FORM 5 MATHEMATICS

TOPIC-THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION

OBJECTIVES:
-Draw and interpret graphs of a quadratic function to determine:
(a) the elements of the domain that have a given image
(b) the image of a given element in the domain
(c) the maximum or minimum value of the function
(d) the equation of the axis of symmetry;
(e) the interval of the domain for which the elements of the range may be greater than or less than a given point (f)
an estimate of the value of the gradient at a given point; intercepts of the function
- determine the axis of symmetry, maximum or minimum value of a quadratic function expressed in the form
��(�� + ��)�� + ��
- sketch graph of quadratic function expressed in the form ��(�� + ��)���� and determine number of

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RECAP OF QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS

HOW
DO WE KNOW
SOMETHING IS A QUADRATIC?

STANDARD/ GENERAL FORM OF A QUADRATIC

 METHOD 1- BY
RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
FACTORISATION
This is
the simplest method if it
 is possible.
FOR EXAMPLE

WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM ‘ROOTS’

‘ROOTS’ GRAPHICALLY
RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
METHOD 2- BY USING THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA
The method of factorization works only
when the solutions are integers or simple
fractions. We must be careful to bear in
mind that although a quadratic equation
may not be factorisable, it may still have
solutions

RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

METHOD 3- BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
 RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC
EQUATIONSMETHOD 3- BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
IN YOUR EXAM PAPER:
They ask you to complete the square of a quadratic then
They ask you graphical features of the quadratic in which the answer was already found in
completing the square.
EXAM TIP
If they ask you to specifically factorize a quadratic using method of perfect squares
complete the square you must use method 1.
But if they just ask to just complete the square you can use either method 1 or 2.

RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC

EQUATIONSMETHOD 3: BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
COMPLETING THE SQUARE FORM:
 RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC
EQUATIONSMETHOD 1- BY
COMPLETING THE
SQUARE
EXAMPLE 1
Hence h=-5/4 and k=-49/8

RECAP:
SOLVING
QUADRATIC EQUATIONSMETHOD 1- BY
COMPLETING
THE SQUARE
EXAMPLE 2

RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC

EQUATIONSMETHOD 1- BY
COMPLETING THE
SQUARE
EXAMPLE 2
Hence h=-2 & k=-3
 RECAP: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE
METHOD 2- USING THE FORMULA METHOD
ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS JUST MEMORISE THESE TWO FORMULAS AND SUBSTITUTE
ITS RESPECTIVE VALUES

RECAP:
SOLVING
QUADRATIC
EQUATIONSMETHOD 2- BY
FORMULA
METHOD
EXAMPLE 1
Hence h=-5/4 and
k=-49/8

RECAP:
SOLVING
QUADRATIC EQUATIONSMETHOD 1-
BY
COMPLETING
THE SQUARE
EXAMPLE 2
Hence h=-2
and k=-3

IN DOING A QUADRATIC FUNCTION GRAPHICAL

QUESTION
CXC CAN ONLY test the following features :
1. Opening of the Graph
2. y-intercepts
3. x-intercepts
4. Vertex (turning point)
5. Axis of symmetry
6. Domain
7. Range
8. Minimum/ Maximum VALUE

OPENING OF A GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

2
�� �� = ���� + ���� + ��
As you will have noticed in drawing such graphs, the graph of a quadratic function
�� �� = ����2 + ���� + �� has a characteristics shape. It has a curve
called a parabola.

FOR EXAMPLE
MINIMUM GRAPH OF THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION
2
�� �� = ���� + ���� + ��
 x-coordinates

�� �� = ����2 − ���� − �� FOR

EXAMPLE
This is known as
the DOMAIN- the This is known as RANGE – y-values
values of your

MAXIMUM GRAPH OF THE QUADRATIC

2
FUNCTION �� �� = ���� +
���� + ��
�� �� = −����2 − ���� −
��
FOR EXAMPLE

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

y-intercepts
▪ This
occurs when the x-coordinate is equal to zero

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

x-intercept/s
▪ This occurs when the y-coordinate is equal to zero
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point/maximum point)
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point/minimum point)
WHY DO YOU THINK THAT POINT IS
CALLED THE MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM
POINT ?
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point/ maximum or minimum point)
METHOD 1- Find x-coordinate
of vertex

We get the x-coordinate of the

vertex by using the axis of
symmetry formula as the axis
of symmetry passes through
the maximum/minimum point

Then substitute that x value

into the quadratic function
equation to get the respective
y-value

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

VERTEX (turning point)
Find y-coordinate of vertex
Then substitute that x value into the
quadratic function equation to get
the respective y-value
 FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point)
METHOD 2- Find the x
coordinate of vertex

FIND THE AVERAGE OF THE

TWO ROOTS

Then substitute that x value

into the quadratic function
equation to get the
respective
y-value
 FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
VERTEX (turning point)
METHOD 2- Find the y-coordinate of vertex
Then substitute that x value into the quadratic function equation to get the
respective y value
 EXAM TIPS

▪ In your exam paper they normally ask you to complete the

square and then determine the coordinates of the vertex from
it
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Axis of Symmetry
 FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Interval of Domain(x-values of the graph)

▪ All the values of x which are real numbers

▪ Real numbers include- rational (decimals/fractions/ reoccurring ), integers, whole,
natural and irrational (distinct values like pi and radicals)
▪ the interval of the domain for which the elements of the range may be greater than or
less than a given point

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

Domain (x-values)
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Domain( x-values)
FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Range(y-values of the graph)
▪ Possible y-values which can be any
thing below the
maximum/minimum point
 ▪ Hence the range of quadratic
function

FEATURES/PARTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

Maximum/Minimum value Graphically

▪ The value of y of the vertex

▪ Maximum value of this quadratic
graph, f(x)=8
VERTEX FORM OF
A QUADRATIC
FUNCTION
 ��
VERTEX FORM LOOKS LIKE �� = �� �� + �� + ��
Hence vertex 🡪 −��, ��
ALSO NOTE THAT THE MAXIMUM/MINIMUM POINT = VERTEX
If a question is asking to represent the minimum or maximum POINT from completing the
square ALWAYS put it into VERTEX FORM

USE THE VERTEX FORM FOR THE VERTEX AND MINIMUM/MAXIMUM POINT
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 1
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 2
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 3
Maximum/Minimum value of the quadratic
function USING VERTEX FORM

Minimum/ Maximum Value = k

OR
������−����
Minimum/Maximum Value =
����
CXC NORMALLY ASK AS WELL the value of x for which the
minimum/maximum value occurs- this means the x-coordinate of the vertex
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 1
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 2
EXAM STYLE QUESTION 3
 Estimate of the value of the gradient
at a Maximum point
▪ The gradient of curve at a point =
Gradient of tangent of that point
▪ This is known as an stationary point, in
which the gradient, m is zero m= 0
▪ Notice the tangent is horizontal
running, and every horizontal line has
a gradient of zero
SKETCHING THE GRAPH
OF A QUADRATIC
FUNCTION
To draw the graph, we need a table of values. For a sketch, we need only to
known:

1. The shape of the curve

2. y-intercept
3. x-intercepts (roots)
4. The position of the turning point (vertex)

EXAM STYLE
QUESTION
NUMBER OF
ROOTS (DISCRIMINANT)
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES EXAMPLE 1
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES EXAMPLE 2
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
ONE LINEAR AND ONE NON-LINEAR (QUADRATIC )

REVIEW SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS POWER-POINT

FOR THESE NOTES !
Draw and interpret the graphs of other
non-linear functions

▪ Exponential functions involve exponents, where the variable is now the power.
We encounter non-linear relations in the growth of population with time and the
growth of invested money at compounded interest rates