Child and adolescent

psychiatric disorders
Elena Garralda, Emeritus Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
Imperial College, London

Royal College of Psychiatrists

An Introduction to ICD-11 Mental and Behavioural Disorders
May 2021
 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ICD-11)
WHO Senior Officer: Geoffrey Reed
• 2010-2012 - Advisory Group for revision of ICD-10
International Working Group on Classification of Mental &
Behavioural Disorders in C&A
Michael Rutter (Chair) Daniel Pine, David Shaffer, Francisco Rafael de la Pena, Gillian Baird, John
Fayyad, John Lochman, Malavika Kapur, Olayinka Omigbodun, Per-Anders Rydelius, Sue Bailey,
Tuula Tamminen, Wenhong Chen, Rudolf Uher
Working relationship with DSM working group, to help harmonize systems
APA Neurodevelopmental working group: Sue Swedo (Chair)

• 2012-2017+ CDDG (Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines)

Task Force on Neurodevelopmental disorders
• Elena Garralda (Chair) David Skuse, Gillian Baird
Task Force on Disruptive Behavior and Dissocial Disorders
• Elena Garralda (Chair) John Lochman, Jeffrey Burke, Francisco de la Pena, Spencer Evans, Lourdes
Ezpeleta, Paula Fite, Walter Matthys, Michael Roberts, Salma Siddiqui
Child psychiatric merged
with adult Disorders
> the Lifespan Approach
• Increased evidence
• Adult disorders manifest in childhood with
comparable symptomatology
• There are strong continuities between child
and adult disorders
(developmental, emotional and behavioral)
that affect mental health and function
• Many young adults with psychiatric disorders
have had psychiatric diagnoses in adolescence
 Lifespan approach
• Emotional disorders with onset usually in childhood &
adolescence eliminated
• distributed to other groupings they share symptoms with

• Separation anxiety disorder

>> Anxiety and Fear-related disorders

• Feeding disorders
>> Feeding and Eating disorders
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: ARFID

• Each disorder now aims to describe variations in

child presentations
 CAP & Multi-axial framework

• Multi-axial framework (DSM 5) discarded

BUT
• Psychiatric co-morbidity allowed
• neurodevelopmental D, genetic or medical, other psychiatric

• Introduction of clinically relevant diagnostic

specifiers or qualifiers
• define homogeneous subgrouping of individuals sharing features that
may be relevant for management

• Culture-related information systematically incorporated

Disorder groupings in the ICD-11 chapter on mental, behavioural and
neurodevelopmental disorders
• Neurodevelopmental disorders • Disorders due to substance use and addictive behaviours
• Schizophrenia and other primary psychotic • Impulse control disorders
disorders • Disruptive behaviour and dissocial disorders
• Catatonia • Personality disorders
• Mood disorders • Paraphilic disorders
• Anxiety and fear-related disorders • Factitious disorders
• Neurocognitive disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
• Mental and behavioural disorders associated with
• Disorders specifically associated with stress pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
• Dissociative disorders • Psychological and behavioural factors affecting disorders
or diseases classified elsewhere
• Feeding and eating disorders • Secondary mental or behavioural syndromes associated
• Elimination disorders with disorders or diseases classified elsewhere

• Disorders of bodily distress and bodily

experience
Child Psychiatric Disorders in ICD-10

• Disorders of psychological development involving early developmental tasks: intellectual, learning and communication

a. Specific developmental disorders of speech and language/communication; of scholastic skills/learning; motor function
b. Pervasive developmental disorders, involving social development, communication and behaviour.

• Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
affected by emotional & behavioural immaturities of childhood

a. Hyperkinetic disorders

b. Conduct disorders

c. Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood

d. Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and adolescence

e. Tic disorders and others including enuresis, encopresis; feeding disorders, pica; stereotyped movement disorder;
stuttering, cluttering

• Disorders that apply across the age and developmental age

including mental retardation

 ICD 11

ICD 11 Neurodevelopmental ICD 11 Disruptive behaviour

Disorders and dissocial disorders

• Disorder of intellectual development - Oppositional defiant disorder

With chronic irritability-anger
With limited prosocial emotions
• Specific developmental D
(language, learning, motor/movement)

• Autism spectrum disorders - Conduct –dissocial disorder

With childhood/adolescent onset
With limited prosocial emotions
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders

• Behavioural & cognitive disorders arising during

developmental period
• significant difficulties in acquisition/execution of
specific intellectual, motor, language, social functions

• Disorders whose core features are neurodevelopmental

• although behavioural & cognitive deficits present in other mental
disorders that such as Schizophrenia & Bipolar disorders)

• Presumptive aetiology complex and often unknown

 ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics
(Version : 09/2020) Neurodevelopmental disorders
•

• 6A00 Disorders of intellectual development • 6A04 Developmental motor coordination disorder

• 6A05 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

• 6A01 Developmental speech or language disorders
• 6A06 Stereotyped movement disorder

• 6A02 Autism spectrum disorder • 8A05.0 Primary tics or tic disorders

• 6E60 Secondary neurodevelopmental syndrome

• 6A03 Developmental learning disorder
• 6A0Y Other specified neurodevelopmental
disorders

• 6A0Z Neurodevelopmental disorders, unspecified

Elon Musk reveals he has Asperger's during "Saturday
Night Live" monologue
Autism Spectrum Disorder in ICD-11
Essential features

A. Persistent deficits in
initiating and sustaining social B. Persistent restricted, repetitive
communication and reciprocal & inflexible patterns of behaviour,
interests or activities
social interactions that are clearly atypical or excessive for the
• that are outside the expected range of individual’s age, gender and sociocultural
typical functioning given the context
individual’s age and level of
intellectual development plus lifelong excessive and persistent
hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity
to sensory stimuli
 Exclusion from ICD-10

• Asperger syndrome little general cognitive/language delay; circumscribed interests

• Atypical Autism onset after 3 years; failure to meet criteria for number of
areas of abnormality

• Pervasive Developmental Disorder, unspecified

• Rett’s syndrome >> Diseases of the Nervous System causing regression

• Child disintegrative disorder “ “ “ “
 Qualifiers of ASD diagnosis

• Specify whether with, or without

• Disorder of Intellectual Development

• Language

• Loss of previously acquired skills

 Additional Features
Clinical presentation may be late
• ability to function adequately in many contexts through exceptional effort

Symptoms of anxiety, or depression may predominate

• + in adolescence and adulthood; can mask underlying social communication disorder

Social naiveté can lead to exploitation by others - social media

Genomic deletions, duplications and mutations

• increasingly recognized

Epilepsy - onset in early childhood or in adolescence

Unusual patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses

• In those with average IQ: common and highly variable across individuals
Speech and language disorders
ICD 10 ICD 11
• Specific Speech articulation disorder • Developmental Speech Sound Disorder
Speech Fluency
• Expressive language disorder
• Developmental Language Disorder
• Receptive language disorder
Qualifiers
1. Receptive/expressive impairment
2. Predominantly Expressive language impairment
3. Predominantly with impairment of pragmatic
language

• Acquired aphasia with epilepsy

• >Secondary language disorder
• Other or unspecified dev disorder of
speech/language – Selective mutism > >Anxiety & Fear-Related Disorders
ICD 11 Language Disorder Pragmatic Qualifier vs
DSM 5 Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder
BOTH INCLUDE
• Development difficulties understanding what not explicitly stated
• making inferences; nonliteral/ ambiguous meanings
• idioms, humour, metaphors
• multiple meanings depending on context for interpretation
• Impairs effective communication
• Not attributable to another disorder, including autism

SPCD (but not LDP Q) also includes

• Deficits in communication for social purposes

 A. Persistent difficulties in social use -
verbal/non-verbal communication
• Deficits using communication/social purposes • B. Deficits result in functional
• greeting/sharing information, appropriate limitations in
to social context
Social • effective communication, social
participation, social relationships,
academic achievement or
(pragmatic) • Impairment ability to change communication
to match social context/needs of listener
occupational performance,
individually or in combination

communication • speaking differently classroom

& playground; child & adult • C. Onset of symptoms: early
developmental period
disorder DSM 5 • avoiding use of overly formal language • but may not be fully manifest
until social communication
demands exceed limited
• Difficulties following rules for conversation capacities
& storytelling
• taking turns, rephrasing when • D. Symptoms not attributable to
misunderstood another medical/ neurological condition
• using verbal/nonverbal signals to regulate or to low abilities in domains of word
social interaction structure/ grammar
• and are not better explained by
autism spectrum disorder,
intellectual disability, global
• Difficulties understanding what not explicitly developmental delay or another
stated mental disorder
• making inferences; nonliteral/ ambiguous
meanings
• idioms, humour, metaphors
• multiple meanings depending on context
for interpretation
 • Classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder

ADHD in • As in DSM IV - same 18 symptoms, same dimensions

(inattention & hyperactivity/impulsivity)
• Age of onset of symptoms causing impairment:

DSM 5 7 >> 12 years (also ICD 11)

• 6/9 symptoms from hyperactive impulsive & for inattentive problems remains
Lowered threshold for adults and ≥ 17 Y 5/9
• Additional examples added to criterion items - especially for adults
• Strengthening of cross-situational requirement
• several symptoms in each setting required
• symptoms present when “with friends or relatives” added
• “Impairment” specified
• As “interfere with or reduce the quality of social, academic, or
occupational … functioning”
• Co-existing conditions possible: removal of exclusion for ASD (PDD)
• Discontinued “subtypes” >> specifiers
Combined
Predominantly inattentive
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
 • Persistent pattern (6 months+) of inattention &/or hyperactivity-impulsivity with direct
negative impact on academic, occupational, or social functioning.
• Symptoms present prior to age 12
• though some individuals may first come to clinical attention later
ICD-11 • Symptom level outside expected for age & intellectual level

•
Attention deficit Inattention : difficulty in sustaining attention to tasks that do not provide a high level of
stimulation or frequent rewards; distractibility and problems with organisation.

hyperactivity • Hyperactivity: excessive motor activity, difficulties remaining still, specially in structured
situations requiring behavioural self-control
disorder • Impulsivity: tendency to act in response to immediate stimuli, without deliberation or
consideration of the risks and consequences

• Relative balance and manifestations of symptoms varies across individuals and may
change over the course of development
• Symptoms evident across multiple situations or settings (home, school, work, or with friends or
relatives) but likely to vary according to structure and demands of setting
• Symptoms not better accounted for by another mental, behavioural, or neurodevelopmental
disorder and not due to thee effect of a substance or medication

Qualifiers: predominantly inattentive presentation

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation
combined presentation
 Summary - Neuro Developmental Disorders

• Largely aligned with DSM 5 - life span approach

• Include ICD10’s Mental Retardation > Disorders of Intellectual Development
Hyperkinetic D > ADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

• Some changes in nomenclature - Speech articulation D>> sound & fluency

- Developmental Language Disorder with impairment of pragmatic language vs DSM 5 SPCD

• Autism: amalgamation of earlier disorders >> Autistic Spectrum Disorders

• 3 > 2 two main dysfunctional areas
• manifestations with average intellect and in adults
• Qualifiers: intellectual and language development

• ADHD: lifespan approach

The disruptive behaviour and dissocial
disorders - DSM 5 & ICD 11
ICD 11 DSM 5
Disruptive behaviour & Dissocial Disruptive, impulse-control and
disorders conduct disorders
Oppositional defiant disorder
With chronic irritability-anger Oppositional defiant disorder
With limited prosocial emotions

Conduct –dissocial disorder Conduct disorder

With childhood vs adolescent onset With childhood/adolescent/unspecified onset
With limited prosocial emotions With limited prosocial emotions

Intermittent explosive disorder Intermittent explosive disorder

Pyromania and kleptomania

 Disruptive
behaviour &
Dissocial Oppositional defiant disorder
With chronic irritability-anger
disorders With limited prosocial emotions

Conduct –dissocial disorder

With childhood/adolescent onset
With limited prosocial emotions
Disruptive behaviour or dissocial disorders
• 6C90 Oppositional defiant D • 6C91 Conduct-dissocial disorder
• 6C90.0 Oppositional defiant disorder • 6C91.0 Conduct-dissocial disorder, childhood onset
• with chronic irritability-anger
• 6C91.00 Conduct-dissocial disorder, childhood onset
• 6C90.1 Oppositional defiant disorder • with limited prosocial emotions
• without chronic irritability-anger
• 6C91.01 Conduct-dissocial disorder, childhood onset
• 6C90.10 Oppositional defiant disorder • with typical prosocial emotions
without chronic irritability-anger
• with limited prosocial emotions • 6C91.0Z Conduct-dissocial disorder, childhood onset,
• unspecified
• 6C90.11 Oppositional defiant disorder
without chronic irritability-anger • 6C91.1 Conduct-dissocial disorder, adolescent onset
• with typical prosocial emotions • 6C91.10 Conduct-dissocial disorder, adolescent onset
• 6C90.1Z Oppositional defiant disorder • with limited prosocial emotions
without chronic irritability-anger
• 6C91.11 Conduct-dissocial disorder, adolescent onset
• unspecified
• with typical prosocial emotions
• 6C90.Z Oppositional defiant disorder
• 6C91.1Y Other specified conduct-dissocial disorder, adolescent
• unspecified onset
• 6C91.Z Conduct-dissocial disorder
• unspecified
• 6C9Y Other specified disruptive behaviour or dissocial disorders
• 6C9Z Disruptive behaviour or dissocial disorders, unspecified
Oppositional
defiant
disorder
With chronic irritability-anger

With limited prosocial emotions

 Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
• ICD-10: same category name
• Persistent pattern (> 6 months) of markedly defiant,
disobedient and provocative behavior
• More frequently than is typically in others of same age and developmental
level, not restricted to siblings.
• Persistent angry or irritable mood
• often accompanied with severe temper outburst, headstrong argumentative
and defiant behavior
• Significant impairment in several areas of functioning.
• Physical aggression in the preschool years can occur with ODD
• Expected to be first evident in early childhood
 DSM 5 - ODD has
3 symptoms groups In clinically referred boys, several studies find
but no subtype that irritability dimension of ODD only
predicts
Angry/irritable mood
(Review Evans et al, 2017 strongest support) • symptoms of depression and neuroticism
Often loses temper
Is often touchy or easily annoyed
• increased risk for mood/anxiety /neuroticism
Is often angry and resentful through adolescence and young adulthood

Argumentative/defiant behavior • parent-reported irritability age 14 predicted suicidality 30

(Spencer Evans et al, moderate support) years later in the Isle of Wight sample
Often argues with authority figures • did NOT predict bipolar disorder (Copeland et al., 2017)
(adults for children)
Often actively defies or refuses to
comply with requests from authority • factorial evidence for a broad ODD construct
figures or with rules • for some children, this includes severe chronic
Often deliberately annoys people irritability associated with internalizing problems
Often blames others for his or her
mistakes or misbehavior

Vindictiveness
(Evans et al, weak support)
Is often spiteful or vindictive
Subtypes of
ODD/Qualifier
• With chronic irritability-anger
• Prevailing & persistent angry/irritable mood
• Frequent and severe temper outbursts out
of proportion in intensity of the provocation

• Without chronic irritability-anger

• Not prevailing and persistent angry or
irritable mood, but with headstrong
argumentative, and defiant behavior
 DSM 5 - Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
(DMDD)
▪ Severe recurrent temper outbursts (more than tantrums) grossly out of
proportion in intensity/duration to the situation
• 3+ each week for 1 year+

• In-between, persistent irritable/angry mood

▫ most of the day and nearly every day
▫ observable by parents, teachers, or peers (in 2+ settings)
▫ Not 3+ consecutive months without symptoms

• Onset of symptoms before age 10

▫ diagnosis not made for the first time before age 6 or after 18 y

• Symptoms significantly different to ODD & Bipolar D

• Precursor condition: SMD (Severe Mood Dysregulation)
 Severe Mood Dysregulation
– SMD and DMDD
• Need to reduce overdiagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in US (4,000% in 12 years)
• SMH - chronic levels of anger or sadness, hyperarousal, reactivity
- predicted later anger & depressive, not bipolar Disorder (Deveney et al., 2014; Stringaris et al., 2010)
• DSM 5 : SMH >> Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
listed in DSM Chapter on Depression
• Temper outbursts (3+ per week) & severe irritability (daily, most day) ; 12 months+
• Responds to minor provocations with poor controlled negative emotions
& prevailing negative mood (irritable, angry, sad)
• Present in 2+ settings (home; school; peers); severe in at least in one
• 6+ years of age, onset before 10; no manic episode
But…
• Insufficient research evidence SMD
SMD >> DMDD by removing
• hyperarousal (insomnia, agitation, distractibility, racing
thoughts) from essential criteria
• low intelligence (IQ<80) from exclusionary criteria

• DMDD field studies and secondary analyses

• limited reliability, lack of psychiatric consensus
• very high rates of overlap with other disorders

(Spencer Evans et al 2017; John Lochman et al 2015)

Conduct/Dissocial
Disorder (CDD)
Disruptive
Conduct –dissocial disorder
behaviour &
Dissocial New qualifiers
disorders With childhood/adolescent onset
With limited prosocial emotions
Disruptive
Conduct –dissocial disorder
behaviour &
Dissocial New qualifiers
disorders
With childhood/adolescent onset
With limited prosocial emotions
CDD –Childhood & Adolescent onset
Subtypes
Childhood Onset Adolescent onset
• Symptoms before 10 years, males
• frequent display physical aggression
• CDD behaviors not evident before 10
toward others
>> disturbed peer relationships
• peer relations typically normal
• history of ODD in early childhood
• neurodevelopmental difficulties including • may have had ODD
ADHD with hyperactivity/impulsivity
• antisocial behaviour in one/both parents
• CD more likely to persistent into adulthood
than adolescent type
• may persist into adult life
 Limited Prosocial Emotions
NEW Qualifier for CDD and ODD (DSM 5 for CDD only) (e.g. Herper et al., 2012)

• Diagnostic guidelines
• Lack of empathy & sensitivity to feelings of others
• lack of concern for others’ distress
• Lack of remorse, shame or guilt about their own behavior
• unless prompted by being apprehended
• Relative indifference to probability of punishment
• absence of nervousness
• Lack of concern over poor performance in school or work
• Limited expression of emotions
• particularly positive and loving feelings expression is shallow
• insincere or instrumental

• Assessed: self-report & well-known informant

Limited prosocial emotions qualifier
• Based on research on psychopathic personality
• Callous and unemotional people
• Comparative early onset, and worse adult prognosis
• Cognitive and emotional deficits
• Deficits in processing signs of fear and distress in others
• fearless, indifference to punishment
• Significant heritability
• Less responsive to parenting interventions, behaviour therapy or
multimodal psychosocial interventions
• BUT only moderate stability over time, and traits may improve with Rx
 Summary: ICD 11 - CAPsych D

• Loss of Specific childhood disorders & multi-axial

classification
>> co-morbidity, qualifiers & CYP comments throughout
>> carefully described disorders, evidence base
• Childhood onset persistent disorders
- Neuro-developmental D (IDD & ADHD)
- Disruptive behaviour & Dissocial disorders
Qualifiers
ODD - irritability (vs DSM 5 DMDD ) & low prosocial
CD - age of onset & low prosocial
• Classification and CAMHS
References
• Garralda ME (2016) ICD-11 – Comparison with DSM-5 and implications for child &
adolescent psychiatric disorders. Chapter in: Hodes M and Gau S
(Editors/IACAPAP): Positive Mental Health, Fighting Stigma and Promoting
Resiliency for Children and Adolescents. Academic Press/Elsevier, London. Pp 15-
35. http://iacapap.org/publications

• Lochman JE, Evans SC, Burke JD, Roberts MC, Fite PJ, Reed GM, de la Peña FR,
Matthys W, Ezpeleta L, Siddiqui S, Garralda ME (2015) An empirically based
alternative to DSM-5’s disruptive mood dysregulation disorder for ICD-11. World
Psychiatry 14:1, 30-33; doi 10.1002/wps.20176.
http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/27858