PNJUNCTION

what s b-n junctfoN

pureSemiconduchu Gtmatuial takn s
i s doped with penavalent umpwily so hat
whole matuual hecemes n-type sehiconductet
N a Buivalnt impwutau ar dhuud in thu
amu puc in larg cencentration such that
up to some olerth matuual becemis p-type
Semiconductes

i
ed
A_junchien is formed (a plane betuun tuo types e
semictnduciets) in beroesn nype and p he
iv
Semicenductel
w
D

Contoc þoind
n bype semiconducte
ha

hy
ib
at

Semiconductal
Pr

Contact pont p-h junchion

,1 -n unetim au hoo tueminal duuie
calledb-hJuncton dioda too metal onacu
au dibosikd a he too blaces o waloe
mbettantt natahat deeu th

tal
 -
nction
n

juncth

On n side cencenlnation o eleclencencentration

geron bside

i
ed
OnOn m side majouty change Caruu=e
iv
mineity change caub holes
w
On Aide
D
maicuhy change cauiw hales
mineuity change Cawuin=er
ha

and 2 D
ib
at

KueTo Cencenhatien guadliunt es stard dilluing

Pr

em n Siol to Side and holea dllu

uem sid to n 3ide
e CTOSsin9 junclion
 As a Lult o this diluuion olowing changei
take plat
1On Side es luau thui atbms and oness the
juncten leouingq behind immobileposrtive
Chayge adems
-sidehela Jucombine Loto e hich aa
difwing om h-Side and fhut atems attain net-u charge
S on both sids junction layer
Lmmobile +HHand- Chakged'atbms

i
ed
stawds dueloping iv
So Caxiy p-type andl n-type sides weru elezbucally
w
neutral
Teulbyal by
by new Om-side Negatiue change densy
D

and 6m n-slde Posihiu chaxge densrty sfarli

ha

abpiin4
ib

Re gion Tua Junclien daplothd mobile

at

chaxge Catuuand callec

Pr

DEPLETION REGION VVgmp

E (elacbuis ald is established)

n
88689 b6 O no mobile Change
88 888
8 60e t oo
88 88 Petenhial dioeanes
which Isopposlng
ue to Chage demsulie apbianing em wo sides
unchon an elcbu ald s established
ackeA h unelien
 pen unut volume depenltyns
upon temperaturt

i
ed
When TempeHaliv Incread

iv
w
meLe Covalint bond

D
ohe thurmally and
e-hole han MLha
ib
at
genlnaid".
Pr
 FotwwrdBiasing Diode
When -side conhectedHo bosrhve
teeminal and h-51deSConnechd fo
Lnegalue pUMUnal of battvey, dede
be n Feúwandbia3ing
E

e e eep e+
e eh e elt
B-e Ve e e eee
e ehee
AAAA
hAeA W

UeVe eeesE

i
ed
ww
Vo
- e end iv
pushes etowwNdsunchon nd +ue end
w
ushes holes touoahds urction
D

At 0pullibum Pofenthal o sde is low

ha

orth eshoct to botenhal n Side

We Anew that e meu em leo botenhal
ib

t righ pofenthal ohposite to Elecbee ield

at

Bu a 0gilubruum Elecbu idd developeld

Pr

opboses moion e pem n side top side

As botential dulleence acrors deplenon Hgian
=VB80 elecbuens need lelg amounteriergy
cnocome opbostion ield at the gienolien
dnd ue the junclien
Now when Diode 1swad biased, a porenta
dillerance a VS abladaceea Hhe
dahlelien egioh and an elecbuc üld E
establishod hiu fald 2 puouidayel
&wegy o e dgainah the potenhal baeiusnosyyel
uliount e helps n side eo oross he
junchon and Stasd leto of ewwwwrt
Same doguc 1s
abhlid en holes amd hales
also stardslewng awcess the junctionem

I drtt Ts
Initially At cgulubsuiumdllusiondrtts
whee T is Jeuwrrse salinanon cuwLNt

i
ed
Censtwluted by minonty Cavu o ohich
Elechic Lueld savowrab/le
iv
C6/mal
w
u Lohen eward volHage is abblied
D

dulfusion Lnwnec Cxponnially T-T.eHkD

ha

whileT iltemauns unehanged

ib
at

Bo Lne dluuion
Pr

ne e/k)

nerT Ce/k
7his egatuon s called ldeal diode 09uarhon
Beccuus2 eegheie many pracical cendihons
Dihs 9hadual change Fiald af hi edlge o
thedebpluen teoLoh and abbroximated he
Conctutuem
 VI CHARACTERSTIGS 0F P-N D1ODE
VARIATION OF CURRENT WITH APPLIED VOLTAGE
I FORWARD CHA V. mb)
E
eVe
VeVg
4T eVe
4is 9ute smal!
AI
j low HALStance
is orud by jn

i
ed
wheh siuwdnd biased

Ve=VRnee
V=VV

iv Knee volHage
w
dhal etwad volHage abplied
D

awes he junchion yei which

ha

Shacblu
ib
at

When V= o, mo Cuen acnessh

Pr

Jhoe s debletron uguen af

h n Small V abhliue,curentHeus
acmos Hhe Juncluem and change exponenhalg
Loifh Ve kI has unit
KI is known
Luhen V( easthimal
VaHage Cnongy
Volts

(24mlat)
>+ ERSo
Qo u Vp h 2 MLTJoul
lo4 mVolt Kela

We con 1gnee
)as Jouu
Coulomb
 eVe/kT)
do TnoIe
Actually bractically duode weks coih the
eewand
Lward voltage ohe aange 7oo-Boo mlol
o cuworent inówases drasthically wrth ve
8mal nwtease n Ve
neeT e/kT)
net guuus elationC-charge qer
beluueen Vo Hage aphtud and Cwrat
louoing
louoing

i
ed
Keuueta salunaron CuuOnd 0-7 Vo is bareu
I S iv
Ugiy mall. botential ah an
w
Practucal obseuraton: auinag
had meams En
D

abplud Voliage hetorwand

oauorE- e
ha

O ValH O Amb
O-05 Vot
Ennyy= 0:7eV
46 4A
ib

0- VoH 458 4 A
abhlud Juuld
at

O2 Vol 21.9 mA TDLudesame

Pr

pneg to chaxoe
03 Volf 025 Fmp
0 7 VolFE 4i xio Amp Caveeiersthat mia
majoutu CawiU
u l moT experunc any bbvuin Cund
Cal huge v e e n t
hou LA a Curulimit upto which docle oon
uA taunboe hat cuwwent cwrendlous
uncluen will be desthoygd
Width deplehon lauee
Ve-Ve

width26 VA potehal developed

aooss depletron vegion
 e
whun ewand votageis apledectue

iv
w
VolHage acnoss depleioneguon--Ve

D
So oidth dobletio teguon deorease

ha
when diodle is foioasd biased o

tib
ra
P-N JUNCTION AT EQUIUiBRIUM: TWO TYPES OF
CURRENTS ACROSS THE Jn
h
t e e e
e
e +
A Ae
e
e

Due te Cemcenttaliem ghadunt CUOunteoing

i
thxeughpuncluen j Callod duiuien Cuent

ed
majeity change cavie om n to
Cuvert looing du to lebus
iv uild etablished
w
ahe unetien J collud dilt ctenk
D
minetity Change COww om b ton)
ha

A0auillibyuuum
ib

diuaion Cuwent dt cwvunt

at

And no n wwwnt s owing th7ough

Pr

unctien
BARRIER POTENTIAL ORBUILT IN POTENTIAL

In NAND
Jhis quanhty is knoLon as
thwmal potenral (VE)
AT100m tembeatue T300K
V 26 mV
Jhu bavrio botential ald
and Blecbuis file4
is confuned un the debehon Lem

ohly Ve
V1 aVa
V+Vto
P

i
ed
DIO DE 2
PN JUNCTION
iv alleuLs
vo tveminal deuice which and
w
DiedeSa
Cuwwent t lew when euwand biased
D

des not_alleo cuWOntta leu ohen Jevers

ha

insed
ib
at
Pr

FeRwand biased Reusebiased

electenue duia s method e

Biasingo
Connebting diode n a cicuit
 Advantagu 08emicenduchet eU COndluchot is thet
ComdudlurltyoAunicendulet PNndien can be
C&mholled by abblyin extexnal potential dioene
Fetuwand biaked voltage e suusse biaan.d yoltag

REVERSEBIASING
whun guilibraum is achioed acres b-n_junction
and
ovrilt cwwwt, due o dlilusion cwrrent du
majomajo Tity casii
mineaity.caulNS

i
ed
duuion
iv dut
w
e
e
D

AEoplDlamum
ha
ib

ee e When negathue
at

e
wuminal
Pr

e e
CohnucidT
b Lwuminal and
6OSThL Teunin
cull L5 cenhecdh
to 7-3de
Co ns deane
As a Aul hABeF ++eeee
e Ae attractd by
ome melL henf
hAhe +e toumina o
mobile Cull and holes o
chavge hheh bside aL atiacke
COvoens
by-ue uuminal
ww-
a e emoued
 When disde is uuwse biased
biased
ER

|Ahhhl t+eeek
hhhhh t eeBe
ehhh t e
e ee e

hee

R
Vg+VRNetVoltage
w acrassjn

Positive fenminal atracts et of n side

i
Negatiue toveminal atinacta halis db side

ed
iv
This pulls eD meiee puem n Side nea depletron
w
vugien and uuo moe holes nua debletuen Jegion
D

TBwaHds -Ue tuminal e batty

ha

As a kUult width ddepletion

Jugien nowases telausefeo mee
ib

mobile charge uCOWLiLs Mouis away

at

Lem depenon Jugion

Pr

When apied o
Tajusion au
Bu motob side which1s alveady at
Lew borentral wther Jiducnd
toouwe botentidll in compausion
2 ide Ysevg Vek)elk
Energy Jieguved by n side elecrion
Lo Oos heunetionnvnases
fuethoe by amunt e Which wil edlue
auusion Culbvent fuehw but no eect on drilt
 Cuwen, duu to minetity change cauLNS
Patemtial baLe olnease
width ofdeble ron eason inceease4 a
acrbss Junetion becomes +k
W- 2ev(,"No y-Vgk
As dusion curvrent u now naglgible
08 oHe cwvwen lowing a ross
unclien colld HOueise saliuHation
uworend omeo due to minesity Charge

i
COvoiwin 1ewue biuedjunction
IV-TCharacloustie
ed
iv
w
PN Junction orfens
D

almasi ntgligible Iin mA

ha

ILSIStancc when
fo7wand blased
ib

4V
at

VBreakdo
V
Pr

Vknee
Kyevera nA
PN JUncton of feus
high vey high Hesuton
-ce when euee
biased
hon JuuoueVoltage abbied s nsed n
n a A diecion
mineutyer o sda gain emoughemungy
while CCessin the oid dobluln Jlgon
under he inlluence stong Jauese
Electuue Züld af thujuncton
Jhese a moving elecbols may kno@k

i
bom s

ed
covalent bonds and
thie frel ezwill fuwrthor de he sme

iv
w
Result i fuge owing anHOss
cwprotouing

D
the unctronwhich ma
ib desHoy h
ha
This bhenomchon is calledxea kdolon
at

unchon
Pr

Jhat uuwnse oltage ad which junclon brenks

ound
Ond
ThHeugh 0heunchon S
looing
hugeHuwUL CwRUN Stad looing
CaledVReuo e
Bakdowh VoHage