Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2016).

3(9): 71-77

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences

ISSN: 2348-8069
www.ijarbs.com
DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG(USA) Volume 3, Issue 9 - 2016
Research Article

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.09.010

An investigation on in vitro pollen germination and tube

development of Jacquinia ruscifolia Jacq.

Soumitra Pal and Subrata Mondal*

Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235, India
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract
Pollen grains are prerequisite for pollination, fertilization as well as fruit and seed set and play a vital role in plant reproduction as
it transmit the male genetic materials. Germination is the first critical morphogenetic event in the pollen towards fulfilling its
ultimate function of discharge of male gametes in the embryo sac. The present investigation has been undertaken to find out the
effect of different nutrients like sucrose, boric acid and some salts like calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate and magnesium sulphate
on in vitro pollen germination of Jacquinia ruscifolia Jacq. belonging to the family Theophrastaceae. Maximum 92% pollen
germination along with 455 m pollen tube development was observed in 20 % sucrose solution supplemented with 100 ppm
boric acid and among the salts; maximum 12% pollen germination along with 182m pollen tube development was observed in
100 ppm calcium nitrate solution. Flowers collected during anthesis (08:00 hrs.-09:30 hrs.) showed best germination.

Keywords: Pollen germination, sucrose, boric acid, salts, Jacquinia ruscifolia.

Introduction
Pollen transmits the male genetic material during possible to germinate pollen grains of a number of
sexual reproduction of angiosperms. Pollen grains are taxa using rather a simple nutrient medium and to
highly reduced male gametophyte consisting of two or achieve a reasonable length of tube growth. The pollen
three numbers of cells during the time of release from tubes are considered as the most rapidly growing cells
anthers (Borg et al., 2009). In nature, pollen grains in the plant world since they are capable of attaining
germinate on the stigma and develop pollen tubes. For considerable length in a short duration under optimum
growth and development of a cell, tissues, organs and conditions (Malik, 1977). Thus, pollen germination
systems of organism, nutrition are required. Some are and growth of pollen tubes are important research
needed as respiratory substrates; some are needed for materials for morphological, physiological,
ion transportation while some for regulation of biotechnological, ecological, evolutional, biochemical
different biosynthetic pathways. Successful and molecular biological studies (Ottavio et al., 1992).
fertilization as well as fruit formation depends on the In recent years, to determine the importance of
fertility and viability of the pollen grains. To discharge cytoskeleton in cell growth and differentiation, pollen
the male gametes in the embryo sac, germination of germination along with pollen tube development are
pollen takes place over the receptive stigmas but used as research material (Ma et al., 2000). So, the
studies on in vivo are cumbersome due to the pollen grains, being single celled structure provide a
complications involving in the pistillate tissues. It is unique system for in vitro studies (Katara, 2013).

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2016). 3(9): 71-77
The present work is aimed to find out the role of (1993) .A pollen grain was considered as germinated,
sucrose, boric acid, salts like calcium nitrate, if the pollen tube length atleast becomes twice greater
potassium nitrate and magnesium sulphate on in vitro than the diameter of the pollen grains (Gupta et al.,
pollen germination of Jacquinia ruscifolia.Jacq. of 1989).
Theophrastaceae, which is a medicinally important
Results
plant having broad spectrum antifungal activity
(Shorma et al., 2008). Pollen grains start to germinate at 2% sucrose solution
showing 2% germination along with 52 µm tube
Materials and Methods length, while maximum 80% pollen germination along
Fresh flowers were collected during anthesis in the with 312 µm long pollen tube development occurred
evening (08:00 hrs.-09:30 hrs.) and transferred to in 20% sucrose solution (Table 1). Individually,
polythene bags. Solution of different concentrations of 100ppm boric acid showed 60% germination along
sucrose (1-50%), boric acid (25-500 ppm), calcium with 234 µm long pollen tubes (Table 2). But the
nitrate, potassium nitrate and magnesium sulphate (50- highest germinating pollen (92%) along with 455µm
500 ppm) were prepared. Then the fresh pollen long pollen tube developed in 20% sucrose solution
samples were sown on several grooved slides supplemented with 100 ppm boric acid (Table 3;
containing sucrose and boric acid solution at different Figure1). Among the salts, maximum 12% pollen
concentrations individually as well as in combinations germination along with 182 µm pollen tube
and salts of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. development was recorded in 100 ppm calcium nitrate
Slides were then kept in Petridishes lined with moist solution following 10% pollen germination along with
filter paper at room temperature (25°C) and examined 130 µm pollen tube in 200 ppm magnesium sulphate
under a Olympus microscope at low magnification solution and 8% pollen germination along with 130µm
(10x X 15x) at different time intervals to know the long pollen tube in 100 ppm potassium nitrate solution
germination percentage and pollen tube length (Table 4). Among the salts, calcium nitrate was the
following the method of Shivanna and Rangaswamy most effective one.
Table 1: Effect of sucrose on in vitro pollen germination of Jacquinia ruscifolia .
After 1 hr. After 2 hrs. After 3 hrs.
Conc. of
Germination Pollen tube Germination Pollen tube Germination Pollen tube
sucrose (%)
(%) length (µm) (%) length (µm) (%) length (µm)
Distilled
-- -- -- -- -- --
water
2 2 52 5 78 8 130
5 12 78 15 104 20 156
10 14 104 18 130 35 169
15 35 156 52 156 60 195
20 40 156 60 234 80 312
25 25 130 42 156 55 182
30 18 104 25 130 42 156
40 16 78 22 104 30 130
45 8 52 12 78 14 91
Table 2: Effect of boric acid on in vitro pollen germination of Jacquinia ruscifolia.
After 1 hr. After 2 hrs. After 3 hrs.
Conc. of boric
Germination Pollen tube Germination Pollen tube Germination Pollen tube
acid (ppm)
(%) length (µm) (%) length (µm) (%) length (µm)
25 4 65 6 104 10 130
50 8 104 10 130 15 156
100 35 156 45 182 60 234
200 8 78 12 130 20 156
300 6 52 8 104 12 130
400 4 26 6 78 10 104
500 -- -- 2 26 4 65

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2016). 3(9): 71-77
Table 3: Effect of sucrose and boric acid on in vitro pollen germination of Jacquinia ruscifolia

Conc. of Sucrose After 1 hr. After 2 hrs. After 3 hrs.

(%) + Boric acid Germination Pollen tube Germination Pollen tube Germination Pollen tube
(ppm) (%) length(µm) (%) length(µm) (%) length(µm)
2 + 100 6 52 10 130 12 156
5+ 100 10 78 16 156 22 208
10+ 100 12 104 22 182 30 234
15+ 100 18 156 32 208 45 260
20+ 100 52 234 78 364 92 455
25+100 30 182 55 325 80 390
30+100 25 156 48 234 75 286
40+100 18 130 32 195 40 260

Table 4: Effect of calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate and magnesium sulphate on in vitro
pollen germination of Jacquinia ruscifolia

Conc. After 1 hr. After 2 hrs. After 3 hrs.

Salts
(ppm) Germination Tube length Germination Tube length Germination Tube length
(%) (µm) (%) (µm) (%) (µm)
50 2 52 4 65 6 91
100 6 104 8 130 12 182
Ca(NO3)2 200 2 39 4 78 8 104
300 1 26 3 39 6 65
400 -- -- -- -- -- --
50 -- -- 1 26 2 39
100 2 52 6 104 8 130
KNO3 200 2 39 3 65 4 91
300 -- -- -- -- -- --
400 -- -- -- -- -- --
50 -- -- -- -- --
100 -- -- 2 52 5 78
MgSO4 200 5 78 8 104 10 130
300 -- -- 2 52 3 65
400 -- -- -- -- -- --

Figure 1: Germinating pollen of Jacquinia ruscifolia Jacq.

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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2016). 3(9): 71-77

Discussion the pentose phosphate cycle (Goldbach, 1997; Lovatt

and Dugger, 1984). Thus, the role of sucrose and boric
In the present experiment, pollen grains showed acid in pollen germination and pollen tube
germination ability in both sucrose and boric acid development was confirmed, however sucrose in
solution (Table 1 & 2). However, sucrose in addition combination with boric acid promoted pollen
to boric acid promoted both pollen germination as well germination as well as tube development, because
as tube development (Table 3). To nourish the pollen, boron makes a complex with sugar and this sugar-
stylar tissue supplies water, sugar, amino acids etc., to borate complex is known to be capable of better
the growing pollen tubes. Boron is also found in style translocation than non-borate, non-ionized sugar
and stigma to enhance sugar uptake and play a key molecules (Gauch and Dugger,1953; Vasil, 1964;
role in pectin synthesis in the growing pollen tubes Sidhu and Malik,1986) and involved in the synthesis
(Richards, 1986). Sucrose acts as respiratory substrate of pectic substance required for the newly elongating
for pollen grains as well as important to maintain the pollen tube wall (Jhori and Vasil,1961).
regulation of osmotic pressure. The conspicuous role
of sucrose and boric acid on the in vitro pollen Salts, like magnesium sulphate, calcium nitrate and
germination were reflected with the views (Johri and potassium nitrate also play a vital role in pollen
Vasil, 1961 ; Shivanna and Johri, 1985 ). Boron is an germination and pollen tube development. The results
important micronutrient for higher plants (Blevins and indicated that among the salts, calcium nitrate was the
Lukaszewski, 1988). Like sucrose, boron also play a most effective to pollen germination than magnesium
vital role on pollen germination and pollen tube sulphate and potassium nitrate. Pollen was found to
growth in vascular plants (Lewis, 1980; Sidhu and germinate at low concentration of calcium nitrate but
Malik, 1986) as it is directly involved in pectin decreased at higher concentration. Similar observation
synthesis to the development of pollen tube membrane was also found by Mortazavi et al., (2010) in Phoenix
(Stanley and Loewus,1964). Not only pectin but also it dactylifera. In cell metabolism, calcium is one of the
helps the synthesis of callose during pollen tube most important cation which is involved in pollen
development which was experimentally proved in germination as well as pollen tube growth. To
Picea meyeri (Wang et al., 2003) and important in maintain the membrane integrity and permeability,
sugar transport, cell wall synthesis, cell wall calcium plays a vital role (Jones and Lunt, 1967;
development, carbohydrate metabolism, RNA Brewbaker and Kwack, 1963, 1964). It also plays a
metabolism, indole acetic acid metabolism, membrane critical role in pollen tube growth (Picton et al., 1983;
transport and respiration (Blevins and Lukaszewski, Miller et al., 1992) as well as pollen tube development
1994; Camacho-Cristobal et al., 2008) . Scott (1960) (Kwack, 1967). Intracellular calcium also influenced
suggested that, boron could exert a protective effect in callose synthesis in growing pollen tubes on in vitro
preventing excessive polymerization of sugars at sites condition which was studied in Oenothera biennis and
of sugar metabolism. Boron is crucial for pollen agrees with the results (Bednarska, 1989). Transport of
germination along with pollen tube development in inorganic ions such as Ca++ and K+ across the plasma
most species (Brewbaker and Majumder, 1961), thus membrane regulates the pollen germination and pollen
play an important role in fertilisation of flowering tube growth significantly (Feijo et al., 1995; Taylor
plants towards the successful fruit and seed and Hepler, 1997). In spite of pollen germination and
production. The significant role of boron on in vitro tube development, calcium also plays a role to
pollen germination and tube development in Pistachio determine the direction of pollen tube growth which
was established (Therios et al., 1985; Brown et al., was studied in Luffa aegyptica ( Prajapati and Jain,
1994; Acar et al., 2010). In pollen culture medium, 2010). In case of Arabidopsis, rate of pollen
100 ppm boric acid shows the optimal concentration germination as well as pollen tube growth is enhanced
required for germination and pollen tube growth, by externally supplied K+ (Fan et al., 2001). Both Ca++
which agrees with Shorrocks (1997). The boron and K+ are interdependent each other, because the
deficiency affects the pollen viability, pollen inward K+ channels are greatly regulated by Ca++
germination, and pollen tube growth (Nyomora and (Schroeder and Hagiwara, 1989; Kelly et al., 1995;
Brown, 1997). It is reported that, tube bursting Grabov and Blatt, 1997). NO3- and Mg++ also enhanced
occurred due to elimination of boric acid from pollen the tube growth in case of in vitro pollen germination
culture medium ( Holdaway-clarke and Hepler, 2003; of Saccharum sp. (Moore and Jung, 1974). Osmotic
Acar et al., 2010). The deficiency of boron in plants potential for the swelling of pollen grains are regulated
causes carbohydrate accumulation in chloroplasts, by KNO3 was reported in case of Poaceae by Matsui et
may slow the Krebs cycle and accelerates the action of al., (2000). Prajapati and Jain (2010) indicated that
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 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2016). 3(9): 71-77
calcium, magnesium and nitrate play a key role in Biswas, K., Mondal, S., Mandal, S. 2008. Studies on
pollen tube growth of Luffa aegyptica (Acar et al., in vitro pollen germination of Solanum surattense
2010). Ions, particularly Ca++ can modulate the actin Burm.f. and Solanum nigrum L. Science &
cytoskeleton in pollen tubes (Hepler et al., 2006). Culture, 74 (3-4),149-152.
Thus, the present investigation gets support from the Biswas, P., Mondal, S. 2014. Impact of sucrose and
previous studies (Acar et al.,2010; Holdaway-Clarke boric acid on in vitro pollen germination of Ceiba
and Hepler, 2003; Pal et al.,1989; Acar et al.,2010; pentandra L. Indian Journal of Applied and Pure
Mondal et al.,1991, 1997; Bhattacharya et al.,1997; Biology, 29 (2), 323-329.
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How to cite this article:

Soumitra Pal and Subrata Mondal. (2016). An investigation on in vitro pollen germination and tube
development of Jacquinia ruscifolia Jacq. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 3(9): 71-77.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.09.010

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