1118 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 48, NO.

6, DECEMBER 2001

Harmonic Filtering of High-Power 12-Pulse Rectifier

Loads With a Selective Hybrid Filter System
Duro Basic, Victor S. Ramsden, and Peeter K. Muttik, Member, IEEE

Abstract—Current distortion of 12-pulse rectifier loads is sig- allel and series resonance between the passive filter and source
nificantly lower compared to six-pulse rectifier loads. However, in impedance which can be excited by the source background dis-
passive filtering of the lowest and dominant characteristic 11th and tortion or by load noncharacteristic 5th and 7th harmonics.
13th harmonics the use of 5th and 7th filters is often required in
order to prevent possible parallel and series resonance between Hybrid filters with a shunt passive filter and a small-rating
passive filter and source impedance which can be excited by source active filter (AF) in series with the supply [1] or in series with a
background distortion or by load current residual noncharacter- passive filter [2], [3] have been proposed for harmonic isolation
istic harmonics at the 5th and 7th harmonic frequencies. In hy- of large rectifier loads with a simple control strategy based on
brid filter systems, an active filter (AF) can be added in series with a proportional controller and detection of total source current
the passive filter in order to isolate the source and load. In most
proposed hybrid filter systems, AF control is based on the detec- distortion (obtained after subtraction of the fundamental com-
tion of total current distortion and high-frequency inverters. With ponent). In both cases, the AF behaves as a resistor at harmonic
a selective AF control system and voltage-controlled inverter, the frequencies in series with the supply providing harmonic iso-
AF can be controlled to isolate the load at the critical frequen- lation. A proportional controller, however, cannot provide sat-
cies only while at all other frequencies the passive filter function isfactory attenuation of source current harmonics if the passive
is preserved so that lower switching frequency and AF rating is re-
quired. In this paper, we present a selective AF filter control system filter is not properly tuned at the dominant load harmonics, and
and simple hybrid filter topology suitable for the compensation of a broad-band high-frequency AF inverter is required.
high-power 12-pulse rectifier loads. Harmonic current controllers For large 12–pulse rectifiers, a selective AF control system
based on the second-order infinite-impulse response digital reso- has been proposed [4] with full isolation at 5th and 7th har-
nant filters are used, as they can be considered as simple digital monic frequencies achieved with square-wave voltage injection
algorithms for more complex double cascaded synchronous-refer-
ence-frame-based proportional plus integral controllers. They are into dominant harmonic (11th and 13th) passive filters. For the
centered to the targeted harmonic frequencies by using an adap- detection and control of 5th and 7th harmonics, low-pass fil-
tive fundamental frequency tracking filter. This approach gives ters and proportional plus integral (PI) controllers were applied
good results, even if the reference waveform (in our case, a load in reference frames rotating synchronously with corresponding
voltage) is highly distorted or unbalanced and no separate phase- harmonic space vectors. This technique was successfully used in
locked loop is required. Test results for a laboratory model of this
system and stability analysis are presented and the importance of vector-controlled ac drives for many years and later applied for
delay-time compensation is discussed. AFs [5]. However, a single synchronous reference frame (SRF)
is appropriate for balanced three-phase systems only because
Index Terms—Active filters, harmonics, hybrid filters.
it can track only positive- or negative-sequence vectors. For
tracking both sequence harmonic vectors in unbalanced three-
I. INTRODUCTION phase systems, double cascaded SRFs have been proposed [6],
resulting in complex AF control systems, especially if tracking
T HE lowest harmonics in the source current spectrum of a
12–pulse rectifier are theoretically the 11th and 13th har-
monics, but some residual noncharacteristic 5th and 7th har-
several spectral components is required.
In this paper, we propose and examine a selective hybrid filter
monics can be present. Normally, filtering of 11th and 13th system with a voltage-controlled inverter suitable for the har-
characteristic harmonics is required to reduce voltage distortion monic isolation of high-power 12-pulse rectifier loads at the
at the point of common coupling. However, 5th and 7th har- critical frequencies. The AF is connected in parallel with the
monic filters are often required in order to prevent possible par- load through a simple tuned passive filter created by a power-
factor-correction capacitor and the AF matching transformer
leakage inductance. The selective AF control system is based on
Manuscript received February 17, 1999; revised June 1, 2001. Abstract pub- source current detection and second-order infinite-impulse re-
lished on the Internet October 24, 2001. sponse (IIR) digital notch and resonant filters. These filters can
D. Basic is with the Centre for Electrical Machines and Power Elec-
tronics, University of Technology, Sydney, N.S.W. 2007, Australia (e-mail: be considered as a simple digital algorithm for double cascaded
[email protected]). SRF notch filters or PI controllers [7], [12] and they are suitable
V. S. Ramsden, retired, was with the Electrical Engineering Group, Faculty for tracking multiple harmonics [8]. Estimation of the funda-
of Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, N.S.W. 2007, Australia.
He is now at 13 Bareena Rd., Avalon, N.S.W. 2107, Australia (e-mail: mental and targeted harmonic frequencies is based on an adap-
[email protected]). tive notch filter so that an additional phase-locked loop (PLL)
P. K. Muttik is with Transmission and Distribution Systems, ALSTOM is not required. Experimental results and stability analysis are
Australia Ltd., Milperra, N.S.W. 2214, Australia (e-mail: [email protected]
stom.com). presented and the importance of delay-time compensation is dis-
Publisher Item Identifier S 0278-0046(01)10280-7. cussed.
0278–0046/01$10.00 © 2001 IEEE

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BASIC et al.: HARMONIC FILTERING OF HIGH-POWER 12-PULSE RECTIFIER LOADS 1119

Fig. 1. (a) System configuration. (b) Equivalent block diagram of the system.

II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Fig. 2. Block diagrams showing closed-loop control of the AF current. (a)
With separate detection of the load and AF currents.(b) With direct error signal
A simplified drawing of the system configuration is shown in (source current) detection. (c) Modified block diagram of Fig. 2(b).
Fig. 1(a). A series combination of a single tuned filter and AF
filter is connected in parallel with a 12-pulse rectifier load. If the
nonlinear load can be considered as a harmonic current source As mentioned earlier, we have selected a system based on
generator, the system of Fig. 1(a) can be represented at harmonic the source current detection and voltage-controlled AF inverter
frequencies by the block diagram shown in Fig. 1(b), where [Fig. 2(c)]. This method requires fewer current sensors, and the
is voltage background distortion, and is AF voltage injec- selective AF harmonic voltage injection targets several critical
tion. source current harmonics only, while at all other frequencies the
The load and passive filter can be isolated from the source at passive filter function is mostly preserved.
targeted harmonic frequencies by using a closed-loop system
which will shape the AF voltage harmonic injection to pro-
duce AF current exactly equal to the targeted load cur- III. AF CONTROL SYSTEM
rent harmonics . The source current will be zero even in
presence of disturbance . Thus the load current harmonics Two banks of harmonic controllers in Fig. 3 track corre-
should be detected ( ) and used as the current reference . sponding harmonics in the source current and adjust AF voltage
This reference is compared with detected AF current ( ) until their full cancellation is achieved. Only two controller
and the error is corrected by the controller ( ) and AF in- banks are necessary in a three-wire three-phase power system
verter ( ) as shown in Fig. 2(a). This scheme can be used and they can be designed in the phase domain or, as in our
with a simple hysteresis controller resulting in a current con- case, in the domain (block ). Load voltage signals
trolled voltage inverter or with P controller and voltage-con- and an adaptive notch filter are used to track the fundamental
trolled inverter [9]. Instead of separate detection of the load and frequency. The retrieved voltage fundamental components are
AF currents, the error signal can be directly retrieved from the used to estimate the passive filter fundamental current neces-
source current distortion ( ) as shown in Fig. 2(b). The block sary for the AF inverter dc voltage control by balancing the
diagram of Fig. 2(b) can be rearranged as shown in Fig. 2(c) total active power flowing into the AF dc-link capacitor. From
so that the contributions to the source current distortion of the the estimated fundamental frequency the frequencies of
load current and source voltage are clearly visible. It is obvious the targeted harmonics are calculated and transferred to the
than the source current harmonics with the AF will be lower harmonic current controllers. Load voltage harmonics can be
by the factor than with the passive filter only, retrieved also and used as a feedforward compensation of the
where is the transfer function of the AF control system disturbance signals in Fig. 2(c). Delay-time compensation is
[see Fig. 2(c)]. introduced at the harmonic controller outputs to stabilize the

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1120 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 48, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2001

Fig. 3. Selective active filter control system with tracking and controlling four critical harmonics.

AF control system. All blocks in Fig. 3 will be described in full notching of the fundamental component in an unbalanced
more detail. situation. SRF-based notch filters will completely pass the neg-
ative-sequence components and -based notch filters will in-
A. Fundamental Frequency Notch Filter troduce on top of that an additional harmonic distortion (mainly,
3rd harmonic). To solve these problems, two cascaded SRFs can
In nonselective AF control systems based on the detection of
be used for separate notching of the positive- and negative-se-
total current distortion [1]–[3], the removal of the fundamental
quence components (Fig. 4). The transfer function of double
component is practically the only and most important signal pro-
SRF notch filters given in (1) can be transformed by using the
cessing task. However, a selective control system may not be
bilinear transformation into a discrete form that will result in an
sensitive to the fundamental component and the fundamental
IIR second-order digital notch filter [7], [12] (2)
component notching can be omitted., but, to provide the pos-
sibility of using a proportional gain ( ), useful if a broader
range of harmonics should be attenuated, a fundamental com- (1)
ponent notch filter has been implemented. A notch filter can be
constructed by using SRF notch filters [5] or by using the
theory [1]–[3]. However, neither of these methods can provide (2)

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BASIC et al.: HARMONIC FILTERING OF HIGH-POWER 12-PULSE RECTIFIER LOADS 1121

Fig. 4. Double-cascaded-SRF-based notch filters.

where ( , and are sampling time and

frequency), and

(3)

Fig. 5. (a) Single and (b) double cascaded SRF PI controllers.

The notch width is dependent on the cutoff frequency of the
SRF-based low-pass filter. If the location of the poles in (2) is
very close to unity , a very narrow notch filter can be This transfer function can be transformed into a digital form
created. The center frequency of the notch is determined by the by using the bilinear transformation [7], [12], giving a simple
center frequency parameter . second-order IIR digital resonant filter (6)

B. Harmonic Controllers (6)

A PI controller (4) is commonly used for the tracking of
dc signals because it produces zero steady-state error in a The filter parameters are related to PI controller parameters as
closed-loop system follows:

(4)
(7)

Three-phase current components at arbitrary frequency can

be converted into dc signals by filtering the currents transformed The controller bandwidth depends on the P and I gains ( and
into SRF coordinates ( , block in Figs. 4 and 5). Thus, ) of the analog prototype. If the location of the zeros in (6) is
SRF-based PI controllers can be used for tracking sinusoidal very close to unity , a narrow bandwidth controller can
currents [Fig. 5(a)] and this technique is in common use in ac be created. At the center frequency, this resonant filter produces
motor drives. Our simulation results showed that, because of infinite gain and no phase shift.
an additional phase shift introduced by the low-pass filters in
Fig. 5(a), small PI gains are required for a stable closed-loop C. Frequency Tracking
system, causing a poor transient response. However, these fil- An adaptive IIR notch tracking filter is used for fundamental
ters can be omitted because of the low-pass nature of a PI con- frequency component estimation. By this technique, an addi-
troller (in this case, the fundamental frequency notch filter is re- tional PLL is not necessary. All other harmonically related com-
quired). A single SRF PI controller of Fig. 5(a) can be used for ponents can be retrieved if the fundamental frequency is known.
controlling either a positive- or a negative-sequence component The direct notch filter form (2) can be transformed into lattice
at synchronous frequency. In unbalanced three-phase three-wire form as a numerically reliable alternative [10]
systems, both sequences are present and a PI controller based on
a single SRF cannot provide full compensation of critical har-
monics, which can be a problem because even a very small un-
compensated harmonic current can be amplified or can create
(8)
a high-voltage distortion in a resonant power system. To over-
come this problem, we can use double cascaded SRF controllers
[Fig. 5(b)]. with the complementary (band-pass) transfer function
In this case, the resultant transfer function is

(5) (9)

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1122 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 48, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2001

from two last samples and and the angular

increment

(15)

Combining (14) and (15), a recursive equation can be derived for

the center frequency parameters of all harmonics

(16)
Fig. 6. Adaptive lattice second-order IIR notch filter for fundamental
frequency tracking.
D. Delay-Time Compensation
The center frequency is defined by the parameter Because of synchronous sampling of the inputs and updating
of the outputs, a pure delay of a sample is introduced. Be-
(10) cause of zeroth-order sample–hold ( delay) and AF in-
verter deadtime ( ), an additional delay of approximately
The parameter defines the filter bandwidth. It is related to is introduced so the total time delay in-
as follows: troduced in the closed loop of the system in Fig. 5 is nearly .
Phase shift caused by the system delay can be considerable at
(11) the harmonic frequencies and, as will be shown in Section V, it
can lead to instability if the compensation of higher order har-
The filter algorithm is shown in Fig. 6 in lattice form where monics is required. For example, for a sampling frequency of
is the filter input, and are the filter state variables, kHz, the phase lag at the 11th and 13th harmonics will
and and the notch filter output and the complemen- be approximately 45 and 117 .
tary band-pass filter output, respectively. This notch filter can In a selective AF control system, it is possible to predict an
be used to track the fundamental frequency. The simplest way individual cosine signal one sample in advance by using (15), as-
is to use an adaptive algorithm which seeks a minimum point suming that the amplitude of the signal will stay approximately
of the cost function (expected value of the squared filter outputs the same
) by changing the parameter in the negative gradient di-
rection (gradient-descent algorithm). To minimize the noise-in-
duced term of the cost function, a narrow bandwidth is required. (17)
In this situation, the gradient-descent adaptive algorithm can ex-
hibit very slow convergence and a simplified adaptation algo- From (17), the prediction two samples in advance will be
rithm for the lattice form can improve the convergence speed
[10]. This version of the lattice algorithm is (18)

(12) Thus, with the correction given in (19) applied at outputs of

all harmonic controllers (delay time compensation blocks), it
where instead of using and calculating the gradient , is possible to compensate for the phase lag at the targeted fre-
the filter internal state is used. The minimum is normally quencies introduced in the closed loop due to system delay time
achieved when the fundamental component is notched
and, thus, (19)

(13)
E. AF Inverter DC Voltage Control
Center frequency parameters for all harmonics can be directly AF dc capacitor voltage is maintained at the reference
calculated from (14) value by a separate PI controller which corrects the AF ref-
erence so that AF filter introduces an additional voltage at fun-
(14) damental frequency in phase with the passive filter fundamental
current
To reduce the computation burden, we adopted a recursive
technique. This technique is based on the fact that a dis-
crete value of a cosine function at sampling instants
can be found recursively (20)

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BASIC et al.: HARMONIC FILTERING OF HIGH-POWER 12-PULSE RECTIFIER LOADS 1123

ground voltage distortion. In our laboratory the dominant back-

ground distortion (Table I) was at 3rd and 7th harmonics. Un-
expectedly, the 5th harmonic was relatively small and, thus, the
harmonic spectrum of the passive filter current in Fig. 8(b) in-
dicates strong 7th harmonic component only. The source cur-
rent and voltage waveforms and source current spectrum with
the load and passive filter connected are shown in Fig. 8(c). In
comparison to the previous results, the source current is now
more distorted because of the additional distortion created by
the magnification of the residual 5th and 7th load current har-
monics. All higher frequency components, including the domi-
nant characteristic 11th and 13th harmonics of the load current,
are attenuated well and, consequently, the commutation notches
on the voltage waveform have disappeared.
From these results, we can conclude that although the most
Fig. 7. Impedance seen from source side ( Z ), load side (Z ), and current emphasized characteristic harmonics are attenuated well, we
K
magnification factor ( ) for system of Fig. 1(a) with the passive filter only. cannot apply passive filters for characteristic harmonics only
without additional 5th and 7th harmonic filters in order to pre-
The total active power flow into the AF is controlled in both di- vent parallel resonance. In this case, a selective AF filter can be
rections at the fundamental frequency with the regulator output used very effectively to prevent the problems at 5th and 7th har-
so that the dc capacitor voltage remains constant without an monics and to improve the passive filter performance at the 11th
additional active source at the dc side. The filter fundamental and 13th harmonics.
current is estimated from the retrieved voltage signals and the Finally, we will show the results when the AF is applied. For
passive filter impedance [(20)]. the AF control system a digital signal processor (DSP) board
with TMS320C32-60Mz processor was used. Two source
IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN EXAMPLE SYSTEM currents, two load, and dc capacitor voltages were detected by
Firstly, we will analyze the performance of a laboratory on-board 16-bit A/D converters. The AF inverter was controlled
model of the system of Fig. 1 without the AF and with a single directly through on-board digital outputs because space-vector
tuned passive filter. In our experimental setup, the system pulsewidth modulation (PWM) was implemented as a part of
impedance was 4.5% ( mH, V, A). the AF control program. The sampling frequency was set at
The passive filter tuned frequency was adjusted approximately kHz and the AF control system was programmed to
to the 11th harmonic. The passive filter capacitance was 90 target 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics. All necessary signal
F and the tuning inductor was the AF matching transformer processing tasks were executed by second-order IIR digital
( ) leakage inductance with the AF side short circuited. filter blocks (22)
For these system parameters, the impedance seen from the load
side ( ) and source current magnification ( )
(22)

(21)
The parameters of the fundamental frequency notch and
tracking filters and harmonic controllers are given in Table II.
are shown in Fig. 7. They have a parallel resonance peak be-
The source current and voltage waveforms shown in Fig. 8(d)
tween 5th–7th harmonics that can cause an excessive voltage
are considerably improved because all targeted harmonics are
distortion due to load current harmonics. The impedance seen
reduced to negligible levels and the resonance phenomena at 5th
from the load side ( , Fig. 7) has a series res-
and 7th harmonics are prevented. The AF current and voltage
onance minimum between 5th–7th harmonics that can cause an
waveforms are also shown in Fig. 8(d). It can be noticed that
excessive source current flowing into the passive filter due to
the AF voltage is much lower than the load voltage. High-fre-
background source voltage distortion.
quency harmonics are filtered out by the passive filter so that the
Several experiments were carried out to illustrate problems
required AF frequency band is restricted to the 13th harmonic.
related to the applications of passive compensation of 12-pulse
Thus, the AF voltage rating and switching frequency in this hy-
loads. The voltage and current waveforms and source current
brid filter topology can be much lower than with a shunt AF of
spectrum with the load only are shown in Fig. 8(a). The most
similar performance.
emphasized harmonics of the load current are characteristic 11th
and 13th harmonics, but small residual 5th and 7th harmonics
are present [Fig. 8(a)]. The load voltage waveform is highly V. STABILITY ANALYSIS
distorted with typical notches caused by the thyristor commu- For the stability analysis, the block diagram of Fig. 9 will be
tation. In the following test, only the passive filter was con- used. The source current is sampled and processed by the AF
nected without the load. The passive filter current [Fig. 8(b)] digital controller [transfer function ]. Because of syn-
is highly distorted because of the series resonance and back- chronous sampling of the inputs and outputs the control signal

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1124 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 48, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2001

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
Fig. 8. Current and voltage waveforms and harmonic spectra. (a) With load only. (b) With the passive filter only. (c) With load and passive filter. (d) With load,
passive, and active filters.

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BASIC et al.: HARMONIC FILTERING OF HIGH-POWER 12-PULSE RECTIFIER LOADS 1125

TABLE I used to obtain the circles with smaller radii). For the system of
SOURCE VOLTAGE BACKGROUND DISTORTION Fig. 9, the sampled source current is given by (25)

(25)

TABLE II where is the loop pulse transfer function. The stability

CONTROLLER PARAMETERS analysis can be done by examining the characteristic equation
. For this, we will apply the Nyquist criterion and,
thus, firstly we must find the frequency response of
(26) and construct the Nyquist plot in the frequency range
[11]

is passed after delay time ( ) to the space-vector PWM

modulator which directly controls the AF inverter through the
DSP digital outputs. The inverter is modeled as a constant gain
, taking into account the matching trans-
former transformation ratio and current transducer gains). Also
(26)
a deadtime of is introduced to model the inverter
and A/D and D/A conversion delays. In order to prevent pos-
sible aliasing effects, an antialiasing filter with cutoff frequency Because of the low-pass behavior of the system can
of 3 kHz at the input of the A/D converters is also introduced be approximated by only a few terms in (26). Thus, the fre-
(time constant ). quency response was calculated for the principal frequency and
The AF control system transfer function , according two side bands only [(26), , 1]. Magnitude and phase
to the block diagram of Fig. 3, can be obtained as a parallel characteristics of without the delay-time compensa-
connection of the harmonic controller blocks and P tion are shown in Fig. 11(a). Because of different amplifications
gain block ( ) in series with notch filter . introduced by the factor (equivalent
admittance seen from the AF terminals) the magnitude char-
acteristic is frequency dependent. The phase characteristic in
Fig. 11(a) shows an abrupt change in phase shift approximately
(23) from 90 to 90 between 5th–7th harmonics due to series
resonance. Besides this, a linear increase in phase lag caused by
the system delay can be noticed.
The magnitude and argument of the digital controller transfer The Nyquist plot of is shown in Fig. 11(b). Due to
function [Fig. 10(a)] can be obtained by numerical calculation the frequency-dependent gain in the closed-loop transfer
in the frequency range of interest (24) function the circular parts of the trajectory related to the dif-
ferent targeted harmonics have different radii. Their positions
are also different because of the different phase angle of admit-
(24)
tance and different phase lag due to the delay time. For
example, the point at the Nyquist trajectory corresponding to
High gains centered at the targeted frequencies provide good at- the 5th harmonic is placed in the first quadrant because of the
tenuation of the targeted source current harmonics. Although the capacitive nature of (shift 90 ) and 45 phase lag
harmonic controller introduces zero phase shift at the center fre- due to the delay time (in total 45 ). The point at the Nyquist
quency, a phase distortion can be noticed in the transition region. trajectory corresponding to the 7th harmonic is placed in the
This transition region must be narrow to prevent possible mu- third quadrant because of the inductive nature of ( 90
tual interference between controllers. A polar plot of the digital lag) and 63 phase lag due to the delay time (in total, 153 ).
controller transfer function is shown in Fig. 10(b). The transfer This system is not stable because the Nyquist curve encircles
function has a relatively small real value (small proportional the point ( 1, ). With the delay time compensation (Sec-
gain) in all frequency ranges except in a narrow frequency range tion III-D), the Nyquist plot of the system is shown in Fig. 12(a).
around the center frequencies where the transfer functions de- It is possible to see that circular parts of the Nyquist curve are
scribe circular trajectories with a very high gain and zero phase rotated clockwise for the corresponding phase lag introduced by
at the center frequencies (the polar plot was obtained with con- the system delay. At the targeted frequencies, the phase shift of
troller parameters as in Table II, except was has approximately or 90 caused by the .

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1126 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 48, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2001

Fig. 9. Block diagram of the AF closed-oop system with digital controller used in the stability analysis.

Fig. 10. (a) Modulus and argument and (b) polar plot of the AF controller
transfer function G (j!).

Fig. 11. (a) Modulus and argument of the AF control loop pulse transfer
Without the compensation, the system is not stable at higher function G (j! ) without the delay time compensation and (b) Nyquist plot
frequencies for inductive , while in the region where is in this case.
capacitive, the compensation may not be required. An expanded
view of the rectangle in Fig. 12(a) is shown in Fig. 12(b), con- VI. CONCLUSION
firming that the closed-loop system with the delay-time com-
pensation is stable as the Nyquist diagram does not encircle A hybrid filter system with selective AF control allows the use
the point ( 1, ). However, the stability margin may be low of a low-rating AF with reduced switching frequency that is par-
if low sampling frequency is used and can be considerably ticularly advantageous in high-power applications. The effec-
improved if higher sampling frequency is used. tiveness of a small-rating AF connected in series with a low-cost

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BASIC et al.: HARMONIC FILTERING OF HIGH-POWER 12-PULSE RECTIFIER LOADS 1127

[5] S. Bhattacharya and D. Divan, “Synchronous frame based controller

implementation for a hybrid series active filter system,” in Conf. Rec.
IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, vol. 3, Oct. 1995, pp. 2531–2540.
[6] J. Hafner, M. Aredes, and K. Neumann, “A shunt active power filter
applied to high voltage distribution lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,
vol. 12, pp. 266–272, Jan. 1997.
[7] D. Basic, V. S. Ramsden, and P. Muttik, “Digital implementation of the
synchronous reference frame controller for a selective hybrid filter con-
trol system,” in Proc. AUPEC/EECON’99, Sept. 1999, pp. 473–478.
[8] W. Zhang, A. J. Isaksson, and A. Ekstorm, “Analysis on the control
principle of the active DC filter in the Lindome converter station of
the Konti–Skan HVDC link,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 13, pp.
374–381, May 1998.
[9] F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, “Compensation characteristics of
the combined system of shunt passive and series active filter,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 29, pp. 144–152, Jan./Feb. 1993.
[10] A. Regalia, Adaptive IIR Filtering in Signal Processing and Con-
trol. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995.
[11] C. L. Phillips and H. T. Nagle, Digital Control System—Analysis and
Design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
[12] D. Basic, V. S. Ramsden, and P. K. Muttik, “Hybrid filter control
system with adaptive filters for selective elimination of harmonics and
interharmonics,” Proc. IEE—Elect. Power Applicat., vol. 147, no. 4,
pp. 295–303, July 2000.

Duro Basic received the Dipl.Eng. degree from

the University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia,
the M.E. degree from the University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and the Ph.D. degree from
the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, in
1981, 1993, and 2001, respectively, all in electrical
engineering.
He is currently a Research Officer working on con-
trol of electrical drives at the Centre for Electrical
Machines and Power Electronics (CEMPE), Univer-
sity of Technology. His research interests are power
electronics, active filters, power quality, and control of electrical drives.

Fig. 12. (a) Nyquist plot for the AF system with the delay time compensation
0
and (b) an expanded view around the critical point ( 1, j0).

Victor S. Ramsden graduated in electrical engi-

power-factor-correction capacitor is experimentally verified in neering in 1964 and received the Master’s degree
in 1965 from Melbourne University, Melbourne,
the filtering of the dominant harmonics of a 12–pulse rectifier Australia, and received the Ph.D. degree from the
load and preventing series and parallel resonance conditions University of Aston, Birmingham, U.K.
by targeting several critical harmonics. Harmonic current con- He spent one year with ASEA in Sweden and one
year with GEC Stafford. In 1972, he joined the Uni-
trollers based on IIR second-order digital resonant filters are versity of Technology, Sydney, Australia (UTS), ob-
centered to the targeted harmonic frequencies by using an adap- taining a Professorship in Electrical Engineering in
tive fundamental frequency tracking filter. This approach gives 1993. Beginning in 1988, he lead a collaboration on
permanent-magnet machine design between UTS and
good synchronization, even if the reference waveform (in our CSIRO Telecommunications and Industrial Physics, where he worked part time.
case, a load voltage) is highly distorted and no separate PLL is His research interests include ac motor control, electrical machine design, iron
required. Stability analysis was carried out and it showed the losses, renewable energy, and medical applications. He retired in 2000 and re-
mains an Emeritus Professor with UTS.
importance of the system delay-time compensation.

REFERENCES
[1] F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, “A new approach to harmonic com- Peeter K. Muttik (S’78–M’79) received the B.Sc.,
pensation in power systems—A combined system of shunt passive and B.E. (Hons.), and Ph.D. degrees from the University
series active filter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 26, pp. 983–990, of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, in 1973, 1974, and
Nov./Dec. 1990. 1980, respectively.
[2] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “A practical approach to harmonic compensation He currently holds the position of Chief Engineer,
in power systems—Series connection of passive and active filters,” IEEE Transmission and Distribution Systems, in the
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 27, pp. 1020–1025, Nov./Dec. 1991. project sector of ALSTOM Australia Ltd., Milperra,
[3] , “Design strategy for the combined system of shunt passive and Australia, which he joined in 1980. He has wide
series active filters,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, vol. 1, experience in power system analysis, static var
Sept./Oct. 1991, pp. 898–903. compensators and other high-power electronics
[4] P. T. Cheng, S. Bhattachaarya, and D. M. Divan, “Application of domi- turnkey projects, and in harmonic filter design,
nant harmonic active filter system with 12 pulse nonlinear loads,” IEEE commissioning, and testing.
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 14, pp. 642–647, Apr. 1999. Dr. Muttik is a member of the Institution of Engineers, Australia.

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