KLE’S

S.NIJALINGAPPPA/INDEPENDENT PU
COLLEGE
Rajajinagar,
Bengaluru – 560010

II PUC CHEMISTRY
PASSING CAPSULE
2021
Prepared by: Anojya Tandon
Lecturer in Chemistry
KLE PU College, Rajajinagar,
Bengaluru-560010.

Anojya Tandon Lecturer in Chemistry Page 1

 Unit 1: Solid state
1. Differentiate between crystalline and amorphous solids
Ans:-
Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
1. Have definite geometrical shape Do not have definite geometrical shape
2. They have long range order They have short range order
3. They are anisotropic They are isotropic
4. They have sharp melting point They do not have sharp melting point

2. Calculate the packing efficiency of simple cubic lattice .

Ans:-Let the edge length of the unit cell=a ,

radius of the sphere = r
Sphere are touching each other in close packing arrangement
a = 2r
The volume of the cubic unit cell=a3=(2r)3=8r3
Since a simple cubic unit cell contains only 1 atom
4
The volume of the occupied space = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
Packing efficiency
= Volume of one atom 100%
Volume of cubic unit cell
4
𝜋𝑟 3 𝜋
3
= × 100 = × 100%
8𝑟 3 6
= 52.36%=52.4%
3. Calculate the packing efficiency of body centered cubic lattice.

Ans:-Let the length of unit cell=a

Radius of the sphere= r
Body diagonal=AF=c=4r
From EFD,
Body diagonals c2=a2+b2=a2+2a2=3a2
c= 3a = 4r (body diagonals)

Volume of the cube=

Volume of one sphere=(4/3)𝜋𝑟 3

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4. Calculate the packing efficiency of Face centered cubic lattice.
Ans:-Let the edge length of unit cell = a
Radius of sphere = r
Diagonal =AC=b=4r
From the  ABC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
b2 = a2 + a2
b2 = 2a2
b = 2 a = 4r (face diagonal)
2 𝑎 = 4𝑟 ∴ 𝑎 = 2 2𝑟
3
Volume of the cube = a = (2 2𝑟)3
Volume of one sphere = (4/3)πr3

5. Calculate the number of particles per unit cell in simple cube .

Ans:-Number of particles per unit cell
= 8 corner atoms X contribution of each atom
1
= 8 X 8 =1
6. Calculate number of particles in bcc unit cell.
Ans:-Number of particles per unit cell
= 8 corner atoms X contribution of each atom + 1 body center atom
1
=8X +1= 1+1 =2
8
7. Calculate the number of particles present in fcc unit cell.
Ans:- Number of particles per unit cell

= 8 corner atoms X contribution of each atom+ 6 face centred atoms X ½ atom per unit cell
1 1
= [8 X ]+6X = 1+3=4
8 2

8. Give the difference between Schottky and Frenkel defects in ionic solids.
Ans:-
Schottky defect Frenkel defect
1. Equal number of cations and anions are 1. The smaller ion gets dislocated from its
missing from their lattice points . lattice point
2. Density decreases 2. Density remains same
3. Cations and anions have similar size 3. Cations and anions differ in their size
Eg:NaCl,KCl,etc. Eg: AgCl,ZnS,etc

9. Write the formula of the density of the unit cell

Ans:-
𝑧𝑀
𝑑= 3
𝑎 𝑁𝐴

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 Unit 2: Solution

1. State Henry’s law.Give its mathematical expression.

Ans:- It states “at a given temperature the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
partial pressure of gas present above the surface of the liquid “
p = KHx
2. Solubility of a gas in liquid decrease as the temperature increases. Why?
Ans:- Dissolution of a gas in liquid is exothermic process hence solubility of the liquid decrease as the
temperature increases.

3. What is the effect of temperature on molality of a solution?

Ans:- Molality is independent of temperature.

4. What is the effect of pressure on solubility of a gas in a liquid?

Ans:- Solubility increases with increase in pressure.

5. Define boiling point elevation constant [OR] molal elevation constant [OR] Ebullioscopic
constant. Mention its SI unit.
Ans:- The elevation in boiling point when the molality of the solution is unity.
K kg mol-1

6. Differentiate between ideal and non ideal solutions

Ans:-
Ideal solution Non ideal solution
1. Obeys Raoult‟s law at all temperature and Do not obey Raoult‟s law
pressure
2. Hmix = 0 Hmix ≠ 0
3. Vmix = 0 Vmix ≠ 0

7. Define :-
a. molality: Molality is defined as “the number of moles of solute present in 1kg of solvent”.

b. molarity: “the number of moles of solute present in 1L of solution‟‟

c. mole fraction:”It is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles
of solute and solvent present in solution”

d. reverse osmosis:”The process of movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from

the solution to the pure solvent by applying excess pressure on the solution side is called reverse
osmosis.”

e. Azeotropic mixture:-“The solutions (liquid mixture) of binary mixture having the same
composition in the liquid and vapour phase and boil at constant temperature.”

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Unit 3: Electrochemistry

1. Explain the construction and working of Daniel cell.

Ans:- Daniel cell consists of a zinc rod dipped in ZnSO4 (1M)solution and a copper rod dipped in copper
sulphate(1M). The two solutions are inter connected using a salt bridge and two rods are externally
connected using a metallic wire. It starts to produce electricity.

At anode ; Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

At cathode ; Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
Overall cell reaction ; Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

2. State Kohlraush’s law.

Ans:-The law states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of
the individual contributions of anion and cation of the electrolyte.

3. What is meant by limiting molar conductivity?

Ans:- It is molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution at infinite dilution.

4. Write Nernst equation for Daniel cell. Explain the terms?

Ans:-

Where; R- gas constant

T- Temperature in kelvin
F -Faraday‟s constant

5. Mention the factors on which conductivity of an electrolytic solution depends.

Ans:-
a. Nature of electrolyte
b. Nature of solvent and its viscosity
c. Concentration of the electrolyte solution

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 Unit 4: Chemical kinetics
1. Derive an integrated rate equation for rate constant of a first order reaction.
Ans:- Consider the general first reaction
R Products
−𝑑[𝑅] 𝑑[𝑅]
Rate = = 𝑘 𝑅 or = −𝑘. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 [𝑅]
Integrate on both sides, we get
𝑑[𝑅]
= 𝑘. 𝑑𝑡
[𝑅]
In [R] = -kt + I ------------------------------------(1)
Where, I is called integration constant.
When, t=0, then R=[R]0 is the intial concentration of the reactant.
Substitute the values of t and R in equation (1)
In [R]0 = I
Substitute the value of I in equation (1)
In [R] = -kt + In[R]0 -----------------------------(2)
Rearrange,
In R – In[R]0 = -kt
[𝑅]
𝐼𝑛 = −𝑘𝑡----------------------------(3)
𝑅 𝑜
1 [𝑅]𝑜
𝑘 = 𝐼𝑛
𝑡 𝑅
2.303 [𝑅]𝑜
𝑘= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑅

2. Derive an integrated rate equation for rate constant of a zero order reaction.
Ans:- Consider a zero order reaction R  P
− d[R] = k[R]0
dt

d[R] = − k dt (∴ [R]0 = 1)

On integration we get,

[R] = −kt + I (1)

Where „I‟ is integration constant.

When, t = 0 then
[R] = [R]0
Therefore [R]0 = −k x 0 + I
Then I = [R]0 equation (1) becomes

[R] = −kt+ [R]o

𝑅 𝑜 − [𝑅]
𝑘=
𝑡

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3. Show that half life period of a first order reaction is independent of initial concentration.
[OR] Derive half life of first order reaction.
Ans:-

4. What is a pseudo first order reaction? Give an example .

Ans:-A reaction which appears to be of higher order,but made to follow first order kinetics is called
pseudo first order reaction.

Unit5: Surface chemistry

1. Differentiate between physisorption and chemisorption.
Ans-
Physisorption Chemisorption
 It is caused by intermolecular  It is caused by chemical bond
vanderwaals forces formation
 It is not specific in nature  It is highly specific in nature
 It is reversible  It is irreversible
 A multi molecular layer develops on the  Only a unimolecular layer develops on
surface the surface

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2. How are metal sols prepared by Bredig’s arc method?[OR] How do you prepare gold sol by
Bredig’s arc method?
Ans- This method is used to prepare sols of metals such as Pt,Au,Ag.
Two electrodes of a metal dipped in water containing little alkali. An electric arc is struck
between.Intense heat of the arc causes the metal to vaporize. The vapour condenses to form metal
particles of colloidal size. Thus metal sols are obtained.

3. What is Tyndall effect ?

Ans:-The phenomenon of scattering of incident light by colloidal particles in a colloidal solution is
called Tydall effect.

4. What is Brownian movement? How is it caused?

Ans:-The continuous zigzag motion of the colloidal particles present in a colloidal solution is called
Brownian movement. The Brownian movement is caused due to the collision of the colloidal particles
with the molecules of the dispersion medium.

5. State Hardy- Schulze rule .

Ans:- Hardy-Schulze rule states that the greater the valency of the flocculating ion added, the greater is
its power to cause coagulation.

6. Explain Peptization.
Ans:- The process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate into a colloidal solution by adding a
suitable electrolyte having common ion. For example:- A freshly prepared precipitate of ferric hydroxide
is treated with ferric chloride solution and stirred well ferric hydroxide sol is formed.

7. Write Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation and explain the terms.

1
𝑋
Ans:- = 𝐾. 𝑃 𝑛
𝑚
Where X= mass of the gas adsorbed
m= mass of the adsorbent
P= equilibrium pressure
K and n are constant which depend on the nature of the adsorbent and the gas.

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8. Explain electrodialysis.
Ans:- The process of dialysis is quite slow. It can be made faster by applying an electric field if the
dissolved substance in the impure colloidal solution is only an electrolyte. The process is then named
electrodialysis. The colloidal solution is placed in a bag of suitable membrane while pure water is taken
outside. Electrodes are fitted in the compartment.The ions present in the colloidal solution migrate out to
the oppositely charged electrodes.

9. Explain dialysis
Ans:- The process of removing the particles of true solutions from colloidal solutions by using
parchment paper or animal membrane is called dialysis. The sol to be purified is taken in a parchment
bag. The bag is suspended in a tank ,in which water is circulated. Particles of true solution diffuse out
from the bag. Water flowing in the tank carries away these particles. The sol gets purified and stabilized.

10. Describe electrophoresis with the help of a diagram

Ans:- The movement of colloidal particles either towards the cathode or anode,under the influence of the
electric field is called electrophoresis. The colloid is placed in a U-tube fitted with platinum electrodes.
On passing electric current the charged colloidal particles move towards the positively charged electrode
if arsenous sulphide sol is taken in the U-tube its particle move towards the anode indicating the
presence of negative charge on the colloidal
particles.

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Unit 6: The p-block elements

1. Draw the flow chart of manufacture of ammonia and explain the process with equation.
Ans:-On a large scale, ammonia is manufactured by Haber‟s process.

In accordance with Le Chatelier‟s principle, high pressure would favour the formation of ammonia. The
optimum conditions for the production of ammonia are a pressure of 200 × 10 5 Pa (about 200 atm), a
temperature of ~ 700 K and the use of a catalyst such as iron oxide with small amounts of promoter K2O
and Al2O3 to increase the rate of attainment of equilibrium.

2. Explain Oswald’s process of manufacture of nitric acid

Ans:- On a large scale it is prepared mainly by Ostwald‟s process.This method is based upon catalytic
oxidation of NH 3by atmospheric oxygen.

Nitric oxide thus formed combines with oxygen giving NO2.

Nitrogen dioxide so formed, dissolves in water to give HNO 3.

3. Give any three reasons for the anomalous behavior of Nitrogen/Oxygen/Fluorine

Ans;
 Because of small size
 High electronegativity
 High ionization enthalpy
 Absence of d-orbitals

Unit 7:The d and f block elements

1. Write the formula to calculate the magnetic moment.
Ans:-

2. Transition metal generally form coloured compounds. Why?

Ans:-
 Due to presence of unpaired electrons
 Due to d-d electronic transition

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3. What is lanthanoid contraction? Give the consequences of lanthanide contraction.
Ans:- The gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium is called lanthanide
contraction.
Consequences i) atomic radii of Zr and Hf almost same ii) It is difficult to separate.

4. Give reason transition metals and their compounds acts as a good catalyst .
Ans:-
 Due to presence of large surface area.
 They exhibit variable oxidation state.

5. Transition metals form complex compounds. Give reason.

Ans:- i) small size
ii) high ionic charges
iii)presence of vacant d orbitals

6. What are interstitial compounds?

Ans:-Interstetial compounds are formed when small atom like H, C or N are trapped inside the crystal
lattice of metals. Eg:-TiC, Mn4N, etc.

7. What is the cause of lanthanide contraction?

Ans:- The cause of lanthanide contraction is due to poor shielding of the 4f electrons.

8. What is actinide contraction?

Ans:- The gradual decrease in the size of atoms of actinides across the actinide series.

9. Write the composition of mischmetall.

Ans:-Lanthanoid metal-95%, Iron-5% and traces of S, C, Ca and Al.

Unit 8: Coordination Compounds

1. Write the energy level diagram for splitting in octahedral complex
Ans:-

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2. Write the energy level diagram for splitting in tetrahedral complex
Ans:-

3. Based on VBT explain the hybridization geometry and magnetic property of

a. [Ni(CN)4]2-
b. [NiCl4]2-
c. [Co(NH3)6]3+
d. [CoF6]3-
Ans:- (a) The electronic configuration of nickel [Ar]3d84s2
The electronic configuration of Ni2+[Ar]3d8 4s0

Thus, the complex has square planar structure.

It has no unpaired electrons and hence it is diamagnetic.
Hybridisation is dsp2

(b) The electronic configuration of nickel [Ar]3d84s2

The electronic configuration of Ni2+[Ar]3d8 4s0

Thus, the complex has tetrahedral structure.

It has unpaired electrons and hence it is paramagnetic.
Hybridisation is sp3

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 (c) The electronic configuration of Co[Ar]3d74s2
The electronic configuration of Co 3+[Ar]3d6 4s0

Thus, the complex has octahedral structure.

It has no unpaired electrons and hence it is diamagnetic.
Hybridisation is d2sp3

(d) The electronic configuration of Co[Ar]3d74s2

The electronic configuration of Co 3+[Ar]3d6 4s0

Thus, the complex has octahedral structure.

It has unpaired electrons and hence it is paramagnetic.
Hybridisation is sp3d2

4. What are the postulates of Werner’s theory of coordination compounds?

Ans:-
I. A metal atom in coordination compound posses two types of valencies
i) Primary valency
ii) secondary valency
II. Primary valencies are ionisable and are satisfied only by negative ions .
III. The secondary valencies are non ionisable and satisfied by neutral molecules or negative ions.

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Unit 9: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
1. Write the equation for the steps in SN1 mechanism of the conversion of tert-butyl bromide into
tert- butyl alcohol
Ans:- SN1 mechanism involves two steps
Rate equation: rate = k[(CH3)3 C-Br]

Step 1:- Formation of carbocation

Step 2:- Attack of nucleophile on carbocation

2. Explain SN2 mechanism with an example.

Ans:-When methyl chloride is heated with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution methyl alcohol is
formed.
CH3 – Cl + K OH CH3 – OH + KCl

Rate equation: Rate = k[CH3 – Cl] [OH-]

In this mechanism the nucleophile OH - attacks the carbon atom from the side opposite to the chlorine
atom to form a new C-OH bond.

Transition state
3. Explain Swarts reaction .
Ans:- Fluoroalkanes are prepared by heating an alkyl chloride or bromide in the presence of metallic
fluoride such as AgF or Hg2F2 . This is known as Swarts reaction.
For eg.

4. Explain Finkelstein reaction .

Ans:- Iodoalkanes are prepared by the reaction of alkyl chloride or bromide with sodium iodide in dry
acetone.

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5. Explain Wurtz reaction with an example.
Ans:-Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbons containing double the number of
carbon atoms present in the halide. This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction.
Eg:-

6. Explain Wurtz-Fittig reaction with an example.

Ans:- When mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide are heated with sodium in dry ether alkyl arene is
formed.

7. Explain Sandmeyer’s reaction.

Ans; The freshly prepared diazonium salt is treated with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide to form
aryl halides. This reaction is called Sandmeyer‟s reaction.

Unit 10: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

1. Explain the mechanism of conversion of ethanol to ethene.
Ans:- Step 1:- Formation of protonated alcohol

Step 2:- Formation of carbocation: It is the slowest step and hence, the rate determining step of
the reaction

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 Step 3:- Formation of ethene by elimination of a proton.

2. Explain Kolbe’s reaction.

Ans:-Sodium phenate is treated with cabon dioxide and the product on acidification forms salicylic acid
This reaction is called Kolbe‟s reaction.

3. How do you convert cumene to phenol?

Ans:-Phenol is manufactured from the hydrocarbon, cumene. Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is oxidised in
the presence of air to cumene hydroperoxide. It is converted to phenol and acetone by treating it
with dilute acid. Acetone, a by-product of this reaction.

4. Explain Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

Ans:- On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, a –CHO group is
introduced at ortho position of benzene ring. This reaction is known as Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
The intermediate substituted benzal chloride is hydrolysed in the presence of alkali to produce
salicylaldehyde.

5. Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis.

Ans:- It is an important laboratory method for the preparation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers.
In this method, an alkyl halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide.

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Unit 11: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids
1. Write the mechanism of addition of HCN to aldehydes
Ans:-Step 1:- Formation of nucleophile

Step 2:- The nucleophile [CN-] attacks planar carbonyl group of aldehyde or ketones to form
Tetrahedral intermediate.

Step 3:- Formation of Cyanohydrin

2. Explain Etard reaction

Ans:- Toluene reacts with chromyl hloride in the presence of carbon disulphide to give chromium
complex which on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde. This reaction is called etard reaction.

3. Explain Rosenmund’s reduction reaction .

Ans:-Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate. This
reaction is called Rosenmund reduction.

4. Explain Cannizaro’s reaction

Ans:- Aldehydes which do not contain α-hydrogen atom reacts with concentrated alkali it undergoes
self-oxidation and reduction to give alcohol and carboxylic acid salt.

[OR]

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5. Explain aldol condensation
Ans:- Aldehyde containing at least one α- hydrogen atom undergoes self-condensation in the presence of
dilute NaOH to form aldol which readily loses water to give α, β unsaturated carbonyl compound.

6. Explain Clemmensen reduction with an example

Ans:- The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to- CH2 group on treatment with zinc-
amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

7. What is Wolff –Kishner reduction? Write general equation.

Ans:-The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to hydrocarbon with hydrazine followed
by heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol.

8. Explain the acidic strength of formic acid, acetic acid and benzoic acid
Ans:-The acid strength of formic acid, acetic acid and benzoic acid are in the following decreasing order,
Formic acid > benzoic acid > acetic acid
(pKa = 3.75) (pKa =4.19) (pKa = 4.75)

9. What is decarboxylation? Give an example.

Ans:- The process of removal of CO2 from sodium salt or carboxylic acids using sodalime is called
decarboxylation. Decarboxylation of carboxylic acid gives hydrocarbons.
Reaction:-

10. Explain Hell-Volhard –Zelinsky reaction

Ans:- Carboxylic acids containing α-hydrogen reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small
quantities of red phosphorus to form α-haloacids this reaction is called as Hell-Volhard –Zelinsky
reaction.

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11. How do you prepare carboxylic acid from Grignard reagent?
Ans:- Grignard reagent reacts with solid carbon dioxide to form salts of carboxylic acid which on
hydrolysis gives carboxylic acids .

12.What is the action of ammonia on carboxylic acids give an example.

Ans:- Carboxylic acids reacts with ammonia to form ammonium salts which on heating lose water
molecule to form corresponding amide.
Eg:-

Unit 12: Organic compound containing nitrogen.(Amines)

1. Explain Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis of a primary amine

Ans:-Phthalimide reacts with alcoholic potassium hydroxide to form potassium phthalimide which on
heating with alkyl halide forms N-alkyl phthlimide which on further treated with aq.NaOH form primary
amine.

2. Explain Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction

Ans:- When amide is heated with bromine and NaOH or KOH a primary amine is obtained

3. Explain carbylamine reaction with an example

Ans:- When primary amines are heated with chloroform and alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution
carbyl amines are formed this reaction is called carbylamine reaction.

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4. Explain diazotization reaction of aniline.
Ans:- Aniline reacts with sodium nitrite and HCl at 273K-278K to form benzene diazonium chloride.

5. What is Hinsberg’s reagent?How it is used to distinguish between primary and secondary amine?
Ans:- It is benzene sulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl)

Test Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine

Amines + Hinsberg Product formed soluble Product formed No reaction
reagent in alkali insoluble in alkali

Unit 13: Biomolecules

1. Write Haworth structure of
i) α-D glucose and β-D glucose
ii) α-D fructose and β-D fructose
Ans:-

2. What is denaturation of proteins? Give an example

Ans:- The process by which proteins lose their biological activity when subjected to change in
temperature or change in pH is called as denaturation of proteins.
Eg:- Coagulation of egg albumin on heating.

3. What is nucleoside?
Ans:- Nucleoside is a compound containing nitrogen base and pentose sugar.

4. Name the sugar moiety present in DNA.

Ans:- β-D-2-deoxyribose

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5. What is Zwitterion? Write the general formula of Zwitterion.
Ans:- Dipolar ion formed from the amino acid.

6. What are polypeptides?

Ans:-When more than ten amino acids linked by amide linkage the product is called polypeptide.

7. Name the base which is present only in RNA.

Ans:- β-D-ribose

8. What are essential and non-essential amino acids?

Ans:- Essential amino acid:- They cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained through diet.
Non-Essential amino acid:- They are synthesized in the body.

9. Name the amino acid which is optically inactive.

Ans:- Glycine

10. Mention any two limitations of open chain structure of glucose

Ans:- Glucose does not show 2,4 DNP, Schiff base test .

11. Write the classification of carbohydrates.

Ans:-

MONOSACCHARIDES:-They are the simplest carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed

DISACCHARIDES:-The carbohydrates on hydrolysis give two monosaccharaides
OLIGOSCCHARIDES:- The carbohydrates on hydrolysis gives two to ten monosaccharaides
POLYSACCHARIDES:-The carbohydrates on hydrolysis give large number of monosaccharaides

12. What are reducing sugars? Give example.

Ans:- The carbohydrates which reduces Fehling‟s solution and Tollen‟s reagent are called reducing
sugars. For example:- glucose, fructose, etc.

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13. What are non-reducing sugars?
Ans:-The carbohydrates which does not reduces Fehling‟s solution and Tollen‟s reagent are called
reducing sugars. For example:- sucrose, etc.

14. Write the structure of glycine and alanine.

Ans:-

15. How do you show that glucose contain carbonyl group?

Ans:- Glucose reacts with hydroxyl amine to give an glucose oxime

16. How do you show that six carbon atoms in a straight line ?
Ans:- Glucose on heating with HI and red phosphorus gives n-hexane

17. How do you show that glucose contains 5 -OH groups?

Ans:- Glucose on acetylation with acetic anhydride gives glucose penta acetate.

18. What are fibrous and globular proteins? Give an example.

Ans:- Long polypeptide chains arranged parallel to each other and held together by disulphide and
hydrogen bonds are called fibrous proteins.
Ex : Keratin (present in hair)

In globular proteins polypeptide chains are coiled around, giving a spherical shape.
Ex : Insulin
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19. What are nucleotides?
Ans:- Nucleotides is a compound containing nitrogen base ,pentose sugar and phosphate.

20. Name the nitrogen base present in RNA and DNA

Ans:- Nitrogen base present in RNA-Uracil
Nitrogen base present in DNA-Thymine

21. How many peptide bond present in dipeptide, tripeptide and tetrapeptide.
Ans:- Dipeptide- 1
Tripeptide- 2
Tetrapeptide-3

22. Name the linkage that joins two α-amino acids.

Ans:- Peptide bond

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