Welcome to:

Rajant Mesh Training

BREADCRUMB BASICS
Topics

Breadcrumb Models
• LX5
• ME4
• JR3
• ES1-5250
• KM3-2450R/2409
• DX2
• Slip Stream

Meshing
• A Definition
• Rajant Meshing

Networking

BC|Commander
Breadcrumb Models LX5

• Military, Mining, Transportation (Primary Infrastructure)

• Enclosure has up to four radios and six antenna ports.

• Radios can be any

combination of:
5GHz (802.11a/n)
4.9GHz
2.4GHz (802.11b/g/n)
900MHz Infrastructure in Mining,
Ports, Transportation, Oil and
Gas
• Power consumption @ 24V:
Three Radios: 7 W (idle); 26 W (maximum) @ 24 V
Four Radios: 8 W (idle); 33 W (maximum) @ 24 V
Breadcrumb Models LX5

• Increased performance:
-Faster processor

• Increased Ruggedness:
-MilSpec
-IP 67
-Rock-solid construction

• Security Capabilities for Military Applications:

-Suite B
-FIPS 140-2
 LX5 Models

6/24/2020
Breadcrumb Models ME4

• Enclosure has two radios and antenna ports.

(four antenna ports for 802.11n)
• Radios can be any combination of:
5GHz (802.11a/n)
4.9GHz
2.4GHz (802.11b/g/n)
900MHz

• Power consumption @ 24V:

5.5 W (average, idle)
19 W (maximum, peak) Mining, Ports, Transportation,
• Increased Ruggedness: Oil and Gas (Great for Mobile
MilSpec Unit installation)
IP 67
Rock-solid construction
 Breadcrumb Models: JR3

• Selectable 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequencies supporting a

wide variety of applications and environments
• Single radio, single frequency
• Lower power consumption (1.8W avg, 6W peak @24vdc)
• Military Grade Security
• Edge device, not meant to be an “integral” part of the
network. Good for light vehicles, pumps and cameras

Edge Device, IP67

rated, good for light
duty vehicle installs,
pumps, cameras

8
Breadcrumb Models: ES1-5250
• 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio frequencies
supporting
a wide variety of applications and
environments
• Low power consumption (2.8W avg, 15W
peak @24VDC)
• Not currently IP67 rated
• Small and Light (6.079” x 5.830” x 1.575”
and 15.5oz)
• 1 programmable radio (2.4/5.8 Ghz)
• 2nd Radio is 5 Ghz Uni 1 and 3

Ports, Oil and Gas,

Transportation, Mobile
Units/ Outdoor Rated. NOT
shock and vibration tested. 9
 KM3-2450R/2409R

• Non-Ruggedized version of our

BreadCrumb® ME4.
• Intended for deployment inside pre-existing
outdoor NEMA enclosures.
• All of the same ME4 performance, capabilities,
and features with the same temperature
specs. but without the IP67 housing.
• The nodes can be mounted on the pre-
designed, pre-configured panels used with
these systems along with the circuitry, sensors,
and I/O devices typically included on the data
panels. Oil and Gas, Transportation
• The KM3 BreadCrumb is an ideal wireless and Ports. Requires an
network solution for the Energy market, Enclosure.
particularly Oil & Gas operations that rely
heavily on SCADA, real-time monitoring, and
video surveillance. 10
KM3-2450R/ 2409R

11
 DX2
The DX2 is Rajant’s smallest and lightest BreadCrumb,
forming a mesh network when used in conjunction with
other BreadCrumb systems. Encased in magnesium, it
weighs 123g with a MIMO-antenna system and is
designed for private wireless networks on lightweight
autonomous vehicles. Its small footprint and very low
payload weight make it ideal for drone swarms, remote
CCTV, telematics monitoring, and most things mobile.

Perfect for Drones, Wearable

and Edge Devices

12
 Breadcrumb Models Slip Stream
• Powerful CPU dedicated to Kinetic
Mesh Encapsulation
• Seamless integration with current
BC models, backwards compatible
• Fast and reliable ingress & egress
for data, voice and video
• Support for several strong
cryptographic options
• Instamesh networking software,
enabling the network to quickly
adapt
• Self configuring operation
• Compatible with BC Commander Wired Infrastructure ONLY.
and BC Enterprise To be installed in an
• Designed for indoor installation enclosure. No POE.
Breadcrumb Models Slip Stream
 BreadCrumbs® Are Not Just Radios

• BreadCrumbs are intelligent network nodes that

perform multiple functions:
➢ Switch – constantly scans all mesh connections across all
frequencies and selects the best connection and route for each
packet sent.
➢ Router – not only acts as a repeater to relay packets but dynamically
reevaluates and reroutes each packet to best/fastest route
➢ VLANs – can restrict and direct what message packets go where
➢ Gateway – used for extension of network
➢ Bridge – can route messages across a wired network or microwave
links or allow multiple breadcrumbs to be connected together to act
as one.
➢ Access Point – Can allow any 802.11 client to access the network.
Breadcrumb Architecture

Antenna Each radio (WLAN)

Ports can be configured
as:
Radio Radio • Mesh only
(WLAN3) (WLAN0) • AP only
• Mesh + AP

Eth0
Routes and Costs
Ethernet
InstaMesh ® Ports
Eth1

Microprocessor
Radio Radio
(WLAN2) (WLAN1)
 Rajant’s Definition of Mesh:

A Mesh Network is a collection of

wireless network devices (3 or more) that
associate to each other in order to form a
path for data to flow.
Rajant Meshing

MULTI-FREQUENCY
PEER-TO-PEER
CONNECTION

900MHz
5.8GHz
2.4GHz
Rajant Meshing
 Rajant Meshing
A LAYER-2 NETWORK IS NOW FORMED WITH THE BREADCRUMBS. CLIENTS
CAN BE WIRED TO THE BREADCRUMBS, OR ASSOCIATE WIRELESSLY.
 Rajant Meshing
PACKETS HAVE MULTIPLE PATHS THAT CAN BE TAKEN BETWEEN
SOURCE AND DESTINATION. EITHER FREQUENCY ON EACH
LINK CAN BE USED BY THE PACKET.

SOURCE

DESTINATION
 Rajant Meshing
THE MESHING PROTOCOL WILL DETECT WEAKENED LINKS CAUSED
BY INTERFERENCE AND DYNAMICALLY AVOID THESE LINKS
UTILIZING THE MULTIPLE AVAILABLE PATHS.

SOURCE
INTERFERENCE!

DESTINATION
 Rajant Meshing
NOT ONLY CAN THE MESHING PROTOCOL AVOID INTERFERENCE
2.4GHz
GEOGRAPHICALLY, THE AFFECTED FREQUENCY CAN BE
AVOIDED ALTOGETHER IF NECESSARY. 5GHz

900MHz

SOURCE
2.4GHz
INTERFERENCE!

DESTINATION
Rajant Meshing

The BreadCrumbs detect bad links by “costing” the links.

TIME STARTS WHEN

TIME STOPS WHEM PACKET IS SENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PACKET IS RECEIVED GOOD COST IS
THEN RECORDED!

ACK.
PACKET
Rajant Meshing

The BreadCrumbs detect bad links by “costing” the links.

TIME STARTS WHEN

TIME STOPS WHEN PACKET IS SENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PACKET IS RECEIVED “BAD” COST IS
THEN RECORDED!

ACK.
PACKET

INTERFERENCE AT Rx ANTENNA:
INITIAL PACKET NOT HEARD,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PACKET
NOT IMMEDIATELY SENT.
 Rajant Meshing
THE NETWORK IS VERY RESILIENT TO THE LOSS OF BREADCRUMBS.
PACKETS STILL HAVE MANY OPTIONS FOR PATH BETWEEN
SOURCE AND DESTINATION.

SOURCE

DESTINATION
 Rajant Meshing
ANY BREADCRUMB ON THE NETWORK CAN BE CONNECTED TO
THE LAN. MULTIPLE BREADCRUMS CAN BE CONNECTED LAN
TO THE LAN.

LAN
 Breadcrumb Architecture

Automatic Protocol Tunneling – Allows multiple

ingress points to the wired network, eliminating
single points of failure.

SW SW SW

Radio Radio Radio Radio

InstaMesh ® InstaMesh ®

Radio Radio Radio Radio

Breadcrumb Architecture

Radio Radio Breadcrumbs connected

directly to each other using
Routes and Costs
: an Ethernet cable treat the
wired connection as an
Radio Radio alternate wireless
connection, but much
faster.
Radio Radio

This is referred to as a
Routes and Costs
: RAPTR Configuration

Radio Radio
 Rajant Meshing
ADDING BREADCRUMBS TO A NETWORK WILL MAKE THE NETWORK STRONGER,
PROVIDING MORE POSSIBLE ROUTES FOR PACKETS TO TAKE
BETWEEN POINTS IN THE MESH.
Rajant Meshing

Breadcrumbs must share:

• Radio channel for each frequency
band (several channels supported)
• Breadcrumb-network name a
unique name for every Rajant
network
• Network key (a single
passphrase/key used to secure
network)
• Crypto settings (packet cipher,
MAC cipher, per-hop
authentication, key sequence
number).
Traditional WiFi AP

Dedicated
Backhaul Bridge Access Point Ethernet
(5 GHz) (2.4 GHz) Ports
Traditional Wireless Networks

App
Server

SW

2.4 GHz Client

Infrastructure node (WiFi AP)
Mobile Equipment (WiFi Client) 5.8 GHz Backhaul
S
Traditional Wireless Networks

App
Server

SW

Infrastructure node (WiFi AP)

Mobile Equipment (WiFi Client)
Rajant Mesh Network

App
Server

SW

2.4 GHz
Infrastructure node (Breadcrumb)
Mobile Equipment (Breadcrumb) 5.8 GHz
S
Rajant Mesh Network

App
Server

SW

2.4 GHz
Infrastructure node (Breadcrumb)
Mobile Equipment (Breadcrumb) 5.8 GHz
S
Rajant Mesh Network

Radio

InstaMesh ®

Radio

2.4 GHz
Infrastructure node (Breadcrumb)
Mobile Equipment (Breadcrumb) 5.8 GHz
S
TCP/IP Description

What is an IP Address???
• An IP Address unique string of numbers separated by periods that
identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate
over a network.
Why do I need an IP Address???
• An IP address serves two primary functions. It is used as an interface
identification for a network of machines and it also serves to provide a
location of that machine, much like a physical address for a home or
business. Because an IP address is a unique identifier, it allows
computers to send and receive information to and from specific
computers in a given network.

2 types, Internal (192.168.20.24) External (216.168.224.70)

 TCP/IP Description (Cont.)

What is a Subnet Mask?

• A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network.
The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is
called subnetting.

Computers that belong to a subnet are addressed

with an identical most significant bit-group in their IP
addresses. This results in the logical division of an IP
address into two fields, the network number or
routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The
rest field is an identifier for a specific host or network
interface. Ex: 192.168.100.0 Subnet 255.255.255.0
TCP/IP Description (Cont.)

What is a MAC Address?

• Media Access Control Address (MAC) an
unique identifier assigned to a network
interface controller (NIC) for
communications at the data link layer of a
network segment. MAC addresses are used
as a network address for most IEEE 802
network technologies, including Ethernet,
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
 So, What Happens????

Device A Device B

“I have a Message for Device B,

Where is he”?

“I will send out an ARP and find

out”!
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. When you try to
ping an IP address on your local network, say 192.168.1.1,
your system has to turn the IP address 192.168.1.1 into a MAC
address. This involves using ARP to resolve the address, hence
its name.
 What’s an ARP???

Device A Device B

“I have a Message for Device B,

Where is he”?

“I will send out an ARP and find

out”!
Systems (computers) keep an ARP look-up table where they
store information about what IP addresses are associated with
what MAC addresses. When trying to send a packet to an IP
address, the system will first consult this table to see if it
already knows the MAC address. If there is a value cached,
ARP is not used
 ARP Reply……

Device A Device B

“I am Device B and my IP is
“I have a Message for Device B,
192.168.X.Y”
Where is he”?

Systems keep an ARP look-up table where they store

information about what IP addresses are associated with what
MAC addresses. When trying to send a packet to an IP
address, the system will first consult this table to see if it
already knows the MAC address. If there is a value cached,
ARP is not used
When Breadcrumbs Talk…..

Discovery ARP( Who’s out there)?

ME4-A “Just us Breadcrumbs ME4-B

on Network AAA”

“Awesome..I’ll put you

in my Breadcrumb table
and remember how to
find you”.
 How do they Talk??

• Breadcrumbs need to share only a few things to

talk to one another. They operate at Open
Systems Interconnection(OSI) Layer 2
– Network Name
– Network Key
– Radio Channel
– Security
 BC|Commander®Management Software

Topology View
BC|Commander: Time-Saving
BreadCrumb® Network
Management
• Secure, encrypted link to each
BreadCrumb
• Available for Microsoft® Windows®
and Linux®
• Real-time, global view of your
network
• Easy-to-use, intuitive graphical
interface
• Configure multiple BreadCrumbs
and update firmware remotely
• Network analysis and configuration
reporting
• Over-the-air software upgrades
BC|Commander® Management Software

Table View

47
Summary

Breadcrumb Models

Meshing

Networking

BC|Commander