fossil fuel. Thus, the
design of the battery management system plays an important role on battery life preservation and
performance improvement of EV . The BMS also performs many tasks including the measurement of
system voltage, current and temperature, the cells’ state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH),
remaining useful life (RUL) determination, controlling and monitoring the charge / discharge
characteristics and cell balancing . For this project, 18650 Lithium-Ion battery is used to develop battery
management for 144V 50Ah. As lithium-ion batteries have high value of specific energy, high energy
density, high open circuit voltage, and low self-discharge, they are a proper candidate for EVs among
other cell chemistries.
1 Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of past research efforts related to Battery Management
System (BMS) for electric vehicle and 18650 Lithium-Ion battery. Some articles discuss on the
importance of BMS in electric vehicle while others focusing on the balancing of the State of Charge
(SOC) of the battery. The articles discussed on how the BMS help in prolonged the life span of the
battery used through cell balancing. The review of the articles showed that the BMS provided the users
various operating parameters that very important to take the EV to next level, reliability enough to
replace current vehicle that used fossil fuel to power up the vehicle.
2 Battery management systems
The battery need to be protected from high voltage or critical operation conditions. High voltage
management need to be developed according to the safety standard of EV such as unbalance cell of the
battery . The system also monitors and manages vehicle battery modules, and provides early warning
protection . That why BMS are important subsystem for hybrid and electric vehicle, which also ensures
that the batteries are operating within the specified conditions .
3 Cell balancing
Cell balancing is one of the main functions of BMS. A battery is balanced when all of the cells are exactly
at the same SOC. The battery may be unbalanced in multiple ways including; SOC, self-discharge current,
internal resistance, and capacity. The balancing topologies can be categorized as passive and active
balancing .
Passive cell balancing balance the battery by sampling all cells voltages, levelling all voltages to the
lowest among the cells by removing charge from these higher potential cells.
Active cell also samples all voltages but in different way, by calculating the mean value of the cells then
transferring the charge from the cells over this mean value to the cells under the mean value. No waste.
4 Protection
This system will cut off the relay that measure the voltage between positive and negative terminal of the
battery if it detects overcharge, over discharge, overload and short circuit. Place the figure as close as
possible after the point where it is first referenced in the text. If there is a large number of figures and
tables it might be necessary to place some before their text citation.
5 18650 Lithium-ion Battery
This project focuses on the management of secondary Lithium Ion cells because of their energy density
compared to other types as shown in the graph below Figure 2. Panasonic NCR18650 Lithium-Ion
battery was used for this project. The target voltage for this voltage is 58.8V while the target current is
15maH. In order to archive the target values, amount of cell needed are 70. 14 series and 5 parallels.
The arrangement of the battery is shown in Figure 6.
This type of battery also has more density, long life cycle and more safety for many applications [7]. This
battery also more cheap compare to other rechargeable battery.
The graph obtained from the simulation shows the charging and discharging of the battery. From Figure
8, the graph keeps increasing with time until it reached 25.2 V. The voltage for each cell used in this
simulation is 4.2 V. So total voltage for 6 cells are 25.2 V. Once the voltage for all 6 cells reached it
optimum voltage, the cells will stop charging. Red line in the graph represents the charging and
discharging of the battery pack. While the Blue line represents the total voltage for 6 cells. The graph
shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10 is only for one IC. In order to achieve the total voltage needed for this
project, three IC were needed. After the battery is fully charged, it will start to discharge. From the
simulation, one of the main functions of BMS can is proven, protection from overcharged.
7 Summary
After implementation of battery management system, the lifespan of the battery is much longer than
the one without it and to ensure the battery operating within safe operating system.
