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Carson's rule approximates the bandwidth necessary for FM signals as twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and highest modulating frequency. Narrowband FM has a small modulation index and requires the same bandwidth as AM. Wideband FM has sidebands at harmonics of the modulating frequency given by Bessel functions. FM can be generated using a reactance modulator that varies the reactance of a circuit element like a FET or LC circuit with the modulating signal. A Foster-Seeley discriminator converts FM to an amplitude signal by detecting the phase shift between the primary and secondary of a tuned transformer.

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46 views10 pages

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

Carson's rule approximates the bandwidth necessary for FM signals as twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and highest modulating frequency. Narrowband FM has a small modulation index and requires the same bandwidth as AM. Wideband FM has sidebands at harmonics of the modulating frequency given by Bessel functions. FM can be generated using a reactance modulator that varies the reactance of a circuit element like a FET or LC circuit with the modulating signal. A Foster-Seeley discriminator converts FM to an amplitude signal by detecting the phase shift between the primary and secondary of a tuned transformer.

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diviteja
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electronic communication Techniques

Assignment-3

1. State Carson’s rule of FM bandwidth?

ans: Carson established a general rule to estimate the bandwidth for


all angle modulated systems regardless of the modulation index.This
is called Carson’s rule.

Carson’s rule approximates the bandwidth necessary to transmit


the angle modulated wave as twice the sum of the peak frequency
deviation and highest modulating signal frequency.

Mathematically, carson’s rule is

B=2(delta f +fm) hertz

Where delta f=peak frequency deviation (hertz)

Fm=modulating signal frequency (hertz)

2. A carrier of frequency 100Mhz is frequency modulated by a signal


x(t)=20sin(200pi*10^3t). what is the bandwidth of the FM signal
if the frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 25khz per volt.

Ans.Given modulating signal is given by x(t)=20sin(200pi*1000t)

We know that general equation of modulating signal is

x(t)=Amsin(2pifmt)

from the equation Am=20,fm=1,00,000hz

from carsons rule ,B=2(delfaf+fm)

given frequency sensitivity Kf=25*1000hz


we know that deltaf=Kf*Am

deltaf=25*1000*20

deltaf=50*10^4hz

therefore,B=2(deltaf+fm)

B=2(50*10^4+10*10^4)

=2(60*10^4

=120*10^4

=12*10^5hertz

3. Determine the instantaneous frequency of a wave having a total


phase angle given by

Theta’(t)=2000t+sin10t

Ans: we know that fi(t) =1/2pi*d/dt(thetai(t))

Given thetai(t)=2000t+sin10t

Instantaneous frequency fi(t)=1/2pi*(d/dt(2000t)+d/dt(sin10t))

=1/2pi*(2000+10cos10t)

= (1000+5cos10t)/pi

3. Derive the expression for frequency modulated signal. Explain


what is meant by narrow band FM and wide band FM using the
expression?

Ans:We know that Sfm(t)=Accos(2pi(fct+Kfm(t))

Where kf is called frequency sensitivity


Sfm(t)=Accos (2pi(fct+KfAmcoswmt))

Narrow Band FM:


• Expanding the FM equation, with modulation index denoted by β
we get

• Assuming that the modulation index is small compared to one


radian, use the following approximations:

• Hence, Equation simplifies to

• The modulator shown in block diagram form in Figure can


generate this FM.

• Its output
has two
differences
from ideal
FM
○ The
envelope
contains a residual amplitude modulation and, therefore, varies
with time.
○ For a sinusoidal modulating wave, the angle contains harmonic
distortion in
the form of third- and higher-order harmonics of the modulation
frequency fm.
• By restricting the modulation index to 0.3 radians, the effects of
residual AM and harmonic PM are limited to
negligible levels
• Equation for NBFM can be written as

• This is similar to the corresponding one defining an AM signal


which is as follows:

• In the case of sinusoidal modulation, the basic difference


between an AM signal and a narrowband FM signal is
that the algebraic sign of the lower side frequency in the
narrowband FM is reversed.
• A narrowband FM signal requires the same transmission
bandwidth (i.e., 2fm) as the AM signal.
• We can represent the narrowband FM signal with a phasor
diagram as shown in Figure a,
Compared to corresponding AM phasor diagram it is seen to have
the assembly of vectors at tip of carrier
rotated by 90 degrees.

Wide Band FM:


• The spectrum consist of a carrier component, and side
frequencies at harmonics of the modulating frequency even
though no harmonics are present in the original modulating tone.

• The amplitudes of the various spectral components are given by


Bessel's Function of the First Kind.
• The spectrum component at the carrier frequency decreases in
amplitude does not mean that the carrier wave is amplitude
modulated.

• The carrier wave is the sum of all the components in the


spectrum, and these add up to give a constant amplitude carrier .

• The distinction is that the modulated carrier is not a sine wave,


whereas the spectrum component at carrier frequency is. (All
spectrum components are either sine or cosine waves.)

• for certain values (2.4, 5.5, 8.65), the carrier amplitude goes to
zero. It is the sinusoidal component of the spectrum, at carrier
frequency, which goes to zero, not the modulated carrier, which is
nonsinusoidal and which varies from positive to negative peak.

FET Reactance Modulator:

• Neglecting gate current, let the current through C and R be I1,


• At the carrier frequency, the reactance of C is much larger than
R

• By modulating voltage the operating point of FET i.e. gm can be


varied and hence equivalent capacitance changes

• Since the equivalent capacitance depends upon g m, which in


turn, is dependent on bias voltage of FET, Ceq can be varied by
varying bias voltage with modulating signal.
• By selecting values of R and C, Ceq can be initially adjusted to
the desired value, in unmodulated
conditions.

• if Xc/R is not much greater than unity, then equivalent


impedance has resistive component,
resulting in certain amplitude modulation.
• By interchanging R and C, and selecting the value of R such that
R is » Xc ; then inductive
reactance can be obtained, as shown in Fig.,

• The other two possible circuits are shown in the Fig. below using
L and R

Foster-Seeley Discriminator
• The Foster-Seeley discriminator uses the phase-angle shift
between primary and secondary voltages of a tuned transformer.

• The phase angle is a function of frequency,

• The phasor-sum and phasor-difference components of primary


and secondary voltages are applied to two envelope detectors,
• The outputs of detectors are then combined, and demodulation
is achieved.

• The circuit relies on phase-angle variation, hence it is also


known as a phase discriminator,

• It converts a frequency variation to a circuit phase-angle


variation, which in turn is converted to an amplitude variation.

• The full primary voltage, approximately, appears across the


radio-frequency choke (RFC), at carrier frequency.

• The connection is such that the radio-frequency voltage applied


to diode D1 is V1 + 1/2 V2, and to diode D2, V1 — 1/2V2.

• The phasor sum of V1 ± 1/2 V2 is then as shown in Figure for three


different conditions of carrier frequency.
• The envelope detector D1 will produce an output voltage
proportional to | VD1| . and that of D2, an
output voltage proportional to | VD 2| .

• The output of the detectors is


where K is a constant of the detector circuits.

• As the frequency increases, the phase shift decreases and V01


increases while V02 decreases; hence,
V0 will increase.

• When frequency decreases phase shift increases and Vo will


decrease

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