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Form 5 Mathematics Topic 2 - The Quadratic Function Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts related to quadratic functions including how to graph quadratic functions, determine their properties such as intercepts, vertex, axis of symmetry, domain and range, and how to solve quadratic equations using methods such as factoring, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. It also discusses exam-style questions related to these topics.

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72 views74 pages

Form 5 Mathematics Topic 2 - The Quadratic Function Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts related to quadratic functions including how to graph quadratic functions, determine their properties such as intercepts, vertex, axis of symmetry, domain and range, and how to solve quadratic equations using methods such as factoring, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. It also discusses exam-style questions related to these topics.

Uploaded by

suki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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FORM 5 MATHEMATICS

TOPIC-THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION


OBJECTIVES:
-Draw and interpret graphs of a quadratic function to determine:
(a) the elements of the domain that have a given image
(b) the image of a given element in the domain
(c) the maximum or minimum value of the function
(d) the equation of the axis of symmetry;
(e) the interval of the domain for which the elements of the range may be greater than or less than a given point (f)
an estimate of the value of the gradient at a given point; intercepts of the function
- determine the axis of symmetry, maximum or minimum value of a quadratic function expressed in the form
��(�� + ��)�� + ��
- sketch graph of quadratic function expressed in the form ��(�� + ��)���� and determine number of

rootsSobion’s Private Tutoring


Service
RECAP OF QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS

HOW
DO WE KNOW
SOMETHING IS A QUADRATIC?

STANDARD/ GENERAL FORM OF A QUADRATIC


METHOD 1- BY
RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
FACTORISATION
This is
the simplest method if it
is possible.
FOR EXAMPLE

WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM ‘ROOTS’

‘ROOTS’ GRAPHICALLY
RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
METHOD 2- BY USING THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA
The method of factorization works only
when the solutions are integers or simple
fractions. We must be careful to bear in
mind that although a quadratic equation
may not be factorisable, it may still have
solutions

RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


METHOD 3- BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC
EQUATIONSMETHOD 3- BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
IN YOUR EXAM PAPER:
They ask you to complete the square of a quadratic then
They ask you graphical features of the quadratic in which the answer was already found in
completing the square.
EXAM TIP
If they ask you to specifically factorize a quadratic using method of perfect squares
complete the square you must use method 1.
But if they just ask to just complete the square you can use either method 1 or 2.

RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC


EQUATIONSMETHOD 3: BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
COMPLETING THE SQUARE FORM:
RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC
EQUATIONSMETHOD 1- BY
COMPLETING THE
SQUARE
EXAMPLE 1
Hence h=-5/4 and k=-49/8

RECAP:
SOLVING
QUADRATIC EQUATIONSMETHOD 1- BY
COMPLETING
THE SQUARE
EXAMPLE 2

RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC


EQUATIONSMETHOD 1- BY
COMPLETING THE
SQUARE
EXAMPLE 2
Hence h=-2 & k=-3
RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
METHOD 2- USING THE FORMULA METHOD
ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS JUST MEMORISE THESE TWO FORMULAS AND SUBSTITUTE
ITS RESPECTIVE VALUES

RECAP:
SOLVING
QUADRATIC
EQUATIONSMETHOD 2- BY
FORMULA
METHOD
EXAMPLE 1
Hence h=-5/4 and
k=-49/8

RECAP:
SOLVING
QUADRATIC EQUATIONSMETHOD 1-
BY
COMPLETING
THE SQUARE
EXAMPLE 2
Hence h=-2
and k=-3

IN DOING A QUADRATIC FUNCTION GRAPHICAL


QUESTION
CXC CAN ONLY test the following features :
1. Opening of the Graph
2. y-intercepts
3. x-intercepts
4. Vertex (turning point)
5. Axis of symmetry
6. Domain
7. Range
8. Minimum/ Maximum VALUE

OPENING OF A GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION


2
�� �� = ���� + ���� + ��
As you will have noticed in drawing such graphs, the graph of a quadratic function
�� �� = ����2 + ���� + �� has a characteristics shape. It has a curve
called a parabola.

FOR EXAMPLE
MINIMUM GRAPH OF THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION
2
�� �� = ���� + ���� + ��
x-coordinates

�� �� = ����2 − ���� − �� FOR


EXAMPLE
This is known as
the DOMAIN- the This is known as RANGE – y-values
values of your

MAXIMUM GRAPH OF THE QUADRATIC


2
FUNCTION �� �� = ���� +
���� + ��
�� �� = −����2 − ���� −
��
FOR EXAMPLE

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION


y-intercepts
▪ This
occurs when the x-coordinate is equal to zero

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION


x-intercept/s
▪ This occurs when the y-coordinate is equal to zero
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point/maximum point)
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point/minimum point)
WHY DO YOU THINK THAT POINT IS
CALLED THE MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM
POINT ?
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point/ maximum or minimum point)
METHOD 1- Find x-coordinate
of vertex

We get the x-coordinate of the


vertex by using the axis of
symmetry formula as the axis
of symmetry passes through
the maximum/minimum point

Then substitute that x value


into the quadratic function
equation to get the respective
y-value

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION


VERTEX (turning point)
Find y-coordinate of vertex
Then substitute that x value into the
quadratic function equation to get
the respective y-value
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point)
METHOD 2- Find the x
coordinate of vertex

FIND THE AVERAGE OF THE


TWO ROOTS

Then substitute that x value


into the quadratic function
equation to get the
respective
y-value
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point)
METHOD 2- Find the y-coordinate of vertex
Then substitute that x value into the quadratic function equation to get the
respective y value
EXAM TIPS

▪ In your exam paper they normally ask you to complete the


square and then determine the coordinates of the vertex from
it
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Axis of Symmetry
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Interval of Domain(x-values of the graph)

▪ All the values of x which are real numbers


▪ Real numbers include- rational (decimals/fractions/ reoccurring ), integers, whole,
natural and irrational (distinct values like pi and radicals)
▪ the interval of the domain for which the elements of the range may be greater than or
less than a given point

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION


Domain (x-values)
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Domain( x-values)
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Range(y-values of the graph)
▪ Possible y-values which can be any
thing below the
maximum/minimum point
▪ Hence the range of quadratic
function

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION


Maximum/Minimum value Graphically

▪ The value of y of the vertex


▪ Maximum value of this quadratic
graph, f(x)=8
VERTEX FORM OF
A QUADRATIC
FUNCTION
��
VERTEX FORM LOOKS LIKE �� = �� �� + �� + ��
Hence vertex 🡪 −��, ��
ALSO NOTE THAT THE MAXIMUM/MINIMUM POINT = VERTEX
If a question is asking to represent the minimum or maximum POINT from completing the
square ALWAYS put it into VERTEX FORM

USE THE VERTEX FORM FOR THE VERTEX AND MINIMUM/MAXIMUM POINT
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 1
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 2
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 3
Maximum/Minimum value of the quadratic
function USING VERTEX FORM

Minimum/ Maximum Value = k

OR
������−����
Minimum/Maximum Value =
����
CXC NORMALLY ASK AS WELL the value of x for which the
minimum/maximum value occurs- this means the x-coordinate of the vertex
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 1
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 2
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 3
Estimate of the value of the gradient
at a Maximum point
▪ The gradient of curve at a point =
Gradient of tangent of that point
▪ This is known as an stationary point, in
which the gradient, m is zero m= 0
▪ Notice the tangent is horizontal
running, and every horizontal line has
a gradient of zero
SKETCHING THE GRAPH
OF A QUADRATIC
FUNCTION
To draw the graph, we need a table of values. For a sketch, we need only to
known:

1. The shape of the curve


2. y-intercept
3. x-intercepts (roots)
4. The position of the turning point (vertex)

EXAM STYLE
QUESTION
NUMBER OF
ROOTS (DISCRIMINANT)
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES EXAMPLE 1
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES EXAMPLE 2
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
ONE LINEAR AND ONE NON-LINEAR (QUADRATIC )

REVIEW SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS POWER-POINT


FOR THESE NOTES !
Draw and interpret the graphs of other
non-linear functions

▪ Exponential functions involve exponents, where the variable is now the power.
We encounter non-linear relations in the growth of population with time and the
growth of invested money at compounded interest rates

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