FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER STUDIES

This study aims to give students who have had little or no contact with computers
the foundation for all work using a computer. The concepts presented here are very
general. These are global concepts that make a computer.

Students who are already accustomed to computer work can skim this section
quickly, because it will be for them a review. This section should help students
who are not familiar with the basic concepts to understand the rest of this
document.

(DAY 1, 2)

Table of contents

Introduction to Microsoft Word with practice (Basic)

(DAY 3, 4)

Table of contents

Introduction to Microsoft Excel with practice (Basic)

(DAY 7, 8)

Table of contents

Introduction to Microsoft Power Point with practice (Basic)

(DAY 9)

Table of contents

 Introduction to computer science

 Storage
 Software and hardware
 Operating system
 Microsoft Windows
 Versions and editions
 Regional and language settings
 File system
 Computer networks
 Communication
 Internet connections
 Computer security
 Encryption and Passwords
 Viruses and antivirus
 Internet navigation
 Data processing
 What is a program?
 What is a file?
 Directories

(DAY 10 and 11)

Table of contents

Introduction to Operating system

 Using Windows 7
 Using Windows 10
 Using Linux ( Basic )
 Create Folder , Backup Folder, Restore Folder
 File Sharing and SHA-256 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm (Theory)
 Using VPN
Title: Basic Computer Fundamentals

1
Basic Computer Fundamentals
2
What Is a Computer?

 A computer is a programmable machine with two

principal characteristics
 It responds to a specific set of instructions in
a well-defined manner.
 It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions
(a program).

3
Modern Computers Are Electronic and Digital.
They Can Be Described in Terms Their Hardware and
Software.
THE MODERN COMPUTER
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Hardware
Hardware refers to objects that you can actually
touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens,
keyboards, printers, boards, and chips.
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HARD DISK AND DRIVE
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MONITORS
7
K
E
Y
B
O
A
R
D
S
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PRINTERS
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CHIPS
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USB TO MIDI
11
EXTERNAL STORAGE
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USB HUB
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Software
Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols,
but it has no substance.
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 Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the

ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences,
paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the
software. A computer without software is like a
book full of blank pages -- you need software to
make the computer useful just as you need words
to make a book meaningful.

15
Computers Use Random Access Technology - Data Can
Be Accessed in Any Order at Any Time Regardless
of Storage Position or Time of Creation.
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The Language of Computers

 Binary the digital language of computers. This

language is composed of an alphabet containing
only 2 letters known as bits. Any work done on
a modern computer from word processing to digital
audio is translated to this language.

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Digital Letters and Words

 Bit the smallest form of information in the

language of computers. It is represented as a
zero or a one. A bit can be considered a letter
in the digital language of binary.
 Byte a word of information in binary. It is
made of a number bits determined by the bit rate.
8 bits is usually 1 byte on modern computers.
19
Bit Rate

 Bit rate the number of letters or bits in a

digital word or byte. An example of a 16 bit
digital word in binary could be (01010101
10101010).

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Example

 8 bits 1 byte
 1024 bytes 1 kilobyte (210)
 1024 kilobytes 1 megabyte (220)
 1024 megabytes 1 gigabyte (230)

21
Important Hardware

 CPU - abbreviation of central processing unit,

the CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes
referred to simply as the processor or central
processor, the CPU is where most calculations
take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU
is the most important element of a computer
system.

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Clock Speed

 Clock speed - also called clock rate, the speed

at which a microprocessor executes instructions.
Every computer contains an internal clock that
regulates the rate at which instructions are
executed and synchronizes all the various
computer components. The faster the clock, the
more instructions the CPU can execute per second.

23
Bus
  A bus is a collection of wires through which data
is transmitted from one part of a computer to
another. You can think of a bus as a highway on
which data travels within a computer. There are
various types of busses, both internal and
external, that connect the hardware, inside and
outside, the computer.
 Like the CPU, busses have a clock speed. A fast
bus allows data to be transferred faster, which
makes applications run faster.

24
HARD DISK (Storage Device)

 The hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can

store computer data. The term hard is used to
distinguish it from a soft, or floppy, disk. Hard
disks hold more data and are faster than floppy
disks. A hard disk, for example, can store
anywhere from 10 to more than 100 gigabytes,
whereas most floppies have a maximum storage
capacity of 1.4 megabytes.

25
RAM Vs. ROM (Memory)

 Is an acronym for random access memory, a type of

computer memory that can be accessed randomly
That is, any byte of memory can be accessed
without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the
most common type of memory found in computers and
other devices, such as printers.

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RAM Vs. Rom

 In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with

main memory, the memory available to programs.
For example, a computer with 300M RAM has
approximately 2400 million bytes of memory that
programs can use. In contrast, ROM (read-only
memory) refers to special memory used to store
programs that boot the computer and perform
 diagnostics. In fact, both types of memory (ROM
and RAM) allow random access. To be precise,
therefore, RAM should be referred to as
read/write RAM and ROM as read-only RAM.

27
Important Software

 The operating system software is the most

important program that runs on a computer. Every
general-purpose computer must have an operating
system to run other programs.

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Peripherals

 Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as

recognizing input from the keyboard, sending
output to the display screen, keeping track of
files and directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral devices.

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Applications

 Operating systems provide a software platform on

top of which other programs, called application
programs, can run. The application programs must
be written to run on top of a particular
operating system. Your choice of operating
system, therefore, determines to a great extent
the applications you can run.

31
Connectivity

 USB
 Short for universal serial bus, is an external
bus standard that supports data transfer rates of
12 mbps (megabits per second). A single USB port
 can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral
devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards.

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USB CABLES
33
Plug and Play

 USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and

hot plugging. Also referred to as Hi-Speed USB,
USB 2.0 is an external bus that supports data
rates up to 480 Mbps. USB 2.0 is an extension of
USB 1.1. USB 2.0 is fully compatible with USB 1.1
and uses the same cables and connectors. (Two of
the contacts carry data one for each direction
the other two supply 5 VDC and a ground. Standard
MIDI cables carry information in only one
direction on a single data wire.)

34
FIREWIRE
A very fast external bus standard that supports
data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps (in 1394a)
and 800Mbps (in 1394b). Products supporting the
1394 standard go under different names, depending
on the company. Apple, which originally developed
the technology, uses the trademarked name
FireWire. Other companies use other names, such
as i.link and Lynx, to describe their 1394
products.
35
More Fire

 A single 1394 port can be used to connect up 63

external devices. In addition to its high speed,
1394 also supports isochronous data -- delivering
data at a guaranteed rate. This makes it ideal
for devices that need to transfer high levels of
data in real-time, such as video devices. Like
USB, 1394 supports both plug-and-play and hot
plugging, and also provides power to peripheral
devices.
36
Even More

 Like USB, FireWire lets you hook things up to a

computer. Unlike USB, however, FireWire will run
quite happily without a computer. That makes it
ideal for situations in which a computer would be
unnecessary, such as in permanent audio
installations like theaters or churches. It also
gives FireWire another advantage, because devices
can talk directly to each other without having to
go through a computer's operating system.

37
The Mac Lab Computer And Peripherals

 Digidesign Mbox
 Korg X5D
 Iomega 250 Mb zip drive
 Midi to USB interface
 USB hub
 Keyboard / mouse

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Digidesign Mbox

 USB digital interface for ProTools software

allows
 Analog to digital conversion by way of
microphone, line and instrument inputs
 Digital to analog conversion to headphone and
line outputs
 Digital transmission by way of SPDIF (Sony
Phillips digital interface) input/output

39
Korg X5D

 Digital synthesizer
Our Other Word Tutorials:
2013, 2007, 2003, 1997

Microsoft Word Tutorial 2003/2002

By Denise Etheridge

You can use this free online tutorial to learn Microsoft Word 2003 or 2002 (Word XP).
Click here to start. If you are using Word 2007, click here for our Word 2007 tutorial.

Lesson One: Getting Familiar with Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. You can use it to type letters,
reports, and other documents. This lesson introduces you to the Word window. You
use the Word window to interact with Microsoft Word.

 The Microsoft Word Title Bar

 The Microsoft Word Menu Bar
 Microsoft Word Toolbars
 The Ruler
 Document View 
 Text Area 
 Exiting Microsoft Word 

Lesson Two: Things You Need to Know About Microsoft Word

Before you get started with Word, there are a few concepts with which you need to be
familiar. This lesson explains those concepts.

 Click
 Options
 Highlighting Text
 Highlighting Menu Items
 Placing the Cursor
 Menu Commands Using the Alt Key
 Shortcut Notations
 Starting a New Paragraph
 Exiting Microsoft Word

Lesson Three: Microsoft Word Basic Features

You are now ready to learn how to create a Word document. This lesson covers typing,
using the Backspace key, using the Delete key, inserting text, bolding, underlining, and
italicizing.

 Typing and Using the Backspace Key

 The Delete Key
 Inserting Text
 Overtype
 Bold, Underline, and Italicize with Micosoft Word
 Save File and Exit Microsoft Word

Lesson Four: More Microsoft Word Basic Features

The features in Word can make your work easier, make your documents more
attractive, and/or enable you to work more efficiently. This Microsoft Word lesson
teaches you how to open a file, cut, copy, paste, use AutoText, use spell check, use
Find and Replace, and work with fonts. All of these features either make your work
easier or make your document more attractive.

 Open File
 Cut and Paste
 Copy and Paste
 AutoText
 Spell Check
 Find and Replace
 Font Size
 Fonts
 Save File and Exit Microsoft Word

Lesson Five: Working with Paragraphs

When you type information into Microsoft Word, each time you press the Enter key
Word creates a new paragraph. You can format paragraphs. For example, you can
indent the first line of a paragraph, you can set the amount of space that separates
paragraphs, and you can align a paragraph left, right, center, or flush with both
margins. In this lesson, you will learn about the various formats you can apply to a
paragraph.

 Space Before and Space After

 Line Spacing 
 First-Line Indent
 Indentation
 Alignment
 Hanging Indent
 Save File and Exit Microsoft Word
Lesson Six: Tab Key, Bulleting, Numbering, Undo, Redo, Printing, and Help

If you have lists of data, you may want to bullet or number them. When using
Microsoft Word, bulleting and numbering are easy. The first part of this lesson teaches
you to bullet and number. After you have completed your document, you may want to
share it with others. One way to share your document is to print and distribute it. In
this lesson you will learn how to print your documents.

 The Tab Key

 Bullets and Numbering
 Undo & Redo
 Save File
 File Close
 Open New File
 Printing

Lesson Seven: Microsoft Word Tables

By using a table, you can organize your data into rows and columns. In this lesson you
learn how to work with tables.

 Creating a Table
 Moving Around a Table
 Entering Text into a Table
 Selecting a Row and Bolding the Text
 Right-Aligning Text
 Adding a New Row to the End of the Table
 Adding a New Row Within the Table
 Resizing the Columns
 Adding a New Column to a Table
 Sorting a Table
 The Sum Function
 Deleting a Column
 Deleting a Row
 Recalculate
 Merge Cells
 Table Headings
 Converting Text to a Table
 Splitting a Table
 Table AutoFormat
 Save File

Our Free Tutorials

Microsoft Word
  The Excel 2016 Window
 The Excel Ribbon
 Move around an Excel Worksheet
 Issue Excel Commands
 Select Cells
 Enter Data
 Edit a Cell
 Save an Excel Workbook
 Close an Excel Workbook and/or Exit Excel

Lesson 2: Formulas

 Create an Excel Formula

 Use Excel Functions
 Use Excel Formulas to Make Comparisons or Join Text
 Name Cells, Cell Ranges, and Constants
 Enter Formulas
 Use the Function Wizard
 Create an Array Formula

Lesson 3: Popular Functions

 Use AutoSum
 Use the SUM Function
 Use the COUNT function
 Use the AVERAGE function
 Use the MAX Function
 Use the MIN Function

Lesson 4: Formatting Data

 Excel: Change the Font

 Excel: Change the Font Size
 Excel: Bold, Italicize, or Underline
 Excel: Understanding Colors
 Excel: Add a Background Color (Fill Color)
 Excel: Change the Font Color
 Excel: Add Borders
 Excel: Change the Text Direction

Lesson 5: Conditional Formulas

 Using the Excel IF Function

 Using the Excel IFS Function
 Using the Excel SUMIF Function
 Using the Excel AVERAGEIF function
  Using the Excel COUNTIF function.

With Microsoft PowerPoint, you can create exciting slide show presentations. This PowerPoint
tutorial will teach you how. Click here to start. If you are using PowerPoint 2002, click here for
our PowerPoint 2002 tutorial.

Lesson 1: The PowerPoint Window

PowerPoint is a presentation software package. With PowerPoint, you can easily create slide
shows. Trainers and other presenters use slide shows to illustrate their presentations. This tutorial
teaches PowerPoint basics. This lesson introduces you to the PowerPoint window. You use the
window to interact with PowerPoint.

 The Microsoft Office Button

 The Quick Access Toolbar
 The Title Bar
 The Ribbon
 Rulers
 Slides, Placeholders, and Notes
 Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and More

Lesson 2: Creating Your First PowerPoint Presentation

You create your PowerPoint presentation on slides. You use layouts to organize the content on
each slide. PowerPoint has several slide layouts from which to choose. Themes are sets of colors,
fonts, and special effects. Backgrounds add a colored background to your slides. You can add
themes and backgrounds to your slides. After you complete your slides, you can run your
presentation. In this lesson you learn how to create slides, makes changes to slides, apply a
theme and run a slide show.

 Create a Title Slide

 Create New Slides
 Make Changes to Your Slides
 Apply a Theme
 Run Your PowerPoint Slide Show

Lesson 3: Animations, Transitions, Spell Check, Outline Tab, Slides Tabs, Sorter View, and
Printing

Animations control how objects move onto, off of, and around your slides. Transitions control
how your presentation moves from one slide to the next. In this lesson you learn how to create
animations and transitions. You also learn how to spell-check your document, how to use the
Outline and Slides tabs, how to use Sorter view, and how to print.

 Add Animations
 Add Transitions
 Spell Check
 Use the Outline and Slides Tabs
 Use Slide Sorter View
 Print

What you'll learn

Skip What you'll learn

 A broad and robust understanding of computer science and programming

 How to think algorithmically and solve programming problems efficiently
 Concepts like abstraction, algorithms, data structures, encapsulation, resource management,
security, software engineering, and web development
 Familiarity in a number of languages, including C, Python, SQL, and JavaScript plus CSS and
HTML
 How to engage with a vibrant community of like-minded learners from all levels of experience
 How to develop and present a final programming project to your peers

40
Iomega 250 Mb Zip Drive

 External Storage Device

41
Midi to USB Interface

 Converts midi messages to USB

42
USB Hub

 Provides multiple ports

43
Keyboard / Mouse

 USB data entry devices

44
THE MAC LAB SET UP

 COLOR CODE for diagram

 BLUE USB
 GREEN MIDI
 RED AUDIO

45
The Mac Lab
USB
MIDI
AUDIO
46

 YUP
 THATS IT!